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Dias J, Cattin A, Bendoumou M, Dutilleul A, Lodge R, Goulet JP, Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ngassaki Yoka CD, Gabriel EM, Caballero RE, Routy JP, Cohen ÉA, Van Lint C, Ancuta P. Retinoic acid enhances HIV-1 reverse transcription and transcription in macrophages via mTOR-modulated mechanisms. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114414. [PMID: 38943643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal environment facilitates HIV-1 infection via mechanisms involving the gut-homing vitamin A-derived retinoic acid (RA), which transcriptionally reprograms CD4+ T cells for increased HIV-1 replication/outgrowth. Consistently, colon-infiltrating CD4+ T cells carry replication-competent viral reservoirs in people with HIV-1 (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Intriguingly, integrative infection in colon macrophages, a pool replenished by monocytes, represents a rare event in ART-treated PWH, thus questioning the effect of RA on macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that RA enhances R5 but not X4 HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). RNA sequencing, gene set variation analysis, and HIV interactor NCBI database interrogation reveal RA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming associated with metabolic/inflammatory processes and HIV-1 resistance/dependency factors. Functional validations uncover post-entry mechanisms of RA action including SAMHD1-modulated reverse transcription and CDK9/RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-dependent transcription under the control of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results support a model in which macrophages residing in the intestine of ART-untreated PWH contribute to viral replication/dissemination in an mTOR-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dias
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Cattin
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maryam Bendoumou
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Antoine Dutilleul
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Robert Lodge
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Augustine Fert
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christ-Dominique Ngassaki Yoka
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Etiene Moreira Gabriel
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Banga R, Perreau M. The multifaceted nature of HIV tissue reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:116-123. [PMID: 38547340 PMCID: PMC10990014 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To underline the complexity and the heterogeneity of the HIV reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS While lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue) harbor specific subsets of specialized CD4 + T cells enriched in HIV-infected cells, non-CD4 + T cell reservoirs such as tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells have also been implicated to contribute to viral persistence. Moreover, studies have applied highly sensitive tools to detect transcriptional activity within HIV-infected cells during prolonged ART and revealed a broader spectrum of transcriptional activity for proviruses than previously thought. Finally, while a combination of factors might be involved in the regulation of HIV persistence within different tissues and remains to be fully elucidated, recent results from autopsy samples of HIV-infected ART suppressed individuals indicate extensive clonality of HIV reservoirs in multiple tissues and suggest that the recirculation of HIV-infected cells and their local expansions in tissues may also contribute to the complexity of the HIV reservoirs in humans. SUMMARY HIV persistence in blood and multiple tissues despite long-standing and potent therapy is one of the major barriers to a cure. Given that the HIV reservoir is established early and is highly complex based on its composition, viral diversity, tissue distribution, transcriptional activity, replication competence, migration dynamics and proliferative potential across the human body and possible compartmentalization in specific tissues, combinatorial therapeutic approaches are needed that may synergize to target multiple viral reservoirs to achieve a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kisaka JK, Rauch D, Griffith M, Kyei GB. A macrophage-cell model of HIV latency reveals the unusual importance of the bromodomain axis. Virol J 2024; 21:80. [PMID: 38581045 PMCID: PMC10996205 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although macrophages are now recognized as an essential part of the HIV latent reservoir, whether and how viral latency is established and reactivated in these cell types is poorly understood. To understand the fundamental mechanisms of viral latency in macrophages, there is an urgent need to develop latency models amenable to genetic manipulations and screening for appropriate latency-reversing agents (LRAs). Given that differentiated THP-1 cells resemble monocyte-derived macrophages in HIV replication mechanisms, we set out to establish a macrophage cell model for HIV latency using THP-1 cells. METHODS We created single-cell clones of THP-1 cells infected with a single copy of the dual-labeled HIVGKO in which a codon switched eGFP (csGFP) is under the control of the HIV-1 5' LTR promoter, and a monomeric Kusabira orange 2 (mKO2) under the control of cellular elongation factor one alpha promoter (EF1α). Latently infected cells are csGFP-, mKO2+, while cells with actively replicating HIV (or reactivated virus) are csGFP+,mKO2+. After sorting for latently infected cells, each of the THP-1 clones with unique integration sites for HIV was differentiated into macrophage-like cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and treated with established LRAs to stimulate HIV reactivation. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) harboring single copies of HIVGKO were used to confirm our findings. RESULTS We obtained clones of THP-1 cells with latently infected HIV with unique integration sites. When the differentiated THP-1 or primary MDMs cells were treated with various LRAs, the bromodomain inhibitors JQ1 and I-BET151 were the most potent compounds. Knockdown of BRD4, the target of JQ1, resulted in increased reactivation, thus confirming the pharmacological effect. The DYRK1A inhibitor Harmine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also showed significant reactivation across all three MDM donors. Remarkably, LRAs like PMA/ionomycin, bryostatin-1, and histone deacetylase inhibitors known to potently reactivate latent HIV in CD4 + T cells showed little activity in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that this model could be used to screen for appropriate LRAs for macrophages and show that HIV latency and reactivation mechanisms in macrophages may be distinct from those of CD4 + T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javan K Kisaka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Malachi Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Medical and Scientific Research Center, University of Ghana Medical Center, Accra, Ghana.
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Ferreira EA, Clements JE, Veenhuis RT. HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs - Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:62-74. [PMID: 38411842 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages. The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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5
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Pieren DKJ, Benítez-Martínez A, Genescà M. Targeting HIV persistence in the tissue. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:69-78. [PMID: 38169333 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex nature and distribution of the HIV reservoir in tissue of people with HIV remains one of the major obstacles to achieve the elimination of HIV persistence. Challenges include the tissue-specific states of latency and viral persistence, which translates into high levels of reservoir heterogeneity. Moreover, the best strategies to reach and eliminate these reservoirs may differ based on the intrinsic characteristics of the cellular and anatomical reservoir to reach. RECENT FINDINGS While major focus has been undertaken for lymphoid tissues and follicular T helper cells, evidence of viral persistence in HIV and non-HIV antigen-specific CD4 + T cells and macrophages resident in multiple tissues providing long-term protection presents new challenges in the quest for an HIV cure. Considering the microenvironments where these cellular reservoirs persist opens new venues for the delivery of drugs and immunotherapies to target these niches. New tools, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR screenings, mRNA technology or tissue organoids are quickly developing and providing detailed information about the complex nature of the tissue reservoirs. SUMMARY Targeting persistence in tissue reservoirs represents a complex but essential step towards achieving HIV cure. Combinatorial strategies, particularly during the early phases of infection to impact initial reservoirs, capable of reaching and reactivating multiple long-lived reservoirs in the body may lead the path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Krause C, Bergmann E, Schmidt SV. Epigenetic modulation of myeloid cell functions in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:342. [PMID: 38400997 PMCID: PMC10894183 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid cells play a vital role in innate immune responses as they recognize and phagocytose pathogens like viruses, present antigens, produce cytokines, recruit other immune cells to combat infections, and contribute to the attenuation of immune responses to restore homeostasis. Signal integration by pathogen recognition receptors enables myeloid cells to adapt their functions by a network of transcription factors and chromatin remodelers. This review provides a brief overview of the subtypes of myeloid cells and the main epigenetic regulation mechanisms. Special focus is placed on the epigenomic alterations in viral nucleic acids of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 along with the epigenetic changes in the host's myeloid cell compartment. These changes are important as they lead to immune suppression and promote the progression of the disease. Finally, we highlight some promising examples of 'epidrugs' that modulate the epigenome of immune cells and could be used as therapeutics for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Krause
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Eva Bergmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Viktoria Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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7
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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Banga R, Procopio FA, Lana E, Gladkov GT, Roseto I, Parsons EM, Lian X, Armani-Tourret M, Bellefroid M, Gao C, Kauzlaric A, Foglierini M, Alfageme-Abello O, Sluka SHM, Munoz O, Mastrangelo A, Fenwick C, Muller Y, Mkindi CG, Daubenberger C, Cavassini M, Trunfio R, Déglise S, Corpataux JM, Delorenzi M, Lichterfeld M, Pantaleo G, Perreau M. Lymph node dendritic cells harbor inducible replication-competent HIV despite years of suppressive ART. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1714-1731.e9. [PMID: 37751747 PMCID: PMC11068440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although gut and lymph node (LN) memory CD4 T cells represent major HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) tissue reservoirs, the study of the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in HIV persistence has long been limited to the blood due to difficulties to access lymphoid tissue samples. In this study, we show that LN migratory and resident DC subpopulations harbor distinct phenotypic and transcriptomic profiles. Interestingly, both LN DC subpopulations contain HIV intact provirus and inducible replication-competent HIV despite the expression of the antiviral restriction factor SAMHD1. Notably, LN DC subpopulations isolated from HIV-infected individuals treated for up to 14 years are transcriptionally silent but harbor replication-competent virus that can be induced upon TLR7/8 stimulation. Taken together, these results uncover a potential important contribution of LN DCs to HIV infection in the presence of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Andrea Procopio
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erica Lana
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Elizabeth M Parsons
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Annamaria Kauzlaric
- Translational Bioinformatics and Statistics Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne Swiss Cancer Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Alfageme-Abello
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susanna H M Sluka
- Newborn Screening Switzerland, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Munoz
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Muller
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Gerald Mkindi
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Services of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Trunfio
- Services of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Déglise
- Services of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Corpataux
- Services of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Translational Bioinformatics and Statistics Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne Swiss Cancer Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Services of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Zhang C, Zaman LA, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Dash PK. Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence and Elimination. Pathogens 2023; 12:879. [PMID: 37513726 PMCID: PMC10383313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain. However, despite the identification of virus-susceptible cells, several limitations persist in identifying broad latent reservoirs in infected persons. The major limitations include their relatively low abundance, the precise identification of latently infected cells, and the lack of biomarkers for identifying latent cells. While primary MP and CD4+ T cells and transformed cell lines are used to interrogate mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, they often fail to accurately reflect the host cells and tissue environments that carry latent infections. Given the host specificity of HIV-1, there are few animal models that replicate the natural course of viral infection with any precision. These needs underlie the importance of humanized mouse models as both valuable and cost-effective tools for studying viral latency and subsequently identifying means of eliminating it. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of humanized mice for studies of viral persistence and latency with an eye toward using these models to test antiretroviral and excision therapeutics. The goals of this research are to use the models to address how and under which circumstances HIV-1 latency can be detected and eliminated. Targeting latent reservoirs for an ultimate HIV-1 cure is the task at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA (S.G.)
