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Yin MZ, Gu YY, Shu JT, Zhang B, Su M, Zhang LP, Jiang YH, Qin G. Cost-effectiveness of cytomegalovirus vaccination for females in China: A decision-analytical Markov study. Vaccine 2023; 41:5825-5833. [PMID: 37580210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of disease caused by congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is high. Previous modeling studies have suggested that CMV vaccination may be cost-effective in developed countries. Congenital CMV infection is more likely driven by maternal non-primary infection in China. We aimed to measure the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of population-level CMV vaccination in Chinese females. METHODS A decision tree Markov model was developed to simulate potential CMV vaccination strategies in a multi-cohort setting, with a population size of 1,000,000 each for the infant, adolescent (10-year-old) and young adult (20-year-old) cohorts. The hypothetical vaccines were assumed to have 50% efficacy, 20 years of protection, 70% coverage, at a price of US$120/dose for base-case analysis. Costs and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were discounted by 3% per year and the vaccination would be considered cost-effective if an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was lower than 2021 Chinese per capita GDP (US$12,500). FINDINGS For the pre-infection (PRI) vaccine efficacy type, the adolescent strategy was the most cost-effective, with an ICER of US$12,213 (12,134 to 12,291) pre DALY averted, compared with the next best strategy (young adult strategy). For pre- and post-infection (P&PI) efficacy type, the young adult strategy was the most cost-effective as it was cost-saving. In one-way analysis varying the PRI vaccine price, the infant strategy, adolescent strategy and the young adult strategy would be a dominant strategy over others if the vaccine cost ≤US$60, US$61-121 and US$122-251 per dose respectively. In contrast, the young adult strategy continued to be the preferred strategy until the P&PI vaccine price exceeded US$226/dose. Our main results were robust under a wide variety of sensitivity analyses and scenario analyses. INTERPRETATION CMV vaccination for females would be cost-effective and even cost-saving in China. Our findings had public health implications for control of CMV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhao Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Gu
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jun-Tao Shu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China.
| | - Yin-Hua Jiang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China.
| | - Gang Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China.
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Eskandari V, Sahbafar H, Karooby E, Heris MH, Mehmandoust S, Razmjoue D, Hadi A. Surface-Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) filter paper substrates decorated with silver nanoparticles for the detection of molecular vibrations of Acyclovir drug. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122762. [PMID: 37130482 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) drug, a common antiviral agent, is frequently used as the primary clinical treatment method for treating hepatitis B, herpes simplex, and varicella zoster viruses due to its potent therapeutic effect. In patients with compromised immune systems, this medication can stop cytomegalovirus infections, and high doses of this drug are required; however, such prescription leads to kidney toxicity. Therefore, timely and accurate detection of ACV is crucial in many areas. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) is a reliable, rapid, and precise approach for the identification of trace biomaterials and chemicals. Filter paper substrates decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were applied as SERS biosensors to detect ACV and control its adverse effects. Initially, a chemical reduction procedure was utilized to produce AgNPs. Afterward, UV-Vis, FE-SEM, XRD, TEM, DLS, and AFM were employed to examine the properties of prepared AgNPs. In order to prepare SERS-active filter paper substrates (SERS-FPS) to detect Molecular vibrations of ACV, AgNPs prepared by immersion method were coated on filter paper substrates. Moreover, the UV-Vis DRS analysis was carried out to assess the stability of filter paper substrates and SERS-FPS. The AgNPs reacted with ACV after being coated on SERS-active plasmonic substrates and could sensitively detect ACV in small concentrations. It was discovered that the limit of detection of SERS plasmonic substrates was 10-12 M. Moreover, the mean RSD for ten repeated tests was calculated as 4.19%. The enhancement factor for detecting ACV using the developed biosensors was calculated to be 3.024 × 105 and 3.058 × 105 experimentally and via simulation, respectively. According to the Raman results, SERS-FPS for the detection of ACV, fabricated by the present methods, showed promising results for SERS-based investigations. Furthermore, these substrates showed significant disposablity, reproducibility, and chemical stability. Therefore, the fabricated substrates are capable to be employed as potential SERS biosensors to detect trace substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Eskandari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hossein Sahbafar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Karooby
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173780, Bozeman, MT 59717-3780, USA
| | - Masoud Hakimi Heris
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173780, Bozeman, MT 59717-3780, USA
| | - Saeideh Mehmandoust
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Damoun Razmjoue
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amin Hadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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3
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Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex viruses: Prevalence and therapeutic alternatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Rathore SK, Pati P, Priyadarshini S, Dwibedi B. Association of G84A and C276T polymorphism in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene with herpes simplex encephalitis in eastern Indian population. Nitric Oxide 2020; 108:8-11. [PMID: 33347982 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a hypothesis that genetic variations in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) could influence the susceptibility and outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis was investigated. Polymorphic loci of nNOS gene, G84A and C276T were genotyped in 132 HSE cases (Age 8.2 ± 1.3yr) and 143 in healthy individuals (Age-9.2 ± 1.6yr) of the same ethnic background from Odisha. A significantly increased risk for HSVE was associated with the AG genotype (OR = 1.73, 95%CI = 1.03-2.9, P = 0.03) and AA genotype (OR = 2.96, 95%CI = 1.04-8.4, P = 0.04) of nNOS 84G →A locus. In case of nNOS 276C→T variation, HSVE risk was linked to CT genotype (OR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.07-3.0, P = 0.03) and TT genotype (OR = 3.6, 95%CI = 1.2-10.8, P = 0.02). Patients with poor outcome either had homo or heterozygous genotype for both SNPs, but separate genotype analysis could not show significance. But combined genotype analysis of both SNPs confirmed that GG + CC was a risk factor for development of poor outcome. (OR = 6.3, CI-1.9-20.7, P = 0.0033). Haplotype analysis of both SNP did show that "at" haplotype was significantly higher and associated with HSVE cases (OR = 2.322,CI: 1.43-3.77, P = 0.00070). The result observed in this study suggested that variation at these loci of nNOS may have decreased its expression and caused low production of NO, which have resulted in risk of HSVE but provided good outcome in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Rathore
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubneswar, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - P Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubneswar, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - B Dwibedi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubneswar, India; Dept of Pediatrics, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Astasheva IB, Guseva MR, Kan IG, Ezhova NY, Kuznetsova YD, Tumasyan EA. [The early diagnosis of congenital neuroinfections during ophthalmologic examination in children of the first months of life]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:7-12. [PMID: 32323936 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20201200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the possibilities of early diagnosis of congenital neuroinfections during an ophthalmological examination in children in the first months of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five children with congenital neuroinfection, including 2 children with congenital toxoplasmosis and 3 children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI), were studied. All babies were born prematurely (25 to 31 weeks of gestation (27.2±0.94)), with birth weight from 680 to 1610 g (1120±110.1). During the examination, binocular ophthalmoscopy and examination on a wide-field retinal pediatric camera were used. A blood testing for immunoglobulins and a polymerase chain reaction of blood were performed. To assess the state of the brain, neurosonography and magnetic resonance imaging were used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Ophthalmic signs of intrauterine infection appeared at the age of 4-5 months (at 47-51 weeks of postmenstrual age). In all children (in 4 in one eye, in 1 in both eyes), apparent exudative-proliferative changes in the retina and vitreous body appeared on the periphery with the formation of epiretinal membranes that exert a traction effect on the retina. In two children with CMVI, multiple preretinal hemorrhages in different parts of the retina in both eyes were revealed. Central chorioretinal foci in the fundus were detected in children with toxoplasmosis. A positive dynamics, such as a decrease of exudative phenomena, a partial fit of the retina, complete resorption of hemorrhages, was noted in children during treatment. It has been concluded that signs of intrauterine neuroinfection can appear delayed, only by the development of chorioretinitis, 4-5 months after birth and manifest with severe exudative-proliferative changes in the retina and vitreous body.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Astasheva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Univercity, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Research Center of Obstetric, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia.,Yudin Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - M R Guseva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Univercity, Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Kan
