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Chambergo-Michilot D, Atamari-Anahui N, Segura-Saldaña P, Brañez-Condorena A, Alva-Diaz C, Espinoza-Alva D. Trends and geographical variation in mortality from coronary disease in Peru. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273949. [PMID: 36067204 PMCID: PMC9447875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary disease (CD) is the main cause of mortality worldwide. Data about trends and geographical variation in CD mortality is available in some American countries. This information varies among countries since CD risk factors frequencies vary. Objective To describe the trend and geographical variation of coronary disease (CD) mortality in Peru, 2005–2017. Methods Analysis of secondary data of the Peruvian Ministry of Health’s registry of deaths. We analyzed CD mortality. We described the absolute and relative frequency of deaths and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) by natural regions, departments, age, sex, and year. We also described the change of ASMR between two periods (2005–2010 vs. 2011–2017). Results There were 64,721 CD deaths between 2005 and 2017 (4.12% among all deaths). The absolute frequency of CD deaths was 5,665 and 6,565 in 2005 and 2017, respectively. CD mortality was more frequent in men and older adults. The ASMR varied among natural regions, being higher in the Coast (19.61 per 100,000 inhabitants). The change between the two periods revealed that almost all departments reduced their ASMRs, except for Callao, Lambayeque, and Madre de Dios. Conclusion CD mortality has increased in Peru. Mortality was higher in men and older adults, and it varied among departments. More political efforts are needed to reduce these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Chambergo-Michilot
- CHANGE Research Working Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Humana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
- Department of Cardiology Research, Torres de Salud National Research Center, Lima, Peru
| | - Noé Atamari-Anahui
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Perú
- * E-mail:
| | - Pedro Segura-Saldaña
- Department of Cardiology Research, Torres de Salud National Research Center, Lima, Peru
- Ingeniería Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Ana Brañez-Condorena
- ADIECS Asociación para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Estudiantil en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Carlos Alva-Diaz
- Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Perú
- Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina y Oficina de Apoyo a la Docencia e Investigación (OADI), Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Callao, Perú
- Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria (REDECS), Lima, Perú
| | - Daniel Espinoza-Alva
- Servicio de Cardiología Clínica, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular-INCOR, EsSalud, Lima, Perú
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Jiang X, Pu R, Wang C, Xu J, Tang Y, Qi S, Zhan Q, Wei X, Gu B. Noninvasive and early diagnosis of acquired brain injury using fluorescence imaging in the NIR-II window. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6984-6994. [PMID: 34858693 PMCID: PMC8606144 DOI: 10.1364/boe.442657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI), which is the umbrella term for all brain injuries, is one of the most dangerous diseases resulting in high morbidity and mortality, making it extremely significant to early diagnosis of ABI. Current methods, which are mainly composed of X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography, remain limited in diagnosis of ABI with respect to limited spatial resolution and long scanning times. Here, we reported through-skull fluorescence imaging of mouse cerebral vasculature without craniotomy, utilizing the fluorescence of down-conversion nanoparticles (DCNPs) in the 1.3 - 1.7 μm near-infrared window (NIR-II window). Due to its high spatial resolution of 22.79 μm, the NIR-II fluorescence imaging method could quickly distinguish the brain injury region of mice after performing the stab wound injury (traumatic brain injury) and ischemic stroke (non-traumatic brain injury), enabling it a powerful tool in the noninvasive and early diagnosis of ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Rui Pu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Cheng Wang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuhong Qi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qiuqiang Zhan
