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Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
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Shum D, Bhinder B, Mahida J, Radu C, Calder PA, Djaballah H. A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Reveals Common Host-Virus Gene Signatures: Implication for Dengue Antiviral Drug Discovery. GEN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 2:133-148. [PMID: 37928776 PMCID: PMC10623629 DOI: 10.1089/genbio.2023.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease that in recent years has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is a tropical neglected disease with increasing global incidences, affecting millions of people worldwide, and without the availability of specific treatments to combat it. The identification of host-target genes essential for the virus life cycle, for which effective modulators may already exist, would provide an alternative path to a rapid drug development of the much needed antidengue agents. For this purpose, we performed the first genome-wide RNAi screen, combining two high-content readouts for dengue virus infection (DENV E infection intensity) and host cell toxicity (host cell stained nuclei), against an arrayed lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA library covering 16,000 genes with a redundancy of at least 5 hairpins per gene. The screen identified 1924 gene candidates in total; of which, 1730 gene candidates abrogated dengue infection, whereas 194 gene candidates were found to enhance its infectivity in HEK293 cells. A first pass clustering analysis of hits revealed a well-orchestrated gene-network dependency on host cell homeostasis and physiology triggering distinct cellular pathways for infectivity, replication, trafficking, and egress; a second analysis revealed a comprehensive gene signature of 331 genes common to hits identified in 28 published RNAi host-viral interaction screens. Taken together, our findings provide novel antiviral molecular targets with the potential for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shum
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeni Mahida
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantin Radu
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul A. Calder
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hakim Djaballah
- HTS Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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3
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A new host-targeted antiviral cyclolignan (SAU-22.107) for Dengue Virus infection in cell cultures. Potential action mechanisms based on cell imaging. Virus Res 2023; 323:198995. [PMID: 36336130 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most arbovirosis in the world. However, medications have not been approved for its treatment. Drug discovery based on the host-targeted antiviral (HTA) constitutes a new promising strategy, considering their high genetic barrier to resistance and the low probability of selecting drug resistance strains. In this study, we have tested fifty-seven podophyllotoxin-related cyclolignans on DENV-2 infected cells and found the most promising compound was S.71. Using cellular and molecular biology experiments, we have discovered that the new lignan altered the distribution of microtubules, induced changes in cell morphology, and caused retraction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the compound alters the viral envelope protein and the double-stranded RNA, while there is a decrease in negative-strand RNA synthesis; especially when the compound was added between 6- and 12-hours post-infection. Altogether, S.71 decreases the viral yield through an HTA-related mechanism of action, possibly altering the DENV genome replication and/or polyprotein translation, through the alteration of microtubule distribution and endoplasmic reticulum deterioration. Finally, pharmacokinetic predictors show that S.71 falls within the standard ranges established for drugs.
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4
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Legros V, Jeannin P, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Chaze T, Gianetto QG, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Zoladek J, Afonso PV, Gonzàlez MN, Matondo M, Riederer I, Roingeard P, Gessain A, Choumet V, Ceccaldi PE. Differentiation-dependent susceptibility of human muscle cells to Zika virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008282. [PMID: 32817655 PMCID: PMC7508361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle cells are potential targets of many arboviruses, such as Ross River, Dengue, Sindbis, and chikungunya viruses, that may be involved in the physiopathological course of the infection. During the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), myalgia was one of the most frequently reported symptoms. We investigated the susceptibility of human muscle cells to ZIKV infection. Using an in vitro model of human primary myoblasts that can be differentiated into myotubes, we found that myoblasts can be productively infected by ZIKV. In contrast, myotubes were shown to be resistant to ZIKV infection, suggesting a differentiation-dependent susceptibility. Infection was accompanied by a caspase-independent cytopathic effect, associated with paraptosis-like cytoplasmic vacuolization. Proteomic profiling was performed 24h and 48h post-infection in cells infected with two different isolates. Proteome changes indicate that ZIKV infection induces an upregulation of proteins involved in the activation of the Interferon type I pathway, and a downregulation of protein synthesis. This work constitutes the first observation of primary human muscle cells susceptibility to ZIKV infection, and differentiation-dependent restriction of infection from myoblasts to myotubes. Since myoblasts constitute the reservoir of stem cells involved in reparation/regeneration in muscle tissue, the infection of muscle cells and the viral-induced alterations observed here could have consequences in ZIKV infection pathogenesis. Muscle cells are potential targets of many arboviruses, such as Ross River, Dengue, Sindbis, and chikungunya viruses, and may be involved in the disease manifestation. During the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), myalgia was one of the most frequently reported symptoms. We investigated the susceptibility of human muscle cells to ZIKV infection. Using an in vitro model of human muscle stem cells (myoblasts) that can be differentiated into differentiated muscle cells (myotubes), we found that myoblasts can be infected by ZIKV. In contrast, myotubes were shown to be resistant to ZIKV infection. Infection induced the death of infected cells. Protein levels 24h and 48h post-infection indicate that ZIKV infection induces an upregulation of proteins involved in the activation of the Interferon type I pathway, and a downregulation of protein synthesis. This work constitutes the first observation of primary human muscle cells susceptibility to ZIKV infection, muscle stem cells being susceptible while differentiated muscle cells are resistant. Since myoblasts constitute the reservoir of stem cells involved in reparation/regeneration in muscle tissue, the infection of muscle cells and the viral-induced alterations observed here could have consequences during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Legros
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- INSERM U1259 & Plate Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU, Tours, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR 2000 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR 2000 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS974, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS974, Paris, France
| | - Jim Zoladek
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Mariela-Natacha Gonzàlez
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR 2000 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ingo Riederer
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259 & Plate Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Département de santé globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VC); (PEC)
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VC); (PEC)
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Besson B, Basset J, Gatellier S, Chabrolles H, Chaze T, Hourdel V, Matondo M, Pardigon N, Choumet V. Comparison of a human neuronal model proteome upon Japanese encephalitis or West Nile Virus infection and potential role of mosquito saliva in neuropathogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232585. [PMID: 32374750 PMCID: PMC7202638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are amongst the leading causes of encephalitis. Using label-free quantitative proteomics, we identified proteins differentially expressed upon JEV (gp-3, RP9) or WNV (IS98) infection of human neuroblastoma cells. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016805. Both viruses were associated with the up-regulation of immune response (IFIT1/3/5, ISG15, OAS, STAT1, IRF9) and the down-regulation of SSBP2 and PAM, involved in gene expression and in neuropeptide amidation respectively. Proteins associated to membranes, involved in extracellular matrix organization and collagen metabolism represented major clusters down-regulated by JEV and WNV. Moreover, transcription regulation and mRNA processing clusters were also heavily regulated by both viruses. The proteome of neuroblastoma cells infected by JEV or WNV was significantly modulated in the presence of mosquito saliva, but distinct patterns were associated to each virus. Mosquito saliva favored modulation of proteins associated with gene regulation in JEV infected neuroblastoma cells while modulation of proteins associated with protein maturation, signal transduction and ion transporters was found in WNV infected neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Besson
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
| | - Justine Basset
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Gatellier
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Chabrolles
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), USR CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), USR CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), USR CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Pardigon
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Institut Pasteur, Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Arbovirus Group, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Souza YRMD, Manso PPDA, Oliveira BCDD, Terra MABL, Paschoal T, Caminha G, Ribeiro IP, Raphael LMS, Bonaldo MC, Pelajo-Machado M. Generation of Yellow Fever virus vaccine in skeletal muscle cells of chicken embryos. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190187. [PMID: 31826129 PMCID: PMC6903807 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Yellow Fever (YF) vaccine is produced by the inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs with YF17DD virus on the ninth day of development. Full embryos are collected on the twelfth day of development for vaccine formulation. Skeletal muscle tissue is the main site where biosynthesis of viral particles occurs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyse the experimental infection of skeletal muscle cells of chicken embryos by the 17DD Yellow Fever virus (YFV) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Chicken embryos infected with YF17DD virus were analysed by immunofluorescence using confocal and super-resolution microscopes. Primary cultures of skeletal muscle cells of non-infected chicken embryos were evaluated for susceptibility and permissiveness to YF17DD virus using different protocols. This evaluation was performed based on morphological, viral titration, molecular biology, and colorimetric techniques. FINDINGS The present work phenotypically characterises embryonic chicken skeletal muscle cells as myogenic precursors expressing the Pax7 transcription factor in some cases. We demonstrated that these cells are susceptible to in vitro infection at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs), reproducing the same infection pattern observed in vivo. Furthermore, myogenic precursors and myoblasts are preferred infection targets, but establishment of infection does not depend on the presence of these cells. The peak of viral production occurred at 48 hpi, with decay occurring 72 hpi, when the cytopathic effect can be observed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the primary culture of chicken skeletal muscle cells is a good model for studying muscle cells infected with YF17DD virus. This culture system displays satisfactory emulation of the in vitro phenomenon observed, contributing to our understanding of virus infection dynamics and leading to the development of alternative methods of vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Paulo de Abreu Manso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Thalita Paschoal
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Giulia Caminha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivirus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lidiane Menezes Souza Raphael
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivirus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivirus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Structure-based screening and validation of potential dengue virus inhibitors through classical and QM/MM affinity estimation. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:128-143. [PMID: 31082639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recurrent outbreaks of dengue virus around the globe represent a huge challenge for governments and public health organizations. With the rapid growth and ease of transportation, dengue disease continues to spread, placing more of the world population under constant threat. Despite decades of research efforts, no effective small molecule antivirals are available against dengue virus. With the efficacy of the recently developed vaccine to be determined, there is an urgent unmet need for small molecule dengue virus treatments. In the current study, we employed state-of-the-art molecular modelling simulations to identify novel inhibitors of the dengue virus envelope protein. The binding modes of all compounds within the conserved β-OctylGlucoside (β-OG) pocket were studied using a combination of docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. Here, we describe ten new compounds that significantly reduce production of dengue virus as determined using standard cell-based virological assays. Moreover, we present a comprehensive structural analysis of the identified hits, focusing on their electrostatic and lipophilic binding energy contributions. Finally, we highlight the effect of the desolvation penalty in limiting the activity of some of these compounds. The data presented here paves the way toward rationally designing selective and potent novel inhibitors against dengue virus.