- Russian Medical Research Center of Obstetric, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Y D Kuznetsova
- Russian Pediatric Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Univercity, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Tumasyan
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Univercity, Moscow, Russia
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Bernstein DI. Use of the Guinea pig model of genital herpes to evaluate vaccines and antivirals: Review. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104821. [PMID: 32544409 PMCID: PMC10713199 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are common throughout the world. Infections are lifelong and may produce both acute and recurrent vesiculoulcerative disease as well as more severe diseases. Despite disappointing results from recent HSV vaccine trials new vaccines and more potent antiviral therapies continue to be developed. These newer approaches require initial evaluations in animal models. In this review I have briefly described some of the models available and then more thoroughly describe the guinea pig model of acute and recurrent genital herpes infections. As discussed, the guinea pig model most closely mimics human disease and provides several important endpoints for evaluating vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Shetti NP, Malode SJ, Nayak DS, Naik RR, Kuchinad GT, Reddy KR, Shukla SS, Aminabhavi TM. Hetero-nanostructured iron oxide and bentonite clay composite assembly for the determination of an antiviral drug acyclovir. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Trivalent Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Prevents Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Mortality and Morbidity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02163-19. [PMID: 32188735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02163-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause severe infection in neonates leading to mortality and lifelong morbidity. Prophylactic approaches, such as maternal immunization, could prevent neonatal HSV (nHSV) infection by providing protective immunity and preventing perinatal transmission. We previously showed that maternal immunization with a replication-defective HSV vaccine candidate, dl5-29, leads to transfer of virus-specific antibodies into the neonatal circulation and protects against nHSV neurological sequela and mortality (C. D. Patel, I. M. Backes, S. A. Taylor, Y. Jiang, et al., Sci Transl Med, 11:eaau6039, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6039). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of maternal immunization with an experimental trivalent (gC2, gD2, and gE2) subunit vaccine to protect against nHSV. Using a murine model of nHSV, we demonstrated that maternal immunization with the trivalent vaccine protected offspring against nHSV-disseminated disease and mortality. In addition, offspring of immunized dams were substantially protected from behavioral pathology following HSV infection. This study supports the idea that maternal immunization is a viable strategy for the prevention of neonatal infections.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus is among the most serious infections of newborns. Current antiviral therapies can prevent mortality if infection is recognized early and treated promptly. Most children who survive nHSV develop lifelong neurological and behavioral deficits, despite aggressive antiviral treatment. We propose that maternal immunization could provide protection against HSV for both mother and baby. To this end, we used a trivalent glycoprotein vaccine candidate to demonstrate that offspring are protected from nHSV following maternal immunization. Significantly, this approach protected offspring from long-term behavioral morbidity. Our results emphasize the importance of providing protective immunity to neonates during this window of vulnerability.
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9
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Patel CD, Backes IM, Taylor SA, Jiang Y, Marchant A, Pesola JM, Coen DM, Knipe DM, Ackerman ME, Leib DA. Maternal immunization confers protection against neonatal herpes simplex mortality and behavioral morbidity. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/487/eaau6039. [PMID: 30971454 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) infections cause devastating morbidity and mortality in infants. Most nHSV cases are associated with primary maternal infection, consistent with the hypothesis that maternal immunity is protective. In humans, we found HSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in newborns of immune mothers, indicating that placentally transferred HSV-specific antibody is protective. Using a murine model, we showed that passive administration of HSV-specific antibody to dams prevented disseminated infection and mortality in pups. Maternal immunization with an HSV-2 replication-defective vaccine candidate, dl5-29, led to transfer of HSV-specific antibodies into neonatal circulation that protected against nHSV neurological disease and death. Furthermore, we observed considerable anxiety-like behavior in adult mice that had been infected with low doses of HSV as neonates, despite a notable lack of signs of infection. This phenotype suggests that nHSV infection can have an unsuspected and permanent impact on behavior. These behavioral sequelae of nHSV were prevented by maternal immunization with dl5-29, demonstrating an unexpected benefit of immunization. These findings also support the general concept that maternal immunization can prevent neurotropic neonatal infections and associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya D Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.,Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Iara M Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sean A Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yike Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi B-6041, Belgium
| | - Jean M Pesola
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald M Coen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - David A Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Congenital infections are infections transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy (transplacentally) or delivery (peripartum). They have the potential to adversely affect fetal development and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome through inflammatory, destructive, developmental, or teratogenic lesions of the brain. Because the fetal/neonatal brain has a limited capacity to respond to injury, early inflammatory changes may be difficult to visualize and only manifest as neurocognitive disability later in life. Teratogenic effects, which may include aberrations of neuronal proliferation and migration, are more easily visible on imaging, but may be equally difficult to use to predict long-term neurocognitive outcomes. This chapter reviews the general pathophysiology of congenital infection and describes the epidemiology, the antenatal and postnatal diagnosis, and the treatment of congenital infections as well as the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boucoiran
- Mother and Child Infection Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Fatima Kakkar
- Mother and Child Infection Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Renaud
- Mother and Child Infection Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Li LJ, Zhang SJ, Liu P, Wang YQ, Chen ZL, Wang YJ, Zhou JB, Guo YJ, Zhao L. Corilagin Interferes With Toll-Like Receptor 3-Mediated Immune Response in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:83. [PMID: 31080403 PMCID: PMC6497770 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common infectious disease of the central nervous system worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of HSE is not clear. Research has shown that the immune response mediated by the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathway is essential to protect the central nervous system against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. However, an excessive immune response may cause tissue damage accompanied by pathological changes. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism via which corilagin controls HSE through the TLR3 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cells and mice were pre-treated with polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or HSV type 1, and then treated with corilagin. After treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3, TLR-like receptor-associated interferon factor (TRIF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD), TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 and 6, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), P38, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were decreased. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, and type 1 interferon-β were also decreased. When TLR3 expression was silenced or increased, corilagin still inhibited the expression of TLR3 and its downstream mediators. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical examinations of mouse brain tissues revealed that corilagin lessened the degree of brain inflammation. Altogether, these results suggest that corilagin may regulate the immune response in HSE and relieve inflammatory injury by interfering with the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Jun Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Jun Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Qin Wang
- Renmin Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, The Postgraduate Training Center of Jinzhou Medical University, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Bin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Yuan-Jin Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Abstract
Congenital and perinatal infections represent major causes of permanent disability among children worldwide. Linked together by the acronym TORCH, denoting Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus, congenital infections can result from only a modest number of human pathogens that cross the placenta and infect the fetus. Although congenital rubella syndrome has been eliminated in the Americas by immunization, several pathogens discussed in this chapter cannot currently be prevented by vaccines or effectively treated with the available antimicrobial drugs. Due to the immaturity of the immune system, newborn infants are at risk for postnatally acquired infections with certain viruses and several bacteria. This chapter summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of selected pathogens that can damage the developing nervous system. As emphasized by the persisting challenges of preventing congenital cytomegalovirus infection and the emergence of severe brain damage associated with congenital Zika syndrome, these pathogens remain important causes of cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and intellectual disability.
