1
|
Sadaula A, Manandhar P, Shrestha BK, Thapa PJ, Nepali S, Joshi JD, Lamichhane BR, Shah R, Chetri M, Rijal KR, Gairhe KP, Subedi N, Pokheral CP, Raut R, Pandey P, Karki B, Pandey G. Phylogenetic analysis linked fatal neurologic disease in leopards (Panthera pardus) to Asia-5 lineage of canine distemper virus in Nepal. Virus Res 2024; 350:199463. [PMID: 39313099 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is responsible for a highly contagious and often fatal neurological disease that affects various carnivores, including domestic dogs. In Nepal, recent reports of CDV exposure and illness in leopards (Panthera pardus) have raised concerns about the transmission of the virus among domestic dogs and wild carnivores. To investigate the genetic lineage and spread of CDV, our study utilized archived post-mortem samples from four leopards that exhibited clinical signs suggestive of canine distemper infection. These leopards were rescued in the Palpa, Dolakha, Kathmandu, and Parbat districts. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CDV strains circulating among the leopards belong to the Asia-5 lineage, which is also prevalent among dogs and wild carnivores in Nepal and neighboring India. The genetic relatedness between the leopard CDV sequences and those from both dogs and other carnivores within the Asia-5 lineage suggests that leopards in Nepal may have acquired the virus from multiple sources, potentially facilitated by their generalist dietary habits preying on dogs and even mesocarnivores. Furthermore, we inspected specific amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin gene of leopard CDV, which also suggests possible transmission from both domestic dogs and non-canid hosts, although further research is needed to draw definitive conclusions. Given the vulnerable state of the leopard population in Nepal, already threatened by poaching and retaliatory killing, the emergence of CDV as a potential novel threat is deeply concerning. Comprehensive surveillance studies are essential to understand the dynamics of CDV spillover and to develop informed interventions. Urgent measures, including vaccination programs and effective control of the dog population, are needed to mitigate the impact of this disease and safeguard the future of Nepal's leopards and other wild carnivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sadaula
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
| | | | | | | | - Suresh Nepali
- Annapurna Conservation Area Office, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
| | | | | | - Rachana Shah
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Madhu Chetri
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Kiran Raj Rijal
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Naresh Subedi
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Roji Raut
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Purushottam Pandey
- Directorate of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Koshi Province, Biratnagar, Morang, Nepal
| | - Bikalpa Karki
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Gita Pandey
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivera-Martínez A, Rodríguez-Alarcón CA, Adame-Gallegos JR, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, de Luna-Santillana EDJ, Hernández-Triana LM, Garza-Hernández JA. Canine Distemper Virus: Origins, Mutations, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology in Mexico. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1002. [PMID: 39202744 PMCID: PMC11355085 DOI: 10.3390/life14081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the canine distemper virus (CDV), a highly infectious pathogen causing severe disease in domestic dogs and wildlife. It shares genetic similarities with the human measles virus (HMV) in humans and the rinderpest virus (RPV) in cattle. The origin of CDV likely involves a mutation from human measles strains, possibly in the New World, with subsequent transmission to dogs. CDV has been globally observed, with an increasing incidence in various animal populations. Genomic mutations, especially in the H protein, contribute to its ability to infect different hosts. Diagnosis by molecular techniques like RT-qPCR offers rapid and sensitive detection when compared with serological tests. Genomic sequencing is vital for understanding CDV evolution and designing effective control strategies. Overall, CDV poses a significant threat, and genomic sequencing enhances our ability to manage and prevent its spread. Here, the epidemiology of CDV principally in Mexico is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rivera-Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (A.R.-M.); (C.A.R.-A.); (S.V.L.-T.)
| | - Carlos A. Rodríguez-Alarcón
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (A.R.-M.); (C.A.R.-A.); (S.V.L.-T.)
| | - Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (A.R.-M.); (C.A.R.-A.); (S.V.L.-T.)
| | - Erick de Jesús de Luna-Santillana
- Laboratorio Medicina de la Conservación, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Luis M. Hernández-Triana
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Virology Department, Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Javier A. Garza-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (A.R.-M.); (C.A.R.-A.); (S.V.L.-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Magliocca M, Taddei R, Urbani L, Bertasio C, Facile V, Gallina L, Sampieri M, Rugna G, Rubini S, Maioli G, Terrusi A, Battilani M, Balboni A. Molecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) from Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1969. [PMID: 38998080 PMCID: PMC11240561 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals, including wildlife, are part of One-Health concept since many infectious diseases can affect both humans and animals. In this study, 126 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Northern Italy in 2022-2023 were tested by molecular assays for Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 (PPVC-1), Canine adenovirus type 1 and 2 (CAdV-1 and CAdV-2), Circovirus canine (CanineCV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), and Leptospira spp. A total of 39 of 126 (30.9%) red foxes were infected with at least one pathogen and five of these were coinfected: 20/126 (15.9%) red foxes tested positive for PPVC-1, 3/126 (2.4%) for CAdV, 20/126 (15.9%) for CanineCV, and 2/126 (1.6%) for Leptospira spp. DNA. No foxes tested positive for CDV RNA. The pathogens identified were genetically analysed. New findings were reported such as a fox with multiple feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2b (CPV-2b) infection associated with quasispecies dynamics, typical genetic characteristics of the identified CanineCV, and the first detection in red foxes of Leptospira ST198 related to L. interrogans serogroup Australis. Further studies are necessary to investigate the transmission between domestic animals and wildlife and to understand the role of red foxes in the maintenance of these pathogens not only in the wild but also in urban and peri-urban environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Magliocca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Taddei
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Territoriale di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Urbani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Territoriale di Brescia, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Facile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Sampieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Territoriale di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Territoriale di Modena, 41122 Modena, Italy
| | - Silva Rubini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Territoriale di Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Maioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Sede Territoriale di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Terrusi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang J, Cortey M, Darwich L, Griffin J, Obón E, Molina R, Martín M. Study of Canine Distemper Virus Presence in Catalonia's Wild Carnivores through H Gene Amplification and Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:436. [PMID: 38338078 PMCID: PMC10854788 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is recognised worldwide as an important pathogen in both domestic and wild carnivores. Few data are available on its impact and spread on the wildlife/wildlife-domestic animal-environment interface. This study, aimed at developing a conservation-oriented control strategy, analysed 89 sick or deceased animals from 2019 to 2023 at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Torreferrussa. RT-PCR and sequencing of the partial H gene were used to detect and analyse CDV in tissues. The total positive percentage was 20.22% (18/89), comprising 13 red foxes (44.8%), 4 European badgers (28.6%), and 1 American mink (4.5%), while 24 Eurasian otters tested negative. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the CDV strains belong to the European lineage. Geographically distant individuals and different species shared the same viral strain, suggesting a strong capacity of CDV for interspecies and long-distance transmission. This calls for further research, particularly focusing on potential impacts of CDV on endangered carnivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Martí Cortey
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Jenna Griffin
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Obón
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Rafael Molina
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Margarita Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muñoz-Hernández C, Wipf A, Ortega N, Barberá GG, Salinas J, Gonzálvez M, Martínez-Carrasco C, Candela MG. Serological and molecular survey of canine distemper virus in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): Exploring cut-off values and the use of protein A in ELISA tests. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106075. [PMID: 37984159 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The wide distribution and ecological plasticity of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) make it a potential reservoir for many infectious diseases shared with domestic and wild carnivores. One of such diseases is canine distemper, which is caused by an RNA virus and its main domestic reservoir is the dog. However, other carnivores can also participate in its maintenance, as shown by the recent upsurge of reported cases in wildlife in many parts of the world, and by the fact that red foxes may act as true reservoirs for canine distemper virus (CDV). The lack of validated serological tests for wildlife or other non-target species may be a handicap for monitoring this virus. In this study, serological assays were compared in 147 red fox sera using a commercial ELISA validated for its use in dogs and a non-specific modified ELISA with Protein A peroxidase conjugate to detect bound antibodies. In addition, the presence of CDV RNA in brain, spleen, lung, and liver samples from 144 foxes was investigated by a RT-qPCR. Through the comparison of the results of both ELISAs and the use of a finite mixture model of the optical density values obtained by both techniques, we adjusted the cut-off point of the commercial ELISA to obtain the seroprevalence in foxes. The overall seroprevalence detected was 53.7% (79/147) and 57.1% (84/147) by the commercial and modified ELISA, respectively, with a moderate agreement according to Cohen's Kappa statistic (κ = 0.491, z = 5.97, p < 0.0001). CDV RNA was detected in 30 out of 144 foxes, which resulted in 20.8% of CDV-infected foxes. At individual level, the results obtained by relating the serological status and the presence/absence of RNA in different organs were explained in terms of the pathogenesis of the infection. Our results highlight the convenience of adjusting the cut-off point when using an ELISA assay developed in domestic dogs for its use in foxes. Moreover, Protein A is confirmed to be a good alternative to be used in red foxes, presenting a good reactivity towards its IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Muñoz-Hernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - A Wipf
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - N Ortega
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - G G Barberá
- Department of Water and Soil Conservation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario, Espinardo 30100, Spain.
| | - J Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - C Martínez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M G Candela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Espinoza I, García Iglesias MJ, Oleaga Á, de Garnica García MG, Balseiro A. Phenotypic Characterization of Encephalitis in the BRAINS of Badgers Naturally Infected with Canine Distemper Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3360. [PMID: 37958115 PMCID: PMC10647365 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) affects a huge diversity of domestic and wild carnivores, with increasing numbers of mortality events worldwide. The local cell-mediated immune response elicited against a natural infection is an important factor in determining the outcome of CDV infection. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to describe the local immune response within the central nervous systems (CNSs) of seven badgers naturally infected with CDV in Asturias (Atlantic Spain) and to determine the phenotype and distribution of microglial cells, T and B lymphocytes, and astrocytes in the foci of gliosis located in the thalamus and cerebellum using immunohistochemistry. The immunohistochemical assessment demonstrated the presence of Iba1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the foci of gliosis, whereas T (CD3-negative) or B (CD20-negative) lymphocytes in those same lesions were absent. Our results also revealed that the badgers with natural CDV encephalitis presented lesions mostly located in the white matter of the thalamus and cerebellum, suggesting a CDV-specific tropism for the white matter of badger brains in those locations. The knowledge gained in the field of the immunopathogenesis of distemper disease affecting the CNSs of badgers could help to clarify CDV disease patterns in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Espinoza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (I.E.); (M.J.G.I.); (M.G.d.G.G.)
| | - María José García Iglesias
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (I.E.); (M.J.G.I.); (M.G.d.G.G.)