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Bobo Gu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to describe the frequency and type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients on statins in published studies from Latin American (LATAM) countries. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS A literature search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, EMBASE and LILACS) in addition to a manual search in relevant journals from LATAM universities or medical societies. A snowballing technique was used to identify further references. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies between 2000 and 2020 were included. Studies were considered eligible if they included adults on statin therapy from LATAM and reported data on ADRs. Data on ADRs were abstracted and presented by study design. RESULTS Out of 8076 articles, a total of 20 studies were included (7 RCTs and 13 observational studies). We identified three head-to-head statin RCTs, two statin-versus-policosanol RCTs and only two placebo-controlled trials. The statin-related ADRs frequency ranged from 0% to 35.1% in RCTs and 0% to 28.4% in observational studies. The most common ADRs were muscle-related events including myalgia and elevated creatine phosphokinase. Other reported ADRs were gastrointestinal symptoms, headache and altered fasting plasma glucose. CONCLUSIONS We identified differences in the frequency of ADRs in both observational studies and RCTs from LATAM countries. This could be due to the absence of standard definitions and reporting of ADRs as well as differences among the study's interventions, population characteristics or design. The variability of ADRs and the absence of definitions are similar to studies from other geographical locations. Further placebo-controlled trials and real-world data registries with universal definitions should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Urina-Jassir
- Clinical Research Department, Fundación del Caribe para la Investigación Biomédica, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Pacheco-Paez
- Evidence-Based Therapeutics Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - Carol Paez-Canro
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Group, Cochrane Collaboration, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Miguel Urina-Triana
- Clinical Research Department, Fundación del Caribe para la Investigación Biomédica, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
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Ralapanawa U, Sivakanesan R. Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:169-177. [PMID: 33605111 PMCID: PMC8242111 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.201217.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the foremost single cause of mortality and loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) globally. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. This accounts for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually and is a huge global economic burden. OBJECTIVE To review epidemiological data of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome in low, middle and high income countries. METHODS Keyword searches of Medline, ISI, IBSS and Google Scholar databases. Manual search of other relevant journals and reference lists of primary articles. RESULTS Review of the results of studies reveals the absolute global and regional trends of the CAD and the importance and contribution of CAD for global health. Data demonstrates which region or countries have the highest and lowest age-standardized DALY rates and what factors might explain these patterns. Results also show differences among the determinants of CAD, government policies, clinical practice and public health measures across the various regions of world. CONCLUSION CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries. Estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex. A significant number of countries have not provided data, the estimation of the exact figures for epidemiological data is a barrier. The incidence of CAD continues to fall in developed countries over the last few decades and this may be due to both effective treatment of the acute phase and improved primary and secondary preventive measures. Developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD. The globalization of the Western diet and increased sedentary lifestyle will have a dramatic influence on the progressive increase in the incidence of CAD in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ralapanawa
- Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - R Sivakanesan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Arroyo-Quiroz C, O’Flaherty M, Guzman-Castillo M, Capewell S, Chuquiure-Valenzuela E, Jerjes-Sanchez C, Barrientos-Gutierrez T. Explaining the increment in coronary heart disease mortality in Mexico between 2000 and 2012. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242930. [PMID: 33270684 PMCID: PMC7714134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is still in the growing phase of the epidemic of coronary heart disease (CHD), with mortality increasing by 48% since 1980. However, no studies have analyzed the drivers of these trends. We aimed to model CHD deaths between 2000 and 2012 in Mexico and to quantify the proportion of the mortality change attributable to advances in medical treatments and to changes in population-wide cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis using the previously validated IMPACT model to explain observed changes in CHD mortality in Mexican adults. The model integrates nationwide data at two-time points (2000 and 2012) to quantify the effects on CHD mortality attributable to changes in risk factors and therapeutic trends. RESULTS From 2000 to 2012, CHD mortality rates increased by 33.8% in men and by 22.8% in women. The IMPACT model explained 71% of the CHD mortality increase. Most of the mortality increases could be attributed to increases in population risk factors, such as diabetes (43%), physical inactivity (28%) and total cholesterol (24%). Improvements in medical and surgical treatments together prevented or postponed 40.3% of deaths; 10% was attributable to improvements in secondary prevention treatments following MI, while 5.3% to community heart failure treatments. CONCLUSIONS CHD mortality in Mexico is increasing due to adverse trends in major risk factors and suboptimal use of CHD treatments. Population-level interventions to reduce CHD risk factors are urgently needed, along with increased access and equitable distribution of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arroyo-Quiroz