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13
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Zida S, Kolia-Diafouka P, Kania D, Sotto A, Foulongne V, Bolloré K, Ouangraoua S, Méda N, Carrère-Kremer S, Van de Perre P, Tuaillon E. Combined testing for herpes simplex virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aseptic meningitis in Burkina Faso, West Africa. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 33:e22719. [PMID: 30474140 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the involvement of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as potentially curable causes of central nervous system (CNS) infections in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE In this study, we developed a PCR assay dedicated to simultaneous testing of HSV1/HSV2 and MTB in Burkina Faso, a country where HSV is neglected as a cause of CNS infection and where TB prevalence is high. METHODS A consensus HSV1/HSV2 set of primers and probe were designed and combined to primers and probe targeting the IS6110 repetitive insertion sequence of MTB. Analytical performances of the assay were evaluated on reference materials. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from subjects with aseptic meningitis was tested for HSV1/HSV2 and MTB DNA. RESULTS The UL29 gene was chosen as a highly conserved region targeted by the HSV1/HSV2 nucleic acid test. The lower limits of detection were estimated to be 2.45 copies/µL for HSV1, 1.72 copies/µL for HSV2, and 2.54 IS6110 copies per µL for MTB. The PCR was used in 202 CSF collected from subjects suspected of aseptic meningitis. Five samples (2.46%) tested positive, including two children positive for HSV1 (0.99%) and three adults tested positive for MTB (1.47%). CONCLUSION Using an in-house real-time PCR assay, we showed that both HSV and MTB are etiologic pathogens contributing to aseptic meningitis in Burkina Faso. This molecular test may have clinical utility for early diagnosis for those treatable CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Zida
- UMR 1058, INSERM/EFS/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Centre MURAZ, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Karine Bolloré
- UMR 1058, INSERM/EFS/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicolas Méda
- Ministère de la santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Edouard Tuaillon
- UMR 1058, INSERM/EFS/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Ivanovska-Stojanoska M, Popovska M, Anastasovska V, Kocova M, Zendeli-Bedzeti L, Dimova C, Taseva A. Detection of Virus Herpes Simplex Type 1 in Patients with Chronic Periodontal Disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1737-1741. [PMID: 30338001 PMCID: PMC6182537 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is an inflammatory-destructive condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Microorganisms found in the dental plaque were considered to be the primary local etiologic factor responsible for the periodontal destruction. It is also evident that herpes simplex viruses may have an impact in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. AIM This study has been made with the aim to analyse the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the dental plaque (supra- and subgingival) of patients with the chronic periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study comprised a total of 89 patients with chronic periodontal disease divided into two groups (patients with moderate and severe periodontitis). Supragingival dental plaque samples were taken with sterile cotton (supragingival), and subgingival dental plaque samples were taken with paper absorbents. Samples were subjected to extraction of DNA and further analysis with multiplex PCR for the presence of herpes viral DNA. RESULTS HSV-1 virus was detected In 24.7% of all patients included in the study. HSV-1 was detected in 22.2% of patients with the moderate stage of the disease, of which in all (100%) in the supragingival plaque samples and only 16.7% in subgingival plaque samples. In two patients HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. In patients with advanced stage of the disease, the HSV-1 virus was detected in 28.6% patients. In two of the patients, HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. Statistically, a significant difference was found in HSV-1 positive patients with a moderate stage of disease, between the presence of the virus in subgingival (100%) and subgingival (16.7%) dental plaque samples, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Herpes simplex viruses type 1 are present in supragingival and subgingival dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ivanovska-Stojanoska
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Popovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Violeta Anastasovska
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Kocova
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Lidita Zendeli-Bedzeti
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Cena Dimova
- University "Goce Delchev", Faculty of Dentistry, Shtip, Republic of Macedonia
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15
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Deng B, Luo X, Zhang M, Ye L, Chen Y. Quantitative detection of acyclovir by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using a portable Raman spectrometer coupled with multivariate data analysis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:286-294. [PMID: 30308453 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is a synthetic antiviral agent with serious side effect, particularly its nephrotoxicity, so this study was to explore the ultrasensitive detection of ACV by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The enhancement capability of nanoparticles prepared by different chemical reduction were compared, and Ag nanoparticles reduced by citrate are the most propriate enhanced substrate for acyclovir. In addition, comparison between prominent SERS-enhanced bands and the precise mode descriptions predicted through density functional theory (DFT) simulations is used to understand the mechanisms between ACV and metallic surface. 130 different levels of ACV concentrations in a range from 10-1∼10-7 were used to build quantitative prediction models by two different modeling methods, partial least-squares (PLS) regression and artificial neural network (ANN). Under the optimal conditions, the performance of the PLS model was much better than ANN. The results demonstrated that SERS imaging with multivariate analysis holds great potential for the sensitive and cost effective clinic test of ACV and its metabolites in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binge Deng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xia Luo
- Sichuan Institute of Chinese Material Medica, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Liming Ye
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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16
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Tarlekar P, Khan A, Chatterjee S. Nanoscale determination of antiviral drug acyclovir engaging bifunctionality of single walled carbon nanotubes – nafion film. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Ogunjimi B, Zhang SY, Sørensen KB, Skipper KA, Carter-Timofte M, Kerner G, Luecke S, Prabakaran T, Cai Y, Meester J, Bartholomeus E, Bolar NA, Vandeweyer G, Claes C, Sillis Y, Lorenzo L, Fiorenza RA, Boucherit S, Dielman C, Heynderickx S, Elias G, Kurotova A, Auwera AV, Verstraete L, Lagae L, Verhelst H, Jansen A, Ramet J, Suls A, Smits E, Ceulemans B, Van Laer L, Plat Wilson G, Kreth J, Picard C, Von Bernuth H, Fluss J, Chabrier S, Abel L, Mortier G, Fribourg S, Mikkelsen JG, Casanova JL, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Inborn errors in RNA polymerase III underlie severe varicella zoster virus infections. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3543-3556. [PMID: 28783042 DOI: 10.1172/jci92280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) typically causes chickenpox upon primary infection. In rare cases, VZV can give rise to life-threatening disease in otherwise healthy people, but the immunological basis for this remains unexplained. We report 4 cases of acute severe VZV infection affecting the central nervous system or the lungs in unrelated, otherwise healthy children who are heterozygous for rare missense mutations in POLR3A (one patient), POLR3C (one patient), or both (two patients). POLR3A and POLR3C encode subunits of RNA polymerase III. Leukocytes from all 4 patients tested exhibited poor IFN induction in response to synthetic or VZV-derived DNA. Moreover, leukocytes from 3 of the patients displayed defective IFN production upon VZV infection and reduced control of VZV replication. These phenotypes were rescued by transduction with relevant WT alleles. This work demonstrates that monogenic or digenic POLR3A and POLR3C deficiencies confer increased susceptibility to severe VZV disease in otherwise healthy children, providing evidence for an essential role of a DNA sensor in human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Ogunjimi
