1
|
Salamony A, Shamikh Y, Amer K, Elnagdy T, Elnakib M, Yehia AA, Hassan W, Abdelsalam M. Are Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Antibodies Friends or Foes for Covid-19 Disease? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:15. [PMID: 37341786 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Many factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19 pandemic. A wide variation in the susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection among different population, gender and age has been observed. Multiple studies investigated the relationship between the antibody's titre of previously vaccinated individuals and the susceptibility of coronavirus infection, to find a rapid effective therapy for this pandemic. This study focused on the association between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) antibodies titre and the severity of COVID-19 infection. We aimed to investigate the correlation between the antibody's titre of MMR and the SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility and disease severity, in a cohort of COVID-19 Egyptian patients, compared to a control group. MMR antibody titre was measured using enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay; (ELISA) for 136 COVID-19 patients and 44 healthy individuals, as control group. There were high levels of measles and mumps antibodies titer in the deteriorating cases, which could not protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the rubella antibodies might protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection, but once the infection occurs, it may aggravate the risk of case deterioration. MMR antibodies could be used as a guideline for COVID-19 symptom-severity and, in turn, may be considered as an economic prognostic marker used for early protection from multiple autoimmune organ failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza Salamony
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology, Central Public Health Laboratories, CPHL, Ministry of Health, Cairo, 11613, Egypt
| | - Yara Shamikh
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology, Central Public Health Laboratories, CPHL, Ministry of Health, Cairo, 11613, Egypt
| | - Khaled Amer
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Tarek Elnagdy
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Elnakib
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Abd Allah Yehia
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Wael Hassan
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdelsalam
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine, ECRRM, Cairo, 11517, Egypt.
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shrivastava J, Narang M, Ahmed RS, Das S, Gomber S. Serological Response to COVID-19 and Its Association With Measles-Rubella (MR)-Containing Vaccines. Cureus 2023; 15:e39671. [PMID: 37398789 PMCID: PMC10308062 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epidemiological studies suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a less severe disease course and a more favorable prognosis among children. Childhood vaccines and heterologous immunity have been suggested as reasons for this. Additionally, the structural similarity between the measles, rubella, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus particles may affect immune responses. The objective of this study was to compare COVID-19 antibody titers and disease severity between measles-rubella (MR) vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate and compare the antibody response in recipients of a single dose and two doses of the MR vaccine. METHODS The study was prospective and comparative and included 90 COVID-19-positive children aged nine months to 12 years. The study was registered under the clinical trials registry of India (CTRI/2021/01/030363). COVID-19 antibody titers were measured at two weeks, six weeks, and 12 weeks, along with the assessment of MR antibody titers. COVID-19 antibody titers and disease severity were compared between MR-vaccinated and MR-unvaccinated children. The comparison of COVID-19 antibody titers between recipients of a single dose and two doses of MR vaccine was also conducted. RESULTS The results showed significantly higher median COVID-19 antibody titers at all time points during follow-up in the MR-vaccinated group (P<0.05). However, the two groups had no significant difference in the disease severity. Moreover, there was no difference in the antibody titers of MR one dose and two dose recipients. CONCLUSION Exposure to even a single dose of MR-containing vaccine enhances the antibody response against COVID-19. However, randomized trials are necessary to further explore this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi Shrivastava
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Manish Narang
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Rafat S Ahmed
- Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Shukla Das
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| | - Sunil Gomber
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, IND
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Noverr MC, Yano J, Hagensee ME, Lin HY, Meyaski MC, Meyaski E, Cameron J, Shellito J, Trauth A, Fidel PL. Effect of MMR Vaccination to Mitigate Severe Sequelae Associated With COVID-19: Challenges and Lessons Learned. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2023; 11:3598. [PMID: 37153751 PMCID: PMC10162774 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i2.