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Saiz JC, Oya NJD, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Host-Directed Antivirals: A Realistic Alternative to Fight Zika Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090453. [PMID: 30149598 PMCID: PMC6163279 DOI: 10.3390/v10090453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was an almost neglected pathogen until its introduction in the Americas in 2015, where it has been responsible for a threat to global health, causing a great social and sanitary alarm due to its increased virulence, rapid spread, and an association with severe neurological and ophthalmological complications. Currently, no specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV is available, and treatments are palliative and mainly directed toward the relief of symptoms, such as fever and rash, by administering antipyretics, anti-histamines, and fluids for dehydration. Nevertheless, lately, search for antivirals has been a major aim in ZIKV investigations. To do so, screening of libraries from different sources, testing of natural compounds, and repurposing of drugs with known antiviral activity have allowed the identification of several antiviral candidates directed to both viral (structural proteins and enzymes) and cellular elements. Here, we present an updated review of current knowledge about anti-ZIKV strategies, focusing on host-directed antivirals as a realistic alternative to combat ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Shah SZ, Jabbar B, Ahmed N, Rehman A, Nasir H, Nadeem S, Jabbar I, Rahman ZU, Azam S. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of a Tick-Borne Disease- Kyasanur Forest Disease: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:149. [PMID: 29868505 PMCID: PMC5954086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Asia, Haemaphysalis spinigera tick transmits Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), a flavivirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with neurological manifestations such as mental disturbances, severe headache, tremors, and vision deficits in infected human beings with a fatality rate of 3-10%. The disease was first reported in March 1957 from Kyasanur forest of Karnataka (India) from sick and dying monkeys. Since then, between 400 and 500 humans cases per year have been recorded; monkeys and small mammals are common hosts of this virus. KFDV can cause epizootics with high fatality in primates and is a level-4 virus according to the international biosafety rules. The density of tick vectors in a given year correlates with the incidence of human disease. The virus is a positive strand RNA virus and its genome was discovered to code for one polyprotein that is cleaved post-translationally into 3 structural proteins (Capsid protein, Envelope Glycoprotein M and Envelope Glycoprotein E) and 7 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). KFDV has a high degree of sequence homology with most members of the TBEV serocomplex. Alkhurma virus is a KFDV variant sharing a sequence similarity of 97%. KFDV is classified as a NIAID Category C priority pathogen due to its extreme pathogenicity and lack of US FDA approved vaccines and therapeutics; also, the infectious dose is currently unknown for KFD. In India, formalin-inactivated KFDV vaccine produced in chick embryo fibroblast is being used. Nevertheless, further efforts are required to enhance its long-term efficacy. KFDV remains an understudied virus and there remains a lack of insight into its pathogenesis; moreover, specific treatment to the disease is not available to date. Environmental and climatic factors involved in disseminating Kyasanur Forest Disease are required to be fully explored. There should be a mapping of endemic areas and cross-border veterinary surveillance needs to be developed in high-risk regions. The involvement of both animal and health sector is pivotal for circumscribing the spread of this disease to new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Z. Shah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anum Rehman
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hira Nasir
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sarooj Nadeem
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Jabbar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zia ur Rahman
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Azam
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Grabowski JM, Offerdahl DK, Bloom ME. The Use of Ex Vivo Organ Cultures in Tick-Borne Virus Research. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:247-256. [PMID: 29473735 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each year there are more than 15 000 cases of human disease caused by infections with tick-borne viruses (TBVs). These illnesses occur worldwide and can range from very mild illness to severe encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Although TBVs are currently identified as neglected vector-borne pathogens and receive less attention than mosquito-borne viruses, TBVs are expanding into new regions, and infection rates are increasing. Furthermore, effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and other countermeasures are limited. The application of contemporary technologies to TBV infections presents an excellent opportunity to develop improved, effective countermeasures. Experimental tick and mammal models of infection can be used to characterize determinants of infection, transmission, and virulence and to test candidate countermeasures. The use of ex vivo tick cultures in TBV research provides a unique way to look at infection in specific tick organs. Mammal ex vivo organ slice and, more recently, organoid cultures are additional models that can be used to elucidate direct tissue-specific responses to infection. These ex vivo model systems are convenient for testing methods involving transcript knockdown and small molecules under tightly controlled conditions. They can also be combined with in vitro and in vivo studies to tease out possible host factors and potential vaccine or therapeutic candidates. In this brief perspective, we describe how ex vivo cultures can be combined with modern technologies to advance research on TBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Grabowski
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Danielle K. Offerdahl
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Marshall E. Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
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11
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Madani TA, Abuelzein ETME, Abu-Araki H, Ali SS, Jalalah SM, Hassan AM, Al-Bar HMS, Azhar EI. Ultrastructural Features of Alkhumra Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection of Cells Under In Vivo and In Vitro Conditions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:108-113. [PMID: 29298405 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) is an emerging novel flavivirus that was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1995. The virus has since caused several outbreaks in the country that resulted in case fatality rates ranging from 1% to 25%. Meager information has been published on the ultrastructural features of the virus on cells under in vitro or in vivo conditions. The present electron microscopic study examined and compared the intracellular growth of the AHFV on the LLC-MK2 cells and brain cells of new born Wistar rats, inoculated intracerebrally. The cytopathological changes in both cell systems were noted, and localization of the virus particles in different cellular components was observed. Both apoptotic and lytic cell interactions were seen in the electron micrographs of both the LLC-MK2 and the rat brain cells. The results were discussed in relation to similar situations reported for other virus members of the genus Flavivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Madani
- 1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,2 The Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Al-Amoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Tayb M E Abuelzein
- 2 The Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Al-Amoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Abu-Araki
- 2 The Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Al-Amoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,4 Laboratory Animals Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad S Ali
- 5 Department of Anatomy, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan M Jalalah
- 6 Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- 2 The Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Al-Amoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein M S Al-Bar
- 2 The Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Al-Amoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,7 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- 2 The Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Al-Amoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,3 Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia .,8 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Cedillo-Barrón L, García-Cordero J, Shrivastava G, Carrillo-Halfon S, León-Juárez M, Bustos Arriaga J, León Valenzuela P, Gutiérrez Castañeda B. The Role of Flaviviral Proteins in the Induction of Innate Immunity. Subcell Biochem 2018; 88:407-442. [PMID: 29900506 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are positive, single-stranded, enveloped cytoplasmic sense RNA viruses that cause a variety of important diseases worldwide. Among them, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Dengue virus have the potential to cause severe disease. Extensive studies have been performed to elucidate the structure and replication strategies of flaviviruses, and current studies are aiming to unravel the complex molecular interactions between the virus and host during the very early stages of infection. The outcomes of viral infection and rapid establishment of the antiviral state, depends on viral detection by pathogen recognition receptors and rapid initiation of signalling cascades to induce an effective innate immune response. Extracellular and intracellular pathogen recognition receptors play a crucial role in detecting flavivirus infection and inducing a robust antiviral response. One of the main hallmarks of flaviviral nonstructural proteins is their multiple strategies to antagonise the interferon system. In this chapter, we summarize the molecular characteristics of flaviviral proteins and discuss how viral proteins target different components of the interferon signalling pathway by blocking phosphorylation, enhancing degradation, and downregulating the expression of major components of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. We also discuss how the interactions of viral proteins with host proteins facilitate viral pathogenesis. Due to the lack of antivirals or prophylactic treatments for many flaviviral infections, it is necessary to fully elucidate how these viruses disrupt cellular processes to influence pathogenesis and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cedillo-Barrón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico.