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology & Sequencing, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Katrine B Sørensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian A Skipper
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Madalina Carter-Timofte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gaspard Kerner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Luecke
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thaneas Prabakaran
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josephina Meester
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nikhita Ajit Bolar
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Claes
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Sillis
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Raffaele A Fiorenza
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Dielman
- Department of Child Neurology, Queen Paola Child Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Heynderickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - George Elias
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Kurotova
- Department of Pediatrics, Sint-Vincentius Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Vander Auwera
- Department of Pediatrics, Sint-Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration - Section Paediatric Neurology, University Hospitals KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helene Verhelst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Jansen
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jose Ramet
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arvid Suls
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jonas Kreth
- Neuropediatric Department, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, gGmbH Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Horst Von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité Berlin - Campus Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joël Fluss
- FMH Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Chabrier
- CHU Saint-Étienne, French Centre for Paediatric Stroke, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Geert Mortier
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp & Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine and.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Mirchandani D, Jawed R, Khawar N, Narula P, John M. Effectiveness of Early Antiviral Therapy in Disseminated Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) with Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Am J Case Rep 2017; 18:381-385. [PMID: 28392553 PMCID: PMC5395135 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.902418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient: Male, 11-day-old Final Diagnosis: Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus-2 Symptoms: Feeding problems • lethargy • rash Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Pediatrics and Neonatology
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mirchandani
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System – New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Rafia Jawed
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System – New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Nayaab Khawar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System – New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Pramod Narula
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System – New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Minnie John
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System – New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
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19
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Chan U, Chan WT, Ting WH, Ho CS, Liu HC, Lee HC. Cholestasis caused by panhypopituitarism and acquired cytomegalovirus infection in a 2-month-old male infant: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6757. [PMID: 28445302 PMCID: PMC5413267 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital disorder that may cause jaundice in infants. However, it is usually prone to neglect and misdiagnosis in infants with cholestasis because endocrine disorder such as panhypopituitarism is rare in the cause of infantile cholestasis. We report a case of SOD concurrent with acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, who presented with prolonged jaundice as the first clinical sign. PATIENT CONCERNS The patient was a 2-month-old male infant who presented with cholestasis, combined with fever and panhypopituitarism. DIAGNOSES He was diagnosed with SOD and acquired CMV infection. INTERVENTIONS He was treated with hormone replacement therapy and ganciclovir. OUTCOMES After correction of the pituitary hormone deficiency and ganciclovir treatment, significant improvements of cholestasis, retinal lesions, and growth rate were seen in our patient. LESSONS Although an endocrine disorder such as panhypopituitarism is rare in the cause of neonatal or infantile cholestasis, we must keep this reason in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Tao Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Ting
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Che Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chang Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Ooi Y, Inui-Yamamoto C, Yoshioka Y, Seiyama A, Seki J. 11.7 T MR Imaging Revealed Dilatation of Virchow-Robin Spaces within Hippocampus in Maternally Lipopolysaccharide-exposed Rats. Magn Reson Med Sci 2016; 16:54-60. [PMID: 27149945 PMCID: PMC5600044 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2015-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 11.7 Tesla MRI was examined to detect Virchow-Robin spaces (VRSs) smaller than 100 μm in the rat brain. The effects of maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated on basis of the number of dilated VRSs in the offspring rat brain. METHODS T2-weighted MRI with an in-plane resolution up to 78 μm (repetition time = 5000 ms, echo time = 35 ms, slice thickness = 250 μm, imaging plane, coronal) was applied to identify VRSs. The dilated VRSs were counted in the rat brain at 5 and 10 weeks of age. The dams of half the number in each group were treated with LPS during pregnancy, and the remaining half was employed as control. LPS injection in gestation period was used to simulate maternal infections, the method of which was widely accepted as a rat model inducing neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. Effects of LPS exposure on the offspring rat brain were statistically investigated. RESULTS VRSs as small as 78 μm were successfully detected by the ultra high-field MRI. All dilated VRSs were observed within lacunosum molecular layer of hippocampus, and molecular and granular layers of dentate gyrus around hippocampal fissure. In juvenile rats (5 weeks of age), the number of dilated VRSs was significantly increased in the prenatal LPS exposed rat brain (12.9 ± 2.4, n = 7) than in the control (5.3 ± 1.5, n = 7, P < 0.05), while in young adult rats (10 weeks of age), there was no significant difference in the number between the prenatal LPS exposed rat brain (3.6 ± 0.9, n = 5) and the control (2.6 ± 0.4, n = 5). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggested that maternal infection might cause dilatation of VRSs through neural damages especially in the dentate gyrus of the offspring rats. Thus, ultra high-field MRI can offer a promising diagnostic tool capable of determining the location of neonatal brain damage caused by maternal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ooi
- Division of Pathogenesis and Control of Oral Disease, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
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21
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Birkmann A, Zimmermann H. HSV antivirals - current and future treatment options. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:9-13. [PMID: 26897058 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 can cause infections with clinical manifestations ranging from benign and generally self-limiting blisters or sores as seen in labial and genital herpes through to severe and in rare cases even life-threatening infections. At present, approved treatments for herpes simplex virus are almost all nucleoside analogs. Novel antiviral approaches include therapeutic vaccines, with the most advanced having successfully completed Phase 2 clinical development. Moreover, several small molecules approaches are being developed for the treatment of genital or labial HSV infections. Of particular interest are two novel compounds (amenamevir and pritelivir) belonging to the new class of helicase-primase inhibitors with promising Phase 2 data.
