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Lilly MB, Wu C, Ke Y, Chen W, Soloff AC, Armeson K, Yokoyama NN, Li X, Song L, Yuan Y, McLaren CE, Zi X. A phase I study of docetaxel plus synthetic lycopene in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1627. [PMID: 38515274 PMCID: PMC10958125 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our preclinical studies showed that lycopene enhanced the anti-prostate cancer efficacy of docetaxel in animal models. A phase I trial (NCT0149519) was conducted to identify an optimum dose of synthetic lycopene in combination with docetaxel (and androgen blockade [androgen deprivation therapy, ADT]), and to evaluate its effect on the safety and pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in men with metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS Subjects were treated with 21-day cycles of 75 mg/m2 docetaxel (and ADT), plus lycopene at 30, 90 or 150 mg/day. A Bayesian model averaging continual reassessment method was used to guide dose escalation. Pharmacokinetics of docetaxel and multiple correlative studies were carried out. RESULTS Twenty-four participants were enrolled, 18 in a dose escalation cohort to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and six in a pharmacokinetic cohort. Docetaxel/ADT plus 150 mg/day synthetic lycopene resulted in dose-limiting toxicity (pulmonary embolus) in one out of 12 participants with an estimated probability of .106 and thus was chosen as the MTD. Lycopene increased the AUCinf and Cmax of plasma docetaxel by 9.5% and 15.1%, respectively. Correlative studies showed dose-related changes in circulating endothelial cells and vascular endothelial growth factor A, and reduction in insulin-like growth factor 1R phosphorylation, associated with lycopene therapy. CONCLUSIONS The combination of docetaxel/ADT and synthetic lycopene has low toxicity and favourable pharmacokinetics. The effects of lycopene on biomarkers provide additional support for the toxicity-dependent MTD definition. HIGHLIGHTS The maximum tolerated dose was identified as 150 mg/day of lycopene in combination with docetaxel/ADT for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer patients. Small increases in plasma exposure to docetaxel were observed with lycopene co-administration. Mechanistically significant effects were seen on angiogenesis and insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling by lycopene co-administration with docetaxel/ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Lilly
- Hollings Cancer CenterMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yu Ke
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wen‐Pin Chen
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adam C. Soloff
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kent Armeson
- Hollings Cancer CenterMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liankun Song
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Christine E. McLaren
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare SystemLong BeachCaliforniaUSA
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Shah LR, Ahmed N, Hussain K, Mansoor S, Khan T, Khan I, Narayan S, Afroza B, Murtaza I, Shikari AB, Bhat B, Masoodi KZ. Mapping phenotypic performance and novel SNPs for cold tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes through GWAS and population genetics. BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:9. [PMID: 38281048 PMCID: PMC10822167 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The cold stress susceptibility of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) curtails its cultivation, with significant impact in temperate regions and on cropping seasons. To unravel genomic regions responsible for cold stress resilience, a diverse set of fifty genotypes encompassing cultivated, wild species, and landraces were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. Over two years and six trials employing both early and late sowing, these lines were evaluated. Illumina-based next-generation sequencing produced up to 3 million reads per sample from individually sequenced library pools. The Tassel pipeline yielded 10,802 variants, subsequently filtered to 3,854 SNPs for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS). Employing clustering methods (population structure) via TASSEL, SNPhylo, and Kinship matrix, the fifty genotypes clustered into four distinct gene pools. The GWAS for cold tolerance in tomato integrated key traits including yield. Using six independent phenotypic datasets representing various environments, the study identified 4,517 significant marker-trait associations for cold tolerance traits. Notably, pivotal variations (> 10%) in cold stress tolerance, particularly proline content, were linked to marker-trait associations. Additionally, 5,727 significant marker-trait associations for yield and yield-related traits were unveiled, shedding light on fruit yield and directly associated attributes. The investigation pinpointed 685 candidate genes across all examined traits, including 60 genes associated with biological processes within these genomic regions. Remarkably, 7 out of the 60 genes were directly linked to abiotic stress tolerance, functioning as stress-responsive genes either directly or indirectly. The identified genes, particularly those associated with stress response, could hold the key to enhancing cold tolerance and overall crop productivity in tomato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labiba Riyaz Shah
- Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Khursheed Hussain
- Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Transcriptomics Lab (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tamana Khan
- Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Imran Khan
- Division of Statistics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Sumati Narayan
- Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Baseerat Afroza
- Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Imtiyaz Murtaza