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in COVID-19 cases was strongly associated with progressive lung inflammation and eventual sepsis. There is mounting evidence that live attenuated vaccines commonly administered during childhood, also provide beneficial non-specific immune effects, including reduced mortality and hospitalization due to unrelated infections. It has been proposed that live attenuated vaccine-associated non-specific effects are a result of inducing trained innate immunity to function more effectively against broader infections. In support of this, our laboratory has reported that immunization with a live attenuated fungal strain induces a novel form of trained innate immunity which provides protection against various inducers of sepsis in mice via myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Accordingly, we initiated a randomized control clinical trial with the live attenuated Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine in healthcare workers in the greater New Orleans area aimed at preventing/reducing severe lung inflammation/sepsis associated with COVID-19 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04475081). Included was an outcome to evaluate the myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations in blood between those administered the MMR vaccine vs placebo. The unanticipated emergency approval of several COVID-19 vaccines in the midst of the MMR clinical trials eliminated the ability to examine effects of the MMR vaccine on COVID-19-related health status. Unfortunately, we were also unable to show any impact of the MMR vaccine on peripheral blood myeloid-derived suppressor cells due to several inherent limitations (low percentages of blood leukocytes, small sample size), that also included a collaboration with a similar trial (CROWN CORONATION; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04333732) in St. Louis, MO. In contrast, monitoring the COVID-19 vaccine response in trial participants revealed that high COVID-19 antibody titers occurred more often in those who received the MMR vaccine vs placebo. While the trial was largely inconclusive, lessons learned from addressing several trial-associated challenges may aid future studies that test the non-specific beneficial immune effects of live attenuated vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairi C. Noverr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine
| | - Junko Yano
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, LSU Health School of Dentistry
| | - Michael E. Hagensee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Biostatistics Program, LSU Health School of Public Health
| | - Mary C. Meyaski
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, LSU Health New Orleans
| | - Erin Meyaski
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, LSU Health New Orleans
| | - Jennifer Cameron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU Health New Orleans
| | - Judd Shellito
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans
| | - Amber Trauth
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans
| | - Paul L. Fidel
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, LSU Health School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yazicioglu B, Oruc MA, Ozdemir S. Evaluation of family physicians' anxiety during the COVID-19 process: provincial example from Turkey. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:313. [PMID: 36528775 PMCID: PMC9758459 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-01024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the natural progression of COVID-19, recovery usually takes months in most cases. Comprehensive evaluation of underlying complications requires a holistic approach as in primary health care, which creates additional workload and stress for family physicians. METHODS The descriptive-cross-sectional study was carried out in 226 family physicians in Samsun, Turkey. Ethical permissions were obtained to conduct the study. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale was used as data collection tool. RESULTS 214 physicians were included in the study. The majority of the participants in the study were female. Most of the family physicians were not specialist physicians. Most of them were married. The majority of family physicians do not smoke and did not have any chronic diseases. The trait anxiety score of the physicians was 43.40 ± 8.50, and the situational anxiety score was 48.09 ± 11.55. The correlation between trait anxiety and situational anxiety was positive and significant. Gender difference did not make a significant difference on anxiety. Anxiety was significantly higher in patients with chronic disease. Marital status, having a child, and a history of COVID disease do not have a significant effect on anxiety. CONCLUSION At the beginning of the COVID pandemic, the greatest struggle was given in secondary and tertiary healthcare institutions. In the following process, this burden shifted to primary health care institutions. This situation has increased the workload and stress of family physicians working in primary care. Therefore, it also increased perceived anxiety. Individuals with high trait anxiety scores have higher state anxiety scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahadir Yazicioglu
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ali Oruc
- grid.510471.60000 0004 7684 9991Department of Family Medicine, Samsun University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sule Ozdemir
- grid.510471.60000 0004 7684 9991Department of Public Health, Samsun University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kolla E, Weill A, Desplas D, Semenzato L, Zureik M, Grimaldi L. Does Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination Protect against COVID-19 Outcomes: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1938. [PMID: 36423033 PMCID: PMC9694832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-protection from previous live attenuated vaccines is proposed to explain the low impact of COVID-19 on children. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of live attenuated MMR vaccines on the risk of being hospitalized for COVID-19 in children. An exposed (MMR vaccine)-non-exposed cohort study was conducted using the nationwide French National Health Data System (SNDS). We included children born between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019. Exposure was defined as a claim of at least one dose of MMR vaccine since birth. Hospitalization for COVID-19 was defined using main diagnostic ICD10 codes. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of the association between MMR exposure and hospitalization for COVID-19, controlling for socio-demographic and socio-economic factors, co-morbidities, and general health. In total, 6,800,542 (median age 6 IQR [3-8] years) children exposed to a MMR vaccine and 384,162 (6 [3-9] years) not exposed were followed up with for 18 months. Among them, 873 exposed to the MMR vaccine and 38 who were not exposed were hospitalized for COVID-19. In a multi-variate analysis, the exposure of children to MMR vaccination was not associated with a decreased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization versus non-exposure (aOR (95%CI) = 1.09 [0.81-1.48]). A stratified analysis by age showed an aOR = 1.03 [0.64-1.66] for children aged 1-4, an aOR = 1.38 [0.82-2.31] for those aged 5-9, and an aOR = 1.11 [0.54-2.29] for those aged 10-12. Our study suggests that the live attenuated MMR vaccine does not protect children against COVID-19 hospitalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Epiphane Kolla