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22
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Çelikel E, Tezer H, Kanik-Yuksek S, Gülhan B, Ozkaya-Parlakay A, Yaralı N. Evaluation of 98 immunocompetent children with cytomegalovirus infection: importance of neurodevelopmental follow-up. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:1101-7. [PMID: 25762027 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aims to analyze and evaluate the clinic and demographic features of immunocompetent children that have been diagnosed with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The data of children diagnosed with CMV infection between January 2005 and December 2010 and their follow-ups for 2 years were retrospectively evaluated. Ninety-eight patients were included, and the median age at admission was 5.6 months (5 days-36 months). 54.1% was male. The diagnosis of CMV infection was performed by measurement of serum anti-CMV specific Ig M and IgG titers and PCR method in blood and/or urine. In 3.06% of the patients, congenital infection was detected, whereas possible congenital infection was observed in 36.7% of the patients. Furthermore, 44 patients (44.8%) were detected to have perinatal infection while postnatal infection was spotted in 15.3% of the patients. The common presenting manifestations were prolonged jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distension, skin eruption, and seizure. And the most common physical examination findings were hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, jaundice, and petechia. The mainstream laboratory results were elevated transaminases (50%), anemia (30.6%), leukocytosis (27.5%), and thrombocytopenia (18.3%). There were intracranial calcification in 5.1% and eye findings in 5.1%. On follow-up of patients, complete improvement (59.1%), neuromotor developmental delay (11.2%), epilepsy (10.2%), hearing loss (3.06 %), hemolytic anemia (2.04%), and growth retardation (1.02%) were detected. CONCLUSION CMV infection is a significant disease both in congenital and perinatal period. It must be considered that diagnosed patients need to be monitored for a long time with special attention to their neurodevelopmental follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Çelikel
- Department of Pediatrics, Ankara Hematology Oncology Children's Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey,
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23
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Bahr NC, Boulware DR. Methods of rapid diagnosis for the etiology of meningitis in adults. Biomark Med 2015; 8:1085-103. [PMID: 25402579 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious meningitis may be due to bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal or viral agents. Diagnosis of meningitis must take into account numerous items of patient history and symptomatology along with regional epidemiology and basic cerebrospinal fluid testing (protein, etc.) to allow the clinician to stratify the likelihood of etiology possibilities and rationally select additional diagnostic tests. Culture is the mainstay for diagnosis in many cases, but technology is evolving to provide more rapid, reliable diagnosis. The cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (Immuno-Mycologics) has revolutionized diagnosis of cryptococcosis and automated nucleic acid amplification assays hold promise for improving diagnosis of bacterial and mycobacterial meningitis. This review will focus on a holistic approach to diagnosis of meningitis as well as recent technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Disease & International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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24
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Involvement of TLR2 and TLR9 in the anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid in HSV-1-infected microglia. Life Sci 2015; 127:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Neonatal fungal and viral infections are associated with mortality and neurologic impairment among survivors. Advances in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial medications have led to improved dosing guidance for neonates. This article discusses the basic PK/PD properties and dosing of the most common antifungal and antiviral medications used in neonates.
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26
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Britton PN, Dale RC, Booy R, Jones CA. Acute encephalitis in children: Progress and priorities from an Australasian perspective. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51:147-58. [PMID: 24953748 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitis is a complex neurological syndrome caused by inflammation of the brain that occurs with highest incidence in children. It is challenging to diagnose and manage due to the variety of aetiologies and non-specific clinical presentations. We discuss the recent progress in clinical case definitions; review recent, large, prospective epidemiological studies; and describe aetiologies. We emphasise infectious causes relevant to children in Australasia but also consider emerging immune-mediated syndromes responsive to immune therapies. We identify priorities for future research in children, given the potential for climate change and international travel to influence the emergence of infectious agents in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Abstract
Many advances and challenges have occurred in the field of paediatric infectious diseases during the past 50 years. It is impossible to cover all of these in a short review, but a few highlights and lowlights will be covered. These include virtual disappearance of some infectious diseases, emergence of new ones, infections in the immunocompromised, antimicrobial resistance, development of new and improved antimicrobials, improved diagnostic tests and the Human Microbiome Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Starr
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Homeostatic interferon expression in neurons is sufficient for early control of viral infection. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 279:11-9. [PMID: 25669994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which neurons respond to inflammatory mediators such as interferons (IFNs) remain largely undefined. We previously showed that the activation and nuclear localization of the core IFN signaling molecule, Stat1, are muted and delayed in primary mouse hippocampal neurons treated with IFN gamma as compared to control mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Here, we show that the kinetics of Stat1 and Stat2 activation following type I IFN exposure are also unique in neurons, affecting gene expression and neuronal response. Specifically, despite lower basal expression of many IFN stimulated genes in neurons, basal expression of the type I IFN themselves is significantly higher in primary hippocampal neurons compared to MEF. Elevated homeostatic IFN in neurons is critical and sufficient for early control of viral infection. These data provide further evidence that neurons exploit unique signaling responses to IFNs, and define an important contribution of homeostatic IFN within the CNS. Such differences are likely critical for the ability of neurons to survive a viral challenge.