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has become a heavy burden of disease and an important public health problem in the world. Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective at suppressing the virus in the blood, HIV still remains in two different types of reservoirs-the latently infected cells (represented by CD4+ T cells) and the tissues containing those cells, which may block access to ART, HIV-neutralizing antibodies and latency-reversing agents. The latter is the focus of our review, as blood viral load drops below detectable levels after ART, a deeper and more systematic understanding of the HIV tissue reservoirs is imperative. In this review, we take the lymphoid system (including lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, spleen and bone marrow), nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system (divided into male and female), urinary system as the order, focusing on the particularity and importance of each tissue in HIV infection, the infection target cell types of each tissue, the specific infection situation of each tissue quantified by HIV DNA or HIV RNA and the evidence of compartmentalization and pharmacokinetics. In summary, we found that the present state of HIV in different tissues has both similarities and differences. In the future, the therapeutic principle we need to follow is to respect the discrepancy on the basis of grasping the commonality. The measures taken to completely eliminate the virus in the whole body cannot be generalized. It is necessary to formulate personalized treatment strategies according to the different characteristics of the HIV in the various tissues, so as to realize the prospect of curing AIDS as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangpeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Roux HM, Figueiredo S, Sareoua L, Salmona M, Hamroune J, Adoux L, Migraine J, Hance A, Clavel F, Cheynier R, Dutrieux J. DNA ultra-sensitive quantification, a technology for studying HIV unintegrated linear DNA. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100443. [PMID: 37159665 PMCID: PMC10162948 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Unintegrated HIV DNA represents between 20% and 35% of the total viral DNA in infected patients. Only the linear forms (unintegrated linear DNAs [ULDs]) can be substrates for integration and for the completion of a full viral cycle. In quiescent cells, these ULDs may be responsible for pre-integrative latency. However, their detection remains difficult due to the lack of specificity and sensitivity of existing techniques. We developed an ultra-sensitive, specific, and high-throughput technology for ULD quantification called DUSQ (DNA ultra-sensitive quantification) combining linker-mediated PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) using molecular barcodes. Studying cells with different activity levels, we determined that the ULD half-life goes up to 11 days in resting CD4+ T cells. Finally, we were able to quantify ULDs in samples from patients infected with HIV-1, providing a proof of concept for the use of DUSQ in vivo to track pre-integrative latency. DUSQ can be adapted to the detection of other rare DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Marie Roux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucas Sareoua
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maud Salmona
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U976, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hamroune
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Adoux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | - François Clavel
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), France
- Corresponding author
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12
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Veenhuis RT, Abreu CM, Costa PAG, Ferreira EA, Ratliff J, Pohlenz L, Shirk EN, Rubin LH, Blankson JN, Gama L, Clements JE. Monocyte-derived macrophages contain persistent latent HIV reservoirs. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:833-844. [PMID: 36973419 PMCID: PMC10159852 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a critical obstacle to viral eradication since viral rebound takes place once anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Previous studies show that HIV persists in myeloid cells (monocytes and macrophages) in blood and tissues in virologically suppressed people with HIV (vsPWH). However, how myeloid cells contribute to the size of the HIV reservoir and what impact they have on rebound after treatment interruption remain unclear. Here we report the development of a human monocyte-derived macrophage quantitative viral outgrowth assay (MDM-QVOA) and highly sensitive T cell detection assays to confirm purity. We assess the frequency of latent HIV in monocytes using this assay in a longitudinal cohort of vsPWH (n = 10, 100% male, ART duration 5-14 yr) and find half of the participants showed latent HIV in monocytes. In some participants, these reservoirs could be detected over several years. Additionally, we assessed HIV genomes in monocytes from 30 vsPWH (27% male, ART duration 5-22 yr) utilizing a myeloid-adapted intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) and demonstrate that intact genomes were present in 40% of the participants and higher total HIV DNA correlated with reactivatable latent reservoirs. The virus produced in the MDM-QVOA was capable of infecting bystander cells resulting in viral spread. These findings provide further evidence that myeloid cells meet the definition of a clinically relevant HIV reservoir and emphasize that myeloid reservoirs should be included in efforts towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celina M Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedro A G Costa
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaysha Ratliff
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lily Pohlenz
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Andre M, Nair M, Raymond AD. HIV Latency and Nanomedicine Strategies for Anti-HIV Treatment and Eradication. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020617. [PMID: 36831153 PMCID: PMC9953021 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretrovirals (ARVs) reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) loads to undetectable levels in infected patients. However, HIV can persist throughout the body in cellular reservoirs partly due to the inability of some ARVs to cross anatomical barriers and the capacity of HIV-1 to establish latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages. A cure for HIV is not likely unless latency is addressed and delivery of ARVs to cellular reservoir sites is improved. Nanomedicine has been used in ARV formulations to improve delivery and efficacy. More specifically, researchers are exploring the benefit of using nanoparticles to improve ARVs and nanomedicine in HIV eradication strategies such as shock and kill, block and lock, and others. This review will focus on mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and nanomedicine-based approaches to treat HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickensone Andre
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Andrea D. Raymond
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-348-6430
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14
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Enhancing HIV-1 Neutralization by Increasing the Local Concentration of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164722. [PMID: 36541800 PMCID: PMC9888200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01647-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 component of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) are characterized by long, hydrophobic, heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3s (HCDR3s) that interact with the MPER and some viral membrane lipids to achieve increased local concentrations. Here, we show that increasing the local concentration of MPER-directed bNAbs at the cell surface via binding to the high-affinity Fc receptor FcγRI potentiates their ability to prevent viral entry in a manner analogous to the previously reported observation wherein the lipid-binding activity of MPER bNAbs increases their concentration at the viral surface membrane. However, binding of MPER-directed bNAb 10E8 to FcγRI abolishes the neutralization synergy that is seen with the N-heptad repeat (NHR)-targeting antibody D5_AR and NHR-targeting small molecule enfuvirtide (T20), possibly due to decreased accessibility of the NHR in the FcγRI-10E8-MPER complex. Taken together, our results suggest that lipid-binding activity and FcγRI-mediated potentiation function in concert to improve the potency of MPER-directed bNAbs by increasing their local concentration near the site of viral fusion. Therefore, lipid binding may not be a strict requirement for potent neutralization by MPER-targeting bNAbs, as alternative methods can achieve similar increases in local concentrations while avoiding potential liabilities associated with immunologic host tolerance. IMPORTANCE The trimeric glycoprotein Env, the only viral protein expressed on the surface of HIV-1, is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies and the focus of most vaccine development efforts. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of Env show lipid-binding characteristics, and modulating this interaction affects neutralization. In this study, we tested the neutralization potencies of variants of the MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 with different viral-membrane-binding and host FcγRI-binding capabilities. Our results suggest that binding to both lipid and FcγRI improves the neutralization potency of MPER-directed antibodies by concentrating the antibodies at sites of viral fusion. As such, lipid binding may not be uniquely required for MPER-targeting broadly neutralizing antibodies, as alternative methods to increase local concentration can achieve similar improvements in potency.
