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Adise S, Ottino-Gonzalez J, Rezvan PH, Kan E, Rhee KE, Goran MI, Sowell ER. Smaller subcortical volume relates to greater weight gain in girls with initially healthy weight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1389-1400. [PMID: 38710591 PMCID: PMC11211063 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among 3614 youth who were 9 to 12 years old and initially did not have overweight or obesity (12% [n = 385] developed overweight or obesity), we examined the natural progression of weight gain and brain structure development during a 2-year period with a high risk for obesity (e.g., pre- and early adolescence) to determine the following: 1) whether variation in maturational trajectories of the brain regions contributes to weight gain; and/or 2) whether weight gain contributes to altered brain development. METHODS Data were gathered from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Linear mixed-effects regression models controlled for puberty, caregiver education, handedness, and intracranial volume (random effects: magnetic resonance scanner [MRI] scanner and participant). Because pubertal development occurs earlier in girls, analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS For girls, but not boys, independent of puberty, greater increases in BMI were driven by smaller volumes over time in the bilateral accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus, right caudate and ventral diencephalon, and left pallidum (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a potential phenotype for identifying obesity risk because underlying differences among regions involved in food intake were related to greater weight gain in girls, but not in boys. Importantly, 2 years of weight gain may not be sufficient to alter brain development, highlighting early puberty as a critical time to prevent negative neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Adise
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonatan Ottino-Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Panteha Hayati Rezvan
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Kan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Research Administration, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kyung E. Rhee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael I Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Schiestl ET, Gearhardt AN, Wolfson J. The qualitative evaluation of food addiction across the lifespan. Appetite 2024; 194:107170. [PMID: 38147964 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Although it remains controversial, food addiction (FA) research has expanded substantially and empirical evidence for FA is growing. While quantitative studies have explored the prevalence and correlates of FA during childhood and adolescence, little is known about the perceived lived experience of FA across the lifespan, nor how experiences and perceptions of FA may change over time. For this study, 16 participants who met symptom threshold criteria for FA on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 completed in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews focused on their perceptions of the development of FA overtime, and perceived risk and protective factors. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes about the lived experience of FA in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Overall, highly palatable foods were viewed as the most problematic, while minimally processed foods were less associated with impairment and distress. Themes in childhood included a strong desire for highly processed foods and the perception that parental control over food choices could be either protective or risky for the later development of FA depending on which foods were available at home. In adolescence and young adulthood, increasing autonomy over food choices and the high availability of highly processed foods in the college environment were viewed as risk factors. Additionally, weight gain was a prominent theme. Finally, adulthood was characterized by more severe manifestations of FA, and the stress of adult responsibilities (e.g., work, parenting) contributed to this perception. This research sets the stage for future quantitative studies to explore these novel findings at the population level.
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Pak K, Nummenmaa L. Brain dopamine receptor system is not altered in obesity: Bayesian and frequentist meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6552-6560. [PMID: 37950852 PMCID: PMC10681634 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding induces dopamine release in the striatum, and a dysfunction of the dopaminergic reward system can lead to overeating, and obesity. Studies have reported inconsistent findings of dopamine receptor (DR) positron emission tomography scans in obesity. Here we investigated the association between DR availability and overweight/obesity using Bayesian and frequentist meta-analysis. We performed a systematic search of Embase, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science for studies that compared striatal DR availability between lean subjects and overweight/obese subjects. The standardized mean difference (Hedge's g) of DR availability was calculated after extraction of data from each study. Studies were divided into two groups according to the definition of overweight/obese subjects (body mass index [BMI] cutoff of 25 and 30 kg/m2 ). Both Bayesian and frequentist meta-analysis was done in R Statistical Software version 4.2.2 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Nine studies were eligible for inclusion in this study. Three studies with C11-raclopride, one with C11-PNHO, two with F18-fallypride, one with I123-IBZM, one with C11-NMB and one with both C11-raclopride and C11-PNHO were included. In Bayesian meta-analysis, the standardized mean difference of DR availability between lean and overweight/obese subjects markedly overlapped with zero regardless of BMI cutoff for obesity. In frequentist meta-analysis, the pooled standardized mean difference of DR availability did not show the significant difference between lean and overweight/obese subjects. There was an effect of the radiopharmaceutical on the standardized mean difference of DR availability in meta-analysis of BMI cutoff of 25 kg/m2 . In conclusion, brain DR availability is not different between lean and overweight/obese subjects. However, the effect is dependent on the radiopharmaceutical and the degree of obesity. Further studies with multi-radiopharmaceutical in the same individuals are needed to understand the association between DR and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research InstitutePusan National University HospitalBusanRepublic of Korea
- School of MedicinePusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku PET CentreTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Hendriks-Hartensveld AEM, Nederkoorn C, van den Brand AJP, Havermans RC. Child-reported vegetable neophobia is associated with risk avoidance for distaste in children aged 4-15 years. Appetite 2023; 189:106993. [PMID: 37573971 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Children who are food neophobic and/or picky eaters often refuse intake of especially fruits and vegetables, thereby narrowing their dietary variety and impairing the quality of their food intake. In this preregistered study, we investigated whether picky eating and food neophobia are related to bitter taste sensitivity (PROP taster status) and risk avoidance for distaste. A total of 367 children (201 girls; M age = 8.7 years, range: 4-15 years) participated in the study. They completed the vegetable neophobia subscale of the fruit and vegetable neophobia instrument (FVNI). A caregiver completed the child food rejection scale (CFRS), a parent-report measure of food neophobia and picky eating. Children's bitter taste sensitivity was measured with a PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) taste strip, and the children completed a modified Children's Gambling Task (Candy Gambling Game) to measure risk avoidance for distaste. In this task, children could select cards from a risky deck (chance of winning two tasty cherry-flavoured jelly beans, but also the risk of getting a distasteful soap-flavoured jelly bean) or a safe deck (chance of winning one tasty jelly bean or no jelly bean). The results show that picky eating and food neophobia (either parent- or self-reported) are not related to PROP taster status. However, children who self-reported higher levels of vegetable neophobia showed less risky choice behaviour in the Candy Gambling Game, although this relationship was not found with parent-reported food neophobia. We conclude that risk avoidance for distaste, but not taste function, is associated with children's self-reported food rejection tendencies. To broaden the food repertoire of children high in food neophobia, it might be useful to reduce the perceived risk of distaste, when introducing a novel food or meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E M Hendriks-Hartensveld
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, the Netherlands.