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Asif Bashir Shikari
- Division of Genetics and Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Wadoora, Sopore, 193201, India
| | - Basharat Bhat
- NAHEP, IDP, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Transcriptomics Lab (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
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The Anti-Cancer Activity of Lycopene: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235152. [PMID: 36501182 PMCID: PMC9741066 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a nutraceutical with health-promoting and anti-cancer activities, but due to a lack of evidence, there are no recommendations regarding its use and dosage. This review aimed to evaluate the benefits of lycopene supplementation in cancer prevention and treatment based on the results of in vivo studies. We identified 72 human and animal studies that were then analysed for endpoints such as cancer incidence, improvement in treatment outcomes, and the mechanisms of lycopene action. We concluded that the results of most of the reviewed in vivo studies confirmed the anti-cancer activities of lycopene. Most of the studies concerned prostate cancer, reflecting the number of in vitro studies. The reported mechanisms of lycopene action in vivo included regulation of oxidative and inflammatory processes, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of cell division, angiogenesis, and metastasis formation. The predominance of particular mechanisms seemed to depend on tumour organ localisation and the local storage capacity of lycopene. Finally, there is a need to look for predictive factors to identify a population that may benefit from lycopene supplementation. The potential candidates appear to be race, single nucleotide polymorphisms in carotene-cleaving enzymes, some genetic abbreviations, and insulin-like growth factor-dependent and inflammatory diseases.
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Dulińska-Litewka J, Hałubiec P, Łazarczyk A, Szafrański O, Sharoni Y, McCubrey JA, Gąsiorkiewicz B, Bohn T. Recent Progress in Discovering the Role of Carotenoids and Metabolites in Prostatic Physiology and Pathology-A Review-Part II: Carotenoids in the Human Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:319. [PMID: 33672578 PMCID: PMC7924028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the vast variety of plant-derived phytochemicals, the group of carotenoids has continuously been investigated in order to optimize their potential application in the area of dietary intervention related to chronic diseases. One organ that has been especially targeted in many of these studies and clinical trials is the human prostate. Without doubt, carotenoids (and their endogenous derivatives-retinoids and apo-carotenoids) are involved in a plethora of intra- and intercellular signaling, cell growth, and differentiation of prostate tissue. Due to the accumulation of new data on the role of different carotenoids, such as lycopene (LYC) and β-carotene (BC), in prostatic physiology and pathology, the present review aimed to cover the past ten years of research in this regard. Data from experimental studies are presented in the first part of the review, while epidemiological studies are disclosed in this second part. The objective of this compilation was to emphasize the present state of knowledge about the most potent molecular targets of carotenoids, as well as to propose promising carotenoid agents for the prevention and possible treatment of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Przemysław Hałubiec
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Oskar Szafrański
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Yoav Sharoni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653 Beer Sheva, Israel;
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody Medical Sciences Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Bartosz Gąsiorkiewicz
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group 1 A-B, Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, rue Thomas Edison, L-23 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease and mortality among men, and each year 1.6 million men are diagnosed with and 366,000 men die of prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the state of evidence for specific genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors associated with prostate cancer risk. Given the biological heterogeneity of this cancer, we focus on risk factors for advanced or fatal prostate cancer. First, we provide descriptive epidemiology statistics and patterns for prostate cancer incidence and mortality around the world. This includes discussion of the impact of prostate-specific antigen screening on prostate cancer epidemiology. Next, we summarize evidence for selected risk factors for which there is strong or probable evidence of an association: genetics, obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, lycopene and tomatoes, fish, vitamin D and calcium, and statins. Finally, we highlight future directions for prostate cancer epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Pernar