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15
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Zerbato JM, Avihingsanon A, Singh KP, Zhao W, Deleage C, Rosen E, Cottrell ML, Rhodes A, Dantanarayana A, Tumpach C, Tennakoon S, Crane M, Price DJ, Braat S, Mason H, Roche M, Kashuba AD, Revill PA, Audsley J, Lewin SR. HIV DNA persists in hepatocytes in people with HIV-hepatitis B co-infection on antiretroviral therapy. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104391. [PMID: 36502576 PMCID: PMC9763386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV can infect multiple cells in the liver including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and infiltrating T cells, but whether HIV can persist in the liver in people with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains unknown. METHODS In a prospective longitudinal cohort of PWH and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection living in Bangkok, Thailand, we collected blood and liver biopsies from 18 participants prior to and following ART and quantified HIV and HBV persistence using quantitative (q)PCR and RNA/DNAscope. Antiretroviral (ARV) drug levels were quantified using mass spectroscopy. FINDINGS In liver biopsies taken prior to ART, HIV DNA and HIV RNA were detected by qPCR in 53% (9/17) and 47% (8/17) of participants respectively. Following a median ART duration of 3.4 years, HIV DNA was detected in liver in 61% (11/18) of participants by either qPCR, DNAscope or both, but only at very low and non-quantifiable levels. Using immunohistochemistry, HIV DNA was observed in both hepatocytes and liver infiltrating CD4+ T cells on ART. HIV RNA was not detected in liver biopsies collected on ART, by either qPCR or RNAscope. All ARVs were clearly detected in liver tissue. INTERPRETATION Persistence of HIV DNA in liver in PWH on ART represents an additional reservoir that warrants further investigation. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Project Grant APP1101836, 1149990, and 1135851); This project has been funded in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Zerbato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Centre of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasha P. Singh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elias Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Ajantha Rhodes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Crane
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabine Braat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,MISCH (Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical Health) Research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh Mason
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter A. Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Audsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Corresponding author. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 786-798 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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16
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Dickey LL, Martins LJ, Planelles V, Hanley TM. HIV-1-induced type I IFNs promote viral latency in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1343-1356. [PMID: 35588262 PMCID: PMC9613502 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0422-616r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages chronically infected with HIV-1 serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy; however, the mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of this virus reservoir have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that HIV-1 enters a state reminiscent of latency in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), characterized by integrated proviral DNA with decreased viral transcription. This quiescent state is associated with decreased NF-κB p65, RNA polymerase II, and p-TEFb recruitment to the HIV-1 promoter as well as maintenance of promoter chromatin in a transcriptionally nonpermissive state. MDM transition to viral latency is mediated by type I IFN signaling, as inhibiting type I IFN signaling or blocking type 1 IFN prevents the establishment of latent infection. Knockdown studies demonstrate that the innate immune signaling molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is required for the transition to latency. Finally, we demonstrate a role for the viral accessory protein Vpr in the establishment of HIV-1 latency in macrophages. Our data indicate that HIV-1-induced type I IFN production is responsible for the establishment of viral latency in MDMs and identify possible therapeutic targets for the prevention or elimination of this important HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Dickey
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Laura J. Martins
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Timothy M. Hanley
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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17
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Renelt S, Schult-Dietrich P, Baldauf HM, Stein S, Kann G, Bickel M, Kielland-Kaisen U, Bonig H, Marschalek R, Rieger MA, Dietrich U, Duerr R. HIV-1 Infection of Long-Lived Hematopoietic Precursors In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192968. [PMID: 36230931 PMCID: PMC9562211 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent reservoirs in human-immunodeficiency-virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals represent a major obstacle in finding a cure for HIV-1. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been described as potential HIV-1 targets, but their roles as HIV-1 reservoirs remain controversial. Here we provide additional evidence for the susceptibility of several distinct HSPC subpopulations to HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. In vitro infection experiments of HSPCs were performed with different HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped lentiviral particles and with replication-competent HIV-1. Low-level infection/transduction of HSPCs, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPP), was observed, preferentially via CXCR4, but also via CCR5-mediated entry. Multi-lineage colony formation in methylcellulose assays and repetitive replating of transduced cells provided functional proof of susceptibility of primitive HSPCs to HIV-1 infection. Further, the access to bone marrow samples from HIV-positive individuals facilitated the detection of HIV-1 gag cDNA copies in CD34+ cells from eight (out of eleven) individuals, with at least six of them infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains. In summary, our data confirm that primitive HSPC subpopulations are susceptible to CXCR4- and CCR5-mediated HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo, which qualifies these cells to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Renelt
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrizia Schult-Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerrit Kann
- Department of Medicine II/Infectious Diseases, Goethe University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Bickel
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Han M, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Xie M, Armani-Tourret M, Woottum M, Pagès JC, Colin P, Lagane B, Benichou S. HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread overcomes the virus entry block of non-macrophage-tropic strains in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010335. [PMID: 35622876 PMCID: PMC9182568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are increasingly recognized as HIV-1 target cells involved in the pathogenesis and persistence of infection. Paradoxically, in vitro infection assays suggest that virus isolates are mostly T-cell-tropic and rarely MΦ-tropic. The latter are assumed to emerge under CD4+ T-cell paucity in tissues such as the brain or at late stage when the CD4 T-cell count declines. However, assays to qualify HIV-1 tropism use cell-free viral particles and may not fully reflect the conditions of in vivo MΦ infection through cell-to-cell viral transfer. Here, we investigated the capacity of viruses expressing primary envelope glycoproteins (Envs) with CCR5 and/or CXCR4 usage from different stages of infection, including transmitted/founder Envs, to infect MΦ by a cell-free mode and through cell-to-cell transfer from infected CD4+ T cells. The results show that most viruses were unable to enter MΦ as cell-free particles, in agreement with the current view that non-M-tropic viruses inefficiently use CD4 and/or CCR5 or CXCR4 entry receptors on MΦ. In contrast, all viruses could be effectively cell-to-cell transferred to MΦ from infected CD4+ T cells. We further showed that viral transfer proceeded through Env-dependent cell-cell fusion of infected T cells with MΦ targets, leading to the formation of productively infected multinucleated giant cells. Compared to cell-free infection, infected T-cell/MΦ contacts showed enhanced interactions of R5 M- and non-M-tropic Envs with CD4 and CCR5, resulting in a reduced dependence on receptor expression levels on MΦ for viral entry. Altogether, our results show that virus cell-to-cell transfer overcomes the entry block of isolates initially defined as non-macrophage-tropic, indicating that HIV-1 has a more prevalent tropism for MΦ than initially suggested. This sheds light into the role of this route of virus cell-to-cell transfer to MΦ in CD4+ T cell rich tissues for HIV-1 transmission, dissemination and formation of tissue viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Maorong Xie
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Pagès
- Institut RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BL); (SB)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BL); (SB)
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19
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HIV Latency in Myeloid Cells: Challenges for a Cure. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060611. [PMID: 35745465 PMCID: PMC9230125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a complete cure for HIV is hindered by the presence of replication-competent HIV, integrated in the host genome, that can persist long term in a resting state called viral latency. Resting memory CD4+ T cells are considered the biggest reservoir of persistent HIV infection and are often studied exclusively as the main target for an HIV cure. However, other cell types, such as circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, can harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV. To develop a cure for HIV, focus is needed not only on the T cell compartment, but also on these myeloid reservoirs of persistent HIV infection. In this review, we summarize their importance when designing HIV cure strategies and challenges associated to their identification and specific targeting by the “shock and kill” approach.