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana- Unidad Lerma, Lerma de Villada, Mexico
| | - Martin O’Flaherty
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Guzman-Castillo
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Capewell
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos Jerjes-Sanchez
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
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Chen WW, Chen JY, Li CI, Liu CS, Lin WY, Lin CH, Li TC, Lin CC. Diabetes mellitus associated with an increased risk of percutaneous coronary intervention long-term adverse outcomes in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based cohort study. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107689. [PMID: 32843281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study compared the incidence rates of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and patients without DM with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a national population-based cohort to determine if the patients with DM have an increased risk of adverse outcomes. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study among 92,624 patients with and without DM, who underwent PCI for the first time in 2000-2008. The patients were identified from National Health Insurance Program Database through propensity score matching. Endpoints were the occurrence of PCI adverse outcomes, including myocardial infarction (MI), need for target vessel revascularization by either bypass surgery or repeat PCI, all-cause mortality or 2011/12/31. Incidence rate was calculated and hazard ratios of PCI adverse events were estimated using Cox's proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS During the mean six-year follow up, the rates of MI (incidence rate 20.96 vs. 15.59 per 1000 person-years), bypass surgery (incidence rate 8.15 vs. 5.15 per 1000 person-years), all-cause mortality (incidence rate 6.20 vs. 4.72 per 1000 person-years), and the composite measure of MI, repeat PCI, bypass surgery, all-cause mortality (incidence rate 37.31 vs. 28.14 per 1000 person-years) were higher in patients with DM. The corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.39), 1.46 (1.38, 1.56), 1.34 (1.25, 1.44), and 1.31 (1.27, 1.35). However, the repeat PCI rate (incidence rate 2.65 vs. 2.70 per 1000 person-years); with an adjusted HR of 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) was not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide retrospective cohort study determined a positive correlation between PCI adverse events and DM. As the prevalence of DM and PCI continues to increase, novel treatments and intensified surveillance coronary angiography for high risk patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Yow Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In low- and middle-income countries, undernutrition remains a major risk factor for child growth retardation. In addition, the emergence of obesity in recent years is adding another public health concern in that both stunting and obesity are associated with serious adverse health consequences. This review was designed to evaluate the prevalence of stunting and obesity in Ecuador. DESIGN Electronic databases were searched for articles published through February 2018 reporting the prevalence of stunting and/or obesity. Selected data were subjected to meta-analysis and pooled prevalence and their 95 percentiles (95 % CI) were calculated. SETTING Studies were identified in Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Database and Ibero-America databases. PARTICIPANTS Population of Ecuador. RESULTS Twenty-three articles were selected according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the study. The estimate of pooled prevalence of stunting was 23·2 % (95 % CI 23·3, 23·5) in preschoolers (age < 5 years), but was markedly higher in indigenous and rural communities. Pooled prevalence of obesity was 8·1 % (95 % CI 6·9, 9·3), 10·7 % (95 % CI 9·6, 11·7) and 10·5 % (95 % CI 9·2, 11·8) in preschoolers, school-age children (age: 5-11 years) and adolescent (age: 12-18 years), respectively. In adults (age ≥ 19 years), the rate of obesity was remarkably high as indicated by an overall estimate equal to 44·2 % (95 % CI 43·1, 45·4). CONCLUSIONS This study underlines high levels of stunting among children and obesity among adults in Ecuador, both of which are not equally distributed among the population. The magnitude of this double burden emphasises the need for sustained and targeted interventions.