- EPI-PHARE (Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products), French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, CEDEX, 93285 Saint-Denis, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Paris-Saclay, University Versailles Saint Quentin, Anti-Infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Alain Weill
- EPI-PHARE (Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products), French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, CEDEX, 93285 Saint-Denis, France
| | - David Desplas
- EPI-PHARE (Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products), French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, CEDEX, 93285 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Laura Semenzato
- EPI-PHARE (Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products), French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, CEDEX, 93285 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Mahmoud Zureik
- EPI-PHARE (Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products), French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, CEDEX, 93285 Saint-Denis, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Paris-Saclay, University Versailles Saint Quentin, Anti-Infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Lamiae Grimaldi
- Clinical Research Unit AP-HP, Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincare, School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint Quentin—University Paris Saclay, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP, Anti-Infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miteva D, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Snegarova V, Batselova H, Alexandrova R, Velikova T. Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines: Risks, benefits and control of the pandemic. World J Virol 2022; 11:221-236. [PMID: 36188733 PMCID: PMC9523321 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on mucosal immunization to promote both mucosal and systemic immune responses, next-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines would be administered intranasally or orally. The goal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is to provide adequate immune protection and avoid severe disease and death. Mucosal vaccine candidates for COVID-19 including vector vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and live attenuated vaccines are under development. Furthermore, subunit protein vac-cines and virus-vectored vaccines have made substantial progress in preclinical and clinical settings, resulting in SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccines based on the previously successfully used nasal vaccines. Additional to their ability to trigger stable, protective immune responses at the sites of pathogenic infection, the development of 'specific' mucosal vaccines targeting coronavirus antigens could be an excellent option for preventing future pandemics. However, their efficacy and safety should be confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrina Miteva
- Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski,” Faculty of Biology, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Snegarova
- Clinic of Internal Diseases, Naval Hospital - Varna, Military Medical Academy, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Varna 9000, Bulgaria
| | - Hristiana Batselova
- Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, University Hospital “St George”, Plovdiv 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Lu M, Mahesh KC, Kim E, Shamseldin MM, Ye C, Dravid P, Chamblee M, Park JG, Hall JM, Trivedi S, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Kenny AD, Murthy SS, Sharma H, Liang X, Yount JS, Kapoor A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Dubey P, Boyaka PN, Peeples ME, Li J. A highly efficacious live attenuated mumps virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate expressing a six-proline stabilized prefusion spike. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201616119. [PMID: 35895717 PMCID: PMC9388148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201616119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in children, a safe and effective vaccine for this population is urgently needed. The MMR (measles/mumps/rubella) vaccine has been one of the safest and most effective human vaccines used in infants and children since the 1960s. Here, we developed live attenuated recombinant mumps virus (rMuV)-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates using the MuV Jeryl Lynn (JL2) vaccine strain backbone. The soluble prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (preS) gene, stablized by two prolines (preS-2P) or six prolines (preS-6P), was inserted into the MuV genome at the P-M or F-SH gene junctions in the MuV genome. preS-6P was more efficiently expressed than preS-2P, and preS-6P expression from the P-M gene junction was more efficient than from the F-SH gene junction. In mice, the rMuV-preS-6P vaccine was more immunogenic than the rMuV-preS-2P vaccine, eliciting stronger neutralizing antibodies and mucosal immunity. Sera raised in response to the rMuV-preS-6P vaccine neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the Delta variant equivalently. Intranasal and/or subcutaneous immunization of IFNAR1-/- mice and golden Syrian hamsters with the rMuV-preS-6P vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies, mucosal immunoglobulin A antibody, and T cell immune responses, and were completely protected from challenge by both SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 and Delta variants. Therefore, rMuV-preS-6P is a highly promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate, warranting further development as a tetravalent MMR vaccine, which may include protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - K C Mahesh