| | - Chantal Nederkoorn
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk J P van den Brand
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Remco C Havermans
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, the Netherlands; Chair Youth, Food, and Health, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, the Netherlands
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Ely AV, Wetherill RR. Reward and inhibition in obesity and cigarette smoking: Neurobiological overlaps and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114049. [PMID: 36470508 PMCID: PMC10694810 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and obesity are the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality and increase the risk of all-cause mortality four-fold when comorbid. Individuals with these conditions demonstrate neurobiological and behavioral differences regarding how they respond to rewarding stimuli or engage in inhibitory control. This narrative review examines the role of reward and inhibition in cigarette smoking and obesity independently, as well as recent research demonstrating an effect of increased body mass index (BMI) on neurocognitive function in individuals who smoke. It is possible that chronic smoking and overeating of highly palatable food, contributing to obesity, dysregulates reward neurocircuitry, subsequently leading to hypofunction of brain networks associated with inhibitory control. These brain changes do not appear to be specific to food or nicotine and, as a result, can potentiate continued cross-use. Changes to reward and inhibitory function due to increased BMI may also make cessation more difficult for those comorbid for obesity and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Ely
- Cooper University Health Care, Center for Healing, Division of Addiction Medicine, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pak K, Seok JW, Lee MJ, Kim K, Kim IJ. Dopamine receptor and dopamine transporter in obesity: A meta-analysis. Synapse 2023; 77:e22254. [PMID: 36099576 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain plays a major role in controlling the desire to eat. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between dopamine receptor (DR) availability and dopamine transporter (DAT) availability, measured using positron emission tomography, and obesity. We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE (from inception to November 2020) and EMBASE (from inception to November 2020) for articles published in English using the keywords "dopamine receptor," "dopamine transporter," "obesity," and "neuroimaging." Body mass index (BMI) and the corresponding binding potential (BPND ) were extracted from figures in each study using Engauge Digitizer, version 12.1, and plotted for radiopharmaceuticals and regions of interest (ROIs). Five studies involving 119 subjects with DR and five studies including 421 subjects with DAT were eligible for inclusion in this study. In overweight or obese subjects with BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher, DR availability from 11 C-Racloprie was negatively associated with BMI. However, DR availability from 11 C-PHNO was positively associated with BMI. DAT ratio was calculated after dividing DAT availabilities of overweight/obese BMI with mean DAT availabilities of normal BMI. The association between DAT ratio and BMI was not significant regardless of radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, dopamine plays a main role in the reward system with regard to obesity. Overweight and obese subjects had negative association between DR availability from 11 C-Raclopride and BMI. However, the association of DR availability with BMI was dependent on radiopharmaceuticals. DAT availability did not show the significant relationship with BMI regardless of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Won Seok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Burnett AJ, Jansen E, Appleton J, Rossiter C, Fowler C, Denney-Wilson E, Russell CG. Bidirectional associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz: a longitudinal cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:153. [PMID: 36517797 PMCID: PMC9753278 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the pathways linking parent feeding practices with appetitive traits and BMIz throughout infancy. This study examined bidirectional associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits, and infant BMIz. METHODS Parents (n = 380) of infants aged less than 6 months at baseline reported their feeding practices (using the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) for infants and toddlers), infant appetitive traits (using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and infant BMIz (parent-reported) at three timepoints (< 6 months, ~ 9 months, ~ 12 months) up to 12 months of age. Cross-lagged models examined bidirectional associations between parent feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz. RESULTS There was strong continuity across the three timepoints for maternal feeding practices, infant appetitive traits, and infant BMIz. Infant food avoidance was prospectively associated with higher parental persuasive feeding. Infant BMIz was prospectively associated with higher parent-led feeding. Parent use of food to calm was prospectively associated with lower infant BMIz, and infant BMIz was prospectively associated with higher infant food approach. Feeding on demand was prospectively associated with lower infant food approach. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz. The study demonstrated that both child and parent effects are important, suggesting a need for tailored programs beginning in infancy to promote and support infant appetitive traits and parent feeding practices that support healthy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Burnett
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079 Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Vic Australia
| | - Elena Jansen
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jessica Appleton
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,Tresillian Family Care Centres, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Rossiter
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Cathrine Fowler
- Tresillian Family Care Centres, NSW, Australia ,grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Elizabeth Denney-Wilson
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.410692.80000 0001 2105 7653Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Catherine G Russell
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079 Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Vic Australia