| | - J García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - G Shrivastava
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - S Carrillo-Halfon
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - M León-Juárez
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, National Institute of Perinatology, México City, Mexico
| | - J Bustos Arriaga
- Unidad de Biomedicina. Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Pc León Valenzuela
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - B Gutiérrez Castañeda
- Immunology Department UMF Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Edo. de México, Mexico
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13
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Teng Y, Liu S, Guo X, Liu S, Jin Y, He T, Bi D, Zhang P, Lin B, An X, Feng D, Mi Z, Tong Y. An Integrative Analysis Reveals a Central Role of P53 Activation via MDM2 in Zika Virus Infection Induced Cell Death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:327. [PMID: 28775961 PMCID: PMC5517408 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is an emerging global threat that is suspected to be associated with fetal microcephaly. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ZIKV disease pathogenesis in humans remain elusive. Here, we investigated the human protein interaction network associated with ZIKV infection using a systemic virology approach, and reconstructed the transcriptional regulatory network to analyze the mechanisms underlying ZIKV-elicited microcephaly pathogenesis. The bioinformatics findings in this study show that P53 is the hub of the genetic regulatory network for ZIKV-related and microcephaly-associated proteins. Importantly, these results imply that the ZIKV capsid protein interacts with mouse double-minute-2 homolog (MDM2), which is involved in the P53-mediated apoptosis pathway, activating the death of infected neural cells. We also found that synthetic mimics of the ZIKV capsid protein induced cell death in vitro and in vivo. This study provides important insight into the relationship between ZIKV infection and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing, China
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI InternationalHarrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Xiaocan Guo
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shuxia Liu
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Tongtong He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing, China
| | - Dehua Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Baihan Lin
- Computational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Physics, and Computer Science and Engineering; Institute for Protein Design, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaoping An
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Division of Standard Operational Management, Institute of Hospital Management, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing, China
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14
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Spontaneous membrane insertion of a dengue virus NS2A peptide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 627:56-66. [PMID: 28666739 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-structural NS2A protein of Dengue virus is essential for viral replication but poorly characterized because of its high hydrophobicity. We have previously shown experimentally that NS2A possess a segment, peptide dens25, known to insert into membranes and interact specifically with negatively-charged phospholipids. To characterize its membrane interaction we have used two types of molecular dynamics membrane model systems, a highly mobile membrane mimetic (HMMM) and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-like model. Using the HMMM system, we have been able of demonstrating the spontaneous binding of dens25 to the negatively-charged phospholipid 1,2-divaleryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate containing membrane whereas no binding was observed for the membrane containing the zwitterionic one 1,2-divaleryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Using the ER-like membrane model system, we demonstrate the spontaneous insertion of dens25 into the middle of the membrane, it maintained its three-dimensional structure and presented a nearly parallel orientation with respect to the membrane surface. Both charged and hydrophobic amino acids, presenting an interfacial/hydrophobic pattern characteristic of a membrane-proximal segment, are responsible for membrane binding and insertion. Dens25 might control protein/membrane interaction and be involved in membrane rearrangements critical for the viral cycle. These data should help us in the development of inhibitor molecules that target NS2A segments involved in membrane reorganisation.
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15
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García LL, Padilla L, Castaño JC. Inhibitors compounds of the flavivirus replication process. Virol J 2017; 14:95. [PMID: 28506240 PMCID: PMC5433246 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are small viruses with single-stranded RNA, which include the yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Zika virus; and are causal agents of the most important emerging diseases that have no available treatment to date. In recent years, the strategy has focused on the development of replication inhibitors of these viruses designed to act mainly by affecting the activity of enzyme proteins, such as NS3 and NS5, which perform important functions in the viral replication process. This article describes the importance of flaviviruses and the development of molecules used as inhibitors of viral replication in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy L García
- Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia (Quindío), Colombia.
| | - Leonardo Padilla
- Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia (Quindío), Colombia
| | - Jhon C Castaño
- Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia (Quindío), Colombia
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16
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Gupta P, Sharma A, Han J, Yang A, Bhomia M, Knollmann-Ritschel B, Puri RK, Maheshwari RK. Differential host gene responses from infection with neurovirulent and partially-neurovirulent strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:309. [PMID: 28446152 PMCID: PMC5405508 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. VEEV causes a bi-phasic illness in mice where primary replication in lymphoid organs is followed by entry into the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS phase of infection is marked by encephalitis and large scale neuronal death ultimately resulting in death. Molecular determinants of VEEV neurovirulence are not well understood. In this study, host gene expression response to highly neurovirulent VEEV (V3000 strain) infection was compared with that of a partially neurovirulent VEEV (V3034 strain) to identify host factors associated with VEEV neurovirulence. Methods Whole genome microarrays were performed to identify the significantly modulated genes. Microarray observations were classified into three categories i.e., genes that were similarly modulated against both V3000 and V3034 infections, and genes that were uniquely modulated in infection with V3034 or V3000. Histologic sections of spleen and brain were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin stains from all the mice. Results V3000 infection induced a greater degree of pathology in both the spleen and brain tissue of infected mice compared to V3034 infection. Genes commonly modulated in the spleens after V3000 or V3034 infection were associated with innate immune responses, inflammation and antigen presentation, however, V3000 induced a gene response profile that suggests a stronger inflammatory and apoptotic response compared to V3034. In the brain, both the strains of VEEV induced an innate immune response reflected by an upregulation of the genes involved in antigen presentation, interferon response, and inflammation. Similar to the spleen, V3000 was found to induce a stronger inflammatory response than V3034 in terms of induction of pro-inflammatory genes and associated pathways. Ccl2, Ccl5, Ccl6, and Ly6 were uniquely upregulated in V3000 infected mouse brains and correlated with the extensive inflammation observed in the brain. Conclusion The common gene profile identified from V3000 and V3034 exposure can help in understanding a generalized host response to VEEV infection. Inflammatory genes that were uniquely identified in mouse brains with V3000 infection will help in better understanding the lethal neurovirulence of VEEV. Future studies are needed to explore the roles played by the genes identified in VEEV induced encephalitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2355-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paridhi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Yang
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manish Bhomia
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Barbara Knollmann-Ritschel
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Radha K Maheshwari
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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17
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Feng C, Fu Y, Chen D, Wang H, Su A, Zhang L, Chang L, Zheng N, Wu Z. miR-127-5p negatively regulates enterovirus 71 replication by directly targeting SCARB2. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:747-758. [PMID: 28593131 PMCID: PMC5458453 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in young children and can cause severe cerebral and pulmonary complications and even fatality. This study aimed at elucidating whether and how EV71 infection is regulated by a cellular microRNA, miR‐127‐5p. We found that miR‐127‐5p can downregulate the expression of SCARB2, a main receptor of EV71, by targeting two potential sites in its 3′ UTR region and inhibit EV71 infection. Meanwhile, miR‐127‐5p expression was upregulated during EV71 infection. Notably, transfecting cells with miR‐127‐5p mimics led to a significant decrease in viral replication, while inhibition of endogenous miR‐127‐5p facilitated viral replication. Furthermore, our evidence showed that miR‐127‐5p did not affect postentry viral replication. Taken together, these results indicated that miR‐127‐5p inhibited EV71 replication by targeting the SCARB2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Feng
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China.,School of life sciences Nanjing University China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Airong Su