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Hu Q, Zheng C. Association between moderately cold temperature and mortality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26211-26220. [PMID: 32361971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air temperature is a key factor affecting human health. Adverse effects of extreme weather on mortality have been well explored and expounded in numerous epidemiological studies. The relationship between moderate temperature and mortality is, however, underexplored. This study quantitatively investigated the temperature-dependent mortality burden in China. Data on daily average temperature and mortality in 15 Chinese cities during 2010-2016 were collected for this study. The association between temperature and city-specific mortality was investigated with a quasi-Poisson regression combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model across lag 0-21 days. The results were then included in a multivariate meta-analysis to derive the pooled estimates of the effect of temperature on mortality at the multi-city level. Mortality fractions attributable to cold and heat (i.e., at temperatures below and above the minimum mortality temperature (MMT)) were calculated. Additionally, temperature ranges were further divided into 1 °C intervals of ambient temperature, and the attributable fractions were calculated for each range. The MMT varied from the 71th to 93th percentiles of temperature in the 15 Chinese cities, centering at the 78th percentile at the multi-city level. In total, 12.65% of non-accidental mortality was attributable to non-optimum temperature, of which cold and hot temperatures corresponded to attributable fractions of 11.38% and 1.27%, respectively. The results of temperature stratifications suggested that moderately cold temperatures provided the highest contribution to mortality caused by temperature. Specifically, the highest attributable fractions were at 7 °C, 7 °C, 8 °C, 8 °C, 4 °C, 4 °C, 5 °C, 7 °C, 7 °C, 4 °C, 5 °C, 5 °C, 6 °C, 11 °C, and 12 °C, for Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Urumqi, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Xining, Lanzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Hefei, Chengdu, Kunming, and Guangzhou, respectively. Cold temperature was responsible for a higher proportion of deaths than heat. Moderate cold temperature contributed to most of the total health burden. Finally, the cumulative total counts of deaths caused by moderate cold were the largest. Although moderate cold conferred a slightly lower relative risk than extreme cold, it was more common than extreme cold. Taken together, our results show that the effects of moderate cold temperature on health should receive more attention. Furthermore, our findings could help improve the prediction of climate change effects on human health and support the development of response strategies for the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shigong Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, CMA, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Qin Hu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - CanJun Zheng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155, Changbai Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
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Cardiovascular disease in Mexico 1990-2017: secondary data analysis from the global burden of disease study. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:661-671. [PMID: 32382763 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death and a public health threat. To report the burden of CVD in Mexico at a national and subnational scale from 1990 to 2017 as well as risk factors driving these changes. METHODS Following the 2017 global burden of disease study, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors of CVD were examined according to 10 subcategories. RESULTS The CVD burden of disease decreased between 1990 and 2017 in Mexico as a whole and in all states, with the higher decrease located in the north and central regions. Ischemic heart disease accounted for almost two-thirds of the total number of deaths from CVD and caused the highest DALY rate. The leading CVD risk factors were high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose level. CONCLUSIONS These results allow the establishment of priorities, policy development, and implementation to decrease the CVD burden and can provide a benchmark for states to focus on key risk factors, improve the quality of health care, and reduce health care costs.
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Yanez N, Useche JN, Bayona H, Porras A, Carrasquilla G. Analyses of Mortality and Prevalence of Cerebrovascular Disease in Colombia, South America (2014-2016): A Cross-Sectional and Ecological Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Reyes-Ferrada W, Solis-Urra P, Plaza-Díaz J, Sadarangani KP, de Moraes Ferrari GL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Cristi-Montero C. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, Sedentary Time and Its Association with the Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Chilean Adults: Influence of the Waist Circumference to Height Ratio. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051250. [PMID: 32354005 PMCID: PMC7281995 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a novel biomarker related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) have an inverse relationship with the AIP, while sedentary time (ST) and fatness present a positive association. This study aimed to determine the combined and independent association of CRF, PA, and ST with the AIP, and additionally to establish the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) mediation role. Data from the Chilean national health survey were used (4671 adults). A PACS (Physical Activity Cardiorespiratory Sedentary) score was created ranging from 0 to 3, indicating the number of positive recommendations met (PA, ST, and CRF). AIP was calculated (Log10 triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol). The combined analysis showed that compared to those with a PACS score of 0, those with a score of 1 or 2 did not present significantly reduced AIP values (adjusted by the WHtR); however, those with a score of 3 did (OR (odds ratio) = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.77; p < 0.001). Independent analysis showed that CRF seems to be the only variable that supports the combined result (β = -0.212; p < 0.001). Finally, the mediation analysis indicated that the WHtR mediated the association between CRF and the AIP in 34.2% of cases. Overall, only CRF had a significant and inverse association with the AIP. Nonetheless, around one-third of this beneficial relationship is affected by an elevated WHtR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Reyes-Ferrada