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Cavarelli M, Foglieni C, Hantour N, Schorn T, Ferrazzano A, Dispinseri S, Desjardins D, Elmore U, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Scarlatti G, Le Grand R. Identification of CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocyte subsets involved in HIV-1 and SIV colorectal transmission. iScience 2022; 25:104346. [PMID: 35601921 PMCID: PMC9117554 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty to unambiguously identify the various subsets of mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) of the intestinal lamina propria has hindered our understanding of the initial events occurring after mucosal exposure to HIV-1. Here, we compared the composition and function of MNP subsets at steady-state and following ex vivo and in vivo viral exposure in human and macaque colorectal tissues. Combined evaluation of CD11c, CD64, CD103, and CX3CR1 expression allowed to differentiate lamina propria MNPs subsets common to both species. Among them, CD11c+ CX3CR1+ cells expressing CCR5 migrated inside the epithelium following ex vivo and in vivo exposure of colonic tissue to HIV-1 or SIV. In addition, the predominant population of CX3CR1high macrophages present at steady-state partially shifted to CX3CR1low macrophages as early as three days following in vivo SIV rectal challenge of macaques. Our analysis identifies CX3CR1+ MNPs as novel players in the early events of HIV-1 and SIV colorectal transmission. Human and macaque intestinal MNPs show similar phenotype, localization, and function CX3CR1+ MNPs migrate inside the intestinal epithelium to sample HIV/SIV SIV infection alters the balance between CX3CR1high and CX3CR1low Mφs CX3CR1+ Mφs contribute to the breakdown of the intestinal barrier in HIV/SIV infection
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Kalada W, Cory TJ. The Importance of Tissue Sanctuaries and Cellular Reservoirs of HIV-1. Curr HIV Res 2021; 20:102-110. [PMID: 34961449 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666211227161237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review - There have been significant developments in the treatment of people living with HIV-1/AIDS with current antiretroviral therapies; however, these developments have not been able to achieve a functional or sterilizing cure for HIV-1. While there are multiple barriers, one such barrier is the existence of pharmacological sanctuaries and viral reservoirs where the concentration of antiretrovirals is suboptimal, which includes the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, central nervous system, lymph nodes, and myeloid cells. This review will focus on illustrating the significance of these sanctuaries, specific barriers to optimal antiretroviral concentrations in each of these sites, and potential strategies to overcome these barriers. Recent Findings - Research and studies have shown that a uniform antiretroviral distribution is not achieved with current therapies. This may allow for low-level replication associated with low antiretroviral concentrations in these sanctuaries/reservoirs. Many methods are being investigated to increase antiretroviral concentrations in these sites, such as blocking transporting enzymes functions, modulating transporter expression and nanoformulations of current antiretrovirals. While these methods have been shown to increase antiretroviral concentrations in the sanctuaries/reservoirs, no functional or sterilizing cure has been achieved due to these approaches. Summary - New methods of increasing antiretroviral concentrations at the specific sites of HIV-1 replication has the potential to target cellular reservoirs. In order to optimize antiretroviral distribution into viral sanctuaries/reservoirs, additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kalada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy. 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy. 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, USA
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Rojas M, Luz-Crawford P, Soto-Rifo R, Reyes-Cerpa S, Toro-Ascuy D. The Landscape of IFN/ISG Signaling in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Possible Role in the HIV-1 Latency. Cells 2021; 10:2378. [PMID: 34572027 PMCID: PMC8467246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the generation of latent viral reservoirs, which have been associated with chronic immune activation and sustained inflammation. Macrophages play a protagonist role in this context since they are persistently infected while being a major effector of the innate immune response through the generation of type-I interferons (type I IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The balance in the IFN signaling and the ISG induction is critical to promote a successful HIV-1 infection. Classically, the IFNs response is fine-tuned by opposing promotive and suppressive signals. In this context, it was described that HIV-1-infected macrophages can also synthesize some antiviral effector ISGs and, positive and negative regulators of the IFN/ISG signaling. Recently, epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms were described, being the N6-methylation (m6A) modification on mRNAs one of the most relevant. The epitranscriptomic regulation can affect not only IFN/ISG signaling, but also type I IFN expression, and viral fitness through modifications to HIV-1 RNA. Thus, the establishment of replication-competent latent HIV-1 infected macrophages may be due to non-classical mechanisms of type I IFN that modulate the activation of the IFN/ISG signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyelly Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remodels the cell surface of infected cells to facilitate viral dissemination and promote immune evasion. The membrane-associated viral protein U (Vpu) accessory protein encoded by HIV-1 plays a key role in this process by altering cell surface levels of multiple host proteins. Using an unbiased quantitative plasma membrane profiling approach, we previously identified CD47 as a putative host target downregulated by Vpu. CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed cell surface protein that interacts with the myeloid cell inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα) to deliver a "don't-eat-me" signal, thus protecting cells from phagocytosis. In this study, we investigate whether CD47 modulation by HIV-1 Vpu might promote the susceptibility of macrophages to viral infection via phagocytosis of infected CD4+ T cells. Indeed, we find that Vpu downregulates CD47 expression on infected CD4+ T cells, leading to enhanced capture and phagocytosis by macrophages. We further provide evidence that this Vpu-dependent process allows a C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)-tropic transmitted/founder (T/F) virus, which otherwise poorly infects macrophages in its cell-free form, to efficiently infect macrophages. Importantly, we show that HIV-1-infected cells expressing a Vpu-resistant CD47 mutant are less prone to infecting macrophages through phagocytosis. Mechanistically, Vpu forms a physical complex with CD47 through its transmembrane domain and targets the latter for lysosomal degradation. These results reveal a novel role of Vpu in modulating macrophage infection, which has important implications for HIV-1 transmission in early stages of infection and the establishment of viral reservoir. IMPORTANCE Macrophages play critical roles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, viral spread early in infection, and as a reservoir of virus. Selective capture and engulfment of HIV-1-infected T cells was shown to drive efficient macrophage infection, suggesting that this mechanism represents an important mode of infection notably for weakly macrophage-tropic T/F viruses. In this study, we provide insight into the signals that regulate this process. We show that the HIV-1 accessory protein viral protein U (Vpu) downregulates cell surface levels of CD47, a host protein that interacts with the inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα), to deliver a "don't-eat-me" signal to macrophages. This allows for enhanced capture and phagocytosis of infected T cells by macrophages, ultimately leading to their productive infection even with transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms governing the intercellular transmission of HIV-1 to macrophages with implications for the establishment of the macrophage reservoir and early HIV-1 dissemination in vivo.