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Liang Chang
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China.,State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Nanjing University China.,Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Nanjing University China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China.,State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Nanjing University China.,Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Nanjing University China
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18
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Vidotto A, Morais ATS, Ribeiro MR, Pacca CC, Terzian ACB, Gil LHVG, Mohana-Borges R, Gallay P, Nogueira ML. Systems Biology Reveals NS4B-Cyclophilin A Interaction: A New Target to Inhibit YFV Replication. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1542-1555. [PMID: 28317380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is highly dependent on host cell factors. YFV NS4B is reported to be involved in viral replication and immune evasion. Here interactions between NS4B and human proteins were determined using a GST pull-down assay and analyzed using 1-DE and LC-MS/MS. We present a total of 207 proteins confirmed using Scaffold 3 Software. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a protein that has been shown to be necessary for the positive regulation of flavivirus replication, was identified as a possible NS4B partner. 59 proteins were found to be significantly increased when compared with a negative control, and CypA exhibited the greatest difference, with a 22-fold change. Fisher's exact test was significant for 58 proteins, and the p value of CypA was the most significant (0.000000019). The Ingenuity Systems software identified 16 pathways, and this analysis indicated sirolimus, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor of CypA. Immunofluorescence and viral plaque assays showed a significant reduction in YFV replication using sirolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) as inhibitors. Furthermore, YFV replication was strongly inhibited in cells treated with both inhibitors using reporter BHK-21-rep-YFV17D-LucNeoIres cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CypA-NS4B interaction regulates YFV replication. Finally, we present the first evidence that YFV inhibition may depend on NS4B-CypA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vidotto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana T S Morais
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Milene R Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Pacca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana C B Terzian
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Departamento de Virologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) - Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Philippe Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute - La Jolla , San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Mauricio L Nogueira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
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19
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Grabowski JM, Gulia-Nuss M, Kuhn RJ, Hill CA. RNAi reveals proteins for metabolism and protein processing associated with Langat virus infection in Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick) ISE6 cells. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:24. [PMID: 28086865 PMCID: PMC5237174 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFs) cause thousands of human cases of encephalitis worldwide each year, with some TBF infections progressing to hemorrhagic fever. TBFs are of medical and veterinary importance and strategies to reduce flavivirus transmission by the tick vector may have significant application. Analyses of the proteome of ISE6 cells derived from the black legged tick, Ixodes scapularis infected with the TBF, Langat virus (LGTV), have provided insights into proteins and cellular processes involved with LGTV infection. METHODS RNA interference (RNAi)-induced knockdown of transcripts was used to investigate the role of ten tick proteins in the LGTV infection cycle in ISE6 cells. LGTV-infected cells were separately transfected with dsRNA corresponding to each gene of interest and the effect on LGTV genome replication and release of infectious virus was assessed by RT-qPCR and plaque assays, respectively. RESULTS RNAi-induced knockdown of transcripts for two enzymes that likely function in amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, terpenoid/polykeytide and vitamin metabolism, and a transcript for one protein of unknown function were associated with decreased replication of the LGTV genome and release of infectious virus from cells. The knockdown of transcripts for five enzymes predicted to function in metabolism, a protein likely associated with folding, sorting and degradation, and a protein of unknown function was associated with a decrease only in the amount of infectious LGTV released from cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest tick proteins potentially associated with metabolism and protein processing may be involved in LGTV infection of ISE6 cells. Our study provides information to begin to elucidate the function of these proteins and identify targets for the development of new interventions aimed at controlling the transmission of TBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Grabowski
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, 901 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Current Address: NIH/NIAID, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Laboratory of Virology, Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, 903 S 4th St, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Monika Gulia-Nuss
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, 901 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Current Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology, and Natural Resources, University of Nevada-Reno, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89503, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Catherine A Hill
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, 901 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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20
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Ahlers LRH, Bastos RG, Hiroyasu A, Goodman AG. Invertebrate Iridescent Virus 6, a DNA Virus, Stimulates a Mammalian Innate Immune Response through RIG-I-Like Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166088. [PMID: 27824940 PMCID: PMC5100955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are not only major vectors of mammalian viruses, but are also host to insect-restricted viruses that can potentially be transmitted to mammals. While mammalian innate immune responses to arboviruses are well studied, less is known about how mammalian cells respond to viruses that are restricted to infect only invertebrates. Here we demonstrate that IIV-6, a DNA virus of the family Iridoviridae, is able to induce a type I interferon-dependent antiviral immune response in mammalian cells. Although IIV-6 is a DNA virus, we demonstrate that the immune response activated during IIV-6 infection is mediated by the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway, and not the canonical DNA sensing pathway via cGAS/STING. We further show that RNA polymerase III is required for maximal IFN-β secretion, suggesting that viral DNA is transcribed by this enzyme into an RNA species capable of activating the RLR pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that the RLR-driven mammalian innate immune response to IIV-6 is functionally capable of protecting cells from subsequent infection with the arboviruses Vesicular Stomatitis virus and Kunjin virus. These results represent a novel example of an invertebrate DNA virus activating a canonically RNA sensing pathway in the mammalian innate immune response, which reduces viral load of ensuing arboviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. H. Ahlers
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- NIH Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aoi Hiroyasu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Han YS, Penthala NR, Oliveira M, Mesplède T, Xu H, Quan Y, Crooks PA, Wainberg MA. Identification of resveratrol analogs as potent anti-dengue agents using a cell-based assay. J Med Virol 2016; 89:397-407. [PMID: 27509184 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes a variety of difficult-to-treat diseases that threaten almost half of the world's population. Currently, no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. We have examined a series of synthetic resveratrol analogs to identify potential anti-DENV agents. Here, we demonstrate that two resveratrol analogs, PNR-4-44 and PNR-5-02, possess potent anti-DENV activity with EC50 values in the low nanomolar range. These two resveratrol analogs were shown to mainly target viral RNA translation and viral replication, but PNR-5-02 is also likely to target cellular factors inside host cells. Although the precise molecular mechanism(s) mediating anti-DENV activities have not been elucidated, further structure-guided design might lead to the development of newer improved resveratrol derivatives that might have therapeutic value. J. Med. Virol. 89:397-407, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Han
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Maureen Oliveira
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hongtao Xu
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yudong Quan
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Leela SL, Srisawat C, Sreekanth GP, Noisakran S, Yenchitsomanus PT, Limjindaporn T. Drug repurposing of minocycline against dengue virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:410-416. [PMID: 27396621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus infection is one of the most common arthropod-borne viral diseases. A complex interplay between host and viral factors contributes to the severity of infection. The antiviral effects of three antibiotics, lomefloxacin, netilmicin, and minocycline, were examined in this study, and minocycline was found to be a promising drug. This antiviral effect was confirmed in all four serotypes of the virus. The effects of minocycline at various stages of the viral life cycle, such as during viral RNA synthesis, intracellular envelope protein expression, and the production of infectious virions, were examined and found to be significantly reduced by minocycline treatment. Minocycline also modulated host factors, including the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2). The transcription of antiviral genes, including 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 (OAS3), and interferon α (IFNA), was upregulated by minocycline treatment. Therefore, the antiviral activity of minocycline may have a potential clinical use against Dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Lekshmi Leela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Srisawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sansanee Noisakran