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Corilagin Protects Against HSV1 Encephalitis Through Inhibiting the TLR2 Signaling Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1547-1560. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kuo T, Wang C, Badakhshan T, Chilukuri S, BenMohamed L. The challenges and opportunities for the development of a T-cell epitope-based herpes simplex vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:6733-45. [PMID: 25446827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 & HSV-2) infections have been prevalent since the ancient Greek times. To this day, they still affect a staggering number of over a billion individuals worldwide. HSV-1 infections are predominant than HSV-2 infections and cause potentially blinding ocular herpes, oro-facial herpes and encephalitis. HSV-2 infections cause painful genital herpes, encephalitis, and death in newborns. While prophylactic and therapeutic HSV vaccines remain urgently needed for centuries, their development has been difficult. During the most recent National Institute of Health (NIH) workshop titled "Next Generation Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines: The Challenges and Opportunities", basic researchers, funding agencies, and pharmaceutical representatives gathered: (i) to assess the status of herpes vaccine research; and (ii) to identify the gaps and propose alternative approaches in developing a safe and efficient herpes vaccine. One "common denominator" among previously failed clinical herpes vaccine trials is that they either used a whole virus or a whole viral protein, which contain both "pathogenic symptomatic" and "protective asymptomatic" antigens and epitopes. In this report, we continue to advocate developing "asymptomatic" epitope-based sub-unit vaccine strategies that selectively incorporate "protective asymptomatic" epitopes which: (i) are exclusively recognized by effector memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (TEM cells) from "naturally" protected seropositive asymptomatic individuals; and (ii) protect human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic animal models of ocular and genital herpes. We review the role of animal models in herpes vaccine development and discuss their current status, challenges, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Kuo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - Tina Badakhshan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - Sravya Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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31
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Kanik-Yuksek S, Gülhan B, Tezer H, Ozkaya-Parlakay A. A perinatal cytomegalovirus infection in an immunocompetent patient with chorioretinitis. J Trop Pediatr 2014; 60:401-3. [PMID: 24771356 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmu024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common viral infection of newborns in all periods worldwide. Perinatal form of infection is usually less severe than the congenital form because of having a lower rate for serious organ involvement like central nervous system. In this article, we report a 3-month-old immunocompetent patient who was diagnosed as having perinatal CMV infection with a scar of chorioretinitis after presenting with gastroenteritis and hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Kanik-Yuksek
- Ankara Hematology Oncology Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Belgin Gülhan
- Ankara Hematology Oncology Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Hasan Tezer
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Ankara, 06500, Turkey
| | - Aslinur Ozkaya-Parlakay
- Ankara Hematology Oncology Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
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32
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Herpes simplex virus internalization into epithelial cells requires Na+/H+ exchangers and p21-activated kinases but neither clathrin- nor caveolin-mediated endocytosis. J Virol 2014; 88:13378-95. [PMID: 25210183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03631-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that has been reported to infect some epithelial cell types by fusion at the plasma membrane but others by endocytosis. To determine the molecular mechanisms of productive HSV-1 cell entry, we perturbed key endocytosis host factors using specific inhibitors, RNA interference (RNAi), or overexpression of dominant negative proteins and investigated their effects on HSV-1 infection in the permissive epithelial cell lines Vero, HeLa, HEp-2, and PtK2. HSV-1 internalization required neither endosomal acidification nor clathrin- or caveolin-mediated endocytosis. In contrast, HSV-1 gene expression and internalization were significantly reduced after treatment with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA). EIPA blocks the activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, which are plasma membrane proteins implicated in all forms of macropinocytosis. HSV-1 internalization furthermore required the function of p21-activated kinases that contribute to macropinosome formation. However, in contrast to some forms of macropinocytosis, HSV-1 did not enlist the activities of protein kinase C (PKC), tyrosine kinases, C-terminal binding protein 1, or dynamin to activate its internalization. These data suggest that HSV-1 depends on Na(+)/H(+) exchangers and p21-activated kinases either for macropinocytosis or for local actin rearrangements required for fusion at the plasma membrane or subsequent passage through the actin cortex underneath the plasma membrane. IMPORTANCE After initial replication in epithelial cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) establish latent infections in neurons innervating these regions. Upon primary infection and reactivation from latency, HSVs cause many human skin and neurological diseases, particularly in immunocompromised hosts, despite the availability of effective antiviral drugs. Many viruses use macropinocytosis for virus internalization, and many host factors mediating this entry route have been identified, although the specific perturbation profiles vary for different host and viral cargo. In addition to an established entry pathway via acidic endosomes, we show here that HSV-1 internalization depended on sodium-proton exchangers at the plasma membrane and p21-activated kinases. These results suggest that HSV-1 requires a reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton, either for productive cell entry via pH-independent fusion from macropinosomes or for fusion at the plasma membrane, and subsequent cytosolic passage to microtubules that mediate capsid transport to the nucleus for genome uncoating and replication.
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Bache M, Andrei G, Bindl L, Bofferding L, Bottu J, Géron C, Neuhäuser C, Gillemot S, Fiten P, Opdenakker G, Snoeck R. Antiviral Drug-Resistance Typing Reveals Compartmentalization and Dynamics of Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) in a Case of Neonatal Herpes. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:e24-7. [PMID: 26625375 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A neonate suffering from herpes simplex virus type 2 disease with central nervous system involvement developed an early recurrence under acyclovir therapy. Isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid and skin lesions were acyclovir resistant, while viruses from blood and trachea were not. Acyclovir combined with foscavir followed by long-term suppressive acyclovir therapy supported normal neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bache
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | | | - Lutz Bindl
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Léon Bofferding
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Jean Bottu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | - Christine Géron
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Pierre Fiten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are human neurotropic viruses that establish latent infection in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for the entire life of the host. From the DRG they can reactivate to cause human morbidity and mortality. Although they vary, in part, in the clinical disorders they cause, and in their molecular structure, they share several features that govern the biology of their infection of the human nervous system. HSV-1 is the causative agent of encephalitis, corneal blindness, and several peripheral nervous system disorders; HSV-2 is responsible for meningoencephalitis in neonates and meningitis in adults. The biology of their ability to establish latency, maintain it for the entire life of the host, reactivate, and cause primary and recurrent disease is being studied in animal models and in humans. This review covers recent advances in understanding the biology and pathogenesis of HSV-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, 49100, Petach Tikva, Israel,
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acyclovir (ACV) is the first-line treatment for the management of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) diseases. Long-term administration of the drug for the treatment of chronic infections in the immunocompromised host can lead to the development of ACV-resistance. This review provides an update of the mutations linked to drug-resistance and issues to be considered in the management of HSV infections refractory to antiviral therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have shown that HSV drug-resistance should be taken into account not only in immunocompromised individuals but also in immunocompetent persons when HSV infections involve 'immune-privileged sites'. Thus, drug-resistance typing is recommended in cases of ACV unresponsive herpetic keratitis and herpes simplex encephalitis. Several issues regarding HSV drug-resistance were highlighted by recent studies. Phenotypic and genotypic antiviral resistance may vary not only from different compartments but also over time, highlighting the importance of characterizing longitudinal HSV isolates from all sites. Combination therapy should be considered when viruses with distinct phenotype/genotype are identified at one or at distinct body sites. SUMMARY Surveillance of HSV drug-resistance is highly recommended in immunocompromised patients and in immunocompetent individuals with infections implicating 'immune-privileged sites' to rationally adapt antiviral treatment.
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Helicase–primase inhibitors for herpes simplex virus: looking to the future of non-nucleoside inhibitors for treating herpes virus infections. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:45-55. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicase–primase inhibitors (HPIs) are the first new family of potent herpes virus (herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus) inhibitors to go beyond the preliminary stages of investigation since the emergence of the original nucleoside analog inhibitors. To consider the clinical future of HPIs, this review puts the exciting new findings with two HPIs, amenamevir and pritelivir, into the historical context of antiviral development for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus over the last century and, on this basis, the authors speculate on the potential evolution of these and other non-nucleoside inhibitors in the future.