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mohamed M. Shamseldin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Jesse M. Hall
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sheetal Trivedi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Supranee Chaiwatpongsakorn
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Adam D. Kenny
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Satyapramod Srinivasa Murthy
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sahebi L, Hosseini M, Abdollahi A, Farrokhzad N, Fattah Ghazi S, Samaei Noroozi F, Ghiasvand F. Does the rubella immunoglobulin G affect the severity of COVID- 19? : Rubella immunoglobulin G and COVID- 19. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 35690730 PMCID: PMC9187882 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE & AIM The coronavirus disease, so far (COVID-19) has brought about millions of infections and fatalities throughout the world. Our aim was to determine the correlation between rubella IGG titers with the severity COVID-19. MATERIALS & METHODS: This study was conducted among COVID-19 confirmed patients over 18 years of age. The disease severity levels were categorized by WHO interim guidance. The rubella-specific IgG antibody-titer spectrum was measured (within first 48 h of hospitalization) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT In a study of 46 inpatients with varying COVID-19 disease severity (mild, moderate, severe, and critical), we observed a negative correlation between rubella IgG antibody titers and COVID-19 severity (P-Value = 0.017), There was an interaction between COVID-19 vaccination history and rubella IGG on severity COVID-19 (P-Value = 0.0015). There was an interaction between age group under 44 years (including national measles- rubella (MR) vaccination in Iran) and rubella IGG titers on severity COVID-19 too (p-value = 0.014). CONCLUSION In conclusion, MR vaccination seems to have a positive effect in reducing the severity of the disease, emphasizing that, the important and separate effect of the IGG rubella (due to natural or extrinsic immunity) titers is determining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Sahebi
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Farrokhzad
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samrand Fattah Ghazi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Samaei Noroozi
- Central Laboratory, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghiasvand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang AZ, Nian F, Chen H, McBean EA. Passive Samplers, an Important Tool for Continuous Monitoring of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32326-32334. [PMID: 35137317 PMCID: PMC9072756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has resulted in major costs around the world, costs with dimensions in every aspect, from peoples' daily living to the global economy. As the pandemic progresses, the virus evolves, and more vaccines become available, and the 'battle against the virus' continues. As part of the battle, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) technologies are being widely deployed in essential roles for SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring. While focusing on demonstrating the advantages of passive samplers as a tool in WBE, this review provides a holistic view of the current WBE applications in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 with the integration of the most up-to-date data. A novel scenario example based on a recent Nanjing (China) outbreak in July 2021 is used to illustrate the potential benefits of using passive samplers to monitor COVID-19 and to facilitate effective control of future major outbreaks. The presented contents and how the application of passive samplers indicates that this technology can be beneficial at different levels, varying from building to community to regional. Countries and regions that have the pandemic well under control or have low positive case occurrences have the potential to significantly benefit from deploying passive samplers as a measure to identify and suppress outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Z. Jiang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Fulin Nian
- Department of Digestive, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Affiliated Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399 China
| | - Han Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Edward A. McBean
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Majhi MM, Borle AL, Lal P, Meena M, Ramani KV. Vaccination With Routine Childhood Vaccines and Severity of COVID-19 Among Children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2022; 59:132-134. [PMID: 34845990 PMCID: PMC8913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between routine childhood vaccination and the severity of COVID-19 among children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 141 children (aged ≤15 years), tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS COVID-19 severity (combined moderate and severe) was significantly more in males (14.5%) than females (3.8%), and in those who did not receive first and second dose of MR vaccine (57.1%, and 40%, respectively) than who received (6.3%, and 6.1%, respectively). Disease severity was more in partially immunized children (16.7%) as compared to fully immunized children (7.0%). CONCLUSION Children who did not receive both doses of MR vaccine had a severe infection when compared to those who were vaccinated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madan Mohan Majhi
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. Correspondence to: Dr Madan Mohan Majhi, Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi.