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Cancer Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand; Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thawornchai Limjindaporn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Fajardo-Sánchez E, Galiano V, Villalaín J. Molecular dynamics study of the membrane interaction of a membranotropic dengue virus C protein-derived peptide. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1283-1294. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1179595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Fajardo-Sánchez
- Physics and Computer Architecture Department Universitas “Miguel Hernández”, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Physics and Computer Architecture Department Universitas “Miguel Hernández”, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
| | - José Villalaín
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute, Universitas “Miguel Hernández”, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
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Pliego Zamora A, Edmonds JH, Reynolds MJ, Khromykh AA, Ralph SJ. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral properties of combined monoterpene alcohols against West Nile virus infection. Virology 2016; 495:18-32. [PMID: 27152479 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans and animals for which no therapies are currently available. We studied an established combination of monoterpene alcohols (CMA) derived from Melaleuca alternifolia, against WNV infection. The in vitro results show that CMA exhibits virucidal activity, as well as reduces the viral titres and percentage of infected cells. The antiviral mechanism of action of CMA was studied. We found that CMA did not alter the intracellular pH, neither induced apoptosis, but did induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase although that was not the antiviral mechanism. Furthermore, we tested CMA in vivo using IRF 3(-)(/)(-)/7(-/-)mice and it was found that CMA treatment significantly delayed morbidity due to WNV infection, reduced the loss of body weight and reduced the viral titres in brain. These findings suggest that CMA could be a therapeutic agent against WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pliego Zamora
- School of Medical Sciences, Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Judith H Edmonds
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maxwell J Reynolds
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Sciences, Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flaviviruses are major causes of infectious disease. The vast global, social and economic impact due to morbidity and mortality associated with diseases caused by these viruses urgently demands effective therapeutic interventions. There is currently no specific antiviral therapy available for the effective clinical treatment of infections by any of the flaviviridae. Development of more effective vaccines and antiviral agents for the prevention and treatment of most flavivirus infections remains a clear public health priority in the 21st century. AREAS COVERED This review describes some of the recent discoveries in the field of flavivirus inhibitor development, with a particular focus on targeting viral proteins. Emphasis is placed on the advances published during the 2012-2015 period. EXPERT OPINION The field of drug discovery targeting viral proteins has progressed slowly in recent years. New information, particularly on structures, location and mechanisms of action of established protein targets have been reported. There have also been studies on repurposing known drugs as templates for targeting flavivirus proteins and these hits could be promising templates for developing new more potent inhibitors. Further research should be conducted to improve in vitro assays that better reflect the conditions found in cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mei Kok
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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26
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Kuzmenko YV, Starodubova ES, Karganova GG, Timofeev AV, Karpov VL. Nonstructural protein 1 of tick-borne encephalitis virus activates the expression of immunoproteasome subunits. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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MicroRNA-33a-5p Modulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus Replication by Targeting Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1A1. J Virol 2016; 90:3722-34. [PMID: 26819305 PMCID: PMC4794666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03242-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a typical mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. However, the molecular mechanism for JEV pathogenesis is still unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as gene regulators. They are directly or indirectly involved in many cellular functions owing to their ability to target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. However, how cellular miRNAs are regulated and their functions during JEV infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that JEV infection downregulated the expression of endogenous cellular miR-33a-5p. Notably, artificially transfecting with miR-33a-5p mimics led to a significant decrease in viral replication, suggesting that miR-33a-5p acts as a negative regulator of JEV replication. A dual-luciferase reporter assay identified eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A1 (EEF1A1) as one of the miR-33a-5p target genes. Our study further demonstrated that EEF1A1 can interact with the JEV proteins NS3 and NS5 in replicase complex. Through this interaction, EEF1A1 can stabilize the components of viral replicase complex and thus facilitates viral replication during JEV infection. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-33a-5p is downregulated during JEV infection, which contributes to viral replication by increasing the intracellular level of EEF1A1, an interaction partner of JEV NS3 and NS5. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of JEV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE MiRNAs are critical regulators of gene expression that utilize sequence complementarity to bind to and modulate the stability or translation efficiency of target mRNAs. Accumulating data suggest that miRNAs regulate a wide variety of molecular mechanisms in the host cells during viral infections. JEV, a neurotropic flavivirus, is one of the major causes of acute encephalitis in humans worldwide. The roles of cellular miRNAs during JEV infections are widely unexplored. The present study explores a novel role of miR-33a-5p as a negative regulator of JEV replication. We found EEF1A1 as a direct target of miR-33a-5p. We also demonstrated that EEF1A1 interacts with and stabilize the components of JEV replicase complex, which positively regulates JEV replication. These findings suggest a new insight into the molecular mechanism of JEV pathogenesis and provide a possible therapeutic entry point for viral encephalitis.
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Weisheit S, Villar M, Tykalová H, Popara M, Loecherbach J, Watson M, Růžek D, Grubhoffer L, de la Fuente J, Fazakerley JK, Bell-Sakyi L. Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes ricinus tick cell lines respond to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus: transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:599. [PMID: 26582129 PMCID: PMC4652421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ixodid ticks are important vectors of a wide variety of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although several studies have elucidated tick responses to bacteria, little is known about the tick response to viruses. To gain insight into the response of tick cells to flavivirus infection, the transcriptomes and proteomes of two Ixodes spp cell lines infected with the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) were analysed. METHODS RNA and proteins were isolated from the Ixodes scapularis-derived cell line IDE8 and the Ixodes ricinus-derived cell line IRE/CTVM19, mock-infected or infected with TBEV, on day 2 post-infection (p.i.) when virus production was increasing, and on day 6 p.i. when virus production was decreasing. RNA-Seq and mass spectrometric technologies were used to identify changes in abundance of, respectively, transcripts and proteins. Functional analyses were conducted on selected transcripts using RNA interference (RNAi) for gene knockdown in tick cells infected with the closely-related but less pathogenic flavivirus Langat virus (LGTV). RESULTS Differential expression analysis using DESeq resulted in totals of 43 and 83 statistically significantly differentially-expressed transcripts in IDE8 and IRE/CTVM19 cells, respectively. Mass spectrometry detected 76 and 129 statistically significantly differentially-represented proteins in IDE8 and IRE/CTVM19 cells, respectively. Differentially-expressed transcripts and differentially-represented proteins included some that may be involved in innate immune and cell stress responses. Knockdown of the heat-shock proteins HSP90, HSP70 and gp96, the complement-associated protein Factor H and the protease trypsin resulted in increased LGTV replication and production in at least one tick cell line, indicating a possible antiviral role for these proteins. Knockdown of RNAi-associated proteins Argonaute and Dicer, which were included as positive controls, also resulted in increased LGTV replication and production in both cell lines, confirming their role in the antiviral RNAi pathway. CONCLUSIONS This systems biology approach identified several molecules that may be involved in the tick cell innate immune response against flaviviruses and highlighted that ticks, in common with other invertebrate species, have other antiviral responses in addition to RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weisheit
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
- Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0377, Norway.