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Jonker NC, Timmerman ME, de Jong PJ. The reward and punishment responsivity and motivation questionnaire (RPRM-Q): A stimulus-independent self-report measure of reward and punishment sensitivity that differentiates between responsivity and motivation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:929255. [PMID: 36033026 PMCID: PMC9404870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.929255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward and punishment sensitivity seem important traits in understanding behavior in general and psychopathology in particular. Though the definitions used for reward and punishment sensitivity differentiate between responsivity and motivation, the measures thus far used to assess these constructs do not. Further, specificity of the type of reward (e.g., drugs) and punishment (e.g., spiders) in questionnaires might result in measurement bias especially when examining the relationship with psychopathology. Therefore, we developed a stimulus-independent multidimensional questionnaire of reward and punishment sensitivity that differentiates between responsivity and motivation. This study addresses the psychometric qualities of this newly developed reward and punishment responsivity and motivation questionnaire (RPRM-Q). On the basis of exploratory ordinal factor analysis (N = 273) that was used to examine the quality of the initial pool of 39 items, the number of items was reduced to 18. Confirmatory ordinal factor analysis on the remaining items in an independent sample (N = 328) supported a 18-item four-factor model, and showed acceptable to good internal reliability. The relationship between the subscales of the RPRM-Q and often used questionnaires was examined in the combined sample (N = 601), which showed some first support for the ability of the new questionnaire to differentiate between responsivity and motivation to approach/avoid. The findings indicate that the RPRM-Q might be a helpful instrument to further test the relevance of punishment and reward sensitivity in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke C. Jonker
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Nienke C. Jonker,
| | - Marieke E. Timmerman
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Gupta A, Bowirrat A, Gomez LL, Baron D, Elman I, Giordano J, Jalali R, Badgaiyan RD, Modestino EJ, Gold MS, Braverman ER, Bajaj A, Blum K. Hypothesizing in the Face of the Opioid Crisis Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Testing with Electrotherapeutic Nonopioid Modalities Such as H-Wave Could Attenuate Both Pain and Hedonic Addictive Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:552. [PMID: 35010811 PMCID: PMC8744782 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, amid the opioid overdose epidemic, nonaddicting/nonpharmacological proven strategies are available to treat pain and manage chronic pain effectively without opioids. Evidence supporting the long-term use of opioids for pain is lacking, as is the will to alter the drug-embracing culture in American chronic pain management. Some pain clinicians seem to prefer classical analgesic agents that promote unwanted tolerance to analgesics and subsequent biological induction of the "addictive brain". Reward genes play a vital part in modulation of nociception and adaptations in the dopaminergic circuitry. They may affect various sensory and affective components of the chronic pain syndromes. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test coupled with the H-Wave at entry in pain clinics could attenuate pain and help prevent addiction. The GARS test results identify high-risk for both drug and alcohol, and H-Wave can be initiated to treat pain instead of opioids. The utilization of H-Wave to aid in pain reduction and mitigation of hedonic addictive behaviors is recommended, notwithstanding required randomized control studies. This frontline approach would reduce the possibility of long-term neurobiological deficits and fatalities associated with potent opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Luis Llanos Gomez
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (R.J.); (E.R.B.)
| | - David Baron
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Giordano
- South Beach Detox & Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, FL 33169, USA;
| | - Rehan Jalali
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (R.J.); (E.R.B.)
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | | | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (R.J.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Anish Bajaj
- Bajaj Chiropractic, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (R.J.); (E.R.B.)
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
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Subtyping youngsters with obesity: A theory-based cluster analysis. Appetite 2022; 168:105723. [PMID: 34606939 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychological mechanisms play a crucial role in explaining weight gain. Aim of the present study was to identify subtypes in youngsters with obesity in line with these mechanisms. Defining homogeneous clusters within this heterogeneous group provides relevant information for personalized treatments. Data were collected in N = 572 participants (51% boys, aged 7-19) with extreme obesity (%BMI M = 187.8; SD = 30.9) recruited in an inpatient treatment centre. Based on psychological models of overweight/obesity, the Affect Regulation Model, the Reward Deficiency Model and The Dual Pathway Model, cluster variables were selected assessing emotional eating, reward reactivity and regulative capacities. Youngsters reported on emotional eating (DEBQ Emotional Eating) and reward sensitivity (BAS), while parents reported on children's regulative Executive Functions (BRIEF). Characteristics of the different clusters were examined concerning weight variables (pre and post treatment) and variables indexing problematic eating (DEBQ External Eating, Ch-EDE), affect regulation (FEEL-KJ) and depressive symptoms (CDI). Hierarchical cluster analyses supported the presence of three clusters, further evaluated by K-means cluster analyses. The cluster solutions differed according to age and sex (boys 7-13, boys 14-19, girls 7-13, girls 14-19). In all four age and gender subsamples, an "Emotional Eating" cluster displaying a vulnerable profile (high depression, maladaptive emotion regulation, problematic eating) and a "Reward Deficiency" cluster displaying a more resilient profile were detected. In girls 7-13, a "Weak Executive Functioning" indicative of insufficient self-regulative capacities, showed moderate to high emotional problems and problematic eating. In the other subgroups, the "Mean Level Functioning" cluster also showed elevated emotional problems and problematic eating. Given that different clusters can be identified, and given that these clusters have different profiles on emotional problems and problematic eating, subtyping youngsters with severe obesity is indicated, setting the stage for personalized treatments.