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E, Fadnes LT, Boffetta P, Greenwood DC, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ, Riboli E, Norat T. Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1069-1091. [PMID: 30475962 PMCID: PMC6250988 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High dietary intake or blood concentrations (as biomarkers of dietary intake) of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality, but these associations have not been systematically assessed. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of dietary intake and blood concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E in relation to these outcomes. Design We searched PubMed and Embase up to 14 February 2018. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of random-effects models. Results Sixty-nine prospective studies (99 publications) were included. The summary RR per 100-mg/d increment of dietary vitamin C intake was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.98, I2 = 65%, n = 11) for coronary heart disease, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.98, I2 = 68%, n = 12) for stroke, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94, I2 = 27%, n = 10) for cardiovascular disease, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.99, I2 = 46%, n = 8) for total cancer, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94, I2 = 80%, n = 14) for all-cause mortality. Corresponding RRs per 50-μmol/L increase in blood concentrations of vitamin C were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.83, I2 = 0%, n = 4), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.81, I2 = 0%, n = 4), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.87, I2 = 56%, n = 6), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.82, I2 = 0%, n = 5), and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.79, I2 = 0%, n = 8). Dietary intake and/or blood concentrations of carotenoids (total, β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene) and α-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, were similarly inversely associated with coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and/or all-cause mortality. Conclusions Higher dietary intake and/or blood concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and α-tocopherol (as markers of fruit and vegetable intake) were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. These results support recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable intake, but not antioxidant supplement use, for chronic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - NaNa Keum
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lars T Fadnes
- Bergen Addiction Research Group, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars J Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Rowles JL, Ranard KM, Smith JW, An R, Erdman JW. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:361-377. [PMID: 28440323 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have investigated the association between prostate cancer and lycopene, however, results have been inconsistent. This study aims to determine the impact of dietary and circulating concentrations of lycopene on PCa risk and to investigate potential dose-response associations. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the for the association between dietary and circulating lycopene and PCa risk. Eligible studies were published before 1 December 2016 and were identified from PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. We estimated pooled relative risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random and fixed effects models. Linear and nonlinear dose-response relationships were also evaluated for PCa risk. RESULTS Forty-two studies were included in the analysis, which included 43 851 cases of PCa reported from 692 012 participants. Both dietary intake (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.78-0.98, P=0.017) and circulating concentrations (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98, P=0.019) of lycopene were significantly associated with reduced PCa risk. Sensitivity analyses within the dose-response analysis further revealed a significant linear dose-response for dietary lycopene and PCa risk such that PCa decreased by 1% for every additional 2 mg of lycopene consumed (P=0.026). Additionally, PCa risk decreased by 3.5 to 3.6% for each additional 10 μgdl-1 of circulating lycopene in the linear and nonlinear models respectively (plinear=0.004, pnonlinear=0.006). While there were no associations between lycopene and advanced PCa, there was a trend for protection against PCa aggressiveness (RR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-1.00, P=0.052). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that higher dietary and circulating lycopene concentrations are inversely associated with PCa risk. This was accompanied by dose-response relationships for dietary and circulating lycopene. However, lycopene was not associated with a reduced risk of advanced PCa. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R An
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Key TJ, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Albanes D, Alberg AJ, Barricarte A, Black A, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Chan JM, Chen C, Cook MB, Donovan JL, Galan P, Gilbert R, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Goodman GE, Goodman PJ, Gunter MJ, Hamdy FC, Heliövaara M, Helzlsouer KJ, Henderson BE, Hercberg S, Hoffman-Bolton J, Hoover RN, Johansson M, Khaw KT, King IB, Knekt P, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Männistö S, Martin RM, Meyer HE, Mondul AM, Moy KA, Neal DE, Neuhouser ML, Palli D, Platz EA, Pouchieu C, Rissanen H, Schenk JM, Severi G, Stampfer MJ, Tjønneland A, Touvier M, Trichopoulou A, Weinstein SJ, Ziegler RG, Zhou CK, Allen NE. Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1142-57. [PMID: 26447150 PMCID: PMC4625592 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors. DESIGN Principal investigators of prospective studies provided individual participant data for prostate cancer cases and controls. Risk by study-specific fifths of each biomarker was estimated by using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression in matched case-control sets. RESULTS Data were available for up to 11,239 cases (including 1654 advanced stage and 1741 aggressive) and 18,541 controls from 15 studies. Lycopene was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer, but there was statistically significant heterogeneity by stage of disease, and the OR for aggressive disease for the highest compared with the lowest fifth of lycopene was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P-trend = 0.032). No other carotenoid was significantly associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced-stage or aggressive disease. For retinol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22; P-trend = 0.015). For α-tocopherol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity by stage of disease; the OR for aggressive prostate cancer was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P-trend = 0.001). γ-Tocopherol was not associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS Overall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with α-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and α-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health,