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Marina Popara
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Julia Loecherbach
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, 62100, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Manso PPDA, Dias de Oliveira BCEP, de Sequeira PC, Maia de Souza YR, Ferro JMDS, da Silva IJ, Caputo LFG, Guedes PT, dos Santos AAC, Freire MDS, Bonaldo MC, Pelajo-Machado M. Yellow Fever 17DD Vaccine Virus Infection Causes Detectable Changes in Chicken Embryos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004064. [PMID: 26371874 PMCID: PMC4570825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine is one of the most effective human vaccines ever created. The YF vaccine has been produced since 1937 in embryonated chicken eggs inoculated with the YF 17D virus. Yet, little information is available about the infection mechanism of YF 17DD virus in this biological model. To better understand this mechanism, we infected embryos of Gallus gallus domesticus and analyzed their histopathology after 72 hours of YF infection. Some embryos showed few apoptotic bodies in infected tissues, suggesting mild focal infection processes. Confocal and super-resolution microscopic analysis allowed us to identify as targets of viral infection: skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, nervous system cells, renal tubular epithelium, lung parenchyma, and fibroblasts associated with connective tissue in the perichondrium and dermis. The virus replication was heaviest in muscle tissues. In all of these specimens, RT-PCR methods confirmed the presence of replicative intermediate and genomic YF RNA. This clearer characterization of cell targets in chicken embryos paves the way for future development of a new YF vaccine based on a new cell culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor José da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Tavares Guedes
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos da Silva Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Guo X, Hu H, Chen F, Li Z, Ye S, Cheng S, Zhang M, He Q. iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of Vero cells infected with virulent and CV777 vaccine strain-like strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Proteomics 2015; 130:65-75. [PMID: 26361011 PMCID: PMC7102838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The re-emerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variant related diarrhea has been documented in China since late 2010 and now with global distribution. Currently, a virulent PEDV CH/YNKM-8/2013 and a CV777 vaccine strain-like AH-M have been successfully isolated from the clinical samples. To dissect out the underlying pathogenic mechanism of virulent PEDV and clarify the differences between virulent and CV777 vaccine strain-like PEDV infections, we performed an iTRAQ-based comparative quantitative proteomic study of Vero cells infected with both PEDV strains. A total of 661 and 474 differentially expressed proteins were identified upon virulent and CV777 vaccine strain-like isolates infection, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was employed to investigate the canonical pathways and functional networks involved in both PEDV infections. Comprehensive studies have revealed that the PEDV virulent strain suppressed protein synthesis of Vero cells through down-regulating mTOR as well as its downstream targets 4EBP1 and p70S6K activities, which were validated by immunoblotting. In addition, the virulent strain could activate NF-κB pathway more intensively than the CV777 vaccine strain-like isolate, and elicit stronger inflammatory cascades as well. These data might provide new insights for elucidating the specific pathogenesis of PEDV infection, and pave the way for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Biological significance Porcine epidemic diarrhea is now worldwide distributed and causing huge economic losses to swine industry. The immunomodulation and pathogenesis between PEDV and host, as well as the difference between virulent and attenuated strains of PEDV infections are still largely unknown. In this study, we presented for the first application of proteomic analysis to compare whole cellular protein alterations induced by virulent and CV777 vaccine strain-like PEDV infections, which might contribute to understand the pathogenesis of PEDV and anti-viral strategy development. Vero cells proteome was individually analyzed upon virulent and attenuated PEDV infections. Many pathways and interactive networks were constructed based on differentially expressed proteins. Virulent PEDV strain suppressed mTOR as well as its downstream targets 4EBP1 and p70S6K activities. Virulent PEDV strain activated NF-κB pathway more intensively than the attenuated isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Fu Q, Inankur B, Yin J, Striker R, Lan Q. Sterol Carrier Protein 2, a Critical Host Factor for Dengue Virus Infection, Alters the Cholesterol Distribution in Mosquito Aag2 Cells. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1124-1134. [PMID: 26336241 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Host factors that enable dengue virus (DENV) to propagate in the mosquito host cells are unclear. It is known that cellular cholesterol plays an important role in the life cycle of DENV in human host cells but unknown if the lipid requirements differ for mosquito versus mammalian. In mosquito Aedes aegypti, sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2) is critical for cellular cholesterol homeostasis. In this study, we identified SCP-2 as a critical host factor for DENV production in mosquito Aag2 cells. Treatment with a small molecule commonly referred to as SCPI-1, (N-(4-{[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]amino}phenyl)acetamide hydrobromide, a known inhibitor of SCP-2, or knockdown of SCP-2 dramatically repressed the virus production in mosquito but not mammalian cells. We showed that the intracellular cholesterol distribution in mosquito cells was altered by SCP-2 inhibitor treatment, suggesting that SCP-2-mediated cholesterol trafficking pathway is important for DENV viral production. A comparison of the effect of SCP-2 on mosquito and human cells suggests that SCPI-1 treatment decreases cholesterol in both cell lines, but this decrease in cholesterol only leads to a decline in viral titer in mosquito host cells, perhaps, owing to a more drastic effect on perinuclear cholesterol storages in mosquito cells that was absent in human cells. SCP-2 had no inhibitory effect on another enveloped RNA virus grown in mosquito cells, suggesting that SCP-2 does not have a generalized anti-cellular or antiviral effect. Our cell culture results imply that SCP-2 may play a limiting role in mosquito-dengue vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI.
| | - Bahar Inankur
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - John Yin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Rob Striker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Que Lan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI. Deceased
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Antiviral activities of 15 dengue NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitors using a human cell-based viral quantification assay. Antiviral Res 2015; 118:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mazzucco MB, Talarico LB, Vatansever S, Carro AC, Fascio ML, D'Accorso NB, García CC, Damonte EB. Antiviral activity of an N-allyl acridone against dengue virus. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:29. [PMID: 25908170 PMCID: PMC4407772 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is at present the most widespread causative agent of a human viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Despite the increasing incidence of this pathogen, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines currently available for treatment or prevention. In a previous screening assay, we identified a group of N-allyl acridones as effective virus inhibitors. Here, the antiviral activity and mode of action targeted to viral RNA replication of one of the most active DENV-2 inhibitors was further characterized. Results The compound 10-allyl-7-chloro-9(10H)-acridone, designated 3b, was active to inhibit the in vitro infection of Vero cells with the four DENV serotypes, with effective concentration 50% (EC50) values in the range 12.5-27.1 μM, as determined by virus yield inhibition assays. The compound was also effective in human HeLa cells. No cytotoxicity was detected at 3b concentrations up to 1000 μM. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that virus entry into the host cell was not affected, whereas viral RNA synthesis was strongly inhibited, as quantified by real time RT-PCR. The addition of exogenous guanosine together with 3b rescued only partially the infectivity of DENV-2. Conclusions The acridone derivative 3b selectively inhibits the infection of Vero cells with the four DENV serotypes without a direct interaction with the host cell or the virion but interfering specifically with the intracellular virus multiplication. The mode of antiviral action for this acridone apparently involves the cellular enzyme inosine-monophospahe dehydrogenase together with another still unidentified target related to DENV RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Mazzucco
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, Pabellón, 1428, Argentina. .,Present address: Laboratorio de Reproducción y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, CEFYBO-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
| | - Laura B Talarico
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, Pabellón, 1428, Argentina. .,Present address: Fundación Infant, Buenos Aires, 1406, Argentina.
| | - Sezen Vatansever
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifener yolu, Istanbul, Sarıyer, 34450, Turke.
| | - Ana C Carro
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, Pabellón, 1428, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mirta L Fascio
- CIHIDECAR (CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
| | - Norma B D'Accorso
- CIHIDECAR (CONICET), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
| | - Cybele C García
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, Pabellón, 1428, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, Pabellón, 1428, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gantt S, Gachelet E, Carlsson J, Barcy S, Casper C, Lagunoff M. Nelfinavir impairs glycosylation of herpes simplex virus 1 envelope proteins and blocks virus maturation. Adv Virol 2015; 2015:687162. [PMID: 25709648 PMCID: PMC4325974 DOI: 10.1155/2015/687162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nelfinavir (NFV) is an HIV-1 aspartyl protease inhibitor that has numerous effects on human cells, which impart attractive antitumor properties. NFV has also been shown to have in vitro inhibitory activity against human herpesviruses (HHVs). Given the apparent absence of an aspartyl protease encoded by HHVs, we investigated the mechanism of action of NFV herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in cultured cells. Selection of HSV-1 resistance to NFV was not achieved despite multiple passages under drug pressure. NFV did not significantly affect the level of expression of late HSV-1 gene products. Normal numbers of viral particles appeared to be produced in NFV-treated cells by electron microscopy but remain within the cytoplasm more often than controls. NFV did not inhibit the activity of the HSV-1 serine protease nor could its antiviral activity be attributed to inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. NFV was found to decrease glycosylation of viral glycoproteins B and C and resulted in aberrant subcellular localization, consistent with induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response by NFV. These results demonstrate that NFV causes alterations in HSV-1 glycoprotein maturation and egress and likely acts on one or more host cell functions that are important for HHV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Gantt
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliora Gachelet
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Carlsson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Serge Barcy
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Corey Casper
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Uchida L, Espada-Murao LA, Takamatsu Y, Okamoto K, Hayasaka D, Yu F, Nabeshima T, Buerano CC, Morita K. The dengue virus conceals double-stranded RNA in the intracellular membrane to escape from an interferon response. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7395. [PMID: 25491663 PMCID: PMC4261170 DOI: 10.1038/srep07395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus (DENV) circulates between humans and mosquitoes and requires no other mammals or birds for its maintenance in nature. The virus is well-adapted to humans, as reflected by high-level viraemia in patients. To investigate its high adaptability, the DENV induction of host type-I interferon (IFN) was assessed in vitro in human-derived HeLa cells and compared with that induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a closely related arbovirus that generally exhibits low viraemia in humans. A sustained viral spread with a poor IFN induction was observed in the DENV-infected cells, whereas the JEV infection resulted in a self-limiting and abortive infection with a high IFN induction. There was no difference between DENV and JEV double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as IFN inducers. Instead, the dsRNA was poorly exposed in the cytosol as late as 48 h post-infection (p.i.), despite the high level of DENV replication in the infected cells. In contrast, the JEV-derived dsRNA appeared in the cytosol as early as 24 h p.i. Our results provided evidence for the first time in DENV, that concealing dsRNA in the intracellular membrane diminishes the effect of the host defence mechanism, a strategy that differs from an active suppression of IFN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Uchida
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lyre Anni Espada-Murao
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenta Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Corazon C. Buerano
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Albarnaz JD, De Oliveira LC, Torres AA, Palhares RM, Casteluber MC, Rodrigues CM, Cardozo PL, De Souza AM, Pacca CC, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, Nogueira ML, Bonjardim CA. MEK/ERK activation plays a decisive role in yellow fever virus replication: Implication as an antiviral therapeutic target. Antiviral Res 2014; 111:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
![]()
The Dengue virus (DENV) NS2A protein,
essential for viral replication,
is a poorly characterized membrane protein. NS2A displays both protein/protein
and membrane/protein interactions, yet neither its functions in the
viral cycle nor its active regions are known with certainty. To highlight
the different membrane-active regions of NS2A, we characterized the
effects of peptides derived from a peptide library encompassing this
protein’s full length on different membranes by measuring their
membrane leakage induction and modulation of lipid phase behavior.