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de ciencias de la rehabilitación, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2374631, Chile
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n. Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Kabir P. Sadarangani
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7510157, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370057, Chile
| | - Gerson Luis de Moraes Ferrari
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 7500618, Chile
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2374631, Chile
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2374631, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-32-2274381
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Coronary heart disease mortality is decreasing in Argentina, and Colombia, but keeps increasing in Mexico: a time trend study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:162. [PMID: 32013918 PMCID: PMC6998818 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality rates due to coronary heart disease (CHD) have decreased in most countries, but increased in low and middle-income countries. Few studies have analyzed the trends of coronary heart disease mortality in Latin America, specifically the trends in young-adults and the effect of correcting these comparisons for nonspecific causes of death (garbage codes). The objective of this study was to describe and compare standardized, age-specific, and garbage-code corrected mortality trends for coronary heart disease from 1985 to 2015 in Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico. Methods Deaths from coronary heart disease were grouped by country, year of registration, sex, and 10-year age bands to calculate age-adjusted and age and sex-specific rates for adults aged ≥25. We corrected for garbage-codes using the methodology proposed by the Global Burden of Disease. Finally, we fitted Joinpoint regression models. Results In 1985, age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 population were 136.6 in Argentina, 160.6 in Colombia, and 87.51 in Mexico; by 2015 rates decreased 51% in Argentina and 6.5% in Colombia, yet increased by 61% in Mexico, where an upward trend in mortality was observed in young adults. Garbage-code corrections produced increases in mortality rates, particularly in Argentina with approximately 80 additional deaths per 100,000, 14 in Colombia and 13 in Mexico. Conclusions Latin American countries are at different stages of the cardiovascular disease epidemic. Garbage code correction produce large changes in the mortality rates in Argentina, yet smaller in Mexico and Colombia, suggesting garbage code corrections may be needed for specific countries. While coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality is falling in Argentina, modest falls in Colombia and substantial increases in Mexico highlight the need for the region to propose and implement population-wide prevention policies.
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Carioli G, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Rodriguez T, Levi F, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, Negri E. Cancer mortality predictions for 2019 in Latin America. Int J Cancer 2019; 147:619-632. [PMID: 31637709 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We estimated mortality figures for 2019 in seven Latin American countries, with focus on breast cancer. We retrieved cancer death certification and population data from the WHO and PAHO databases. We obtained mortality statistics for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela for 1970-2015. We predicted current death numbers and age-standardised (world population) mortality rates using joinpoint regression models. Total cancer mortality is predicted to decline in all countries and both sexes, except Argentinian women. Cuba had the highest all cancer rates for 2019, 136.9/100,000 men and 90.4 women, while Mexico showed the lowest ones, 63.8/100,000 men and 61.9 women. Stomach cancer showed favourable trends over the whole period, while colorectal cancer only recently. Lung cancer rates declined in men, while in women they decreased slightly over the most recent years, only. In Cuban women, lung cancer rates overtook breast cancer ones. Breast cancer showed overall favourable trends, but rates are rising in young women. Prostate and uterine cancer had favourable trends. Pancreas, ovary, bladder and leukaemias showed slightly decreasing trends. Between 1990 and 2019, mortality from all neoplasms is predicted to fall by about 18% in Argentina, 26% in Chile, 14% in Colombia, 17% in Mexico and 13% in Venezuela, corresponding to almost 0.5 million avoided cancer deaths. No decline was observed in Brazil and Cuba. Of concern, the persisting high rates of (cervix) uterus cancer, the high lung cancer rates in Cuba, the possible increases in breast cancer in young women, and the lack of overall declines in Brazil, Cuba and Venezuelan men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carioli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Rodriguez
- Navarra General Hospital, Navarra Health Service, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Fabio Levi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Jasilionis D, Jdanov DA. Commentary: Important lessons from the unfolding health crisis in Venezuela. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:1601-1603. [PMID: 31504567 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Domantas Jasilionis
- Laboratory of Demographic Data, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dmitri A Jdanov