- Instituto Universitario (LOU) de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de Léon, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Oleaga
- Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A. (SERPA), 33203 Gijón, Spain;
| | - María Gracia de Garnica García
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (I.E.); (M.J.G.I.); (M.G.d.G.G.)
- Micros Veterinaria, S.L., 24007 León, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (I.E.); (M.J.G.I.); (M.G.d.G.G.)
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC—Universidad de León), 24346 León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sui P, Sun Y, Shi Y, Ran W, Shi N, Sun D, Zheng J, Zhao J. Establishment and evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR for quantitative and differential detection of wild-type canine distemper virus from vaccine strains. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19344. [PMID: 37662817 PMCID: PMC10469063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to establish a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method to differentially detect canine distemper virus (CDV) wild-type and vaccine strains. To this end, a pair of CDV universal primers and two specific minor groove binder (MGB) probes, harboring a T/C substitution in the hemagglutinin (H) gene, were designed. Using a recombinant plasmid expressing the H gene of the CDV wild-type or vaccine strain as standards, a sensitive and specific multiplex real-time RT-PCR was established for quantitative and differential detection of CDV wild-type and vaccine strains. The limit of detection for this multiplex assay was 22.5 copies/μL and 2.98 copies/μL of viral RNA for wild-type and vaccine strains, respectively. Importantly, the wild-type and vaccine MGB probes specifically hybridized different genotypes of wild-type CDV circulating in China as well as globally administered vaccine viruses, respectively, with no cross-reactivity observed with non-CDV viruses. Moreover, this method was successfully applied for the quantitative detection of CDV RNA in tissue samples of experimentally infected breeding foxes, raccoon dogs, and minks. Additionally, the multiplex real-time RT-PCR was able to detect the viral RNA in the whole blood samples as early as 3 days post-infection, 3 to 4 days prior to the onset of clinical signs in these CDV infection animals. Hence, the established multiplex real-time RT-PCR method is useful for differentiating wild-type CDV and vaccine strains in China, and for conducting canine distemper early diagnosis as well as dynamic mechanism of CDV replication studies in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yiyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Shandong Yantai Animal Disease Control Center, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Wei Ran
- Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guiyang 551400, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jiasan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roelofs D, Schmitz KS, van Amerongen G, Rijsbergen LC, Laksono BM, Comvalius AD, Nambulli S, Rennick LJ, van Run P, Duprex WP, van den Brand JMA, de Swart RL, de Vries RD. Inoculation of raccoons with a wild-type-based recombinant canine distemper virus results in viremia, lymphopenia, fever, and widespread histological lesions. mSphere 2023; 8:e0014423. [PMID: 37314205 PMCID: PMC10449507 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00144-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raccoons are naturally susceptible to canine distemper virus (CDV) infection and can be a potential source of spill-over events. CDV is a highly contagious morbillivirus that infects multiple species of carnivores and omnivores, resulting in severe and often fatal disease. Here, we used a recombinant CDV (rCDV) based on a full-genome sequence detected in a naturally infected raccoon to perform pathogenesis studies in raccoons. Five raccoons were inoculated intratracheally with a recombinant virus engineered to express a fluorescent reporter protein, and extensive virological, serological, histological, and immunohistochemical assessments were performed at different time points post inoculation. rCDV-infected white blood cells were detected as early as 4 days post inoculation (dpi). Raccoon necropsies at 6 and 8 dpi revealed replication in the lymphoid tissues, preceding spread into peripheral tissues observed during necropsies at 21 dpi. Whereas lymphocytes, and to a lesser extent myeloid cells, were the main target cells of CDV at early time points, CDV additionally targeted epithelia at 21 dpi. At this later time point, CDV-infected cells were observed throughout the host. We observed lymphopenia and lymphocyte depletion from lymphoid tissues after CDV infection, in the absence of detectable CDV neutralizing antibodies and an impaired ability to clear CDV, indicating that the animals were severely immunosuppressed. The use of a wild-type-based recombinant virus in a natural host species infection study allowed systematic and sensitive assessment of antigen detection by immunohistochemistry, enabling further comparative pathology studies of CDV infection in different species. IMPORTANCE Expansion of the human interface supports increased interactions between humans and peridomestic species like raccoons. Raccoons are highly susceptible to canine distemper virus (CDV) and are considered an important target species. Spill-over events are increasingly likely, potentially resulting in fatal CDV infections in domestic and free ranging carnivores. CDV also poses a threat for (non-human) primates, as massive outbreaks in macaque colonies were reported. CDV pathogenesis was studied by experimental inoculation of several species, but pathogenesis in raccoons was not properly studied. Recently, we generated a recombinant virus based on a full-genome sequence detected in a naturally infected raccoon. Here, we studied CDV pathogenesis in its natural host species and show that distemper completely overwhelms the immune system and spreads to virtually all tissues, including the central nervous system. Despite this, raccoons survived up to 21 d post inoculation with long-term shedding, supporting an important role of raccoons as host species for CDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Roelofs
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sham Nambulli
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turner JW, Prokopenko CM, Kingdon KA, Dupont DLJ, Zabihi-Seissan S, Vander Wal E. Death comes for us all: relating movement-integrated habitat selection and social behavior to human-associated and disease-related mortality among gray wolves. Oecologia 2023; 202:685-697. [PMID: 37515598 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding death affects biological processes, including behavior. Habitat selection, movement, and sociality are highly flexible behaviors that influence the mortality risks and subsequent fitness of individuals. In the Anthropocene, animals are experiencing increased risks from direct human causes and increased spread of infectious diseases. Using integrated step selection analysis, we tested how the habitat selection, movement, and social behaviors of gray wolves vary in the two months prior to death due to humans (being shot or trapped) or canine distemper virus (CDV). We further tested how those behaviors vary as a prelude to death. We studied populations of wolves that occurred under two different management schemes: a national park managed for conservation and a provincially managed multi-use area. Behaviors that changed prior to death were strongly related to how an animal eventually died. Wolves killed by humans moved slower than wolves that survived and selected to be nearer roads closer in time to their death. Wolves that died due to CDV moved progressively slower as they neared death and reduced their avoidance of wet habitats. All animals, regardless of dying or living, maintained selection to be near packmates across time, which seemingly contributed to disease dynamics in the packs infected with CDV. There were no noticeable differences in behavior between the two management areas. Overall, habitat selection, movement, and sociality interact to put individuals and groups at greater risks, influencing their cause-specific mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie W Turner
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Christina M Prokopenko
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Katrien A Kingdon
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Daniel L J Dupont
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
- Département des sciences expérimentales, Université de Saint-Boniface, 200 ave de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 0H7, Canada
| | - Sana Zabihi-Seissan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neupane S, Wellehan JFX, Childress AL, Snook ER, Porter BF. Meningoencephalitis caused by concurrent infection with canine distemper virus and a unique Sarcocystis sp. in a gray fox. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:443-447. [PMID: 37042064 PMCID: PMC10331395 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231169768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A deceased 9-wk-old male gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) with a history of decreased ambulation and diarrhea was submitted to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. No significant gross findings were evident on postmortem examination. Histologically, the cerebrum and brainstem had mild necrotizing meningoencephalitis with protozoal schizonts and merozoites. Additionally, glial cells contained intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. Sections of the cerebrum were positive for canine distemper virus (CDV) and negative for Sarcocystis neurona on immunohistochemistry. Bayesian analysis revealed that this Sarcocystis sp. clustered most closely with a clade of unnamed Sarcocystis sp. found in viperid snakes, with a posterior probability of 99%. CDV likely played a significant role in the expression of clinical sarcocystosis in this gray fox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Neupane
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - April L. Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Brian F. Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Manandhar P, Napit R, Pradhan SM, Rajbhandari PG, Moravek JA, Joshi PR, Shrestha RD, Karmacharya D. Phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus from stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley. Virol J 2023; 20:117. [PMID: 37280624 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper is a highly contagious, often fatal disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. The virus has caused mass epidemics in both wild and captive carnivores of high conservation value such as tigers, lions and leopards. Hence, understanding and managing CDV outbreaks is particularly important in Nepal, which is home to many species of threatened wild carnivores including tigers, leopards, snow leopards, dholes and wolves, and also contains a large population of stray dogs. Previous studies have suggested that CDV may pose a threat to wild carnivores, but there have not been any studies characterizing the genetic strains of the virus circulating in Nepal's carnivores. We collected invasive and non-invasive biological samples from stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley and genetically characterized the strains of CDV in the dogs to belong to the Asia-5 lineage by using phylogenetic analysis. The same lineage also contained CDV strains sequenced from dogs, civets, red panda and lions in India. Based on our phylogenetic analysis, we think it is likely that CDV is maintained through sylvatic cycle among sympatric carnivores allowing the recurring spillovers and outbreaks. It is crucial to prevent the virus transmission from reservoir hosts to other species, especially threatened populations of large carnivores in Nepal. Hence, we recommend for regular surveillance of CDV targeting wild carnivores in addition to the domestic dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajindra Napit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Saman M Pradhan
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal
| | | | - Jessie A Moravek
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pranav R Joshi
- Vet for Your Pet Animal Hospital, Gapali, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Rima D Shrestha