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Xu M, Wang J, Jin Z, Xia L, Lian Q, Huyang S, Wu D. The Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scales: Measurement Invariance Across Gender in Chinese University Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:681753. [PMID: 34970177 PMCID: PMC8712760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To identify the optimal factor structure of the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system (BIS/BAS) scales and to examine measurement invariance (MI) of the scales across gender among a sample of Chinese undergraduate students. Methods: Convenience sampling was employed to recruit 1,085 subjects. Participants completed the Chinese version of the BIS/BAS scales. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of competing models was conducted to determine the optimal factor model, followed by a test of MI across gender based on the optimal model. Results: A single-group CFA indicated that the modified four-factor structure fits best in the total sample. Multiple-group CFAs demonstrated that configural invariance, weak invariance, strong invariance, and strict invariance models of the four-factor structure of the BIS/BAS scales were all acceptable. Conclusion: The four-factor structure of the Chinese version of the BIS/BAS scales possesses MI across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhishuai Jin
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaoping Lian
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sizhu Huyang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daxing Wu
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
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Warkentin S, Fildes A, Oliveira A. Appetitive behaviors and body composition in school-age years: Bi-directional analyses in a population-based birth cohort. Appetite 2021; 168:105770. [PMID: 34687825 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have consistently associated appetitive behaviors with child body mass index. However, few prospective studies have investigated the association between appetite and other measures of body composition and its directionality. We aimed to investigate the bi-directional relationship between appetitive behaviors and body composition in school-aged children. Data from 3668 children of the Generation XXI birth cohort were analyzed. Appetitive behaviors were assessed at 7 and 10 years through the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Higher fat mass and fat-free mass were measured through tetrapolar bioelectric impedance and waist-to-weight and waist-to-height ratios were calculated. Fat and fat-free mass indexes, waist-to-weight and waist-to-height age- and sex-specific z-scores were then calculated. Cross-lagged analyses were performed (body composition at 7 to appetitive behaviors at 10 and the reverse) to measure the magnitude and direction of associations. Fat mass and waist-to-height ratio at 7y predicted greater food approach behaviors at 10y (Enjoyment of Food, Food Responsiveness, Desire to Drink and Emotional Overeating), but not waist-to-weight, which seems to be consequence of child's avid appetite (e.g. Enjoyment of Food at 7y: βstandardized = 0.085, 95%CI = 0.041; 0.128, p < 0.001). Child scores on food avoidant behaviors, such as Satiety Responsiveness (βstandardized = -0.073, 95%CI = -0.110;-0.034, p < 0.001) and Slowness in Eating (βstandardized = -0.080, 95% CI = -0.120;-0.041, p < 0.001) at 7y predicted lower fat-free mass at 10. Appetitive behaviors may not solely predict weight status, but the path of association between body composition and later appetitive behavior may also be true, especially for food approaching behaviors and adipose tissue. Interventions aiming to prevent excess weight should focus on appetitive behaviors. Moreover, in children with higher adiposity, other pathways also seem to regulate appetite and need to be considered in interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Warkentin
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alison Fildes
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Ronan L, Alexander-Bloch A, Fletcher PC. Childhood Obesity, Cortical Structure, and Executive Function in Healthy Children. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2519-2528. [PMID: 31646343 PMCID: PMC7175011 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of executive function is linked to maturation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in childhood. Childhood obesity has been associated with changes in brain structure, particularly in PFC, as well as deficits in executive functions. We aimed to determine whether differences in cortical structure mediate the relationship between executive function and childhood obesity. We analyzed MR-derived measures of cortical thickness for 2700 children between the ages of 9 and 11 years, recruited as part of the NIH Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We related our findings to measures of executive function and body mass index (BMI). In our analysis, increased BMI was associated with significantly reduced mean cortical thickness, as well as specific bilateral reduced cortical thickness in prefrontal cortical regions. This relationship remained after accounting for age, sex, race, parental education, household income, birth-weight, and in-scanner motion. Increased BMI was also associated with lower executive function. Reduced thickness in the rostral medial and superior frontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex partially accounted for reductions in executive function. These results suggest that childhood obesity is associated with compromised executive function. This relationship may be partly explained by BMI-associated reduced cortical thickness in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8HA UK
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8HA UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK.,The Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories (IMS-MRL), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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14
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Moderating Effects of Parental Feeding Practices and Emotional Eating on Dietary Intake among Overweight African American Adolescents. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061920. [PMID: 34204927 PMCID: PMC8229013 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of parental feeding practices and adolescent emotional eating (EE) on dietary outcomes among overweight African American adolescents. Based on Family Systems Theory, it was hypothesized that parental feeding practices, such as parental monitoring and responsibility, would buffer the effects of EE on poor dietary quality, whereas practices such as concern about a child’s weight, restriction, and pressure-to-eat would exacerbate this relationship. Adolescents (N = 127; Mage = 12.83 ± 1.74; MBMI% = 96.61 ± 4.14) provided baseline data from the Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss trial and an ancillary study. Dietary outcomes (fruit and vegetables (F&Vs), energy intake, sweetened beverage, total fat, and saturated fat) were assessed using random 24-h dietary recalls. Validated surveys were used to assess adolescent-reported EE and parental feeding practices. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between EE and parental monitoring (adjusted analyses; B = 0.524, SE = 0.176, p = 0.004), restriction (B = −0.331, SE = 0.162, p = 0.043), and concern (B = −0.602, SE = 0.171, p = 0.001) on F&V intake; under high monitoring, low restriction, and low concern, EE was positively associated with F&V intake. There were no significant effects for the other dietary outcomes. These findings indicate that parental feeding practices and EE may be important factors to consider for dietary interventions, specifically for F&V intake, among overweight African American adolescents.