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Hoque TMD, Cattin A, Whyte-Allman SK, Winchester L, Fletcher CV, Routy JP, Ancuta P, Bendayan R. Antiretroviral Drug Transporters and Metabolic Enzymes in Circulating Monocytes and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages of ART-Treated People Living With HIV and HIV-Uninfected Individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 87:1093-1101. [PMID: 34153016 PMCID: PMC8346207 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Membrane-associated drug transport proteins and drug metabolic enzymes could regulate intracellular antiretroviral (ARV) drug concentrations in HIV-1 target cells such as myeloid cells. We investigated the expression of these transporters and enzymes in monocyte subsets and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-uninfected individuals (HIV-negative) and people living with HIV receiving viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART; HIV+ART) and examined plasma and intracellular ARV concentrations. Monocytes were isolated from PBMCs of 12 HIV-negative and 12 HIV+ART donors and differentiated into MDMs. The mRNA and protein expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. ARV drug concentrations were quantified in plasma, PBMCs, monocytes, and MDMs by LC-MS/MS. The mRNA expression of relevant ARV transporters or metabolic enzymes, ABCB1/P-gp, ABCG2/BCRP, ABCC1/MRP1, ABCC4/MRP4, SLC22A1/OCT1, SLC29A2/ENT2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and UGT1A1, was demonstrated in monocytes and MDMs of 2 to 4 HIV-negative donors. P-gp, BCRP, and MRP1 proteins were differentially expressed in classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes and MDMs of both HIV+ART and HIV-negative donors. Intracellular concentrations of ARVs known to be substrates of these transporters and metabolic enzymes were detected in monocytes of HIV+ART donors but were undetectable in MDMs. In this study, we demonstrated the expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes in monocytes and MDMs of HIV-negative and HIV+ART individuals, which could potentially limit intracellular concentrations of ARVs and contribute to residual HIV replication. Further work is needed to assess the role of these transporters in the penetration of ARVs in tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tozammel M. D. Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amélie Cattin
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Winchester
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Courtney V. Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Development of a novel in vitro primary human monocyte-derived macrophage model to study reactivation of HIV-1 transcription. J Virol 2021; 95:e0022721. [PMID: 34287050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs persist in people living with HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy and contribute to rebound viremia upon treatment interruption. Macrophages are an important reservoir cell-type, but analysis of agents that modulate latency in macrophages is limited by lack of appropriate in vitro models. We therefore generated an experimental system to investigate this by purifying non-productively-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) following in vitro infection with an M-tropic EGFP reporter HIV clone, and quantified activation of HIV transcription using live-cell fluorescence microscopy. The proportion of HIV-infected MDM was quantified by qPCR detection of HIV DNA, and GFP expression was validated as a marker of productive HIV infection by co-labelling of HIV Gag protein. HIV transcription spontaneously reactivated in latently-infected MDM at a rate of 0.22% ± 0.04 cells per day (mean ± SEM, n=10 independent donors), producing infectious virions able to infect heterologous T cells in coculture experiments, and both T cells and TZM-bl cells in a cell-free infection system using MDM culture supernatants. Polarization to an M1 phenotype with IFNγ + TNF resulted in a 2.3 fold decrease in initial HIV infection of MDM (p<0.001, n=8) and 1.4 fold decrease in spontaneous reactivation (p=0.025, n=6) whereas M2 polarization using IL-4 prior to infection led to a 1.6 fold decrease in HIV infectivity (p=0.028, n=8), but a 2.0 fold increase in the rate of HIV reactivation in latently-infected MDM (p=0.023, n=6). The latency reversing agents bryostatin and vorinostat, but not panobinostat, significantly induced HIV reactivation in latently infected MDM (p=0.031 and p=0.038, respectively, n=6). Importance: Agents which modulate latent HIV reservoirs in infected cells are of considerable interest to HIV cure strategies. The present study characterizes a robust, reproducible model enabling quantification of HIV reactivation in primary HIV-infected human MDM which is relatively insensitive to the monocyte donor source and hence suitable for evaluating latency modifiers in MDM. The rate of initial viral infection was greater than the rate of HIV reactivation, suggesting different mechanisms regulate these processes. HIV reactivation was sensitive to macrophage polarization, suggesting cellular and tissue environments influence HIV reactivation in different macrophage populations. Importantly, latently infected MDM showed different susceptibility to certain latency reversing agents known to be effective in T cells, indicating dedicated strategies may be required to target latently-infected macrophage populations in vivo.
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Kruize Z, Cobos Jiménez V, Martinez FO, Di Vincenzo R, van Dort KA, van Nuenen AC, Booiman T, Kootstra NA. CD9 and ITGA3 are regulated during HIV-1 infection in macrophages to support viral replication. Virology 2021; 562:9-18. [PMID: 34242748 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are important target cells for HIV-1. Here, we investigated whether HIV-1 induces changes in the macrophage gene expression profile to support viral replication. We observed that the macrophage gene expression profiles dramatically changed upon HIV-1 infection. The majority of the HIV-1 regulated genes were also differentially expressed in M2a macrophages. The biological functions associated with the HIV-1 induced gene expression profile in macrophages were mainly related to inflammatory responses. CD9 and ITGA3 were among the top genes upregulated upon HIV-1 infection. We showed that these genes support viral replication and that downregulation of these genes decreased HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Here we showed that HIV-1 infection of macrophages induces a gene expression profile that may dampen inflammatory responses. CD9 and ITGA3 were among the top genes regulated by HIV-1 and were shown to support viral production most likely at the level of viral budding and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Kennedy Rheumatology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Di Vincenzo
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karel A van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ad C van Nuenen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Moron‐Lopez S, Xie G, Kim P, Siegel DA, Lee S, Wong JK, Price JC, Elnachef N, Greenblatt RM, Tien PC, Roan NR, Yukl SA. Tissue-specific differences in HIV DNA levels and mechanisms that govern HIV transcription in blood, gut, genital tract and liver in ART-treated women. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25738. [PMID: 34235864 PMCID: PMC8264406 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex-specific differences affect multiple aspects of HIV infection, yet few studies have quantified HIV levels in tissues from women. Since an HIV functional cure will likely require a major reduction of infected cells from most tissues, we measured total and intact HIV DNA and the HIV transcription profile in blood, gut, genital tract and liver from HIV-positive antiretroviral therapy (ART) -treated women. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and biopsies from the gastrointestinal (ileum, colon, rectosigmoid +/- liver) and genital (ectocervix, endocervix and endometrium) tracts were collected from 6 ART-treated (HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL) women. HIV DNA (total and intact) and levels of read-through, initiated (total), 5'elongated, polyadenylated and multiply spliced HIV transcripts were measured by droplet digital PCR. Immunophenotyping of cells was performed using Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF). RESULTS We detected total HIV DNA in all tissues and intact HIV DNA in blood, ileum, colon, rectosigmoid and ectocervix. Initiated HIV transcripts per provirus were higher in PBMC and endometrium than in ileum, colon, rectosigmoid, ectocervix or endocervix, and higher in the rectum than either ileum or colon. 5'Elongated HIV transcripts per provirus were comparable in PBMC and endometrium, but higher than in gut or cervical samples. Polyadenylated and multiply spliced HIV transcripts were detected in PBMC (6/6 and 3/6 individuals respectively), but rarely in the tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest tissue-specific differences in the mechanisms that govern HIV expression, with lower HIV transcription in most tissues than blood. Therapies aimed at disrupting latency, such as latency-reversing or latency-silencing agents, will be required to penetrate into multiple tissues and target different blocks to HIV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moron‐Lopez
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineSan Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Peggy Kim
- Department of MedicineSan Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - David A Siegel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Sulggi Lee
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Joseph K Wong
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineSan Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Najwa Elnachef
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Ruth M Greenblatt
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineSan Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Steven A Yukl
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineSan Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
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Immune Responses and Viral Persistence in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.C.CH848-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02198-20. [PMID: 33568508 PMCID: PMC8104099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02198-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SHIVs have been extensively used in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV research. In this study, we investigated viral reservoirs in tissues and immune responses in an NHP model inoculated with newly generated transmitted/founder HIV-1 clade C-based SHIV.C.CH848. Chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) are widely used in nonhuman primate models to recapitulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans, yet most SHIVs fail to establish persistent viral infection. We investigated immunological and virological events in rhesus macaques infected with the newly developed SHIV.C.CH848 (SHIVC) and treated with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Similar to HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, SHIV.C.CH848 infection established viral reservoirs in CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells, accompanied by productive infection and depletion of CD4+ T cells in systemic and lymphoid tissues throughout SHIV infection. Despite 6 months of cART-suppressed viral replication, integrated proviral DNA levels remained stable, especially in CD4+ T cells, and the viral rebound was also observed after ART interruption. Autologous neutralizing antibodies to the parental HIV-1 strain CH848 were detected, with limited viral evolution at 5 months postinfection. In comparison, heterogenous neutralizing antibodies in SHIV.C.CH848-infected macaques were not detected except for 1 (1 of 10) animal at 2 years postinfection. These findings suggest that SHIV.C.CH848, a novel class of transmitted/founder SHIVs, can establish sustained viremia and viral reservoirs in rhesus macaques with clinical immunodeficiency consequences, providing a valuable SHIV model for HIV research. IMPORTANCE SHIVs have been extensively used in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV research. In this study, we investigated viral reservoirs in tissues and immune responses in an NHP model inoculated with newly generated transmitted/founder HIV-1 clade C-based SHIV.C.CH848. The data show that transmitted founder (T/F) SHIVC infection of macaques more closely recapitulates the virological and clinical features of HIV infection, including persistent viremia and viral rebound once antiretroviral therapy is discontinued. These results suggest this CCR5-tropic, SHIVC strain is valuable for testing responses to HIV vaccines and therapeutics.