- Kathmandu Animal Hospital and Research Centre, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen F, Guo Z, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Hu B, Bai L, Zhao S, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. Canine distemper virus N protein induces autophagy to facilitate viral replication. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:60. [PMID: 36922800 PMCID: PMC10015816 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most contagious and lethal viruses known to the Canidae, with a very broad and expanding host range. Autophagy serves as a fundamental stabilizing response against pathogens, but some viruses have been able to evade or exploit it for their replication. However, the effect of autophagy mechanisms on CDV infection is still unclear. RESULTS In the present study, autophagy was induced in CDV-infected Vero cells as demonstrated by elevated LC3-II levels and aggregation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 spots. Furthermore, CDV promoted the complete autophagic process, which could be determined by the degradation of p62, co-localization of LC3 with lysosomes, GFP degradation, and accumulation of LC3-II and p62 due to the lysosomal protease inhibitor E64d. In addition, the use of Rapamycin to promote autophagy promoted CDV replication, and the inhibition of autophagy by Wortmannin, Chloroquine and siRNA-ATG5 inhibited CDV replication, revealing that CDV-induced autophagy facilitated virus replication. We also found that UV-inactivated CDV still induced autophagy, and that nucleocapsid (N) protein was able to induce complete autophagy in an mTOR-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time revealed that CDV N protein induced complete autophagy to facilitate viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zijing Guo
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4899 Juye St., Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yongshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xu Jiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, 16 Yihuan Rd., Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Silva ML, Caiaffa MG, da Costa ALM, Teixeira RHF, Ervedosa TB, Machado EF, Suárez PEN, Réssio RA, Borges CC, de Jesus IP, de Carvalho J, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, Brandão PE, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, Guerra JM. Canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 co-infection in a free-living hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus) from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:587-595. [PMID: 36749535 PMCID: PMC9943989 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present case is the first description of a co-infection with canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) in a free-living hoary fox pup from Brazil. The animal was found and rescued with poor body condition, dehydration, incoordination, ataxia, excessive vocalization, and "blue eyes" phenomenon. Despite the efforts, euthanasia was elected due to worsening clinical signs and poor prognosis. Pathologic examination revealed a mild, acute, random, necrotizing hepatitis, acute bronchopneumonia, hydrocephalus, corneal edema with epithelium degeneration, and acidophilic intracytoplasmatic inclusion bodies in different epithelial cells types with rare syncytial. Through immunohistochemistry, CDV antigen was observed in the tongue, trachea, lungs, liver, spleen, stomach, intestine and urinary bladder. Adenovirus antigen was identified in the nucleus of scattered hepatocytes. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing demonstrated high similarity with CAdV-1 and wild-type strain of CDV close related to Brazilian viral lineages isolated from domestic dogs. Disease surveillance in wildlife animals is essential to assess possible conservation threats and consider the implementation of mitigation or control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maraya Lincoln Silva
- Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Rua Teodoro Kaisel, 883 - Vila Hortência, Sorocaba - SP, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18020268, Brazil
| | - Mayara Grego Caiaffa
- Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Rua Teodoro Kaisel, 883 - Vila Hortência, Sorocaba - SP, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18020268, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Mota da Costa
- Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Rua Teodoro Kaisel, 883 - Vila Hortência, Sorocaba - SP, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18020268, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira
- Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros, Rua Teodoro Kaisel, 883 - Vila Hortência, Sorocaba - SP, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18020268, Brazil
| | - Ticiana Brasil Ervedosa
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferreira Machado
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Pedro Enrique Navas Suárez
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Albergaria Réssio
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Cirqueira Borges
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Isis Paixão de Jesus
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Julia de Carvalho
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Virais, Medicina Veterinária Preventiva E Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo Fernandes
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mariotti Guerra
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Persistent and Severe Viral Replication in PBMCs with Moderate Immunosuppression Served an Alternative Novel Pathogenic Mechanism for Canine Morbillivirus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0406022. [PMID: 36533959 PMCID: PMC9927106 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04060-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause lethal infections in their respective hosts characterized by severe immunosuppression. To furtherly acknowledge the attenuated mechanisms of the regionally ongoing epidemic CDV isolates and provide novel perspectives for designing new vaccines and therapeutic drugs, a recombinant CDV rHBF-vacH was employed with a vaccine hemagglutinin (H) gene replacement by reverse genetics based on an infectious cDNA clone for the CDV wild-type HBF-1 strain. Interestingly, unlike previously published reports that a vaccine H protein completely changed a pathogenic wild-type CDV variant to be avirulent, rHBF-vacH was only partially attenuated by alleviating the degree of viral immunosuppression, and still caused 66.7% lethality in ferrets with a prolonged period of disease. Further comparisons of pathogenic mechanisms proved that the weaker but necessary invasions into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rHBF-vacH, and subsequently persistent viral replications in PBMCs and multiple organs, together contributed to its 66.7% mortality. In addition, despite significantly higher titers than the parent viruses, rHBF-vacH would not be a suitable candidate for a live vaccine, with great invasion and infection potentials of PBMCs from 16 tested kinds of host species. Altogether, sustained and severe viral replication in PBMCs with moderate immunosuppression was first proven to be an alternative novel pathogenic mechanism for CDV, which might help us to understand possible reasons for CDV fatal infections among domestic dogs and the highly susceptible wild species during natural transmission. IMPORTANCE Despite widespread vaccine campaigns for domestic dogs, CDV remained an important infectious disease in vaccinated carnivores and wild species. In recent years, the regionally ongoing epidemic CDV isolates have emphasized conservation threats to, and potentially disastrous epidemics in, endangered species worldwide. However, little is known about how to deal with the CDV variants constantly regional epidemic. In this study, we employed a recombinant CDV rHBF-vacH with a vaccine H gene replacement in a CDV wild-type HBF-1 context to attenuate the epidemic CDV variant to design a new vaccine candidate. Interestingly, rHBF-vacH was only partially attenuated by alleviating the degree of viral immunosuppression, and still caused 66.7% lethality in ferrets by weaker but necessary invasions into PBMCs, and subsequently persistent and severe viral replications in PBMCs. Significantly higher virus titers of rHBF-vacH in vitro might indicate the rapid cell-to-cell spreads in vivo that indirectly contribute to fatal infections of rHBF-vacH in ferrets.
Collapse
|
15
|
Canine Distemper Virus in Tigers (Panthera tigris) and Leopards (P. pardus) in Nepal. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020203. [PMID: 36839475 PMCID: PMC9962338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti to tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in the Russian Far East, canine distemper virus (CDV) has been repeatedly identified as a threat to wild carnivores. Between 2020 and 2022, six Indian leopards (P. pardus fusca) presented to Nepali authorities with fatal neurological disease, consistent with CDV. Here, we report the findings of a serosurvey of wild felids from Nepal. A total of 48 serum samples were tested, comprising 28 Bengal tigers (P. t. tigris) and 20 Indian leopards. Neutralizing antibodies were identified in three tigers and six leopards, equating to seroprevalences of 11% (CI: 2.8-29.3%, n = 28) and 30% (CI: 12.8-54.3%, n = 20), respectively. More than one-third of seropositive animals were symptomatic, and three died within a week of being sampled. The predation of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) has been posited as a potential route of infection. A comparison of existing diet studies revealed that while leopards in Nepal frequently predate on dogs, tigers do not, potentially supporting this hypothesis. However, further work, including molecular analyses, would be needed to confirm this.
Collapse
|
16
|
Canine Distemper Virus in Endangered Species: Species Jump, Clinical Variations, and Vaccination. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010057. [PMID: 36678405 PMCID: PMC9862170 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus, CDV) is the cause of distemper in a large number of different species, some of which are endangered. The clinical outcome associated with infection is variable and based on many factors, including the host species, the immune response of the individual animal to the infection, and variation in virus tropism and virulence. Unfortunately, the viral characteristics associated with virulence versus attenuation are not fully characterized, nor are the specific mutations that allow this virus to easily move and adapt from one species to another. Due to its wide host range, this virus is difficult to manage in ecosystems that are home to endangered species. Vaccination of the domestic dog, historically considered the reservoir species for this virus, at dog-wildlife interfaces has failed to control virus spread. CDV appears to be maintained by a metareservoir rather than a single species, requiring the need to vaccinate the wildlife species at risk. This is controversial, and there is a lack of a safe, effective vaccine for nondomestic species. This review focuses on topics that are paramount to protecting endangered species from a stochastic event, such as a CDV outbreak, that could lead to extinction.
Collapse
|
17
|
Serological, Virological Investigation and Hepatic Injury Evaluation for Hepatitis E Virus in Hunting Dogs. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101123. [PMID: 36297180 PMCID: PMC9608991 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a quasi-enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Orthohepevirus A genus within the Hepeviridae family. The most common transmission route of this virus is fecal–oral, although zoonotic transmission by contact with infected animals has also been described. In this study, 80 sera and rectal swabs were collected from dogs during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 wild boar hunting season in Tuscany. All dogs were submitted for serological screening to detect the presence of anti-HEV antibodies. To evaluate the circulation of HEV, rectal swabs from both seropositive dogs and dogs living in the same kennels were examined by One-Step RT-qPCR. In addition, the presence of markers of hepatic damage in dogs’ sera was investigated. Results indicated the presence of anti-HEV antibodies in 4/80 subjects (5%). However, neither HEV RNA nor signs of hepatic damage were found. In conclusion, although HEV can stimulate a specific immuno-response in dogs, this species does not seem to play an important role in HEV epidemiology.