| | - Paul N Appleby
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anthony J Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain, and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Spain
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - June M Chan
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chu Chen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Program in Epidemiology
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Galan
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France
| | - Rebecca Gilbert
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gary E Goodman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Marc J Gunter
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Brian E Henderson
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France
| | - Judy Hoffman-Bolton
- George W Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention, Hagerstown, MD
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department for Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care and
| | - Irena B King
- Public Health Sciences Core Laboratories, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Paul Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristin A Moy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - David E Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Camille Pouchieu
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harri Rissanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeannette M Schenk
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation and Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece and
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Naomi E Allen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wang Y, Cui R, Xiao Y, Fang J, Xu Q. Effect of Carotene and Lycopene on the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137427. [PMID: 26372549 PMCID: PMC4570783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between carotenoids intake and risk of Prostate cancer (PCa). However, results have been inconclusive. Methods We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of dietary intake or blood concentrations of carotenoids in relation to PCa risk. We summarized the data from 34 eligible studies (10 cohort, 11 nested case-control and 13 case-control studies) and estimated summary Risk Ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. Results Neither dietary β-carotene intake nor its blood levels was associated with reduced PCa risk. Dietary α-carotene intake and lycopene consumption (both dietary intake and its blood levels) were all associated with reduced risk of PCa (RR for dietary α-carotene intake: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.76–0.99; RR for dietary lycopene intake: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.75–0.98; RR for blood lycopene levels: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.69–0.96). However, neither blood α-carotene levels nor blood lycopene levels could reduce the risk of advanced PCa. Dose-response analysis indicated that risk of PCa was reduced by 2% per 0.2mg/day (95%CI: 0.96–0.99) increment of dietary α-carotene intake or 3% per 1mg/day (95%CI: 0.94–0.99) increment of dietary lycopene intake. Conclusions α-carotene and lycopene, but not β-carotene, were inversely associated with the risk of PCa. However, both α-carotene and lycopene could not lower the risk of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, No.301 Middle Yanchang Road, Zhabei District, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ran Cui
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, No.301 Middle Yanchang Road, Zhabei District, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, No.301 Middle Yanchang Road, Zhabei District, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Juemin Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, No.301 Middle Yanchang Road, Zhabei District, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, No.301 Middle Yanchang Road, Zhabei District, Shanghai 200072, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen P, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhao K, Negi DS, Zhuo L, Qi M, Wang X, Zhang X. Lycopene and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1260. [PMID: 26287411 PMCID: PMC4616444 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common illness for aging males. Lycopene has been identified as an antioxidant agent with potential anticancer properties. Studies investigating the relation between lycopene and PCa risk have produced inconsistent results. This study aims to determine dietary lycopene consumption/circulating concentration and any potential dose-response associations with the risk of PCa. Eligible studies published in English up to April 10, 2014, were searched and identified from Pubmed, Sciencedirect Online, Wiley online library databases and hand searching. The STATA (version 12.0) was applied to process the dose-response meta-analysis. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to incorporate variation between studies. The linear and nonlinear dose-response relations were evaluated with data from categories of lycopene consumption/circulating concentrations. Twenty-six studies were included with 17,517 cases of PCa reported from 563,299 participants. Although inverse association between lycopene consumption and PCa risk was not found in all studies, there was a trend that with higher lycopene intake, there was reduced incidence of PCa (P = 0.078). Removal of one Chinese study in sensitivity analysis, or recalculation using data from only high-quality studies for subgroup analysis, indicated that higher lycopene consumption significantly lowered PCa risk. Furthermore, our dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated that higher lycopene consumption was linearly associated with a reduced risk of PCa with a threshold between 9 and 21 mg/day. Consistently, higher circulating lycopene levels significantly reduced the risk of PCa. Interestingly, the concentration of circulating lycopene between 2.17 and 85 μg/dL was linearly inversed with PCa risk whereas there was no linear association >85 μg/dL. In addition, greater efficacy for the circulating lycopene concentration on preventing PCa was found for studies with high quality, follow-up >10 years and where results were adjusted by the age or the body mass index. In conclusion, our novel data demonstrates that higher lycopene consumption/circulating concentration is associated with a lower risk of PCa. However, further studies are required to determine the mechanism by which lycopene reduces the risk of PCa and if there are other factors in tomato products that might potentially decrease PCa risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- From the Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (PC, WZ, XW, KZ, DSN, LZ, MQ, XW, XZ)
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11
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HE QIN, ZHOU WEI, XIONG CAIJIN, TAN GANG, CHEN MANHUA. Lycopene attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in post-myocardial infarction remodeling by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:374-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Pouchieu C, Galan P, Ducros V, Latino-Martel P, Hercberg S, Touvier M. Plasma carotenoids and retinol and overall and breast cancer risk: a nested case-control study. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:980-8. [PMID: 25072980 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.936952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies suggest that carotenoids and retinol may play a role in carcinogenesis, but epidemiological evidence is lacking. We investigated the prospective associations between plasma concentrations of major carotenoids and retinol, and overall and breast cancer risk. A nested case-control study included all first incident cancer cases diagnosed in the SU.VI.MAX cohort between 1994 and 2002 (n = 159 cases, 1 matched control/case). Baseline plasma concentrations of carotenoids and retinol were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess odds ratios for an increase of 0.1 μmol/L [odds ratio (OR)] and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Plasma β-carotene (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99, Ptrend = 0.04) and β-cryptoxanthin concentrations (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.99, Ptrend = 0.03) were inversely associated with overall cancer risk. Plasma β-cryptoxanthin concentration was inversely associated with breast cancer risk (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.71-0.96, Ptrend = 0.02). The OR between plasma lycopene concentration and overall cancer risk was 1.07 (0.99-1.15), Ptrend = 0.06. This association turned significant (Ptrend = 0.01) when excluding cancer cases diagnosed during the first year of follow-up. This prospective study suggests an inverse association between plasma concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin and both overall and breast cancer risk, and an inverse association between β-carotene and overall cancer risk. The direct association between lycopene concentration and cancer risk deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pouchieu
- a Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Inserm U557, Inra U1125, Cnam , Paris 13 University , Bobigny , France
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13
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Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L. Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:213-23. [PMID: 23883692 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene/tomato has been discussed as a potential effecter in the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer; however, no systematic review has been reported to illustrate its effect recently. In the present study, a meta-analysis was carried out to determine whether intake of lycopene and tomato/tomato products could reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Eleven cohort studies and six nested case-control studies were identified through searching of international journal databases and reference lists of relevant publications. Two reviewers independently assessed the study quality and extracted data from each identified study; only studies with sufficient quality were included in the review. The main outcome of interest was incidence of prostate cancer. Compared with consumers of lower raw tomato intake, the odds ratio (OR) of incidence of prostate cancer among consumers of higher raw tomato intake was 0.81 [95% confidential interval (CI) 0.59-1.10]; for consumers of higher level of cooked tomato intake versus lower cooked tomato intake, this OR was 0.85 (95% CI 0.69-1.06); the OR of higher lycopene intake versus lower lycopene intake for prostate cancer was 0.93 (95% CI 0.86-1.01) and the OR for higher level of serum lycopene versus lower serum lycopene level was 0.97 (95% CI 0.88-1.08). It's suggested that tomato may play a modest role in the prevention of prostate cancer. Further research would be needed to determine the type and quantity of tomato products regarding their potential in preventing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, P.R. China
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14