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30
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Hendricks CM, Cordeiro T, Gomes AP, Stevenson M. The Interplay of HIV-1 and Macrophages in Viral Persistence. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646447. [PMID: 33897659 PMCID: PMC8058371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved mechanisms to evade host cell immune responses and persist for lifelong infection. Latent cellular reservoirs are responsible for this persistence of HIV-1 despite the powerful effects of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) to control circulating viral load. While cellular reservoirs have been extensively studied, much of these studies have focused on peripheral blood and resting memory CD4+ T cells containing latent HIV-1 provirus; however, efforts to eradicate cellular reservoirs have been stunted by reservoirs found in tissues compartments that are not easily accessible. These tissues contain resting memory CD4+ T cells and tissue resident macrophages, another latent cellular reservoir to HIV-1. Tissue resident macrophages have been associated with HIV-1 infection since the 1980s, and evidence has continued to grow regarding their role in HIV-1 persistence. Specific biological characteristics play a vital role as to why macrophages are latent cellular reservoirs for HIV-1, and in vitro and in vivo studies exhibit how macrophages contribute to viral persistence in individuals and animals on antiretroviral therapies. In this review, we characterize the role and evolutionary advantages of macrophage reservoirs to HIV-1 and their contribution to HIV-1 persistence. In acknowledging the interplay of HIV-1 and macrophages in the host, we identify reasons why current strategies are incapable of eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs and why efforts must focus on eradicating reservoirs to find a future functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna M Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thaissa Cordeiro
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ana Paula Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the gastro-intestinal tract, the complex network of multiple innate cell populations play critical roles not only as a first line of defense against invading pathogens and in driving adaptive immune responses but also in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here, we describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity and detail studies investigating the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in frequencies, phenotype and/or function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells have been reported in people with HIV (PWH), with many of these features persisting despite anti-retroviral therapy and virological suppression. Dysregulated gut innate immunity in PWH is a feature of gut pathogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving impairment in the multiple different gut innate immune cell populations and the downstream consequences of an altered innate immune response on host defense and gut homeostasis in PWH is needed to develop more effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Induce HIV-1 Latency in Macrophages through Altered Transcription Factor Recruitment to the LTR. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02141-20. [PMID: 33472928 PMCID: PMC8092691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are infected by HIV-1 in vivo and contribute to both viral spread and pathogenesis. Recent human and animal studies suggest that HIV-1-infected macrophages serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during anti-retroviral therapy. The ability of macrophages to serve as persistent viral reservoirs is likely influenced by the local tissue microenvironment, including interactions with pathogenic and commensal microbes. Here we show that the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and the gut-associated microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli), which encode ligands for both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, repressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages and thereby induced a state reminiscent of viral latency. This repression was mediated by signaling through TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF and was associated with increased production of type I interferons. Inhibiting TLR4 signaling, blocking type 1 interferon, or knocking-down TRIF reversed LPS- and GC-mediated repression of HIV-1. Finally, the repression of HIV-1 in macrophages was associated with the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) downstream of the 5' HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data indicate that IRF8 is responsible for repression of HIV-1 replication in macrophages in response to TRIF-dependent signaling during GC and E. coli co-infection. These findings highlight the potential role of macrophages as HIV-1 reservoirs as well as the role of the tissue microenvironment and co-infections as modulators of HIV-1 persistence.IMPORTANCE The major barrier toward the eradication of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a small reservoir of latently infected cells, which include CD4+ T cells and macrophages that escape immune-mediated clearance and the effects of anti-retroviral therapy. There remain crucial gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to transcriptionally silent or latent HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The significance of our research is in identifying microenvironmental factors, such as commensal and pathogenic microbes, that can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection in macrophages. It is hoped that identifying key processes contributing to HIV-1 persistence in macrophages may ultimately lead to novel therapeutics to eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.
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Wang X, Xu H. Residual Proviral Reservoirs: A High Risk for HIV Persistence and Driving Forces for Viral Rebound after Analytical Treatment Interruption. Viruses 2021; 13:335. [PMID: 33670027 PMCID: PMC7926539 DOI: 10.3390/v13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and become undetectable viremia. However, a small number of residual replication-competent HIV proviruses can still persist in a latent state even with lifelong ART, fueling viral rebound in HIV-infected patient subjects after treatment interruption. Therefore, the proviral reservoirs distributed in tissues in the body represent a major obstacle to a cure for HIV infection. Given unavailable HIV vaccine and a failure to eradicate HIV proviral reservoirs by current treatment, it is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies to eliminate proviral reservoirs for ART-free HIV remission (functional cure), including a sterilizing cure (eradication of HIV reservoirs). This review highlights recent advances in the establishment and persistence of HIV proviral reservoirs, their detection, and potential eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
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Clayton KL, Mylvaganam G, Villasmil-Ocando A, Stuart H, Maus MV, Rashidian M, Ploegh HL, Walker BD. HIV-infected macrophages resist efficient NK cell-mediated killing while preserving inflammatory cytokine responses. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:435-447.e9. [PMID: 33571449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytolytic effectors that target HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. In conjunction with antibodies recognizing the HIV envelope, NK cells also eliminate HIV-infected targets through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, how these NK cell functions impact infected macrophages is less understood. We show that HIV-infected macrophages resist NK cell-mediated killing. Compared with HIV-infected CD4+ T cells, initial innate NK cell interactions with HIV-infected macrophages skew the response toward cytokine production, rather than release of cytolytic contents, causing inefficient elimination of infected macrophages. Studies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells demonstrate that the viral envelope is equally accessible on CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Nonetheless, ADCC against macrophages is muted compared with ADCC against CD4+ T cells. Thus, HIV-infected macrophages employ mechanisms to evade immediate cytolytic NK cell function while preserving inflammatory cytokine responses. These findings emphasize the importance of eliminating infected macrophages for HIV cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Geetha Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | - Heather Stuart
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Interferon-Mediated Long Non-Coding RNA Response in Macrophages in the Context of HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207741. [PMID: 33086748 PMCID: PMC7589721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons play a critical role in the innate immune response against a variety of pathogens, such as HIV-1. Recent studies have shown that long non-coding genes are part of a reciprocal feedforward/feedback relationship with interferon expression. They presumably contribute to the cell type specificity of the interferon response, such as the phenotypic and functional transition of macrophages throughout the immune response. However, no comprehensive understanding exists today about the IFN–lncRNA interplay in macrophages, also a sanctuary for latent HIV-1. Therefore, we completed a poly-A+ RNAseq analysis on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) treated with members of all three types of IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-ε, IFN-γ or IFN-λ) and on macrophages infected with HIV-1, revealing an extensive non-coding IFN and/or HIV-1 response. Moreover, co-expression correlation with mRNAs was used to identify important (long) non-coding hub genes within IFN- or HIV-1-associated gene clusters. This study identified and prioritized IFN related hub lncRNAs for further functional validation.