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15
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Jonker NC, Bennik EC, de Jong PJ. Why Dieters Succeed or Fail: The Relationship Between Reward and Punishment Sensitivity and Restrained Eating and Dieting Success. Front Psychol 2021; 12:636432. [PMID: 34054646 PMCID: PMC8155680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study set out to improve our understanding of the characteristics of individuals who are motivated to restrict their food intake yet who nevertheless fail to do so. We examined whether punishment sensitivity (PS) was related to restrained eating, and reward sensitivity (RS) to perceived dieting success. Additionally, it was examined whether executive control (EC) moderates the association between RS and perceived dieting success. METHODS Female student participants (N = 290, aged 17-29, BMI between 18.5 and 38.0) completed questionnaires on restrained eating, perceived dieting success, RS and PS, and carried out a behavioral task to index EC. RESULTS PS was indeed positively related to restrained eating. RS was positively related to perceived dieting success, yet, EC did not moderate this association. CONCLUSION The current study adds to the evidence that PS is related to individuals' motivation to restrict their food intake. Furthermore, it shows support for the suggestion that RS may facilitate food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke C. Jonker
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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16
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Gardiner CK, Bryan AD. Randomized controlled trials of self-monitoring interventions with or without incentives for diet and exercise among individuals with overweight or obesity: Psychological and behavioural effects. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 26:1114-1134. [PMID: 33835597 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the effects of three behavioural interventions (daily monetary incentives + self-monitoring, delayed lump sum monetary incentives + self-monitoring, and self-monitoring only) on psychological constructs and fruit and vegetable consumption or physical activity behaviour change among a sample of adults with overweight or obesity. DESIGN A pair of 3-arm longitudinal randomized controlled trials compared daily monetary incentives + self-monitoring, delayed lump sum monetary incentives + self-monitoring, and self-monitoring only interventions for either fruit and vegetable consumption or physical activity. METHODS Individuals reporting elevated weight status and insufficient engagement in one of the target behaviours were randomly assigned to one of three 3-week interventions. All three interventions involved daily self-monitoring of the behaviour, and two provided monetary incentives contingent upon reported behaviour. Participants completed measures of psychological constructs and reported behaviour at baseline, the end of the intervention, and two and four weeks post-intervention. RESULTS Participants across all three intervention conditions demonstrated increased engagement in the target behaviour from pre- to post-intervention and reported behaviour remained above baseline levels at both follow-up time points. Increases in reported behaviour during the intervention were associated with increases in self-efficacy, and this enhanced self-efficacy prospectively predicted sustained reported behaviour at follow-up. However, contrary to hypotheses, the incentive interventions including self-monitoring were not more efficacious than self-monitoring alone, and increased reported behaviour was not associated with enhancements in attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Self-monitoring interventions can aid behaviour change efforts, and behavioural practice during these interventions can increase self-efficacy. However, among adults with overweight or obesity who are seeking behaviour change interventions, incentive-based self-monitoring approaches may not be superior to self-monitoring alone in driving behaviour change and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K Gardiner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
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17
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The role of reward sensitivity in obesity and its association with Transcription Factor AP-2B: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135158. [PMID: 32544596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One factor potentially contributing to obesity is reward sensitivity. We investigated the association between reward sensitivity and measures of obesity from 9-33 years of age, paying attention to the inner structure of reward sensitivity. METHODS The sample included both birth cohorts (originally n = 1176) of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study. The association between reward sensitivity and measures of obesity was assessed using mixed-effects regression models. Associations at ages 9 (younger cohort only), 15, 18, 25 and 33 (older cohort) years were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The indirect effect of the gene encoding transcription factor 2 beta (TFAP2B) on obesity through reward sensitivity was tested using mediation analysis. RESULTS According to linear mixed effects regression models, an increase in scores of Insatiability by Reward and both of its components, Excessive Spending and Giving in to Cravings, significantly increased body weight, body mass index, sum of five skinfolds, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio from 15 to 25 years of age. Findings were similar at age 9 and 33 years. In contrast, no association between obesity and Openness to Rewards or its facets was observed. The TFAP2B genotype was also associated with fixation to rewards in females, but not with striving towards reward multiplicity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that reward sensitivity is associated with obesity by its reward fixation component. The heterogeneity of the reward sensitivity construct should be taken into account in studies on body composition.
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18
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Vervoort L, Naets T, De Guchtenaere A, Tanghe A, Braet C. Using confidence interval-based estimation of relevance to explore bottom-up and top-down determinants of problematic eating behavior in children and adolescents with obesity from a dual pathway perspective. Appetite 2020; 150:104676. [PMID: 32198094 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is high, not only in Western countries but also in developing countries. Efforts to improve prevention and treatment programs are needed. Given their essential role in weight problems, knowledge of determinants of problematic eating behavior ('External Eating' and 'Emotional Eating') is crucial for intervention development. Inspired by Appelhans' Dual Process Theory of Eating Behavior, the present study evaluated the importance of top-down regulative capacities and bottom-up reactivity, using the CIBER approach. CIBER is an innovative statistical approach to test the importance of behavior determinants, based on confidence intervals, instead of significance testing of point estimates. Survey data on different aspects of executive functioning (as indices of regulative capacities: Inhibition, Cognitive Flexibility, Emotional Control, Initiation, Working Memory, Planning/Organizing, Organization of materials, and Monitoring) and reward sensitivity (as an index of reactivity) were collected in a large sample of children and adolescents (n = 572) with severe obesity (adjBMI > 180%). Results showed that Emotional Eating is determined by Emotional Control, while External Eating is determined by Reward Sensitivity. The finding that differential mechanisms underlie different aspects of problematic eating suggests the need for using tailored intervention techniques to address altered reactivity and weak regulative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - T Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Odisee University College, Department Health Care (Dietetics), Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - A De Guchtenaere
- Zeepreventorium, Koninklijke Baan 5, 8420, De Haan, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - A Tanghe
- Zeepreventorium, Koninklijke Baan 5, 8420, De Haan, Belgium.