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The extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris inhibits human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression and replication in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:744-8. [PMID: 24270403 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants, immunocompromised individuals with HIV/AIDS and organ transplant recipients. In order to identify a novel antiviral candidate for HCMV-related diseases, crude ethanol extracts from plants were screened for their potential inhibitory activity on HCMV replication in vitro. Ethanol (70%) extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris leaves (ESE) markedly inhibited the replication of the HCMV Towne strain without exhibiting any significant adverse effects on the viability of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). In addition, ESE significantly downregulated HCMV immediate early (IE) gene expression. Taken together, this is the first study, to the best of our knowledge, demonstrating that ESE has a potent antiviral activity against HCMV by downregulating HCMV IE gene expression and replication.
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Human cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase is involved in the mechanism of action of methylenecyclopropane analogs with 6-ether and -thioether substitutions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:274-8. [PMID: 24145545 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01726-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenecyclopropane nucleoside (MCPN) analogs are being investigated for treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection because of favorable preclinical data and limited ganciclovir cross-resistance. Monohydroxymethyl MCPNs bearing ether and thioether functionalities at the purine 6 position have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in addition to HCMV. The role of the HCMV UL97 kinase in the mechanism of action of these derivatives was examined. When tested against a kinase-inactive UL97 K355M virus, a moderate 5- to 7-fold increase in 50% effective concentration (EC50) was observed, in comparison to a 13- to 25-fold increase for either cyclopropavir or ganciclovir. Serial propagation of HCMV under two of these compounds selected for three novel UL97 mutations encoding amino acid substitutions D456N, C480R,and Y617del. When transferred to baseline laboratory HCMV strains, these mutations individually conferred resistance to all of the tested MCPNs, ganciclovir, and maribavir. However, the engineered strains also demonstrated severe growth defects and abnormal cytopathic effects similar to the kinase-inactive mutant. Expressed and purified UL97 kinase showed in vitro phosphorylation of the newly tested MCPNs. Thus, HCMV UL97 kinase is involved in the antiviral action of these MCPNs, but the in vitro selection of UL97-defective viruses suggests that their activity against more typical ganciclovir-resistant growth-competent UL97 mutants may be relatively preserved.
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Liu Y, Yu F, Huang H, Han J. Development of recombinant antigen array for simultaneous detection of viral antibodies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73842. [PMID: 24058498 PMCID: PMC3772810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein microarrays have been developed to study antibody reactivity against a large number of antigens, demonstrating extensive perspective for clinical application. We developed a viral antigen array by spotting four recombinant antigens and synthetic peptide, including glycoprotein G of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, phosphoprotein 150 of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rubella virus (RV) core plus glycoprotein E1 and E2 as well as a E1 peptide with the optimal concentrations on activated glass slides to simultaneously detect IgG and IgM against HSV1, HSV2, CMV and RV in clinical specimens of sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs). The positive reference sera were initially used to measure the sensitivity and specificity of the array with the optimal conditions. Then clinical specimens of 144 sera and 93 CSFs were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies directed against HSV1, HSV2, CMV and RV by the antigen array. Specificity of the antigen array for viral antibodies detection was satisfying compared to commercial ELISA kits but sensitivity of the array varied relying on quality and antigenic epitopes of the spotting antigens. In short, the recombinant antigen array has potential to simultaneous detect multiple viral antibodies using minute amount (3 µl) of samples, which holds the particularly advantage to detect viral antibodies in clinical CSFs being suspicious of neonatal meningitis and encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Fengling Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
- * E-mail:
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41
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Zhang L, Liu JJ, Li MT. Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis and unusual retinitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2013; 22:1403-8. [PMID: 23970491 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313502112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report we discuss a case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) infection presenting with encephalitis as well as necrotic and non-necrotic retinitis. The patient presented with typical clinical symptoms and radiologic abnormalities consistent with HSV-1 encephalitis and HSV-1 retinitis in patients with HIV infection, but lacked cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and had bilateral retinitis with poor visual acuity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - JJ Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - MT Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, China
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42
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Prichard MN, Williams JD, Komazin-Meredith G, Khan AR, Price NB, Jefferson GM, Harden EA, Hartline CB, Peet NP, Bowlin TL. Synthesis and antiviral activities of methylenecyclopropane analogs with 6-alkoxy and 6-alkylthio substitutions that exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against human herpesviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3518-27. [PMID: 23669381 PMCID: PMC3719742 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00429-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenecyclopropane nucleosides have been reported to be active against many of the human herpesviruses. The most active compound of this class is cyclopropavir (CPV), which exhibits good antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus, both variants of human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8. CPV has two hydroxymethyl groups on the methylenecyclopropane ring, but analogs with a single hydroxymethyl group, such as the prototypical (S)-synguanol, are also active and exhibit a broader spectrum of antiviral activity that also includes hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Here, a large set of monohydroxymethyl compounds with ether and thioether substituents at the 6 position of the purine was synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity against a range of human herpesviruses. Some of these analogs had a broader spectrum of antiviral activity than CPV, in that they also inhibited the replication of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Interestingly, the antiviral activity of these compounds appeared to be dependent on the activity of the HCMV UL97 kinase but was relatively unaffected by the absence of thymidine kinase activity in HSV. These data taken together indicate that the mechanism of action of these analogs is distinct from that of CPV. They also suggest that they might be useful as broad-spectrum antiherpesvirus agents and may be effective in the treatment of resistant virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Prichard
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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43
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Evans CM, Kudesia G, McKendrick M. Management of herpesvirus infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:119-28. [PMID: 23820015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Management of human herpesviruses remains a considerable clinical challenge, in part due to their ability to cause both lytic and latent disease. Infection with the Herpesviridae results in lifelong infection, which can reactivate at any time. Control of herpesviruses is by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Herpesviruses must evade the host innate immune system to establish infection. Once infected, the adaptive immune response, primarily CD8(+) T-cells, is crucial in establishing and maintaining latency. Latent herpesviruses are characterised by the presence of viral DNA in infected cells and limited or no viral replication. These characteristics provide a challenge to clinicians and those developing antiviral agents. The scope of this review is two-fold. First, to provide an overview of all antivirals used against herpesviruses, including their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, resistance and clinical uses. And second, to address the management of each of the eight herpesviruses both in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised host, providing evidence for clinical management and therapeutic options, which is important to the clinician engaged in the management of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cariad M Evans
- Department of Virology, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
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Pelkonen T, Roine I, Anjos E, Mäki M, Peltola H, Pitkäranta A. Herpesviruses in cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis in Luanda, Angola. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:e281-3. [PMID: 23458446 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Pelkonen
- Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino; Luanda Angola
- Helsinki University Central Hospital; Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Helsinki Finland
- University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Irmeli Roine
- Faculty of Medicine; Universidad Diego Portales; Santiago Chile
| | | | - Minna Mäki
- Mobidiag ltd, Biomedicum; Helsinki Finland
| | - Heikki Peltola
- Helsinki University Central Hospital; Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Helsinki Finland
- University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Anne Pitkäranta
- University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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Abstract
Encephalitis is a serious and potentially treatable infection of the central nervous system. A pathogen is identified in less than 50% of cases. The differential diagnosis includes acute infection, immune-mediated causes, and other central nervous system processes. Emergent investigations include blood work, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and neuroimaging. Empiric acyclovir and antibiotics should be started immediately to maximize the child's chance of neurologic recovery.