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Ferreira IATM, Porterfield JZ, Gupta RK, Mlcochova P. Cell Cycle Regulation in Macrophages and Susceptibility to HIV-1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080839. [PMID: 32751972 PMCID: PMC7472357 DOI: 10.3390/v12080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first line of defence against invading pathogens. They play a crucial role in immunity but also in regeneration and homeostasis. Their remarkable plasticity in their phenotypes and function provides them with the ability to quickly respond to environmental changes and infection. Recent work shows that macrophages undergo cell cycle transition from a G0/terminally differentiated state to a G1 state. This G0-to-G1 transition presents a window of opportunity for HIV-1 infection. Macrophages are an important target for HIV-1 but express high levels of the deoxynucleotide-triphosphate hydrolase SAMHD1, which restricts viral DNA synthesis by decreasing levels of dNTPs. While the G0 state is non-permissive to HIV-1 infection, a G1 state is very permissive to HIV-1 infection. This is because macrophages in a G1 state switch off the antiviral restriction factor SAMHD1 by phosphorylation, thereby allowing productive HIV-1 infection. Here, we explore the macrophage cell cycle and the interplay between its regulation and permissivity to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A. T. M. Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ravindra K. Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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A minor population of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 variants is identified in recrudescing viremia following analytic treatment interruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9981-9990. [PMID: 32300019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917034117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in cellular reservoirs that can reignite viremia if antiretroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Therefore, insight into the nature of those reservoirs may be revealed from the composition of recrudescing viremia following treatment cessation. A minor population of macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) viruses was identified in a library of recombinant viruses constructed with individual envelope genes that were obtained from plasma of six individuals undergoing analytic treatment interruption (ATI). M-tropic viruses could also be enriched from post-ATI plasma using macrophage-specific (CD14) but not CD4+ T cell-specific (CD3) antibodies, suggesting that M-tropic viruses had a macrophage origin. Molecular clock analysis indicated that the establishment of M-tropic HIV-1 variants predated ATI. Collectively, these data suggest that macrophages are a viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals on effective ART and that M-tropic variants can appear in rebounding viremia when treatment is interrupted. These findings have implications for the design of curative strategies for HIV-1.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gallant efforts are ongoing to achieve sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free HIV remission in the HIV-infected person; however, most, if not all, current human clinical studies have primarily focused these efforts on targeting viral persistence in CD4 T cells in blood and tissue sanctuaries. The lack of myeloid centered HIV clinical trials, either as primary or secondary end points, has hindered our understanding of the contribution of myeloid cells in unsuccessful trials but may also guide successes in future HIV eradication clinical strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances have highlighted the importance of myeloid reservoirs as sanctuaries of HIV persistence and therefore may partially be responsible for viral recrudescence following ART treatment interruption in several clinical trials where HIV was not detectable or recovered from CD4 T cells. Given these findings, novel innovative therapeutic approaches specifically focused on HIV clearance in myeloid cell populations need to be vigorously pursued if we are to achieve additional cases of sustained ART-free remission. This review will highlight new research efforts defining myeloid persistence and recent advances in HIV remission and cure trials that would be relevant in targeting this compartment and make an argument as to their clinical relevancy as we progress towards sustained ART-free HIV remission in all HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks I Mitchell
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Laws
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Kruize Z, Kootstra NA. The Role of Macrophages in HIV-1 Persistence and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2828. [PMID: 31866988 PMCID: PMC6906147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of “shock and kill” to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current “shock and kill” strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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40
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Mu Y, Patters BJ, Midde NM, He H, Kumar S, Cory TJ. Tobacco and Antiretrovirals Modulate Transporter, Metabolic Enzyme, and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Polarized Macrophages. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:354-363. [PMID: 30706821 PMCID: PMC6446460 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190130114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking increases systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and viral replication in individuals with HIV. Macrophages are infected during HIV infection and serve as an important reservoir throughout the process. Macrophages exist in two phenotypes, the classically activated M1 macrophage and alternatively activated M2 macrophage. The expression of drug efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes, which have direct effects on intracellular drug concentrations, differ between the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage and the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage. OBJECTIVE To further explain the role of tobacco use in worsened outcomes in the HIV + population receiving antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Western blotting was used to examine macrophage polarization and expression of drug efflux transporters, CYP enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. The arginase assay was used to measure arginase activity. Cytokine production was measured using the human multiplex inflammatory cytokine assay kit. The 8-OHdG DNA Damage Quantification Direct Kit was used to quantify DNA damage. Viral replication under the influence of tobacco and antiretroviral drug use was measured by p24 Elisa. RESULTS We observed phenotypic shifts from M1 to M2 with both individual and combination treatments with cigarette smoke condensate and the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug lopinavir. These shifts lead to changes in cytokine production, the expression of CYP enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes, and drug efflux transporters, as well as changes in viral replication. CONCLUSION This data suggest a mechanism by which tobacco use impairs HIV antiretroviral therapy to increase intracellular drug concentrations in this important cellular reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Benjamin J Patters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Hui He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
| | - Theodore J Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, United States
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Wong ME, Jaworowski A, Hearps AC. The HIV Reservoir in Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1435. [PMID: 31297114 PMCID: PMC6607932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV (PLWH) who are failing or unable to access combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), monocytes and macrophages are important drivers of pathogenesis and progression to AIDS. The relevance of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir in PLWH receiving cART is debatable as in vivo evidence for infected cells is limited and suggests the reservoir is small. Macrophages were assumed to have a moderate life span and lack self-renewing potential, but recent discoveries challenge this dogma and suggest a potentially important role of these cells as long-lived HIV reservoirs. This, combined with new HIV infection animal models, has led to a resurgence of interest in monocyte/macrophage reservoirs. Infection of non-human primates with myeloid-tropic SIV implicates monocyte/macrophage activation and infection in the brain with neurocognitive disorders, and infection of myeloid-only humanized mouse models are consistent with the potential of the monocyte/macrophage reservoir to sustain infection and be a source of rebound viremia following cART cessation. An increased resistance to HIV-induced cytopathic effects and a reduced susceptibility to some antiretroviral drugs implies macrophages may be relevant to residual replication under cART and to rebound viremia. With a reappraisal of monocyte circulation dynamics, and the development of techniques to differentiate between self-renewing tissue-resident, and monocyte-derived macrophages in different tissues, a new framework exists to contextualize and evaluate the significance and relevance of the monocyte/macrophage HIV reservoir. In this review, we discuss recent developments in monocyte and macrophage biology and appraise current and emerging techniques to quantify the reservoir. We discuss how this knowledge influences our evaluation of the myeloid HIV reservoir, the implications for HIV pathogenesis in both viremic and virologically-suppressed PLWH and the need to address the myeloid reservoir in future treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Wong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Chronic Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna C Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Contribution of the Cytoplasmic Determinants of Vpu to the Expansion of Virus-Containing Compartments in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00020-19. [PMID: 30867316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00020-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection of macrophages leads to the sequestration of newly formed viruses in intracellular plasma membrane-connected structures termed virus-containing compartments (VCCs), where virions remain infectious and hidden from immune surveillance. The cellular restriction factor bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), which prevents HIV-1 dissemination by tethering budding viral particles at the plasma membrane, can be found in VCCs. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu counteracts the restriction factor BST2 by downregulating its expression and removing it from viral budding sites. Numerous studies described these Vpu countermeasures in CD4+ T cells or model cell lines, but the interplay between Vpu and BST2 in VCC formation and HIV-1 production in macrophages is less explored. Here, we show that Vpu expression in HIV-1-infected macrophages enhances viral release. This effect is related to Vpu's ability to circumvent BST2 antiviral activity. We show that in absence of Vpu, BST2 is enriched in VCCs and colocalizes with capsid p24, whereas Vpu expression significantly reduces the presence of BST2 in these compartments. Furthermore, our data reveal that BST2 is dispensable for the formation of VCCs and that Vpu expression impacts the volume of these compartments. This Vpu activity partly depends on BST2 expression and requires the integrity of the Vpu transmembrane domain, the dileucine-like motif E59XXXLV64 and phosphoserines 52 and 56 of Vpu. Altogether, these results highlight that Vpu controls the volume of VCCs and promotes HIV-1 release from infected macrophages.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection of macrophages leads to the sequestration of newly formed viruses in virus-containing compartments (VCCs), where virions remain infectious and hidden from immune surveillance. The restriction factor BST2, which prevents HIV-1 dissemination by tethering budding viral particles, can be found in VCCs. The HIV-1 Vpu protein counteracts BST2. This study explores the interplay between Vpu and BST2 in the viral protein functions on HIV-1 release and viral particle sequestration in VCCs in macrophages. The results show that Vpu controls the volume of VCCs and favors viral particle release. These Vpu functions partly depend on Vpu's ability to antagonize BST2. This study highlights that the transmembrane domain of Vpu and two motifs of the Vpu cytoplasmic domain are required for these functions. These motifs were notably involved in the control of the volume of VCCs by Vpu but were dispensable for the prevention of the specific accumulation of BST2 in these structures.
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Cellular HIV Reservoirs and Viral Rebound from the Lymphoid Compartments of 4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine (EFdA)-Suppressed Humanized Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030256. [PMID: 30871222 PMCID: PMC6466357 DOI: 10.3390/v11030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly suppresses HIV replication, lymphoid tissues remain a sanctuary site where the virus may replicate. Tracking the earliest steps of HIV spread from these cellular reservoirs after drug cessation is pivotal for elucidating how infection can be prevented. In this study, we developed an in vivo model of HIV persistence in which viral replication in the lymphoid compartments of humanized mice was inhibited by the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) to very low levels, which recapitulated ART-suppression in HIV-infected individuals. Using a combination of RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we quantitatively investigated the distribution of HIV in the lymphoid tissues of humanized mice during active infection, EFdA suppression, and after drug cessation. The lymphoid compartments of EFdA-suppressed humanized mice harbored very rare transcription/translation-competent HIV reservoirs that enable viral rebound. Our data provided the visualization and direct measurement of the early steps of HIV reservoir expansion within anatomically intact lymphoid tissues soon after EFdA cessation and suggest a strategy to enhance therapeutic approaches aimed at eliminating the HIV reservoir.