| | - C Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Duraccio KM, Krietsch KN, Zhang N, Whitacre C, Howarth T, Pfeiffer M, Beebe DW. The impact of short sleep on food reward processes in adolescents. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13054. [PMID: 32379383 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Short sleep has been linked to adolescent risk of obesity, but questions remain regarding the dietary mechanisms by which this occurs. We tested whether mildly shortening sleep influences how rewarding and appealing healthy adolescents find several kinds of foods. Eighty-eight healthy adolescents completed a within-subjects crossover sleep experiment comparing 5 days of Short Sleep (6.5 hr sleep opportunity) with 5 days of Healthy Sleep (9.5 hr sleep opportunity). Following each condition, adolescents completed measures of food appeal and reinforcing value of food across five food types: sweets/desserts, fruits/vegetables, lean meats/eggs, fast food and processed snacks. Adolescents averaged 2.2 hr/night longer sleep periods in Healthy Sleep versus Short Sleep. We observed a significant interaction of experimental order with sleep condition on three of four primary outcomes related to the appeal and reinforcing value of foods (p's < .005). When Short Sleep preceded Healthy Sleep, adolescents endorsed significantly greater appeal (p < .04) and rewarding value of food (p's ranging from <.01 to .048) during Short Sleep (compared to Healthy Sleep). However, when Healthy Sleep preceded Short Sleep, we did not observe a main effect of sleep condition on the same outcomes (p's > .05). This study provides evidence that restricting adolescents' sleep opportunity to 6.5 hr (compared to sleeping a healthy amount) increases the appeal and reinforcing value of a variety of foods, but this may occur only under protracted short sleep. Increased food reward may be one mechanism linking chronically shortened sleep with risk of obesity in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Duraccio
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Nanhua Zhang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Taylor Howarth
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Megan Pfeiffer
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dean W Beebe
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Van Lippevelde W, Vervoort L, Vangeel J, Goossens L. Can Parenting Practices Moderate the Relationship between Reward Sensitivity and Adolescents' Consumption of Snacks and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010178. [PMID: 31936404 PMCID: PMC7020081 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Reward sensitivity has been associated with adolescents’ intake of unhealthy snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages. However, so far, there are no studies published describing the impact of parenting practices on this relationship. The present study will, therefore, investigate whether food parenting practices can moderate the association between reward sensitivity and diet intakes. Method: A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 14- to 16-year old Flemish adolescents (n = 867, age 14.7 ± 0.8 y, 48.1% boys) and a subset of their parents (n = 131), collecting data on daily intakes, reward sensitivity, and food parenting practices. Linear regression was used to assess the moderation effect of parenting practices (both adolescent- and parent-reported) on the relationship between reward sensitivity, and diet using SPSS 25.0. Results: In the main analysis (adolescent-reported), no significant moderation effects were found for parenting practices on the relationship between reward sensitivity and diet. However, the sensitivity analysis (parent-reported) showed a moderation effect for health-reducing parenting practices on the association between reward sensitivity and unhealthy snack intake (β = 0.297, 95% CI = 0.062, 0.531, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Given the difference in the effect of parenting practices between the adolescent- and parent-reported data, our inconclusive findings warrant more research in larger adolescent-parent dyad samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Van Lippevelde
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-486-155580
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Jolien Vangeel
- Department of Business studies and Business Administration, Karel De Grote University College, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Lien Goossens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.); (L.G.)
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21
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Pak K, Seo S, Kim K, Lee MJ, Shin MJ, Suh S, Im HJ, Park JJ, Kim SJ, Kim IJ. Striatal dopamine transporter changes after glucose loading in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:116-122. [PMID: 31478329 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The dopamine transporter (DAT) actively translocates dopamine that is released from the presynaptic neurons across the membranes of nerve terminals into the extracellular space. We hypothesized that glucose loading-induced changes in striatal DAT levels could be associated with food intake in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS An intravenous bolus injection of 18 F-FP-CIT was administered after infusion of glucose or placebo (normal saline), and emission data were acquired over 90 minutes in 33 healthy males. For a volume-of-interest-based analysis, an atlas involving sub-striatal regions of ventral striatum (VST), caudate nucleus and putamen was applied. DAT availability and binding potential (BPND ) were measured using a simplified reference tissue method with cerebellum as the reference. RESULTS The glucose-loaded BPND from the VST negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), whereas the placebo-loaded BPND from the VST did not. After loading with glucose, there were substantial increases in BPND s: 18.3%, 71.7% and 34.0% on average in the VST, caudate nucleus and putamen, respectively. CONCLUSION Striatal DAT changes after glucose loading, and BMI is associated with glucose-loaded DAT availability, not with placebo-loaded DAT availability. DAT might have a role in the reward system of eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Seo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jun Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Im
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Jun Park
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jang Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Jonker NC, van Malderen E, Glashouwer KA, Vervoort L, Braet C, Goossens L, de Jong PJ. No Differential Reward Responsivity and Drive, Punishment Sensitivity or Attention for Cues Signaling Reward or Punishment in Adolescents With Obesity. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2363. [PMID: 31695649 PMCID: PMC6817582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been proposed that obese and healthy weight individuals might differ in their reward and punishment sensitivity, the literature shows diverse and inconsistent findings. The current study was set out to examine the role of reward and punishment sensitivity in adolescent obesity by differentiating between reward responsivity and reward drive, and by complementing self-report measures with performance-based measures indexing attention for cues signaling reward and punishment as well as effort to approach reward and avoid punishment. Participants were adolescents aged 12-23, with obesity (n = 51, adjusted BMI [(actual BMI/Percentile 50 of BMI for age and gender) × 100) between 143 and 313%], and with a healthy weight (n = 51, adjusted BMI between 75 and 129%). Individuals with obesity did not significantly differ from adolescents with a healthy weight in reward responsivity, reward drive or attention to cues signaling reward. Further, no differences in self-reported punishment sensitivity or attention for cues signaling punishment were found between obese and healthy weight adolescents. The current study thus does not corroborate the theories that general reward and punishment sensitivity play a role in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke C. Jonker
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eva van Malderen
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaske A. Glashouwer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Eating Disorders, Accare Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Goossens
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter J. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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23
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Mackey L, White MJ, Tyack Z, Finlayson G, Dalton M, King NA. A dual-process psychobiological model of temperament predicts liking and wanting for food and trait disinhibition. Appetite 2019; 134:9-16. [PMID: 30553877 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A dual-process model of temperament, incorporating the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioural Activation System (BAS) and effortful control (EC), may help to predict hedonic responses to palatable food and trait disinhibition. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine if the BIS, BAS and EC predicted liking and wanting for high-fat, sweet foods in adults with overweight and obesity, and if collectively, these variables predicted the eating behaviour trait of Disinhibition. METHODS 168 adults (104 females, mean BMI = 33.3 kg/m2) completed the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Carver and White BIS/BAS scales, the Adult Temperament Questionnaire-Effortful Control Scale - Short Form and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. The strength of the BIS, BAS and EC in predicting wanting and liking for high-fat sweet foods, and trait Disinhibition was assessed using hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS Both the BIS and EC predicted liking, F (6, 161) = 5.05, p < .001, R2 = 0.16, and EC inversely predicted wanting, F (6, 161) = 3.28, p = .005, R2 = 0.11. The BIS, EC and liking predicted, F (8, 159) = 11.0, p < .001, R2 = 0.36, and explained 36% of Disinhibition. The BAS did not predict wanting, liking or Disinhibition. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that a sensitive BIS and a lower level of effortful control predicts food reward and Disinhibition in overweight and obese adults. Consequently, interventions that aim to increase effortful control and reduce BIS reactivity may be beneficial for reducing hedonically motivated, disinhibited eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Mackey
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove Campus, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Melanie J White
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove Campus, School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Zephanie Tyack
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove Campus, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia; The University of Queensland, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Children's Health Research Centre, Graham Street, South Brisbane, 4101, QLD, Australia; Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton Hospital, Canning St, Rockhampton, 4700, QLD, Australia.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- University of Leeds, Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michelle Dalton
- Leeds Trinity University, School of Social and Health Sciences, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK.