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46
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Lee B, Hwang J, Choi YH, Han YJ, Choi YH, Park JD. Disseminated Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Korean J Crit Care Med 2013. [DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2013.28.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bongjin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsol Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Hyeon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hun Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Dong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Li XF, Guo YJ, Zhang DM, Chen Z, Wei X, Li YH, Zhang SL, Tao JY, Dong JH, Mei YW, Li LL, Zhao L. Protective activity of the ethanol extract of Cynanchum paniculatum (BUNGE) Kitagawa on treating herpes simplex encephalitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:259-66. [PMID: 22507338 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date there has been no valid treatment for herpes simplex encephalitis (HSV). This study explores the protective activity of ethanol extract of Cynanchum paniculatum (bunge) kitagawa for treatment of HSV. Cell models and animal models were established and divided into 4 groups: normal group, virus group, cynanchum paniculatum group and Dexamethasone group. Flow cytometry was employed to detect apoptosis of cell model and TUNEL assay was chosen to detect apoptosis of animal tissues. The survival time of the animal models was observed. ELISA was used to measure TNF-alpha expression and the Greiss method to measure Nitric Oxide (NO) expression in the mouse brain. As a result, it was found that extract of Cynanchum paniculatum can improve the survival rate of HSV-infected mice. The extract could prevent apoptosis in the neuron cell model and reduce apoptosis rate in brain tissue after HSV infection. With the extract intervention, TNF-alpha and NO levels in brain tissue were significantly decreased in the animal model. In conclusion, the extract of Cynanchum paniculatum can prevent HSV-inducing impairment in the cell and animal model of HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Li
- Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, P.R. China
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James SH, Prichard MN. The genetic basis of human cytomegalovirus resistance and current trends in antiviral resistance analysis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 11:504-13. [PMID: 21827431 DOI: 10.2174/187152611797636668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections due to resistant human cytomegalovirus (CMV) are an emerging problem, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. When managing such patients, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of developing CMV antiviral resistance, especially while on prolonged therapy or if severe immunosuppression is present. CMV resistance to current antiviral agents is mediated by alterations in either the UL97 kinase or DNA polymerase, encoded by the UL97 and UL54 genes, respectively. UL97 mutations are capable of conferring resistance to ganciclovir, while UL54 mutations can impart resistance to ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet. If treatment failure is suspected to be due to antiviral resistance, CMV resistance analysis should be obtained. Phenotypic resistance assays performed on clinical isolates measure antiviral susceptibilities directly, but are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, genotypic resistance analysis has become the more common means of diagnosing CMV resistance. Mutations in UL97 or UL54 may be clinically associated with resistance, but their effect on antiviral susceptibility must be confirmed by marker transfer techniques such as recombinant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H James
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA.
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Bernardino AMR, Azevedo AR, Pinheiro LCS, Borges JC, Paixão ICP, Mesquita M, Souza TML, dos Santos MS. Synthesis and anti-HSV-1 evaluation of new 3H-benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines and 3H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines. Org Med Chem Lett 2012; 2:3. [PMID: 22373524 PMCID: PMC3342845 DOI: 10.1186/2191-2858-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is the primary cause of facial lesions (mouth, lips, and eyes) in humans. The widespread use of acyclovir and nucleoside analogues has led to emergence of HSV strains that are resistant to these drugs. Recently, non-nucleoside anti-HSV compounds have received considerable attention. 1,6-Naphthyridines are a class of heterocyclic compounds that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities such as inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, HCMV, FGF receptor-1 tyrosine kinase, and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. We previously reported the synthesis, SAR studies, and evaluation anti-HSV-1 activity of 3H-benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines. In the course of our search for new 1,6-naphthyridines derivatives with potential activity against HSV-1, we have synthesized and evaluated new 3H-benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines (1a-k) and 3H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines (2a-c). RESULTS A known synthetic approach was used for preparing new 3H-benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines (1a-k) and 3H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines (2a-c), starting from ethyl 4-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxylate (7). All compounds were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR, and mass spectrometry. The antiviral effect on HSV-1 virus replication was determined. CONCLUSIONS The compounds 1d, 1f, 1g, and 1h exhibited the highest anti-HSV-1 activity. In general, 3H-benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines were more effective inhibitors than their corresponding 3H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazolo[3,4-h]-1,6-naphthyridines. The compound 1h reduced the virus yield in 91% at 50 μM and exhibited a low cytotoxicity (CC50 600 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice MR Bernardino
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Azevedo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz CS Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Borges
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Izabel CP Paixão
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milene Mesquita
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago ML Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maurício S dos Santos
- Departamento de Física e Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil
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The C terminus of the large tegument protein pUL36 contains multiple capsid binding sites that function differently during assembly and cell entry of herpes simplex virus. J Virol 2012; 86:3682-700. [PMID: 22258258 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06432-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest tegument protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), pUL36, is a multivalent cross-linker between the viral capsids and the tegument and associated membrane proteins during assembly that upon subsequent cell entry releases the incoming capsids from the outer tegument and viral envelope. Here we show that pUL36 was recruited to cytosolic progeny capsids that later colocalized with membrane proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and the trans-Golgi network. During cell entry, pUL36 dissociated from viral membrane proteins but remained associated with cytosolic capsids until arrival at the nucleus. HSV1 UL36 mutants lacking C-terminal portions of increasing size expressed truncated pUL36 but could not form plaques. Cytosolic capsids of mutants lacking the C-terminal 735 of the 3,164 amino acid residues accumulated in the cytosol but did not recruit pUL36 or associate with membranes. In contrast, pUL36 lacking only the 167 C-terminal residues bound to cytosolic capsids and subsequently colocalized with viral and host membrane proteins. Progeny virions fused with neighboring cells, but incoming capsids did not retain pUL36, nor could they target the nucleus or initiate HSV1 gene expression. Our data suggest that residues 2430 to 2893 of HSV1 pUL36, containing one binding site for the capsid protein pUL25, are sufficient to recruit pUL36 onto cytosolic capsids during assembly for secondary envelopment, whereas the 167 residues of the very C terminus with the second pUL25 binding site are crucial to maintain pUL36 on incoming capsids during cell entry. Capsids lacking pUL36 are targeted neither to membranes for virus assembly nor to nuclear pores for genome uncoating.
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