| | | | - Panna Lal
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
| | - Meenu Meena
- Immunization Department, Central District, Delhi
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Why Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?: Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Age Gradient in Outcome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e36-e45. [PMID: 34966142 PMCID: PMC8740029 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many hypotheses for the age-related difference in the severity of COVID-19, differences in innate, adaptive and heterologous immunity, together with differences in endothelial and clotting function, are the most likely mechanisms underlying the marked age gradient. Children have a faster and stronger innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2, especially in the nasal mucosa, which rapidly controls the virus. In contrast, adults can have an overactive, dysregulated and less effective innate response that leads to uncontrolled pro-inflammatory cytokine production and tissue injury. More recent exposure to other viruses and routine vaccines in children might be associated with protective cross-reactive antibodies and T cells against SARS-CoV-2. There is less evidence to support other mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the age-related difference in outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including pre-existing immunity from exposure to common circulating coronaviruses, differences in the distribution and expression of the entry receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2, and difference in viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- From the Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmadi E, Zabihi MR, Hosseinzadeh R, Mohamed Khosroshahi L, Noorbakhsh F. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein displays sequence similarities with paramyxovirus surface proteins; a bioinformatics study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260360. [PMID: 34855795 PMCID: PMC8639087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and associated COVID-19 pandemic have posed a great challenge for the scientific community. In this study, we performed bioinformatic analyses on SARS-CoV-2 protein sequences, trying to unravel potential molecular similarities between this newly emerged pathogen with non-coronavirus ssRNA viruses. Comparing the proteins of SARS-CoV-2 with non-coronavirus positive and negative strand ssRNA viruses revealed multiple sequence similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and non-coronaviruses, including similarities between RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases and helicases (two highly-conserved proteins). We also observed similarities between SARS-CoV-2 surface (i.e. spike) protein with paramyxovirus fusion proteins. This similarity was restricted to a segment of spike protein S2 subunit which is involved in cell fusion. We next analyzed spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 “variants of concern” (VOCs) and “variants of interests” (VOIs) and found that some of these variants show considerably higher spike-fusion similarity with paramyxoviruses. The ‘spike-fusion’ similarity was also observed for some pathogenic coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV-2. Epitope analysis using experimentally verified data deposited in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) revealed that several B cell epitopes as well as T cell and MHC binding epitopes map within the spike-fusion similarity region. These data indicate that there might be a degree of convergent evolution between SARS-CoV-2 and paramyxovirus surface proteins which could be of pathogenic and immunological importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zabihi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Majhi MM, Borle AL, Lal P, Meena M, Ramani KV. Vaccination With Routine Childhood Vaccines and Severity of COVID-19 Among Children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2021. [PMID: 34845990 PMCID: PMC8913201 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusions Electronic Supplementary Material
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madan Mohan Majhi
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. Correspondence to: Dr Madan Mohan Majhi, Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi.
| | | | - Panna Lal
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
| | - Meenu Meena
- Immunization Department, Central District, Delhi
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Altulayhi RI, Alqahtani RM, Alakeel RA, Khorshid FA, Alshammari RH, Alattas SG, Alshammari FAM, Bin-Jumah M, Abdel-Daim MM, Almohideb M. Correlation between measles immunization coverage and overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62266-62273. [PMID: 34184228 PMCID: PMC8238512 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted the current analysis to determine the potential role of measles vaccination in the context of the spread of COVID-19. Data were extracted from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Health Observatory data repository about the measles immunization coverage estimates and correlated to overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19 among different countries. Data were statistically analyzed to calculate the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho). There was a significant positive correlation between the vaccine coverage (%) and new cases per one million populations (rho = 0.24; p-value = 0.025); however, this correlation was absent in deaths per one million populations (rho = 0.17; p-value = 0.124). On further analysis of the effect of first reported year of vaccination policy, there was no significant correlation with both of total cases per one million populations (rho = 0.11; p-value = 0.327) and deaths per one million populations (rho = -0.02; p-value = 0.829). Claims regarding the possible protective effect of measles vaccination seem to be doubtful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakan M. Alqahtani
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Abdullah Alakeel
- Family Medicine Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten Abdulrahman Khorshid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sana Ghazi Alattas
- Biological Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Abdullah M. Alshammari
- Department of Adult Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medical Services, King Khalid Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | - Mohammad Almohideb