- Laboratory of Demographic Data, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,International Laboratory for Population and Health, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Feng Z, Yu X, Jiang M, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Yang W, Xi W, Li G, Qian J. Excretable IR-820 for in vivo NIR-II fluorescence cerebrovascular imaging and photothermal therapy of subcutaneous tumor. Theranostics 2019; 9:5706-5719. [PMID: 31534513 PMCID: PMC6735390 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Cerebrovascular diseases, together with malignancies, still pose a huge threat to human health nowadays. With the advantages of its high spatial resolution and large penetration depth, fluorescence bioimaging in the second near-infrared spectral region (NIR-II, 900-1700 nm) and its related imaging-guided therapy based on biocompatible fluorescence dyes have become a promising theranostics method. Methods: The biocompatibility of IR-820 we used in NIR-II fluorescence bioimaging was verified by long-term observation. The model of the mouse with a cranial window, the mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of bladder tumor were established. NIR-II fluorescence cerebrovascular functional imaging was carried out by IR-820 assisted NIR-II fluorescence microscopy. Bladder tumor was treated by NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Results: We have found that IR-820 has considerable NIR-II fluorescence intensity, and shows increased brightness in serum than in water. Herein, we achieved real time and in vivo cerebrovascular functional imaging of mice with high spatial resolution and large penetration depth, based on IR-820 assisted NIR-II fluorescence microscopy. In addition, IR-820 was successfully employed for NIR-II fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy of tumor in vivo, and the subcutaneous tumors were inhibited obviously or eradicated completely. Conclusion: Due to the considerable fluorescence intensity in NIR-II spectral region and the good photothermal effect, biocompatible and excretable IR-820 holds great potentials for functional angiography and cancer theranostics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research; JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Minxiao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research; JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Chaudhari S, Cushen SC, Osikoya O, Jaini PA, Posey R, Mathis KW, Goulopoulou S. Mechanisms of Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Function and Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:375-411. [PMID: 30549017 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate disparities between men and women in cardiovascular disease prevalence, clinical symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Enrollment of women in clinical trials is lower than men, and experimental studies investigating molecular mechanisms and efficacy of certain therapeutics in cardiovascular disease have been primarily conducted in male animals. These practices bias data interpretation and limit the implication of research findings in female clinical populations. This review will focus on the biological origins of sex differences in cardiovascular physiology, health, and disease, with an emphasis on the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone. First, we will briefly discuss epidemiological evidence of sex disparities in cardiovascular disease prevalence and clinical manifestation. Second, we will describe studies suggesting sexual dimorphism in normal cardiovascular function from fetal life to older age. Third, we will summarize and critically discuss the current literature regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens and androgens on cardiac and vascular physiology and the contribution of these hormones to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Fourth, we will present cardiovascular disease risk factors that are positively associated with the female sex, and thus, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in women. We conclude that inclusion of both men and women in the investigation of the role of estrogens and androgens in cardiovascular physiology will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease. In addition, investigating the role of sex-specific factors in the development of cardiovascular disease will reduce sex and gender disparities in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:375-411, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Spencer C Cushen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Paresh A Jaini
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Posey
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Keisa W Mathis
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Balda-Canizares JA, Tamariz L, Moreno-Zambrano D, Pareja D, Ortiz-Prado E, Palacio A, Palacio A. Increasing myocardial infarction mortality trends in a middle-income country. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:493-499. [PMID: 30214864 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Developed countries continue to show a decrease in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Little is known about CVD mortality trends in low and middle-income countries. The aim of our study is to describe myocardial infarction (MI) mortality trends and evaluate if differences between ethnic groups and geographic regions are present among the Ecuadorians with acute MI. Methods We conducted a cross sectional analysis mortality national registry and included deaths related to MI between 2012 and 2016 that had complete demographic data. To describe the general population, we used the 2010 census and applied estimates as population projections. We calculated age and sex standardized MI mortality rates per 100,000. We compared trends in MI mortality rate for every ethnic group and geographic region and used linear regression to estimate predictors of the changing mortality rates. Results We included 18,277 MI deaths between the years 2012 and 2016. The mean age of death was 73.6±19.5, 59% were male and 33% were illiterate. From 2012 to 2016, the standardized MI mortality rate increased from 51 to 157 deaths per 100,000. The most significant predictors of the increasing mortality rate were living in the coast (β=0.10), belonging to a mixed race (β=-0.033) and the year of death (β=0.013). Conclusions Our study found a worrisome increase in MI mortality between 2012-2016 in Ecuador, a middle-income country in South America. This rapid increase seems to be driven by geographic and racial differences. A thorough evaluation of the causes of this increase has to be undertaken by the Ecuadorian health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Tamariz