Collapse
|
18
|
Geiselhardt F, Peters M, Kleinschmidt S, Chludzinski E, Stoff M, Ludlow M, Beineke A. Neuropathologic and molecular aspects of a canine distemper epizootic in red foxes in Germany. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14691. [PMID: 36038706 PMCID: PMC9424316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last fifteen years, an epidemic of canine distemper virus (CDV) with marked neurotropism has occurred in Europe after a longer period of endemic transmission. Many wildlife species have been infected, with red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) being particularly affected. Given that this species is assumed to mediate cross-species CDV infections to domestic and wild animals, tissue samples from foxes with confirmed CDV infection in North-Western Germany were investigated to better understand the neurotropic aspects of the disease. This analysis included histopathology, virus distribution and cell tropism, phenotyping of inflammatory responses and determination of the genotype of the viruses based on the phylogeny of the hemagglutinin (H) gene. The predominant lesion type is gliosis in both gray and white matter areas associated with an accumulation of Iba1+ macrophages/microglia and upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in the brain, while sequestration of CD3+ T and Pax5+ B cell in CDV-infected foxes is limited. Demyelination is found in few foxes, characterized by reduced myelin staining with loss of CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in the cerebellar white matter and brainstem. In addition, axonal damage, characterized by β-amyloid precursor protein expression, is found mainly in these brain regions. In situ hybridization reveals a primary infection of the cerebral and cerebellar gray matter and brain stem. Iba1+ cells and NeuN+ neurons represent the main CDV targets. Sequencing of the CDV H open reading frame from fox tissues reveals that the virus strains belongs to three different sub-lineages of the Europe-1/South America-1 genotype, suggesting independent transmission lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Geiselhardt
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Westfalen, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food- and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Elisa Chludzinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Marsican Brown Bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141826. [PMID: 35883373 PMCID: PMC9311857 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Marsican brown bear is a subspecies of Eurasian bear, that lives in a few areas of Central Italy, with an estimated population of only 50 animals. For this reason, it is considered one of the most threatened Italian mammals, and specific Conservation Plans are applied with the focus to fight the mortality causes, mainly related to human activities or illegal practices. On the contrary, few reports describing infectious or parasitic diseases in Marsican brown bears are available. Among pathogens, the canine distemper virus (CDV) is responsible for a contagious and multi-organ disease, able to infect a wide range of domestic and wild carnivores. In 2013 a fatal outbreak of distemper was registered in Central Italy, involving dogs, Apennine wolves, badgers, and foxes, but apparently without any consequences for the Marsican brown bears living in the same territories. In this paper, we describe the first CDV infection detected in a live-trapped bear. The identified strain resulted in similarities to CDV recovered from foxes and dogs of the same area. Even if no clinical signs referred to the disease have been detected in the monitored bear, the evidence of a viral pathogen potentially able to menace the conservation of the Marsican brown bear population highlights the importance of continuing observation activities. Abstract In this paper, we report the first molecular detection of the canine distemper virus in the Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus). Three subadults and one adult were live-trapped and checked for the main viral pathogens responsible for infectious diseases in this species. The four bears were found to be negative for all investigated viruses except for one, which resulted in a positive outcome for CDV by means of RT-PCR targeting fragments of viral N and H genes. The sequence analysis revealed the specificity of amplicons for the Europe Wildlife lineage of CDV, the same viral strain recovered from three foxes and two unvaccinated dogs coming from the same territories where the positive bear was captured. These results confirm the receptivity of Marsican brown bear for CDV, apparently without any pathological consequences for the positive animal, and suggest the presence in the studied area of a unique wild host-adapted lineage of the virus, able to spread in domestic animals, too. In this respect, continuous and specifically targeted surveillance systems are necessary in order to highlight any changes in the epidemiology of the infection in the territories where the Marsican brown bear lives, along with a more effective vaccination program for domestic dogs co-existing with this endangered species.
Collapse
|
20
|
Multiple Receptors Involved in Invasion and Neuropathogenicity of Canine Distemper Virus: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071520. [PMID: 35891500 PMCID: PMC9317347 DOI: 10.3390/v14071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus that infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, predominantly canines, and is associated with high mortality. Similar to another morbillivirus, measles virus, which infects humans and nonhuman primates, CDV transmission from an infected host to a naïve host depends on two cellular receptors, namely, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150) and the adherens junction protein nectin-4 (also known as PVRL4). CDV can also invade the central nervous system by anterograde spread through olfactory nerves or in infected lymphocytes through the circulation, thus causing chronic progressive or relapsing demyelination of the brain. However, the absence of the two receptors in the white matter, primary cultured astrocytes, and neurons in the brain was recently demonstrated. Furthermore, a SLAM/nectin-4-blind recombinant CDV exhibits full cell-to-cell transmission in primary astrocytes. This strongly suggests the existence of a third CDV receptor expressed in neural cells, possibly glial cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of CDV receptors, highlighting the unidentified glial receptor and its contribution to pathogenicity in the host nervous system. The reviewed studies focus on CDV neuropathogenesis, and neural receptors may provide promising directions for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by CDV. We also present an overview of other neurotropic viruses to promote further research and identification of CDV neural receptors.
Collapse
|
21
|
GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF CANINE DISTEMPER IN WILD CARNIVORES IN MICHIGAN, USA: PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2008-18. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:562-574. [PMID: 35675483 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a widespread disease affecting both domestic and wild carnivores. This investigation of the geographic distribution, wildlife species infected, and relative prevalence rates was conducted over an 11-yr period and helps to document the disease spread, most highly infected wildlife species, and histologic lesions. Animals were collected as found dead, hunter and trapper harvested, and euthanized for displaying signs of abnormal behavior or neurologic disease. This disease appeared to spread from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan into the Upper Peninsula, was most frequently documented in raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), but also involved additional wildlife species. Three unique wildlife virus strains were identified. Two of these grouped within a separate subclade of the America 2 lineage. A third strain appeared to be a unique sequence type that is not associated with any existing subclade of America 2. We recommend the combined use of routine histology and immunohistochemical staining to confirm the diagnosis, and further recommend that both the lungs and spleen be collected as the optimal tissues to utilize for surveillance purposes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Delcourt J, Brochier B, Delvaux D, Vangeluwe D, Poncin P. Fox
Vulpes vulpes
population trends in Western Europe during and after the eradication of rabies. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Delcourt
- Service of Behavioural Biology Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution Institut de Zoologie University of Liège 22 quai van Beneden Liège Belgium
- High Fens Scientific Station (SSHF) Faculty of Sciences University of Liège Route de Botrange 137 4950 SourbrodtBelgium
| | - Bernard Brochier
- Former Head of the National Reference Center for Rabies Service of Viral Diseases, Sciensano 14 Rue Juliette Wytsman 1050 BrusselsBelgium
| | - Dylan Delvaux
- Service of Behavioural Biology Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution Institut de Zoologie University of Liège 22 quai van Beneden Liège Belgium
- High Fens Scientific Station (SSHF) Faculty of Sciences University of Liège Route de Botrange 137 4950 SourbrodtBelgium
| | - Didier Vangeluwe
- Belgian Ringing Scheme BeBirds Operational Directorate Natural Environment Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 29 rue Vautier 1000 BruxellesBelgium
| | - Pascal Poncin
- Service of Behavioural Biology Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution Institut de Zoologie University of Liège 22 quai van Beneden Liège Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang B, Li S, Qiao Y, Fu Y, Nie J, Jiang S, Yao X, Pan Y, Zhao L, Wu C, Shi Y, Yin Y, Shan Y. Self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles coupled with linear sequences from canine distemper virus haemagglutinin protein elicit robust immune responses. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:32. [PMID: 35012571 PMCID: PMC8744384 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine distemper virus (CDV), which is highly infectious, has caused outbreaks of varying scales in domestic and wild animals worldwide, so the development of a high-efficiency vaccine has broad application prospects. Currently, the commercial vaccine of CDV is an attenuated vaccine, which has the disadvantages of a complex preparation process, high cost and safety risk. It is necessary to develop a safe and effective CDV vaccine that is easy to produce on a large scale. In this study, sequences of CDV haemagglutinin (HA) from the Yanaka strain were aligned, and three potential linear sequences, termed YaH3, YaH4, and YaH5, were collected. To increase the immunogenicity of the epitopes, ferritin was employed as a self-assembling nanoparticle element. The ferritin-coupled forms were termed YaH3F, YaH4F, and YaH5F, respectively. A full-length HA sequence coupled with ferritin was also constructed as a DNA vaccine to compare the immunogenicity of nanoparticles in prokaryotic expression. RESULT The self-assembly morphology of the proteins from prokaryotic expression was verified by transmission electron microscopy. All the proteins self-assembled into nanoparticles. The expression of the DNA vaccine YaHF in HEK-293T cells was also confirmed in vitro. After subcutaneous injection of epitope nanoparticles or intramuscular injection of DNA YaHF, all vaccines induced strong serum titres, and long-term potency of antibodies in serum could be detected after 84 days. Strong anti-CDV neutralizing activities were observed in both the YaH4F group and YaHF group. According to antibody typing and cytokine detection, YaH4F can induce both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. The results of flow cytometry detection indicated that compared with the control group, all the immunogens elicited an increase in CD3. Simultaneously, the serum antibodies induced by YaH4F and YaHF could significantly enhance the ADCC effect compared with the control group, indicating that the antibodies in the serum effectively recognized the antigens on the cell surface and induced NK cells to kill infected cells directly. CONCLUSIONS YaH4F self-assembling nanoparticle obtained by prokaryotic expression has no less of an immune effect than YaHF, and H4 has great potential to become a key target for the easy and rapid preparation of epitope vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Changchun Xinuo BioTechnology Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130015, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yi Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Linye Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Congmei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, , 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mansour KA, Hasso SA. Molecular Detection of Canine Distemper Virus in Dogs in Baghdad Province, Iraq. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is an infectious disease that affects dogs and is extremely contagious and lethal, with a high mortality and morbidity rates. It infects a broad variety of animals, including primates, cetaceans, and carnivores causing a multi-systemic pathological condition. This study aimed to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) in blood samples of dogs clinically suspected with distemper at the Baghdad Veterinary Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. CDV nucleoprotein gene (N) was detected in the whole blood of 46 dogs using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The partially amplified (591 bp) fragment of the N gene was detected in 12 of 46 (26%) blood samples of dogs examined. Based on the partial sequencing data of the N gene, three local isolates might be similar to the NCBI-BLAST reference CDV virus isolates FJ977579.1 China, AF378705.1 USA, and AF305419.1 UK, while other strains EU072200.1 Hungary, AF164967.1 Switzerland, KU578257.1 Germany, and AB474397.1 Japan were found to be rather distinct. The isolates displayed a higher level of similarity with the Snyder Hill CDV strain and Onderstepoort CDV strain. There was less homology with the CDV strain A75/17 of Switzerland and 007Lm CDV strain of Japan. In conclusion, this study confirmed that CDV infection is present in domestic dogs in Iraq. This may indicate a risk of the disease spreading to parts of the country that may be disease-free.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang H, Zhang S, Fan S, Zhang L, Hu B, Bai X, Zhang D, Lu R, Zhao J, Lian S, Gao B, Yan X, Lu S, Zhu Y. Identification and primary application of hybridomas cell secreting monoclonal antibodies against mink (Neovison vison) interferon-gamma. Cytokine 2021; 150:155777. [PMID: 34954494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to their susceptibility to several human viruses, the mink has been proposed as potential animal models for the study of human viral infections. However, there are no specific monoclonal antibody (mAbs) currently available for the detection of mink-specific interferon-gamma (miIFN-γ). The BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with purified recombinant miIFN-γ protein. The splenocytes were obtained and fused with murine myeloma cells. Five of 24 hybridoma clones were obtained to produce mAbs steadily with the strongest affinity to recombinant miIFN-γ protein. The isotype of the 31A, 31B and 31G were lgG 2b. The isotype of 44 and 46 were lgG 2a and 1. All five mAbs were κ light chains. Western blotting and indirect ELISA method showed that 5 mAbs were positive to miIFN-γ. Immunofluorescence showed that 2 mAbs (44 and 46) had a positive reaction to miIFN-γ. The hybridoma clone 46 had the highest sensitivity for the detection of miIFN-γ. Most importantly, our primary sandwich ELISA system (mAbs 46 and polyclonal antiserum) detected endogenous IFN-γ in mink lymphocytes infected with canine distemper virus (CDV). We have thus developed a novel mAbs could recognize miIFN-γ, and have demonstrated the first ELISA-based measurement of IFN-γ in lymphocyte of the mink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education Jinlin University College of Animal Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education Jinlin University College of Animal Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Sining Fan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Jilin Teyan Biotechnological Co. Ltd., Changchun 130122, China
| | - Rongguang Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education Jinlin University College of Animal Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Clayton MJ, Kelly EJ, Mainenti M, Wilhelm A, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Van Wettere AJ. Pandemic lineage 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus infection in farmed mink in Utah. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:82-85. [PMID: 34697977 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211052966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mink are susceptible to infection with influenza A virus (IAV) of swine and human origin. In 2019, a Utah mink farm had an outbreak of respiratory disease in kits caused by infection with the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus [A(H1N1)pdm09]. In 3 wk, ~325, 1-2-wk-old kits died (10% mortality in kits). All deaths occurred in a single barn that housed 640 breeding females. No clinical signs or deaths occurred among adult mink. Five dead kits and 3 euthanized female mink were autopsied. All kits had moderate-to-severe neutrophilic and lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia; adult mink had minimal-to-moderate lymphohistiocytic bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR targeting the matrix gene detected IAV in lung of kits and adults. Virus isolation and genetic analysis identified the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The source of the virus was not determined but is thought to be the result of reverse zoonosis. Our case emphasizes the need for close monitoring on mink farms for interspecies transmission of IAV and for safe work practices on farms and in diagnostic laboratories. Additionally, a pandemic virus may continue to circulate at low levels long after the global event is declared over.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clayton
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan and Spanish Fork, UT, USA
| | - E Jane Kelly
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan and Spanish Fork, UT, USA
| | - Marta Mainenti
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan and Spanish Fork, UT, USA
| | - Amanda Wilhelm
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan and Spanish Fork, UT, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan and Spanish Fork, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong B, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang G, Li C, Wei L, Lin W. A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies on the frequency and risk factors associated with canine morbillivirus infection in China. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105258. [PMID: 34687836 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The canine morbillivirus, previously known as canine distemper virus (CDV), is a pathogen which infects dogs worldwide and causes fatal disease. CDV has a broad range of hosts and can infect at least six orders and more than 20 mammalian families. Domestic dogs are the main hosts of CDV and play a central role in the transmission of the virus. However, the prevalence of CDV infection in China remains unknown since there are only a few studies which systematically analysed the prevalence of CDV in domestic dogs in the country. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the frequency of CDV positivity and associated risk factors of CDV in Chinese domestic dogs. METHODS We systematically searched for studies on the frequency of CDV in Chinese domestic dogs published in English and Chinese to conduct a meta-analysis using the random-effects model with a forest plot with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The overall estimated frequency of CDV positivity in Chinese domestic dogs was 22%. In addition, our data show that sampling season, age, breed, and immunisation status are associated with CDV infection frequency. CONCLUSION In a word, CDV is circulating in domestic dogs in China. Continued intervention strategies based on risk factors are necessary to reduce the frequency of CDV infection, especially in endemic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, China; Longyan University Animal Hospital, Longyan, 364012, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Jincong Wang
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Gaoqiang Zhang
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Lan Wei
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Weiming Lin
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, China; Longyan University Animal Hospital, Longyan, 364012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oleaga Á, Vázquez CB, Royo LJ, Barral TD, Bonnaire D, Armenteros JÁ, Rabanal B, Gortázar C, Balseiro A. Canine distemper virus in wildlife in south-western Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e473-e485. [PMID: 34536064 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multi-host pathogens emerging and re-emerging at the wildlife-domestic animal interface affect wildlife management and conservation. This is the case of canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus closely related to human measles virus and rinderpest virus of cattle. With an area of 10,603 km2 , Asturias region in Atlantic Spain is a hotspot of carnivore diversity, which includes the largest Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) population and one of the largest wolf (Canis lupus) populations in south-western Europe. In 2020-2021, we recorded mortality due to distemper in four carnivore species including three mustelids (Eurasian badger Meles meles, European marten Martes martes and European polecat Mustela putorius) and one canid (red fox, Vulpes vulpes). Clinical signs and pathology were similar across species and consistent with the emergence of a highly pathogenic viral strain, with CDV antigen mainly located in the central nervous system, lungs, spleen and lymph nodes. A molecular study in eight wild carnivore species, also including the Iberian wolf, Eurasian brown bear, American mink (Neovison vison) and stone marten (Martes foina), revealed 19.51% (16/82) of positivity. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CDV belonged to the previously described European lineage. A retrospective serosurvey (2008-2020) showed a high seroprevalence of CDV antibodies (43.4%) in 684 analyzed badgers, indicating a long-term though not stable viral circulation in this multi-host community. The possible triggers of the 2020-2021 outbreak and the implications for carnivore management and conservation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Oleaga
- Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A. (SERPA), Gijón, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco Vázquez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario del Principado de Asturias (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Luis José Royo
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario del Principado de Asturias (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Thiago Doria Barral
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Debby Bonnaire
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Agroalimentaires de Bretagne atlantique, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - José Ángel Armenteros
- Consejería de Fomento, Ordenación del Territorio y Medio Ambiente del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Benjamín Rabanal
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Instrumentales, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Balboni A, Savini F, Scagliarini A, Berti E, Naldi M, Urbani L, Fontana MC, Carra E, Gibelli LRM, Gobbo F, Bologna E, Zambelli D, Ceccherelli R, Battilani M. Natural distemper infection in stone martens (Martes foina): From infection to neutralizing antibodies. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:196-200. [PMID: 34171543 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV) among stone martens (Martes foina) in Italy. After being rescued in Northern Italy between April and June 2018, six subjects were kept in a wildlife and exotic animal rescue center in Bologna province. Subjects have been monitored for 15 months in captivity. Within this time-lapse, two subjects died, while among the remaining four, only one showed clinical symptoms referable to distemper. Surviving subjects have been regularly tested for CDV by means of reverse transcriptase-PCR from conjunctival and oropharyngeal swabs for eleven months. The identified viruses belonged to the Wildlife-Europe CDV genetic subgroup. Neutralizing antibodies were detected at the end of the eleven months, when all subjects tested reverse transcriptase-PCR negative. Our findings confirm the circulation of the Wildlife-Europe CDV genetic subgroup (Europe 1/South America 1 lineage) within the Italian wildlife, and improve knowledge on viral infection in stone martens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, BO 40064, Italy.