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trained Innate Immunity Induced by Vaccination with Low-Virulence Candida Species Mediates Protection against Several Forms of Fungal Sepsis via Ly6G + Gr-1 + Leukocytes. mBio 2021; 12:e0254821. [PMID: 34663098 PMCID: PMC8524338 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02548-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel form of trained innate immunity (TII) induced by low-virulence Candida species (i.e., Candida dubliniensis) that protects against lethal fungal/bacterial infection. Mice vaccinated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation are protected against lethal sepsis following Candida albicans/Staphylococcus aureus (Ca/Sa) intra-abdominal infection (IAI) or Ca bloodstream infection (BSI). The protection against IAI is mediated by long-lived Gr-1+ leukocytes as putative myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and not by prototypical trained macrophages. This study aimed to determine if a similar TII mechanism (Gr-1+ cell-mediated suppression of sepsis) is protective against BSI and whether this TII can also be induced following intravenous (i.v.) vaccination. For this, mice were vaccinated with low-virulence Candida strains (i.p. or i.v.), followed by lethal challenge (Ca/Sa i.p. or Ca i.v.) 14 days later, and observed for sepsis (hypothermia, sepsis scoring, and serum cytokines), organ fungal burden, and mortality. Similar parameters were monitored following depletion of macrophages or Gr-1+ leukocytes during lethal challenge. The results showed that mice vaccinated i.p. or i.v. were protected against lethal Ca/Sa IAI or Ca BSI. In all cases, protection was mediated by Ly6G+ Gr-1+ putative granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), with no role for macrophages, and correlated with reduced sepsis parameters. Protection also correlated with reduced fungal burden in spleen and brain but not liver or kidney. These results suggest that Ly6G+ G-MDSC-mediated TII is induced by either the i.p. and i.v. route of inoculation and protects against IAI or BSI forms of systemic candidiasis, with survival correlating with amelioration of sepsis and reduced organ-specific fungal burden. IMPORTANCE Trained innate immunity (TII) is induced following immunization with live attenuated microbes and represents a clinically important strategy to enhance innate defenses. TII was initially demonstrated following intravenous inoculation with low-virulence Candida albicans, with protection against a subsequent lethal C. albicans intravenous bloodstream infection (BSI) mediated by monocytes with enhanced cytokine responses. We expanded this by describing a novel form of TII induced by intraperitoneal inoculation with low-virulence Candida that protects against lethal sepsis induced by polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection (IAI) via Gr-1+ leukocytes as putative myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In this study, we addressed these two scenarios and confirmed an exclusive role for Ly6G+ Gr-1+ leukocytes in mediating TII against either IAI or BSI via either route of inoculation, with protection associated with suppression of sepsis. These studies highlight the previously unrecognized importance of Ly6G+ MDSCs as central mediators of a novel form of TII termed trained tolerogenic immunity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pallikkuth S, Williams E, Pahwa R, Hoffer M, Pahwa S. Association of Flu specific and SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 T cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 infected asymptomatic heath care workers. Vaccine 2021; 39:6019-6024. [PMID: 34531078 PMCID: PMC8403669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccination is widely advocated to avoid infection with influenza virus, a serious respiratory pathogen, and this was greatly emphasized during the raging COVID-19 epidemic. We conducted a study for baseline Flu specific immunity in a group of health care workers with documented past SARs-CoV-2 infection (designated COVID+) with mild or no symptoms and compared them with a control group that had not been infected with SARS CoV-2 (COVID-). Concurrently, we examined flu and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses using the AIM (activation induced molecules) assay by flow cytometry. All COVID+ and 40% COVID- participants exhibited AIM responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides, but only COVID+ were positive for SARs-CoV-2 antibody. Influenza HIN1 antigen specific CD4 T cells were found in 92% COVID+ and 76% COVID- participants and exhibited a strong direct correlation with SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 T cells. This observation suggests that influenza specific T cell immunity may impact immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Erin Williams
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leech SC, Ewan PW, Skypala IJ, Brathwaite N, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, Heath S, Ball H, James P, Murphy K, Clark AT. BSACI 2021 guideline for the management of egg allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51:1262-1278. [PMID: 34586690 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This guideline advises on the management of patients with egg allergy. Most commonly egg allergy presents in infancy, with a prevalence of approximately 2% in children and 0.1% in adults. A clear clinical history will confirm the diagnosis in most cases. Investigation by measuring egg-specific IgE (by skin prick testing or specific IgE assay) is useful in moderate-severe cases or where there is diagnostic uncertainty. Following an acute allergic reaction, egg avoidance advice should be provided. Egg allergy usually resolves, and reintroduction can be achieved at home if reactions have been mild and there is no asthma. Patients with a history of severe reactions or asthma should have reintroduction guided by a specialist. All children with egg allergy should receive the MMR vaccine. Most adults and children with egg allergy can receive the influenza vaccine in primary care, unless they have had anaphylaxis to egg requiring intensive care support. Yellow Fever vaccines should only be considered in egg-allergic patients under the guidance of an allergy specialist. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for allergists and others with a special interest in allergy. The recommendations are evidence based. Where evidence was lacking, consensus was reached by the panel of specialists on the committee. The document encompasses epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and co-morbid associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Leech
- Department of Child Health, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pamela W Ewan
- Allergy Clinic, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicola Brathwaite
- Department of Child Health, Kings College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Child Health, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah Heath
- Department of Child Health, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Heidi Ball
- University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Polly James
- Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Murphy
- Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew T Clark