- Division of Population Health and Computational Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, USA
| | - Daniel Moreno-Zambrano
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Denisse Pareja
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, USA
| | | | - Alfredo Palacio
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Alfredo Palacio (INCAP), Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Cardiocentro, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Ana Palacio
- Division of Population Health and Computational Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, USA
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Relation between mortality trends of cardiovascular diseases and selected cancers in the European Union, in 1970-2017. Focus on cohort and period effects. Eur J Cancer 2018; 103:341-355. [PMID: 30029971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To characterise mortality trends from major non-communicable diseases in the European Union (EU) analysing data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database. METHODS We obtained EU population and death certification data for major non-communicable diseases, i.e. seven cancer sites (stomach, intestine, pancreas, lung, breast, prostate and haematopoietic), total cancers, coronary heart diseases (CHDs) and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) from the WHO Mortality Database over the 1970 and 2012 period. We computed age-standardised rates (world standard population) and applied joinpoint regression models to identify temporal trends and age period cohort (APC) models to disentangle the effects of age, period of death and cohort of birth on mortality. RESULTS In 2012, 2.4 million deaths were recorded in the EU (1.3 million from cancers and 1.1 million from CHD and CVD combined). Over the last decade, mortality from cancer fell by 14% in men and 8% in women, resulting in age-standardised rates of 144 and 88/100,000 persons, respectively, in 2012. The only exceptions to the general downward trends were pancreatic cancer and female lung cancer. Both cardiovascular diseases mortality fell over 35% in both sexes with rates of 60 and 28/100,000 for CHD, and of 30 and 23/100,000 for CVD, in men and women, respectively, in 2012. CONCLUSIONS Overall trends in mortality rates from non-communicable diseases in the EU were favourable, and the joinpoint and APC models indicated these trends are likely to continue in the near future. Lack of progress in tobacco-related mortality in women underlines the importance of female-specific anti-tobacco policies.
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Sidney S, Quesenberry CP, Jaffe MG, Sorel M, Go AS, Rana JS. Heterogeneity in national U.S. mortality trends within heart disease subgroups, 2000-2015. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:192. [PMID: 28720073 PMCID: PMC5516392 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term downward national U.S. trend in heart disease-related mortality slowed substantially during 2011-2014 before turning upward in 2015. Examining mortality trends in the major subgroups of heart disease may provide insight into potentially more targeted and effective prevention and treatment approaches to promote favorable trajectories. We examined national trends between 2000 and 2015 in mortality attributed to major heart disease subgroups including ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and all other types of heart disease. METHODS Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) data system, we determined national trends in age-standardized mortality rates attributed to ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and other heart diseases from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2011, and from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015. Annual rate of changes in mortality attributed to ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and other heart diseases for 2000-2011 and 2011-2015 were compared. RESULTS Death attributed to ischemic heart disease declined from 2000 to 2015, but the rate of decline slowed from 4.96% (95% confidence interval 4.77%-5.15%) for 2000-2011 to 2.66% (2.00%-3.31%) for 2011-2015. In contrast, death attributed to heart failure and all other causes of heart disease declined from 2000 to 2011 at annual rates of 1.94% (1.77%-2.11%) and 0.64% (0.44%-0.82%) respectively, but increased from 2011 to 2015 at annual rates of 3.73% (3.21% 4.26%) and 1.89% (1.33-2.46%). Differences in 2000-2011 and 2011-2015 decline rates were statistically significant for all 3 endpoints overall, by sex, and all race/ethnicity groups except Asian/Pacific Islanders (heart failure only significant) and American Indian/Alaskan Natives. CONCLUSIONS While the long-term decline in death attributed to heart disease slowed between 2011 and 2014 nationally before turning upward in 2015, heterogeneity existed in the trajectories attributed to heart disease subgroups, with ischemic heart disease mortality continuing to decline while death attributed to heart failure and other heart diseases switched from a downward to upward trend. While systematic efforts to prevent and treat ischemic heart disease continue to be effective, urgent attention is needed to address the challenge of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 USA
| | - Charles P. Quesenberry
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 USA
| | - Marc G. Jaffe
- Department of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente South San Francisco Medical Center, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Michael Sorel
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 USA
| | - Alan S. Go
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jamal S. Rana
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 USA
- Department of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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