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, BO 40064, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy.
| | - Elisa Berti
- Centro Tutela e Ricerca Fauna Esotica e Selvatica Monte Adone ODV, Via Brento 9, Sasso Marconi, BO 40037, Italy.
| | - Marzia Naldi
- Centro Tutela e Ricerca Fauna Esotica e Selvatica Monte Adone ODV, Via Brento 9, Sasso Marconi, BO 40037, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Urbani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, BO 40064, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Fontana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 9, Brescia 25124, Italy.
| | - Elena Carra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 9, Brescia 25124, Italy.
| | - Lucia Rita Maria Gibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 9, Brescia 25124, Italy.
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), viale Dell'Università 10, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Bologna
- Centro Tutela e Ricerca Fauna Esotica e Selvatica Monte Adone ODV, Via Brento 9, Sasso Marconi, BO 40037, Italy.
| | - Donatella Zambelli
- Centro Tutela e Ricerca Fauna Esotica e Selvatica Monte Adone ODV, Via Brento 9, Sasso Marconi, BO 40037, Italy.
| | - Renato Ceccherelli
- Centro Tutela e Ricerca Fauna Esotica e Selvatica Monte Adone ODV, Via Brento 9, Sasso Marconi, BO 40037, Italy.
| | - Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, BO 40064, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Y, Liu C, Ding H, Cao Y, Sun Z, Wu H, Wang L, He W, Huang B, Xi X, Tian K. A highly virulent canine distemper virus strain isolated from vaccinated mink in China. Virus Genes 2021; 57:266-275. [PMID: 33950332 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of canine distemper in 2017 in mink breeding farms (Shandong province, China) caused severe pneumonia, hardened footpads, and death in more than 5000 vaccinated animals. Sequencing of the hemagglutinin and fusion protein genes from the WH2 canine distemper virus (CDV) strain we isolated from the infected minks were clustered into the recently isolated CDV Asia-1 genotype group. The WH2 strain was distinct from the current vaccine strains, containing a novel potential N-glycosylation site in its hemagglutinin protein. It also contained amino acid mutations in the fusion protein gene (I87N, T110P and L386I), and the T110P mutation results in N-glycosylation site silencing. WH2 was highly virulent in both unvaccinated and vaccinated animals in our pathogenesis experiments. Immunohistochemistry results revealed positive staining of different organs in unvaccinated and vaccinated animals. The serum in vitro neutralizing antibody titers for the vaccinated mink group and a dog were higher for the WH2 strain than those of the HNly150520B strain (isolated from a dog). These findings indicate that the current commercial vaccines provide incomplete protection against WH2 challenge infections. Thus, a new vaccine strain is urgently needed to protect against variant CDV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Hangtian Ding
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Hongchao Wu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Wenxi He
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Baicheng Huang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Xi
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, No.3 Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Chen J, Hu B, Gong C, Shi N, Liu M, Yan X, Bai X, Zhao J. Mink SLAM V-Region V74I Substitutions Contribute to the Formation of Syncytia Induced by Canine Distemper Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:570283. [PMID: 33585591 PMCID: PMC7874165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.570283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Signal lymphatic activation molecule (SLAM, also known as CD150) as the cellular receptor of canine distemper virus (CDV) plays an important role in the virus-host interaction. However, it is still unknown whether amino acid differences in the SLAM variable (V) region affect the formation of syncytia. Here, using raccoon dog SLAM (rSLAM) and mink SLAM (mSLAM), we performed SLAM-V homologous modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and surface expression analysis, as well as a cell fusion assay, to study the interaction between SLAM and CDV. More specifically, our investigation focused on two amino acid residues (74 and 129) of SLAM, previously predicted to play a relevant role in receptor-ligand interaction. Our results indicated that only residues at position 60, 74, and 129 were different between rSLAM and mSLAM among the 29 amino acids that might interact with CDV H, and residues 74 and 129 were located in the interface region interacting with CDV H. The amino acid substitution at the positions of 74 have a significant effect on the expression of mSLAM. The SLAM-V74I mutation in mink significantly improved the cell fusion efficiency of CDV. In contrast, the SLAM-I74V mutation in the raccoon dog significantly decreased cell fusion efficiency. We conclude that residue 74 of SLAM plays an important role during the the formation of syncytia. Only when implementing CDV infection analysis, the rSLAM-Q129R can significantly decreased the mean number of syncytia, but the mSLAM-R129Q can't. Additionally, residue 60 show variability between rSLAM and mSLAM. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we provide molecular data, partially accounting for the differences in host membrane and virus interaction laying the foundation for further molecular work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China
| | - Chengyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China
| | - Mengjia Liu
- Dongying Customs District, People's Republic of China, Dongying, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus-based vaccine against canine distemper virus constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108920. [PMID: 33197867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the causative agent of canine distemper (CD), which is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting wild and domestic carnivores. Vaccination represents an effective approach to prevent CDV infection among domestic carnivores. Canarypox-vectored recombinant CD vaccines (such as Recombitek CDV, PureVax Ferret Distemper, and Merial) with the CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) genes can induce a potent immune response in dogs and ferrets. However, the vaccine's effectiveness varies with the species. In the current study, we developed a highly efficient recombinant canarypox virus termed as "ALVAC-CDV-M-F-H/C5-" that contained CDV virus-like particles (VLPs) by using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, which enabled concurrent expression of the matrix (M), H, and F genes. The recombinant strain provided faster seroconversion than the parent strain among minks as well as provided higher rates of antibody positivity than the parent strain among foxes and minks even before the administration of a second booster vaccination. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied for the rapid and efficient modification of the ALVAC-CDV-F-H genome and also that a high-dose new recombinant strain that produces CDV VLPs may present good outcomes in the prevention of CD among foxes and minks.
Collapse
|
33
|
Rodríguez-Cabo-Mercado R, Martínez-Hernández F, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, López-Díaz O, Muñoz-García CI, Aguilar-Setién A, Villalobos G, Villanueva-García C, Verdugo-Rodríguez A, Iturbe-Ramírez R, Rendón-Franco E. Canine distemper in neotropical procyonids: Molecular evidence, humoral immune response and epidemiology. Virus Res 2020; 290:198164. [PMID: 32949657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) can produce a fatal multisystem disease in carnivores and other mammals and is an important threat for wildlife conservation. However, integrative and comparative studies in wild carnivores are scarce and some areas of the world lack of genetic studies. We explore the dynamic of host-CDV in a procyonid community during an outbreak. This study reports for the first time an index case occurred in a common raccoon (Procyon lotor) and for which a complete CDV diagnosis was performed. The long-term epidemiological analysis in two sympatric populations of common raccoons and white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) was achieved through seroneutralization, RT-PCR and direct immunofluorescence assays. Additionally, hematologic analyses were performed and phylogenetic reconstruction of CDV was done using molecular data from this study. Overall prevalence for white-nosed coatis was 19.6 % and for common raccoons was 25.3 % by seroneutralization, and 13.3 % and 17.3 % by RT-PCR. Antibodies titer average for white-nosed coatis was 1:512 and 1:156 for common raccoons. Significant difference in prevalence between white-nosed coatis and common raccoons was detected during one season (summer 2013). White-nosed coatis showed differences in erythrocytes and monocytes counts between positives and negative animals. A 100 % similarity was found between CDV of white-nosed coati and CDV of common raccoon and is a new CDV sequence not previously described; this sequence is close to Asian and European lineage. An endemic state of distemper in both species was observed but showed different dynamics over time per host species. Differences in cellular and humoral responses were also detected between procyonids. The evidence found here may have serious implications for CDV understanding in wild carnivores, it reveals clear differences in the response over time to the same CDV strain, in two close related carnivore species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Rabia. Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Irais Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Aguilar-Setién
- Centro Médico Nacional siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Villanueva-García
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Cambio Global, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raymundo Iturbe-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Viral Pathogenesis, Recombinant Vaccines, and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Applications of the Canine Distemper Virus Reverse Genetics System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030339. [PMID: 32244946 PMCID: PMC7150803 DOI: 10.3390/v12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen transmissible to a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic carnivores. Despite the availability of attenuated vaccines against CDV, the virus remains responsible for outbreaks of canine distemper (CD) with significant morbidity and mortality in domesticated and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV uses the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, or CD150) and nectin-4 (PVRL4) as entry receptors, well-known tumor-associated markers for several lymphadenomas and adenocarcinomas, which are also responsible for the lysis of tumor cells and apparent tumor regression. Thus, CDV vaccine strains have emerged as a promising platform of oncolytic viruses for use in animal cancer therapy. Recent advances have revealed that use of the CDV reverse genetic system (RGS) has helped increase the understanding of viral pathogenesis and explore the development of recombinant CDV vaccines. In addition, genetic engineering of CDV based on RGS approaches also has the potential of enhancing oncolytic activity and selectively targeting tumors. Here, we reviewed the host tropism and pathogenesis of CDV, and current development of recombinant CDV-based vaccines as well as their use as oncolytic viruses against cancers.