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Zu K, Mucci L, Rosner BA, Clinton SK, Loda M, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E. Dietary lycopene, angiogenesis, and prostate cancer: a prospective study in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt430. [PMID: 24463248 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of lycopene in prostate cancer prevention remains controversial. We examined the associations between dietary lycopene intake and prostate cancer, paying particular attention to the influence of prostate-specific antigen screening, and evaluated tissue biomarkers in prostate cancers in relation to lycopene intake. METHODS Among 49898 male health professionals, we obtained dietary information through questionnaires and ascertained total and lethal prostate cancer cases from 1986 through January 31, 2010. Cox regression was used to estimate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry were used to assess tumor biomarker expression in a subset of men. Two-sided χ(2) tests were used to calculate the P values. RESULTS Higher lycopene intake was inversely associated with total prostate cancer and more strongly with lethal prostate cancer (top vs bottom quintile: HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.94; P(trend) = .04). In a restricted population of screened participants, the inverse associations became markedly stronger (for lethal prostate cancer: HR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.29 to 0.75; P trend = .009). Comparing different measures of dietary lycopene, early intake, but not recent intake, was inversely associated with prostate cancer. Higher lycopene intake was associated with biomarkers in the cancer indicative of less angiogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake of lycopene was associated with reduced risk of lethal prostate cancer and with a lesser degree of angiogenesis in the tumor. Because angiogenesis is a strong progression factor, an endpoint of lethal prostate cancer may be more relevant than an endpoint of indolent prostate cancer for lycopene in the era of highly prevalent prostate-specific antigen screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Nutrition (KZ, MJS, EG), Department of Epidemiology (LM, MJS, EG), and Department of Biostatistics (BAR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (LM, BAR, MJS, EG); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (SKC); Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (ML)
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15
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Protective effect of lycopene on cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis after acute myocardial infarction in rats via the modulation of p38 and MMP-9. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:113-20. [PMID: 24213878 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in maintaining the left ventricular geometry and ventricular function, and the inhibition of ECM remodeling has therapeutic benefits that could alleviate the progression of ventricular remodeling. Recent studies have indicated that lycopene has cardioprotective effects. In this study, a rat myocardial infarction (MI) model was established by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. After the operation, the rats received lycopene or saline. After 28 days, the rats underwent echocardiography detection and were sacrificed. Myocardial fibrosis was observed by Masson staining. Type I collagen, MMP-9, and MAPK protein expression were detected in the ischemic zone surrounding the MI by western blot. Treatment with lycopene increased the EF from 45.2 ± 3.12 % to 51.1 ± 4.63, and it decreased the LVEDd from 6.52 ± 0.37 mm to 6.18 ± 0.41 mm and the LVESd from 4.29 ± 0.63 to 3.94 ± 0.37 at 28 days post-myocardial infarction. Lycopene attenuated the MI-induced increase in MMP-9 and type I collagen expression, and inhibited p38 activation. Moreover, lycopene decreased the collagen volume fraction in the peri-infarcted zone. The data indicated that lycopene improved the cardiac function and ventricular remodeling by inhibiting p38 activation and MMP-9 expression.
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16
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Miller PE, Snyder DC. Phytochemicals and cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27:599-612. [PMID: 22878362 DOI: 10.1177/0884533612456043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies have investigated associations between various phytochemicals and cancer risk. Phytoestrogens and carotenoids are the two most commonly studied classes of phytochemicals; phytosterols, isothiocyanates, and chlorophyll also have been investigated, although to a much lesser extent. Because there have been no systematic reviews of the literature on all phytochemicals and cancer risk to date, this article systematically reviews 96 published epidemiological studies that examined associations between phytochemicals and cancer risk. Most studies found null associations between individual phytochemicals and cancer risk at various sites. In addition, results from past studies have been largely inconsistent, and observed associations have been of relatively modest magnitude. The most consistent protective effects were observed for higher levels--dietary intake, serum, plasma, or urinary metabolites--of β-carotene and renal cell cancer, β-cryptoxanthin and lung cancer, isothiocyanates and lung cancer, isothiocyanates and gastrointestinal cancer, lignans and postmenopausal breast cancer, and flavonoids and lung cancer. Although elevated risk of certain cancers with higher levels of certain phytochemicals was observed, an insufficient pool of studies examining the same associations or inconsistent findings across studies limit the ability to conclude that any one phytochemical increases cancer risk. Additional research is needed to support previously identified associations in cases where only one study has examined a particular relationship. Importantly, continued research efforts are needed to evaluate the cumulative and interactive effects of numerous phytochemicals and phytochemical-rich foods on cancer risk.