- Allergy Clinic, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma D. Repurposing of the childhood vaccines: could we train the immune system against the SARS-CoV-2. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1051-1057. [PMID: 34313516 PMCID: PMC8425442 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1960161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic is a globalized health concern caused by a beta-coronavirus named Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since December 2019, when this outbreak flared in Wuhan, China, COVID-19 cases have been continuously rising all over the world. Due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 mutants, subsequent waves are flowing in a faster manner as compared to the primary wave, which is more contagious and causing higher mortality. Recently, India has emerged as the new epicenter of the second wave by mutants of SARS-CoV-2. After almost eighteen months of this outbreak, some COVID-19 dedicated therapeutics and vaccines are available, and a few are under trial, but the situation is still uncontrolled. AREA COVERED This perspective article covers the repurposing of childhood vaccines like Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), which are live attenuated vaccines and have been shown the protective effect through 'trained immunity and 'crossreactivity.' EXPERT OPINION This perspective article has suggested that combinatorial use of these childhood vaccines might exert a better protective effect along with the available COVID-19 therapeutic and vaccines which could be considered as a preventive option against SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as its subsequent waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divakar Sharma
- Hericure Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Pune, India.,Present affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van Eijk LE, Binkhorst M, Bourgonje AR, Offringa AK, Mulder DJ, Bos EM, Kolundzic N, Abdulle AE, van der Voort PHJ, Olde Rikkert MGM, van der Hoeven JG, den Dunnen WFA, Hillebrands J, van Goor H. COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options. J Pathol 2021; 254:307-331. [PMID: 33586189 PMCID: PMC8013908 DOI: 10.1002/path.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread globally despite the worldwide implementation of preventive measures to combat the disease. Although most COVID-19 cases are characterised by a mild, self-limiting disease course, a considerable subset of patients develop a more severe condition, varying from pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to multi-organ failure (MOF). Progression of COVID-19 is thought to occur as a result of a complex interplay between multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, all of which may orchestrate SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to organ-specific tissue damage. In this respect, dissecting currently available knowledge of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is crucially important, not only to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology but also to fuel the rationale of both novel and repurposed treatment modalities. Various immune-mediated pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection are relevant in this context, which relate to innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and autoimmunity. Pathological findings in tissue specimens of patients with COVID-19 provide valuable information with regard to our understanding of pathophysiology as well as the development of evidence-based treatment regimens. This review provides an updated overview of the main pathological changes observed in COVID-19 within the most commonly affected organ systems, with special emphasis on immunopathology. Current management strategies for COVID-19 include supportive care and the use of repurposed or symptomatic drugs, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anticoagulants. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID-19, and this requires appropriate measures to attenuate its spread and, above all, the development and implementation of effective vaccines. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E van Eijk
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Binkhorst
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of NeonatologyRadboud University Medical Center Amalia Children's HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Annette K Offringa
- Microbiology and System BiologyNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific ResearchZeistThe Netherlands
| | - Douwe J Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eelke M Bos
- Department of NeurosurgeryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Amaal E Abdulle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter HJ van der Voort
- Department of Critical Care, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel GM Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatric MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wilfred FA den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lundberg L, Bygdell M, Stukat von Feilitzen G, Woxenius S, Ohlsson C, Kindblom JM, Leach S. Recent MMR vaccination in health care workers and Covid-19: A test negative case-control study. Vaccine 2021; 39:4414-4418. [PMID: 34187707 PMCID: PMC8216866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background It has been hypothesised that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may afford cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 which may contribute to the wide variability in disease severity of Covid-19. Methods We employed a test negative case-control study, utilising a recent measles outbreak during which many healthcare workers received the MMR vaccine, to investigate the potential protective effect of MMR against SARS-CoV-2 in 5905 subjects (n = 805 males, n = 5100 females). Results The odds ratio for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, in recently MMR-vaccinated compared to not recently MMR-vaccinated individuals was 0.91 (95% CI 0.76, 1.09). An interaction analysis showed a significant interaction for sex. After sex-stratification, the odds ratio for testing positive for males was 0.43 (95% CI 0.24, 0.79, P = 0.006), and 1.01 (95% CI 0.83, 1.22, P = 0.92) for females. Conclusion Our results indicate that there may be a protective effect of the MMR vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in males but not females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lundberg
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Bygdell
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Inst. of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Woxenius
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Inst. of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny M Kindblom
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Inst. of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susannah Leach