Collapse
|
35
|
Badii A, Cyrine M, Amjed Ben H, Ahmad M, Ferid Z, Lotfi G. Sexual addiction, self-esteem and personality dimensions. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020; 4:006-012. [DOI: 10.29328/journal.jatr.1001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
36
|
Niedringhaus KD, Brown JD, Ternent MA, Cleveland CA, Yabsley MJ. A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears ( Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E75. [PMID: 31547006 PMCID: PMC6958396 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, particularly of wildlife, are intrinsically linked to human and domestic animal health. Reports of sarcoptic mange in black bears (Ursus americanus) are increasing in multiple states in the USA and while the reason is unknown, mange in other species has been associated with immunosuppression from multiple causes. Serum from bears across Pennsylvania were collected to determine the seroprevalence of five pathogens important for animal and/or human health: Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV), Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella sp. from bears with sarcoptic mange as well as bears that were clinically normal. Several of these pathogens, particularly canine distemper virus, are associated with immunosuppression and secondary infections in other hosts. In addition to describing the seroprevalence and relating these findings to data from other regions, statistics were performed to determine if antibodies to any of these pathogens were associated with mange in bears. The overall seroprevalence to these pathogens was as follows: CDV 7.1% (17/240), CPV 16% (15/94), CAV 6.9% (6/87), Toxoplasma gondii 64.9% (194/299), and Trichinella spiralis 3.2% (7/220). While there was no association between mange and antibodies to these pathogens, infection with one or more of these pathogens has implications for bears, other wildlife, domestic animal, and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Niedringhaus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Justin D Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Mark A Ternent
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA.
| | - Christopher A Cleveland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xue X, Zhu Y, Yan L, Wong G, Sun P, Zheng X, Xia X. Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against canine distemper virus infection in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:316. [PMID: 31477101 PMCID: PMC6720089 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper (CD) is an acute infectious disease with high morbidity rates caused by a highly contagious pathogen (Canine Morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus, CDV). CDV can infect a broad range of carnivores resulting in complex clinical signs. Currently, there is no effective method to treat for CDV infections. Favipiravir (T-705), a pyrazine derivative, was shown to be an effective antiviral drug against RNA viruses, acting on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). However, whether the T-705 has antiviral effects following CDV infection is unclear. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of T-705 against CDV-3 and CDV-11 strains in Vero and DH82 cell lines. Results Our data demonstrated that T-705 significantly inhibited the replication of CDV-3 and CDV-11 in both Vero and DH82 cells at different concentrations, ranging from 2.441 μg/ml to 1250 μg/ml. Additionally, T-705 exhibited efficacious antiviral effects when administered at different time points after virus infection. Cytotoxicity tests showed a slight decline in viability in Vero cells after T-705 treatment, and no apparent cytotoxicity was detected in T-705 treated DH82 cells. Comparison of anti-CDV polyclonal serum only inhibition of CDV in supernatant, T-705 directly inhibited viral replication in cells, and indirectly reduced the amount of virions in supernatant. The combination application of T-705 and anti-CDV polyclonal serum exhibited a rapid and robust inhibition against virions in supernatant and virus replication in cells. Conclusions Our data strongly indicated that T-705 effectively inhibited viral replication following CDV infection in vitro, and could be a potential candidate for treatment for CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Xue
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lina Yan
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Peilu Sun
- Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cai C, Wang X, Zhao Y, Yi C, Jin Z, Zhang A, Han L. Construction of a mavs-inactivated MDCK cell line for facilitating the propagation of canine distemper virus (CDV). Mol Immunol 2019; 114:133-138. [PMID: 31352229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic carnivores. Obtaining of a suitable cell line for canine distemper virus (CDV) propagation is very important for field CDV isolation and vaccine antigen preparation. However, the cell line currently developed cell lines for CDV propagation are a marmoset lymphoid cell line (B95a), which could cause the virus to potentially infect human cells, and canine SLAM-expressing Vero cells, which may cause the virus to lose virulence. Therefore, a canine cell line constructed for efficient CDV propagation would be attractive. In the present study, a Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial (MDCK) cell line with mavs (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) inactivation was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The interferon-I response induced by poly(I:C), an analogue of viral RNA, was significantly blocked in the constructed cell line, designated MDCK-KOmavs. Moreover, the propagation of a filed CDV strain was approximately 100 times higher in MDCK-KOmavs cells than in wild-type MDCK cells. Therefore, in the present study, a canine cell line facilitating CDV propagation was successfully constructed, and the results suggested that the constructed canine cell line was more efficient than the wild-type cell line for the isolation of field CDVs. In addition, the rapid propagation of CDVs to high titers in the constructed MDCK-KOmavs cell line indicated that this cell line could also be an alternative cell line for the preparation of vaccine antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chenyang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zehua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) may pose a serious threat to Alpine wild carnivores and affect their population dynamics. Since 2006, the strain Europe Wildlife 2006-09, a distinct CD virus subgroup within viral lineage Europe 1 (EU1) characterized by increased virulence and host range expansion, has been linked to multiple CD outbreaks in Alpine wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to fill knowledge gaps about ongoing Alpine outbreaks of CD. To do this, we report on the circulation of canine distemper virus (CDV) and outbreaks of CD in Alpine wild carnivores in northwest Italy. A specific diagnostic protocol applied to a sample of 548 wild carnivores collected between January 2013 and December 2015 revealed the circulation of CDV belonging to the EU1 lineage. All isolates were carriers of amino-acid mutations defining the cluster Europe Wildlife 2006-09. A self-maintained multihost pathogen system may have developed in northwest Italy in which interspecies transmission from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to other noncanid species enhanced pathogen maintenance in the system.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen C, Zhou M, Yan XG, Chen YX, Cui M, Chen HC, Fu ZF, Zhao L. A recombinant canine distemper virus expressing interleukin-7 enhances humoral immunity. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:602-615. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-geng Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi-xi Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Cui
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huan-chun Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhen-fang Fu
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Histopathological Characteristics and Expression of CDV-NP Antigen in the Brain of Serologically Positive Spontaneously Infected Red Foxes ( Vulpes Vulpes) In Western Serbia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2018-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a worldwide distributed RNA virus that can cause severe disease in carnivore and non-carnivore species. Red foxes are highly susceptible and may act as a reservoir of the virus. As in other wild species, distemper in red foxes can manifest as acute, systemic and chronic nervous form. In the present study, we detected antibodies against CDV among red foxes in Western Serbia, and analyzed histopathologically and immunohistochemically for CDV nuclear protein antigen (CDV-NP) brain samples derived from seropositive animals. Seroprevalence of CDV antibodies was 36.8%. Histopathological changes included gliosis, neuronal degeneration, satellitosis, mononuclear inflammation, demyelination and presence of inclusion bodies. Immunostaining showed a diffuse presence of CDV-NP antigen, mainly in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and neurons. Results of this work contribute to the opinion that red foxes act as a potential reservoir of CDV and underline the importance of routine vaccination of dogs that could come in close contact with these animals. Potential active surveillance program would give a better insight in the degree of CDV infection in wildlife.
Collapse
|
42
|
HONG YJ, KIM KS, MIN MS, LEE H. Population structure of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) using microsatellite loci analysis in South Korea: Implications for disease management. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1631-1638. [PMID: 30185723 PMCID: PMC6207519 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of infectious diseases transmitted by wildlife are gaining importance. To establish effective management strategies, it is essential to understand the population structure of animals. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in South Korea play a key role in the maintenance of food web stability and possess genetic compositions that are unique compared to those in other areas. However, wild raccoon dogs play another role as the main host of various infectious diseases. To establish long-term strategies for disease management, we investigated the genetic structure and possible geographic barriers that influence the raccoon dog population in South Korea by analyzing 16 microsatellite loci. The present study showed that mountains were the major factors responsible for genetic structuring, along with distance. We proposed potential management units (MUs) for raccoon dogs based on the genetic structuring and gene-flow barrier data obtained in this study. Four MUs were suggested for the Korean raccoon dog population (Northern, Central, Southwestern, and Southeastern). The Korean raccoon dog population structure determined in this study and the proposed MUs will be helpful to establish pragmatic strategies for managing Korean raccoon dog population and for preventing the transmission of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jee HONG
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife
(CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Seok KIM
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa
State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Mi-Sook MIN
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife
(CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hang LEE
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife
(CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) with concomitant canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus-2, and Neospora caninum in puppies: a retrospective immunohistochemical study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13477. [PMID: 30194440 PMCID: PMC6128882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective immunohistochemical study was designed to investigate the frequency of concomitant traditional infectious disease pathogens in puppies that died suddenly and review the aspects of associated pathogenesis. Fifteen puppies were evaluated; the pathology reports and histopathologic slides of these animals were reviewed to determine the pattern of histopathologic lesions. The intralesional identification of antigens of canine (distemper) morbillivirus (CDV), canine adenovirus-1 and -2 (CAdV-1 and -2), canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum was evaluated by IHC within the histopathologic patterns observed. All puppies contained CDV nucleic acid by molecular testing. The most frequent histopathologic patterns were intestinal crypt necrosis (n = 8), white matter cerebellar demyelination (n = 7), necrohaemorrhagic hepatitis (n = 7), interstitial pneumonia (n = 7), and gallbladder oedema (n = 5). All puppies contained intralesional antigens of CDV in multiple tissues resulting in singular (n = 3), and concomitant dual (n = 3), triple (n = 5) and quadruple (n = 4) infections by CAdV-1, and -2, CPV-2, and N. caninum; T. gondii was not identified. Concomitant infections by CDV was observed with N. caninum (100%; 1/1), CPV-2 (100%; 8/8), CAdV-1 (100%; 8/8), and CAdV-2 (100%; 8/8). Intralesional antigens of CDV and not CAdV-1 were identified in cases of gallbladder oedema. The “blue eye” phenomenon was histologically characterized by corneal oedema and degenerative lesions to the corneal epithelium, without inflammatory reactions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Akdesir E, Origgi FC, Wimmershoff J, Frey J, Frey CF, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Causes of mortality and morbidity in free-ranging mustelids in Switzerland: necropsy data from over 50 years of general health surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:195. [PMID: 29921290 PMCID: PMC6009050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mustelids occur worldwide and include a wide range of species, little is known about the diseases affecting them. Mustelids have regularly been submitted for post mortem investigation in the framework of the program for general wildlife health surveillance in Switzerland, which has been in place for nearly 60 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of the necropsy reports on mustelids submitted to the diagnostic service of the University of Bern. The aims of this study were to present an overview of the causes of mortality and morbidity observed in these carnivores, to assess differences among species, to assess changes in disease detection over the study period, and to describe the pathology of selected diseases. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-six reports from 1958 to 2015 were analyzed. Most animals were stone martens (Martes foina, 46%) and badgers (Meles meles, 44%); the remaining species were polecats (Mustela putorius, 4.7%), pine martens (Martes martes, 2%), stoats (Mustela erminea, 1.4%), weasels (Mustela nivalis, 0.8%) and otters (Lutra lutra, 0.3%). Infectious diseases (n = 262) were frequent and were mostly bacterial or viral; non-infectious conditions (n = 169) were less common and were mostly traumatic or due to metabolic disorders. The most frequent diagnoses included distemper (75% were badgers), amyloidosis (96% were martens), bacterial respiratory infections (all mustelids), biting lice (badgers only) and pulmonary and gastro-intestinal helminths (all species). Less frequent diseases included histoplasmosis (badgers only), aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis, hepatozoonosis, and sarcoptic mange. Lesions due to infection with distemper virus were primarily appreciated in the respiratory tract and central nervous system; they presented species-specific characteristics such as necrosis in the ependyma in badgers and absence of syncytia in stone martens. Amyloidosis in martens was multisystemic in most cases and included both AA and AL amyloidosis; the main macroscopic change was severe splenomegaly. CONCLUSION Infectious diseases were the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality of mustelids, with marked species-specific differences. Lung and skin were the most commonly affected organs. Contagious diseases such as canine distemper, sarcoptic mange and rabies in mustelids showed a similar temporal pattern as in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), suggesting pathogen spillovers from foxes to mustelids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Akdesir
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F C Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Wimmershoff
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M-P Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lunardi M, Darold GM, Amude AM, Headley SA, Sonne L, Yamauchi KCI, Boabaid FM, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Canine distemper virus active infection in order Pilosa, family Myrmecophagidae, species Tamandua tetradactyla. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:7-11. [PMID: 29885804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious disease pathogen which causes disease in the domestic dog and species classified in the Canidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae, Hyaenidae, Ursidae, Viveridae, Felidae, Tayassuidae, and Cercopithecidae families. A combined strategy that involved the direct sequencing of amplicons from genes coding for nucleocapsid, large polymerase, and hemagglutinin proteins of CDV, as well as the pathological findings and the immunohistochemical detection of viral nucleocapsid protein in diverse tissues, confirmed the participation of CDV in the development of a neurological disease in a southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) from Midwestern Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis based on the hemagglutinin gene sequences revealed that the strain from this study grouped with isolates from the Europe 1/South America 1 lineage. The specific polymorphisms at the SLAM receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin gene, previously linked to disease emergence in novel hosts, were not detected in this genome. These findings represent the first description of CDV-induced infection in the Tamandua tetradactyla and extend the distribution of this infection to include members of the family Myrmecophagidae, order Pilosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lunardi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Universidade de Cuiabá, 3100 Ave Beira Rio, 78065-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Molinari Darold
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Universidade de Cuiabá, 3100 Ave Beira Rio, 78065-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Mendes Amude
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidade de Cuiabá, 3100 Ave Beira Rio, 78065-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR 445 Km 380, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 9090 Ave Bento Gonçalves, 90650-001, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Cristiane Ito Yamauchi
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidade de Cuiabá, 3100 Ave Beira Rio, 78065-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Marques Boabaid
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade de Cuiabá, 3100 Ave Beira Rio, 78065-900, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR 445 Km 380, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR 445 Km 380, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Manzoli DE, Saravia-Pietropaolo MJ, Antoniazzi LR, Barengo E, Arce SI, Quiroga MA, Beldomenico PM. Contrasting consequences of different defence strategies in a natural multihost-parasite system. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:445-455. [PMID: 29391194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hosts counteract infections using two distinct defence strategies, resistance (reduction in pathogen fitness) and tolerance (limitation of infection damage). These strategies have been minimally investigated in multi-host systems, where they may vary across host species, entailing consequences both for hosts (virulence) and parasites (transmission). Comprehending the interplay among resistance, tolerance, virulence and parasite success is highly relevant for our understanding of the ecology and evolution of infectious and parasitic diseases. Our work investigated the interaction between an insect parasite and its most common bird host species, focusing on two relevant questions: (i) are defence strategies different between main and alternative hosts and, (ii) what are the consequences (virulence and parasite success) of different defence strategies? We conducted a matched field experiment and longitudinal studies at the host and the parasite levels under natural conditions, using a system comprising Philornis torquans flies and three bird hosts - the main host and two of the most frequently used alternative hosts. We found that main and alternative hosts have contrasting defence strategies, which gave rise in turn to contrasting virulence and parasite success. In the main bird host, minor loss of fitness, no detectable immune response, and high parasite success suggest a strategy of high tolerance and negligible resistance. Alternative hosts, on the contrary, resisted by mounting inflammatory responses, although with very different efficiency, which resulted in highly dissimilar parasite success and virulence. These results show clearly distinct defence strategies between main and alternative hosts in a natural multi-host system. They also highlight the importance of defence strategies in determining virulence and infection dynamics, and hint that defence efficiency is a crucial intervening element in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darío E Manzoli
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - María J Saravia-Pietropaolo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Leandro R Antoniazzi
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Emilce Barengo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sofía I Arce
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martín A Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo M Beldomenico
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Campbell GD, Ojkic D, Jardine CM. Comparison of reverse-transcription real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry for the detection of canine distemper virus infection in raccoons in Ontario, Canada. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:319-323. [PMID: 29284384 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717751825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a widespread morbillivirus that causes subclinical to fatal infections in domestic and wild carnivores. Raccoons ( Procyon lotor) are CDV reservoirs and suffer from associated disease. Aspects of pathogenesis may lead to difficulty in the interpretation of commonly used testing modalities, such as reverse-transcription real-time (RT-rt)PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The reliance upon such tests is greater for wildlife, which are often submitted as carcasses with no clinical history. We compared CDV RT-rtPCR results to immunohistochemistry (the gold standard) in tissues from 74 raccoons. These tests had high kappa agreement (lymph node: 0.9335; lung: 0.8671) and a negative correlation between IHC score and threshold cycle (Ct) value for lymph node and lung (Spearman rank correlation coefficient [ rs] = -0.8555 and -0.8179, respectively; p < 0.00001). An RT-rtPCR Ct value of 30 in lung and lymph node with sensitivity and specificity of 92.3 and 92.6% and 86.8 and 96.4%, respectively, was suitable for determining CDV involvement. Conjunctival swabs provide an alternative for distemper diagnosis, as there was a strong correlation between Ct values of conjunctival swabs and tissues ( rs = -0.8498, p < 0.00001, n = 46). This information will aid in more efficient and accurate diagnoses in individuals, small-scale outbreaks, and epidemiologic investigations in wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Nemeth
- Department of Pathobiology (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,the Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul T Oesterle
- Department of Pathobiology (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,the Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Douglas Campbell
- Department of Pathobiology (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,the Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Department of Pathobiology (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,the Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Nemeth, Oesterle, Campbell, Jardine), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,the Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baron MD, Diop B, Njeumi F, Willett BJ, Bailey D. Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2635-2644. [PMID: 29022862 PMCID: PMC5845661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bouna Diop
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
de Vries RD, Ludlow M, de Jong A, Rennick LJ, Verburgh RJ, van Amerongen G, van Riel D, van Run PRWA, Herfst S, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL, Duprex WP. Delineating morbillivirus entry, dissemination and airborne transmission by studying in vivo competition of multicolor canine distemper viruses in ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006371. [PMID: 28481926 PMCID: PMC5436898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cellular receptors and characterization of viral tropism in animal models have vastly improved our understanding of morbillivirus pathogenesis. However, specific aspects of viral entry, dissemination and transmission remain difficult to recapitulate in animal models. Here, we used three virologically identical but phenotypically distinct recombinant (r) canine distemper viruses (CDV) expressing different fluorescent reporter proteins for in vivo competition and airborne transmission studies in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Six donor ferrets simultaneously received three rCDVs expressing green, red or blue fluorescent proteins via conjunctival (ocular, Oc), intra-nasal (IN) or intra-tracheal (IT) inoculation. Two days post-inoculation sentinel ferrets were placed in physically separated adjacent cages to assess airborne transmission. All donor ferrets developed lymphopenia, fever and lethargy, showed progressively increasing systemic viral loads and were euthanized 14 to 16 days post-inoculation. Systemic replication of virus inoculated via the Oc, IN and IT routes was detected in 2/6, 5/6 and 6/6 ferrets, respectively. In five donor ferrets the IT delivered virus dominated, although replication of two or three different viruses was detected in 5/6 animals. Single lymphocytes expressing multiple fluorescent proteins were abundant in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, demonstrating the occurrence of double and triple virus infections. Transmission occurred efficiently and all recipient ferrets showed evidence of infection between 18 and 22 days post-inoculation of the donor ferrets. In all cases, airborne transmission resulted in replication of a single-colored virus, which was the dominant virus in the donor ferret. This study demonstrates that morbilliviruses can use multiple entry routes in parallel, and co-infection of cells during viral dissemination in the host is common. Airborne transmission was efficient, although transmission of viruses expressing a single color suggested a bottleneck event. The identity of the transmitted virus was not determined by the site of inoculation but by the viral dominance during dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - R. Joyce Verburgh
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R. W. A. van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Morbillivirus Experimental Animal Models: Measles Virus Pathogenesis Insights from Canine Distemper Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100274. [PMID: 27727184 PMCID: PMC5086610 DOI: 10.3390/v8100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. Thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. Since the Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. This review compares the cellular tropism, pathogenesis, mechanisms of persistence and immunosuppression of the Measles virus (MeV) and CDV. It then summarizes the contributions made by studies on the CDV in dogs and ferrets to our understanding of MeV pathogenesis and to vaccine and drugs development.
Collapse
|