Following this initial screening, one region, peptide dens25, had
interesting effects on membranes; therefore, we sought to thoroughly
characterize this region’s interaction with membranes. This
peptide presents an interfacial/hydrophobic pattern characteristic
of a membrane-proximal segment. We show that dens25 strongly interacts
with membranes that contain a large proportion of lipid molecules
with a formal negative charge, and that this effect has a major electrostatic
contribution. Considering its membrane modulating capabilities, this
region might be involved in membrane rearrangements and thus be important
for the viral cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nemésio
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute, Universitas "Miguel Hernández" , E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
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Nemésio H, Villalaín J. Membranotropic Regions of the Dengue Virus prM Protein. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5280-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nemésio
- Instituto de Biología
Molecular y Celular, Universidad “Miguel Hernández”, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
| | - José Villalaín
- Instituto de Biología
Molecular y Celular, Universidad “Miguel Hernández”, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
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Targeting host factors to treat West Nile and dengue viral infections. Viruses 2014; 6:683-708. [PMID: 24517970 PMCID: PMC3939478 DOI: 10.3390/v6020683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WNV) and Dengue (DENV) viruses are major arboviral human pathogens belonging to the genus Flavivirus. At the current time, there are no approved prophylactics (e.g., vaccines) or specific therapeutics available to prevent or treat human infections by these pathogens. Due to their minimal genome, these viruses require many host molecules for their replication and this offers a therapeutic avenue wherein host factors can be exploited as treatment targets. Since several host factors appear to be shared by many flaviviruses the strategy may result in pan-flaviviral inhibitors and may also attenuate the rapid emergence of drug resistant mutant viruses. The scope of this strategy is greatly enhanced by the recent en masse identification of host factors impacting on WNV and DENV infection. Excellent proof-of-principle experimental demonstrations for host-targeted control of infection and infection-induced pathogenesis have been reported for both WNV and DENV. These include exploiting not only those host factors supporting infection, but also targeting host processes contributing to pathogenesis and innate immune responses. While these early studies validated the host-targeting approach, extensive future investigations spanning a range of aspects are needed for a successful deployment in humans.
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40
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Replication cycle and molecular biology of the West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 6:13-53. [PMID: 24378320 PMCID: PMC3917430 DOI: 10.3390/v6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Flaviviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and modify the host cell environment. Although much has been learned about virion structure and virion-endosomal membrane fusion, the cell receptor(s) used have not been definitively identified and little is known about the early stages of the virus replication cycle. Members of the genus Flavivirus differ from members of the two other genera of the family by the lack of a genomic internal ribosomal entry sequence and the creation of invaginations in the ER membrane rather than double-membrane vesicles that are used as the sites of exponential genome synthesis. The WNV genome 3' and 5' sequences that form the long distance RNA-RNA interaction required for minus strand initiation have been identified and contact sites on the 5' RNA stem loop for NS5 have been mapped. Structures obtained for many of the viral proteins have provided information relevant to their functions. Viral nonstructural protein interactions are complex and some may occur only in infected cells. Although interactions between many cellular proteins and virus components have been identified, the functions of most of these interactions have not been delineated.
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Balinsky CA, Schmeisser H, Ganesan S, Singh K, Pierson TC, Zoon KC. Nucleolin interacts with the dengue virus capsid protein and plays a role in formation of infectious virus particles. J Virol 2013; 87:13094-106. [PMID: 24027323 PMCID: PMC3838225 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00704-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can cause severe disease in humans and is considered a reemerging pathogen of significant importance to public health. The DENV capsid (C) protein functions as a structural component of the infectious virion; however, it may have additional functions in the virus replicative cycle. Here, we show that the DENV C protein interacts and colocalizes with the multifunctional host protein nucleolin (NCL). Furthermore, we demonstrate that this interaction can be disrupted by the addition of an NCL binding aptamer (AS1411). Knockdown of NCL with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or treatment of cells with AS1411 results in a significant reduction of viral titers after DENV infection. Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed no differences in viral RNA or protein levels at early time points postinfection, suggesting a role for NCL in viral morphogenesis. We support this hypothesis by showing that treatment with AS1411 alters the migration characteristics of the viral capsid, as visualized by native electrophoresis. Here, we identify a critical interaction between DENV C protein and NCL that represents a potential new target for the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A. Balinsky
- Cytokine Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hana Schmeisser
- Cytokine Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kavita Singh
- Structural Biology Unit, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn C. Zoon
- Cytokine Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ye J, Chen Z, Zhang B, Miao H, Zohaib A, Xu Q, Chen H, Cao S. Heat shock protein 70 is associated with replicase complex of Japanese encephalitis virus and positively regulates viral genome replication. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75188. [PMID: 24086464 PMCID: PMC3781048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes the most prevalent viral encephalitis in Asia. The NS5 protein of JEV is a key component of the viral replicase complex, which plays a crucial role in viral pathogenesis. In this study, tandem affinity purification (TAP) followed by mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify novel host proteins that interact with NS5. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), eukaryotic elongation factor 1-alpha (eEF-1α) and ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) were demonstrated to interact with NS5. In addition to NS5, Hsp70 was also found to interact with NS3 which is another important member of the replicase complex. It was observed that the cytoplasmic Hsp70 partially colocalizes with the components of viral replicase complex including NS3, NS5 and viral dsRNA during JEV infection. Knockdown of Hsp70 resulted in a significantly reduced JEV genome replication. Further analysis reveals that Hsp70 enhances the stability of viral proteins in JEV replicase complex. These results suggest an important role for Hsp70 in regulating JEV replication, which provides a potential target for the development of anti-JEV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Viology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ali Zohaib
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (SC); (HC)
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (SC); (HC)
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Duck egg drop syndrome virus: an emerging Tembusu-related flavivirus in China. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:701-10. [PMID: 23917842 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Duck egg drop syndrome virus (DEDSV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus isolated from ducks in China. DEDSV infection mainly results in severe egg drop syndrome in domestic poultry, which leads to huge economic losses. Thus, the discovery of ways and means to combat DEDSV is urgent. Since 2010, a remarkable amount of progress concerning DEDSV research has been achieved. Here, we review current knowledge on the epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathology of DEDSV. A detailed dissection of the viral genome and polyprotein sequences, comparative analysis of viral antigenicity and the corresponding potential immunity against the virus are also summarized. Current findings indicate that DEDSV should be a distinct species from Tembusu virus. Moreover, the adaption of DEDSV in wildlife and its high homology to pathogenic flaviviruses (e.g., West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and dengue virus), illustrate its reemergence and potential to become a zoonotic pathogen that should not be overlooked. Detailed insight into the antigenicity and corresponding immunity against the virus is of clear significance for the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs specific for DEDSV.