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17
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Lycopene, Tomato Products, and Prostate Cancer Incidence: A Review and Reassessment in the PSA Screening Era. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:271063. [PMID: 22690215 PMCID: PMC3368367 DOI: 10.1155/2012/271063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene has been proposed to protect against prostate cancer through various properties including decreased lipid oxidation, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, and most notably potent antioxidant properties. Epidemiologic studies on the association between lycopene and prostate cancer incidence have yielded mixed results. Detection of an association has been complicated by unique epidemiologic considerations including the measurement of lycopene and its major source in the diet, tomato products, and assessment of prostate cancer incidence and progression. Understanding this association has been further challenging in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening era. PSA screening has increased the detection of prostate cancer, including a variety of relatively indolent cancers. This paper examines the lycopene and prostate cancer association in light of epidemiologic methodologic issues with particular emphasis on the effect of PSA screening on this association.
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Wilson KM, Giovannucci EL, Mucci LA. Lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:365-74. [PMID: 22504869 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of lethal prostate cancer is a critical public health challenge that would improve health and reduce suffering from this disease. In this review, we discuss the evidence surrounding specific lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. We present a summary of evidence for the following selected behavioral risk factors: obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, antioxidant intake, vitamin D and calcium, and coffee intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Luo C, Wu XG. Lycopene enhances antioxidant enzyme activities and immunity function in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-enduced gastric cancer rats. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3340-51. [PMID: 21686188 PMCID: PMC3116194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12053340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate anticancer effect of lycopene, we examined the effects of lycopene on the oxidative injury and immunity activities of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric cancer rats. The animals were divided into five groups. Group I served as the normal control and was given corn oil orally for 20 weeks. Group II were induced with MNNG 200 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage at days 0 and 14, and saturated NaCl (1 mL per rats) was given once every three days for four weeks until the end of the experimental period. Group III, IV and V were posttreated with lycopene (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight, dissolved in corn oil) from the sixth week of MNNG (as in group II) induction up to the end of the experimental period. In the presence of MNNG, MDA and immunity levels were significantly increased, whereas enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and GPx) antioxidant activities were decreased in the treated rats compared with normal control rats. Administration of lycopene to gastric carcinoma-induced rats largely up-regulated the redox status and immunity activities to decrease the risk of cancer compared to group II. We conclude that up-regulation of antioxidants and immunity by lycopene treatment might be responsible for the anticancer effect in gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Luo
- Chemotherapy Department, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang, 310022, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xian-Guo Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang, 310009, China
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Kristal AR, Till C, Platz EA, Song X, King IB, Neuhouser ML, Ambrosone CB, Thompson IM. Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:638-46. [PMID: 21335507 PMCID: PMC3070045 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene has been promoted for prostate cancer prevention, despite the inconsistency of scientific evidence. METHODS This nested case-control study examined whether serum lycopene was associated with prostate cancer risk among participants in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, a placebo-controlled trial of finasteride for prostate cancer prevention. Presence or absence of cancer was determined by prostate biopsy, recommended during the trial due to elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) and offered to all men at the trial end. There were 1,683 cases (461 Gleason score ≥ 7, 125 Gleason score ≥ 8) and 1,751 controls. RESULTS There were no associations of lycopene with prostate cancer risk. The odds ratios for a linear increase in lycopene (per 10 μg/dL) were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.94-1.04), 1.01 (0.94-1.08), and 1.02 (0.90-1.15) for Gleason 2 to 6, 7 to 10, and 8 to 10, respectively. In the placebo arm, a 10 μg/dL increase in lycopene was associated with a 7% (95% CI: 14-0) reduced risk of cancer diagnosed following an elevated PSA or abnormal DRE, which are cancers that best match those detected in screened populations. However, a 10 μg/dL increase in lycopene was also associated with an 8% (95% CI: 1-16) increased risk of cancer diagnosed without a biopsy prompt, which are cancers generally not detected. These findings were similar for low- and high-grade cancer. CONCLUSION This study does not support a role for lycopene in prostate cancer prevention. IMPACT Scientists and the public should understand that early studies supporting an association of dietary lycopene with reduced prostate cancer risk have not been replicated in studies using serum biomarkers of lycopene intake. Recommendations of professional societies to the public should be modified to reflect the likelihood that increasing lycopene intake will not affect prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kristal
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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