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Hatami E, Mu Y, Shields DN, Chauhan SC, Kumar S, Cory TJ, Yallapu MM. Mannose-decorated hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced macrophage targeting. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 17:197-207. [PMID: 30723809 PMCID: PMC6351286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to design nanocarriers that specifically target and deliver therapeutics to polarized macrophages. Mannose receptors are highly overexpressed on polarized macrophages. In this study, we constructed Pluronic® -F127 polymer and tannic acid (TA) based nanoparticles (F127-TA core nanoparticles) with varying mannose densities. The particle size of the optimized mannose-decorated F127-TA hybrid nanoparticles (MDNPs) was found to be ~ 265 nm with a negative zeta potential of ~ - 4.5 mV. No significant changes in the size and zeta potentials of nanoparticles were observed, which demonstrated structural integrity and stability of the nanoformulation. Physicochemical characteristics of MDNPs were evaluated by FTIR and TGA and demonstrated the presence of mannose units on surface nanoparticles. A mannose-dependent cellular targeting and uptake of MDNPs was found in U937 macrophages. The uptake process was found to vary directly with time and volume of MDNPs nanoparticles. The uptake pattern is higher in M2 than M1. This behavior was also evident from the instantaneous and superior binding profile of M2 macrophage lysate protein with MDNPs over that of M1 macrophage lysate protein. These results demonstrated that an appropriate mannose ligand density was confirmed, suggesting efficient targeting of M2. Altogether, these data support that the MDNPs formulation could serve as a targeted therapeutic guide in the generation of nanomedicine to treat various conditions as an anti-inflammation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Mu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Theodore J. Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV-1 infected cells and the virus persists in cellular reservoirs. Beside memory CD4+ T cells, cells of the myeloid lineage, especially macrophages, are believed to be an important sanctuary for HIV-1. Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the innate immune response to pathogens and are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. Due to their long life span and ability to reside in virtually every tissue, macrophages have been proposed to play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir. Current HIV-1 cure strategies mainly focus on the concept of "shock and kill" to purge the viral reservoir. This approach aims to reactivate viral protein production in latently infected cells, which subsequently are eliminated as a consequence of viral replication, or recognized and killed by the immune system. Macrophage susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is dependent on the local microenvironment, suggesting that molecular pathways directing differentiation and polarization are involved. Current latency reversing agents (LRA) are mainly designed to reactivate the HIV-1 provirus in CD4+ T cells, while their ability to abolish viral latency in macrophages is largely unknown. Moreover, the resistance of macrophages to HIV-1 mediated kill and the presence of infected macrophages in immune privileged regions including the central nervous system (CNS), may pose a barrier to elimination of infected cells by current "shock and kill" strategies. This review focusses on the role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-1 persistence. We will discuss mechanisms of viral latency and persistence in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, the role of these cells in HIV-1 tissue distribution and pathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kruize
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory for Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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46
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Sengupta S, Siliciano RF. Targeting the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1. Immunity 2018; 48:872-895. [PMID: 29768175 PMCID: PMC6196732 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within weeks of treatment interruption. The major barrier to a cure is a small pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells that harbor latent HIV-1 proviruses. This latent reservoir is now the focus of an intense international research effort. We describe how the reservoir is established, challenges involved in eliminating it, and pharmacologic and immunologic strategies for targeting this reservoir. The development of a successful cure strategy will most likely require understanding the mechanisms that maintain HIV-1 proviruses in a latent state and pathways that drive the proliferation of infected cells, which slows reservoir decay. In addition, a cure will require the development of effective immunologic approaches to eliminating infected cells. There is renewed optimism about the prospect of a cure, and the interventions discussed here could pave the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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47
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García M, Buzón MJ, Benito JM, Rallón N. Peering into the HIV reservoir. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1981. [PMID: 29744964 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main obstacle to HIV eradication is the establishment of a long-term persistent HIV reservoir. Although several therapeutic approaches have been developed to reduce and eventually eliminate the HIV reservoir, only a few have achieved promising results. A better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of HIV reservoir is of utmost relevance for the design of new therapeutic strategies aimed at purging it with the ultimate goal of achieving HIV eradication or alternatively a functional cure. In this regard, it is also important to take a close look into the cellular HIV reservoirs other than resting memory CD4 T-cells with key roles in reservoir maintenance that have been recently described. Unraveling the special characteristics of these HIV cellular compartments could aid us in designing new therapeutic strategies to deplete the latent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcial García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - José M Benito
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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48
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Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, San-Roman M, Benaroch P. Myeloid Cell Interaction with HIV: A Complex Relationship. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1698. [PMID: 29250073 PMCID: PMC5714857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the myeloid lineage, particularly macrophages, serve as primary hosts for HIV in vivo, along with CD4 T lymphocytes. Macrophages are present in virtually every tissue of the organism, including locations with negligible T cell colonization, such as the brain, where HIV-mediated inflammation may lead to pathological sequelae. Moreover, infected macrophages are present in multiple other tissues. Recent evidence obtained in humanized mice and macaque models highlighted the capacity of macrophages to sustain HIV replication in vivo in the absence of T cells. Combined with the known resistance of the macrophage to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, such data bring a renewed interest in this cell type both as a vehicle for viral spread as well as a viral reservoir. While our understanding of key processes of HIV infection of macrophages is far from complete, recent years have nevertheless brought important insight into the uniqueness of the macrophage infection. Productive infection of macrophages by HIV can occur by different routes including from phagocytosis of infected T cells. In macrophages, HIV assembles and buds into a peculiar plasma membrane-connected compartment that preexists to the infection. While the function of such compartment remains elusive, it supposedly allows for the persistence of infectious viral particles over extended periods of time and may play a role on viral transmission. As cells of the innate immune system, macrophages have the capacity to detect and respond to viral components. Recent data suggest that such sensing may occur at multiple steps of the viral cycle and impact subsequent viral spread. We aim to provide an overview of the HIV-macrophage interaction along the multiple stages of the viral life cycle, extending when pertinent such observations to additional myeloid cell types such as dendritic cells or blood monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel San-Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
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49
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Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S40-S58. [PMID: 28882067 PMCID: PMC5685216 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest challenge to an HIV cure is the persistence of latently infected cells containing inducible, replication-competent proviral genomes, which constitute only a small fraction of total or infected cells in the body. Although resting CD4+ T cells in the blood are a well-known source of viral rebound, more than 90% of the body's lymphocytes reside elsewhere. Many are in gut tissue, where HIV DNA levels per million CD4+ T cells are considerably higher than in the blood. Despite the significant contribution of gut tissue to viral replication and persistence, little is known about the cell types that support persistence of HIV in the gut; importantly, T cells in the gut have phenotypic, functional, and survival properties that are distinct from T cells in other tissues. The mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained will likely depend on the location and cytokine milieu surrounding the latently infected cells in each compartment. Therefore, successful HIV cure strategies require identification and characterization of the exact cell types that support viral persistence, particularly in the gut. In this review, we describe the seeding of the latent HIV reservoir in the gut mucosa; highlight the evidence for compartmentalization and depletion of T cells; summarize the immunologic consequences of HIV infection within the gut milieu; propose how the damaged gut environment may promote the latent HIV reservoir; and explore several immune cell targets in the gut and their place on the path toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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50
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Wang Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Accomplices for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Latency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1274. [PMID: 29085362 PMCID: PMC5650658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that are involved in the regulation of immune cell migration. Multiple functional properties of chemokines, such as pro-inflammation, immune regulation, and promotion of cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, have been identified in many pathological and physiological contexts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by persistent inflammation and immune activation during both acute and chronic phases, and the "cytokine storm" is one of the hallmarks of HIV infection. Along with immune activation after HIV infection, an extensive range of chemokines and other cytokines are elevated, thereby generating the so-called "cytokine storm." In this review, the effects of the upregulated chemokines and chemokine receptors on the processes of HIV infection are discussed. The objective of this review was to focus on the main chemokines and chemokine receptors that have been found to be associated with HIV infection and latency. Elevated chemokines and chemokine receptors have been shown to play important roles in the HIV life cycle, disease progression, and HIV reservoir establishment. Thus, targeting these chemokines and receptors and the other proteins of related signaling pathways might provide novel therapeutic strategies, and the evidence indicates a promising future regarding the development of a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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