| | - Neil A King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove Campus, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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Tenk J, Mátrai P, Hegyi P, Rostás I, Garami A, Szabó I, Hartmann P, Pétervári E, Czopf L, Hussain A, Simon M, Szujó S, Balaskó M. Perceived stress correlates with visceral obesity and lipid parameters of the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95:63-73. [PMID: 29803182 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived stress has been proposed as a risk factor of metabolic syndrome. However, correlations between perceived stress and parameters of the metabolic syndrome have not been properly analyzed despite extensive research data on the topic. Our current meta-analysis aimed to examine the mutual association between perceived stress of patients and parameters of metabolic syndrome. METHODS This systematic review has been registered on the PROSPERO database (registration number CRD42017055293). Eligible studies divided participants based on their stress level or on the presence of metabolic syndrome. They reported at least one parameter of the metabolic syndrome or the stress level of the participants measured with some stress scale. Data from 17 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included. Random effects model with the DerSimonian and Laird weighting methods was applied. I-squared indicator and Q test were performed to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS Although the majority of individual studies failed to demonstrate correlations between stress and their analyzed parameters of metabolic syndrome, our meta-analysis showed a significant association between stress and BMI [average effect size (ES) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI), ES = 0.65, 95%CI 0.16, 1.14), waist circumference (ES = 1.84 cm, 95%CI 0.79, 2.89) and serum triglyceride level (ES = 7.52 mg/dl, 95%CI 0.07, 14.96). Additional analysis confirmed effects of stress on serum HDL (ES = - 1.699 mg/dl, 95%CI -2.966, -0.432) and diastolic blood pressure (ES = 1.04 mmHg, 95%CI 0.18, 1.89). No correlations were found for fasting glucose or systolic blood pressure. No association between metabolic syndrome and stress level of patients was detected either. CONCLUSION The potentially key role of visceral obesity in the association between perceived stress and dyslipidemia or diastolic blood pressure are discussed together with potential moderators (e.g. gender-differences, variations in stress assessment and metabolic syndrome criteria) that may explain the inconsistent, contradictory results of the individual studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Mátrai
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences - University of Szeged, Momentum Gastroenterology Multidisciplinary Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Garami
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Imre Szabó
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Petra Hartmann
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Czopf
- Department of Cardiology, First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alizadeh Hussain
- Department of Hematology, First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mária Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabina Szujó
- Department of Hematology, First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Stifter CA, Moding KJ. Infant temperament and parent use of food to soothe predict change in weight-for-length across infancy: early risk factors for childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1631-1638. [PMID: 29463917 PMCID: PMC6066452 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Greater weight gain in infancy is a risk factor for childhood obesity. The present study examined the interaction between infant temperament and parent use of food to soothe infant distress (FTS) as predictors of weight gain across the first 2 years of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 160 mother-infant dyads were recruited into a longitudinal study. Infant temperament was assessed by parents through a questionnaire (surgency, negativity) and by observer ratings (surgency, irritability) during a laboratory visit when infants were 6 months old. Parents also completed a 3-day infant cry diary when their children were 6 months of age to assess when they used food in response to infant cry/fuss bouts. Infant weight/length was measured in the lab at 6 and 18 months. Multiple regressions were run to test the moderating effect of FTS on weight gain. RESULTS Significant interactions were revealed for both measures of surgency and parent FTS in predicting weight gain. Surgent infants whose parents had a greater tendency to use FTS had greater weight-for-length gain in 1 year than if their parents tended to use less FTS. The interaction between observer ratings of irritability and parent FTS was also significant but in an unexpected direction. CONCLUSIONS The findings point to the role of temperament, specifically surgency, in weight gain during infancy, but only if their parents used FTS. Surgency may have evoked this feeding practice that increased their health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Stifter
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.
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Nam CR, Lee DH, Lee JY, Choi AR, Chung SJ, Kim DJ, Bhang SY, Kwon JG, Kweon YS, Choi JS. The Role of Resilience in Internet Addiction among Adolescents between Sexes: A Moderated Mediation Model. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7080222. [PMID: 30126239 PMCID: PMC6111304 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7080222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioral inhibition/activation systems (BIS/BAS) have been considered to be predictors of Internet addiction, mediated by clinical variables such as anxiety and depression. However, resilience has been suggested as a protective factor toward Internet addiction, and certain sex differences in resilience buffering the effects of vulnerability have been reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify any role of resilience that might moderate the effects of BIS/BAS on Internet addiction through multiple clinical variables in boys and girls. A total of 519 middle-school students (268 boys and 251 girls, all 14 years old) were administered a questionnaire battery that measures Internet addiction, BIS/BAS, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, anger, and resilience. We used the PROCESS macro in SPSS to perform moderation and mediation analysis. Findings revealed that although a somewhat similar mediation model was supported in both sexes, moderating effects of resilience only emerged in girls. The results showed a protective role of resilience differing between sexes. These results suggest that clinicians should consider sex in the way resilience works as a protective factor against Internet addiction and focus on mitigating the effects of vulnerability by enhancing resilience in female Internet addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - Da Heen Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - A Ruem Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Soo-Young Bhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul 01830, Korea.