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Morais AT, Terzian AC, Duarte DV, Bronzoni RV, Madrid MC, Gavioli AF, Gil LH, Oliveira AG, Zanelli CF, Valentini SR, Rahal P, Nogueira ML. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L protein interacts with Flavivirus NS5 and may modulate yellow fever virus replication. Virol J 2013; 10:205. [PMID: 23800076 PMCID: PMC3698205 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yellow fever virus (YFV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus and causes an important disease. An alarming resurgence of viral circulation and the expansion of YFV-endemic zones have been detected in Africa and South America in recent years. NS5 is a viral protein that contains methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains, which are essential for viral replication, and the interactions between NS5 and cellular proteins have been studied to better understand viral replication. The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of the NS5 protein with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L (eIF3L) and to evaluate the role of eIF3L in yellow fever replication. Methods To identify interactions of YFV NS5 with cellular proteins, we performed a two-hybrid screen using the YFV NS5 RdRp domain as bait with a human cDNA library, and RNApol deletion mutants were generated and analyzed using the two-hybrid system for mapping the interactions. The RNApol region involved was segmented into three fragments and analyzed using an eIF3L-expressing yeast strain. To map the NS5 residues that are critical for the interactions, we performed site-direct mutagenesis in segment 3 of the interaction domain (ID) and confirmed the interaction using in vitro assays and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation. The significance of eIF3L for YFV replication was investigated using eIF3L overexpression and RNA interference. Results In this work, we describe and characterize the interaction of NS5 with the translation factor eIF3L. The interaction between NS5 and eIF3L was confirmed using in vitro binding and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. This interaction occurs at a region (the interaction domain of the RNApol domain) that is conserved in several flaviviruses and that is, therefore, likely to be relevant to the genus. eIF3L overexpression and plaque reduction assays showed a slight effect on YFV replication, indicating that the interaction of eIF3L with YFV NS5 may play a role in YFV replication. Conclusions Although the precise function of eIF3L on interactions with viral proteins is not entirely understood, these results indicate an interaction of eIF3L with YF NS5 and that eIF3L overexpression facilitates translation, which has potential implications for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ts Morais
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto-FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima 5416, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15090-000, Brazil
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Nemésio H, Palomares-Jerez MF, Villalaín J. Hydrophobic segment of dengue virus C protein. Interaction with model membranes. Mol Membr Biol 2013; 30:273-87. [PMID: 23745515 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2013.805835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) C protein is essential for viral assembly. DENV C protein associates with intracellular membranes through a conserved hydrophobic domain and accumulates around endoplasmic reticulum-derived lipid droplets which could provide a platform for capsid formation during assembly. In a previous work we described a region in DENV C protein which induced a nearly complete membrane rupture of several membrane model systems, which was coincident with the theoretically predicted highly hydrophobic region of the protein. In this work we have carried out a study of the binding to and interaction with model biomembranes of a peptide corresponding to this DENV C region, DENV2C6. We show that DENV2C6 partitions into phospholipid membranes, is capable of rupturing membranes even at very low peptide-to-lipid ratios and its membrane-activity is modulated by lipid composition. These results identify an important region in the DENV C protein which might be directly implicated in the DENV life cycle through the modulation of membrane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nemésio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche-Alicante, Spain
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Khetarpal N, Poddar A, Nemani SK, Dhar N, Patil A, Negi P, Perween A, Viswanathan R, Lünsdorf H, Tyagi P, Raut R, Arora U, Jain SK, Rinas U, Swaminathan S, Khanna N. Dengue-specific subviral nanoparticles: design, creation and characterization. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:15. [PMID: 23706089 PMCID: PMC3680219 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is today the most significant of arboviral diseases. Novel tools are necessary to effectively address the problem of dengue. Virus-like particles (VLP) offer a versatile nanoscale platform for developing tools with potential biomedical applications. From the perspective of a potentially useful dengue-specific tool, the dengue virus envelope protein domain III (EDIII), endowed with serotype-specificity, host receptor recognition and the capacity to elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies, is an attractive candidate. Methods We have developed a strategy to co-express and co-purify Hepatitis B virus surface (S) antigen in two forms: independently and as a fusion with EDIII. We characterized these physically and functionally. Results The two forms of the S antigen associate into VLPs. The ability of these to display EDIII in a functionally accessible manner is dependent upon the relative levels of the two forms of the S antigen. Mosaic VLPs containing the fused and un-fused components in 1:4 ratio displayed maximal functional competence. Conclusions VLPs armed with EDIII may be potentially useful in diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Khetarpal
- Recombinant Gene Products Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Zhang LK, Chai F, Li HY, Xiao G, Guo L. Identification of host proteins involved in Japanese encephalitis virus infection by quantitative proteomics analysis. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2666-78. [PMID: 23647205 DOI: 10.1021/pr400011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) enters host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells. To study virus-host cell interactions, we performed a SILAC-based quantitative proteomics study of JEV-infected HeLa cells using a subcellular fractionation strategy. We identified 158 host proteins as differentially regulated by JEV (defined as exhibiting a greater than 1.5-fold change in protein abundance upon JEV infection). The mass spectrometry quantitation data for selected proteins were validated by Western blot and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Bioinformatics analyses were used to generate JEV-regulated host response networks consisting of regulated proteins, which included 35 proteins that were newly added based on the results of this study. The JEV infection-induced host response was found to be coordinated primarily through the immune response process, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the intracellular membrane system, and lipid metabolism-related proteins. Protein functional studies of selected host proteins using RNA interference-based techniques were carried out in HeLa cells infected with an attenuated or a highly virulent strain of JEV. We demonstrated that the knockdown of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), Ran-binding protein 2 (RANBP2), sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9 (SAMD9) and vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) significantly increased JEV replication. The results presented here not only promote a better understanding of the host response to JEV infection but also highlight multiple potential targets for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lin K, Gallay P. Curing a viral infection by targeting the host: the example of cyclophilin inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:68-77. [PMID: 23578729 PMCID: PMC4332838 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses exploit multiple host cell mechanisms for their own replication. These mechanisms may serve as targets for antiviral therapy. Host-targeted therapies may have a high barrier to resistance. Cyclophilin inhibitors have shown promise in curing chronic hepatitis C. Cyclophilin inhibitors may potentially be used to treat other viral infections.
Every step of the viral life cycle is dependent on the host, which potentially can be explored for antiviral targets. Historically, however, drug discovery has focused mainly on viral targets, because of their perceived specificity. Efforts to pursue host targets have been largely hampered by concern over potential on-target toxicity, the lack of predictive cell culture and animal models, and the complexity of host–virus interactions. On the other hand, there are distinct advantages of targeting the host, such as creating a high barrier to resistance, providing broad coverage of different genotypes/serotypes and possibly even multiple viruses, and expanding the list of potential targets, when druggable viral targets are limited. Taking hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the example, there are more than 20 inhibitors of the viral protease, polymerase and NS5A protein currently in advanced clinical testing. However, resistance has become a main challenge with these direct-acting antivirals, because HCV, an RNA virus, is notoriously prone to mutation, and a single mutation in the viral target may prevent the binding of an inhibitor, and rendering it ineffective. Host cyclophilin inhibitors have shown promising effects both in vitro and in patients to prevent the emergence of resistance and to cure HCV infection, either alone or in combination with other agents. They are also capable of blocking the replication of a number of other viral pathogens. While the road to developing host-targeting antivirals has been less traveled, and significant challenges remain, delivering the most effective antiviral regimen, which may comprise inhibitors of both host and viral targets, should be well worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- Permeon Biologics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Abstract
Early diagnosis of dengue, the most common mosquito-borne disease globally, remains challenging. Dengue presents initially as undifferentiated fever, with symptoms becoming more pathognomonic in the later stages of illness. This limits the timeliness in the delivery of appropriate supportive interventions. Laboratory tests are useful for diagnosis although the short-lived viremia and the presence of secondary infection with one of the four heterologous viral serotypes collectively complicate the choice and interpretation of laboratory tests. In this article, the authors review the various approaches for diagnosis of dengue and discuss the appropriate tests to use, including when a dengue vaccine, which is in the late stages of development, is licensed for use. The ensuing reduced dengue prevalence could make diagnosis for vaccine efficacy and escape-mutant monitoring even more challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Fai Tang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore.
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Carbohydrate-related inhibitors of dengue virus entry. Viruses 2013; 5:605-18. [PMID: 23389466 PMCID: PMC3640517 DOI: 10.3390/v5020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes fever and hemorrhagic disorders in humans. The virus entry process mediated through host receptor molecule(s) is crucial for virus propagation and the pathological progression of dengue disease. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying virus entry is essential for an understanding of dengue pathology and for the development of effective new anti-dengue agents. DENV binds to its receptor molecules mediated through a viral envelope (E) protein, followed by incorporation of the virus-receptor complex inside cells. The fusion between incorporated virus particles and host endosome membrane under acidic conditions is mediated through the function of DENV E protein. Carbohydrate molecules, such as sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and glycosphingolipids, and carbohydrate-recognition proteins, termed lectins, inhibit virus entry. This review focuses on carbohydrate-derived entry inhibitors, and also introduces functionally related compounds with similar inhibitory mechanisms against DENV entry.
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