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Inst. of Biomedicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taheri Soodejani M, Basti M, Tabatabaei SM, Rajabkhah K. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and COVID-19: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2021; 12:35-39. [PMID: 34336136 PMCID: PMC8310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate published literature about the association between measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and COVID-19. This is a systematic review in which the databases of Chocrane, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science as well as reliable journals including Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Jama and also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publications were searched.Out of 169 documents discovered during the literature review, 56 ones were somehow related to the association between MMR vaccine and COVID-19, of which 11 ones mentioned the association between these two, and 8 of them contained a hypothesis about this relationship. A quasi-trial study reported the positive effect of the MMR vaccine on reducing the severity of COVID-19 symptoms among those who received it. Also, a cross-sectional study showed an association between the level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mumps and COVID-19. Moreover, a genomic data analysis study also reported the effect of Rubella Immunoglobulin G (IgG) level on COVID-19. It seems that due to the similarity of respiratory diseases including measles, rubella, and mumps to COVID-19, MMR vaccine should be investigated more deeply to see if it is effective in order to deal with this novel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Taheri Soodejani
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazd, Iran
| | - Moslem Basti
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazd, Iran
| | | | - Kourosh Rajabkhah
- Office for Health Technology Assessment, Health Standards and Tarrifs, Department of Curative Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical EducationTehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Busa F, Bardanzellu F, Pintus MC, Fanos V, Marcialis MA. COVID-19 and School: To Open or Not to Open, That Is the Question. The First Review on Current Knowledge. Pediatr Rep 2021; 13:257-278. [PMID: 34205837 PMCID: PMC8293384 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric13020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented closure of schools in terms of duration. The option of school closure, SARS-CoV-2 initially being poorly known, was influenced by the epidemiological aspects of the influenza virus. However, school closure is still under debate and seems unsupported by sure evidence of efficacy in the COVID-19 era. The aim of our narrative review is to discuss the available literature on SARS-CoV-2 spread among children and adolescents, in the school setting, trying to explain why children appear less susceptible to severe disease and less involved in viral spreading. We also tried to define the efficacy of school closure, through an overview of the effects of the choices made by the various countries, trying to identify which preventive measures could be effective for a safe reopening. Finally, we focused on the psychological aspects of such a prolonged closure for children and adolescents. SARS-CoV-2, children, COVID-19, influenza, and school were used as key words in our literature research, updated to 29 March 2021. To our knowledge, this is the first review summarizing the whole current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 spreading among children and adolescents in the school setting, providing a worldwide overview in such a pandemic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.P.); (V.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Root-Bernstein R. Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccination Rates and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Rates Set Geographical and Ethnic Population Susceptibility to Serious COVID-19 Cases and Deaths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:474. [PMID: 34066697 PMCID: PMC8151685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship of pneumococcal vaccination rates, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations (DTP), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (tuberculosis) vaccination rates to COVID-19 case and death rates for 51 nations that have high rates of COVID-19 testing and for which nearly complete childhood, at-risk adult and elderly pneumococcal vaccination data were available. The study is unique in a large number of nations examined, the range of vaccine controls, in testing effects of combinations of vaccinations, and in examining the relationship of COVID-19 and vaccination rates to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Analysis of Italian regions and the states of the United States were also performed. Significant positive correlations were found between IPD (but not lower respiratory infections) and COVID-19 rates, while significant negative correlations were found between pneumococcal vaccination and COVID-19 rates. Influenza and MMR vaccination rates were negatively correlated with lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates and may synergize with pneumococcal vaccination rates to protect against COVID-19. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates were independent of other vaccination rates. These results suggest that endemic rates of bacterial pneumonias, for which pneumococci are a sentinel, may set regional and national susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Root-Bernstein
- Department of Physiology, 567 Wilson Road, Room 1104 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Strizova Z, Smetanova J, Bartunkova J, Milota T. Principles and Challenges in anti-COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:339-349. [PMID: 33524979 PMCID: PMC7900461 DOI: 10.1159/000514225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients keeps rising in most of the European countries despite the pandemic precaution measures. The current antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches are only supportive, have limited efficacy, and the prevention in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus is the best hope for public health. It is presumed that an effective vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection could mobilize the innate and adaptive immune responses and provide a protection against severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. As the race for the effective and safe vaccine has begun, different strategies were introduced. To date, viral vector-based vaccines, genetic vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and protein-based vaccines are the major vaccine types tested in the clinical trials. Over 80 clinical trials have been initiated; however, only 18 vaccines have reached the clinical phase II/III or III, and 4 vaccine candidates are under consideration or have been approved for the use so far. In addition, the protective effect of the off-target vaccines, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and measles vaccine, is being explored in randomized prospective clinical trials with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this review, we discuss the most promising anti-COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and different vaccination strategies in order to provide more clarity into the ongoing clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jitka Smetanova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Milota
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia,
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783
expr 839529059 + 832255227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lukacs NW, Malinczak CA. Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:783. [PMID: 33371275 PMCID: PMC7766447 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|