| | - Jun-Gun Kwon
- I Will Center, Seoul Metropolitan Boramae Youth Center, Seoul 07062, Korea.
| | - Yong-Sil Kweon
- Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Mehl N, Mueller-Wieland L, Mathar D, Horstmann A. Retraining automatic action tendencies in obesity. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Cock N, Van Lippevelde W, Vangeel J, Notebaert M, Beullens K, Eggermont S, Deforche B, Maes L, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Moens E, Vervoort L, Braet C, Huybregts L, Kolsteren P, Van Camp J, Lachat C. Feasibility and impact study of a reward-based mobile application to improve adolescents' snacking habits. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2329-2344. [PMID: 29607800 PMCID: PMC11106033 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents' snacking habits are driven by both explicit reflective and implicit hedonic processes. Hedonic pathways and differences in sensitivity to food rewards in addition to reflective determinants should be considered. The present study evaluated the feasibility and impact of a mobile phone-delivered intervention, incorporating explicit reflective and implicit rewarding strategies, on adolescents' snack intake. DESIGN Adolescents (n 988; mean age 14·9 (sd 0·70) years, 59·4 % boys) completed a non-randomized clustered controlled trial. Adolescents (n 416) in the intervention schools (n 3) were provided with the intervention application for four weeks, while adolescents (n 572) in the control schools (n 3) followed the regular curriculum. Outcomes were differences in healthy snacking ratio and key determinants (awareness, intention, attitude, self-efficacy, habits and knowledge). Process evaluation data were collected via questionnaires and through log data of the app. RESULTS No significant positive intervention effects on the healthy snack ratio (b=-3·52 (se 1·82), P>0·05) or targeted determinants were observed. Only 268 adolescents started using the app, of whom only fifty-five (20·5 %) still logged in after four weeks. Within the group of users, higher exposure to the app was not significantly associated with positive intervention effects. App satisfaction ratings were low in both high and low user groups. Moderation analyses revealed small positive intervention effects on the healthy snack ratio in high compared with low reward-sensitive boys (b=1·38 (se 0·59), P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS The intervention was not able to improve adolescents' snack choices, due to low reach and exposure. Future interventions should consider multicomponent interventions, teacher engagement, exhaustive participatory app content development and tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Cock
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Jolien Vangeel
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Notebaert
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Beullens
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Eggermont
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Physical Activity, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lea Maes
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Goossens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Moens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Huybregts
- Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Longitudinal Associations Between Anhedonia and Body Mass Index Trajectory Groups Among Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:81-87. [PMID: 29731318 PMCID: PMC6067955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although evidence suggests that anhedonia-a reduced ability to experience pleasure in response to rewarding stimuli-may predict weight gain during adolescence, it remains unclear whether changes in anhedonia during adolescence are associated with changes in body mass index (BMI). This study examines longitudinal associations between changes in anhedonia and developmental trajectories of BMI during adolescence. METHODS Self-report measures of anhedonia and BMI were collected at five semiannual assessments among students from 10 high schools in Los Angeles, CA, area (N = 3,396) followed up from the 9th grade to the 11th grade. Four BMI trajectories were identified using growth mixture modeling: (1) stable normative weight; (2) overweight to normative weight (i.e., decreasing BMI); (3) overweight to chronically obese (increasing BMI); and (4) normative weight to overweight (increasing BMI). Latent growth curve modeling estimated baseline level and changes in anhedonia. A multinomial logistic regression model tested associations of baseline level and slope of anhedonia with the four BMI trajectory groups. RESULTS Compared with the stable normative BMI trajectory group, each 1-unit standard deviation increase in anhedonia slope increased the odds of membership in the overweight to chronically obese group (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval {CI}] = 1.29 [1.09-1.49], p < .001) and in the normative weight to overweight group (OR [95% CI] = 1.28 [1.04-1.53], p = .006), and decreased the odds of membership in the overweight to normative weight group (OR [95% CI] = .78 [.57-.95], p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Across a 2-year period of high school, the rate of change in anhedonia is associated with certain BMI trajectories linked with poorer metabolic health. Increasing anhedonia may be an important risk factor to consider in adolescent obesity prevention.
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Pearce AL, Leonhardt CA, Vaidya CJ. Executive and Reward-Related Function in Pediatric Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Child Obes 2018; 14:265-279. [PMID: 29874102 PMCID: PMC7141423 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of pediatric obesity on executive function and reward-related decision-making, cognitive processes that are relevant to obesogenic behaviors, and evaluated their association with sample (e.g., age, gender, intelligence, and socioeconomic status, SES) and study/task (e.g., categorical/continuous variable, food stimuli) characteristics. METHODS A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Hedge's g effect sizes of published studies from 1960 to 2016, limited to children younger than the age of 21 years without medical comorbidities. Analysis included estimation of heterogeneity (τ2), publication bias (funnel-plot symmetry and fail-safe N), and sensitivity analyses for sample and study/task characteristics. RESULTS Across 68 studies with 70 samples, obesity was associated with worse functioning overall (-0.24; 95CI: -0.30 to -0.19; p < 0.001) and for each component process (attention, switching, inhibition, interference, working memory, reward, delay of gratification: -0.19 to -0.38; p's < 0.017), except trait impulsivity (-0.06; 95CI: -0.18 to 0.07). Deficits increased with age and female composition of the sample for inhibition (p = 0.002). No other characteristics moderated effect of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Small-to-moderate negative associations with obesity were observed for executive and reward-related performance, but not on reported impulsivity in studies with children younger than the age of 21 years. These results were not moderated by IQ, SES, and study/task characteristics. Age and gender moderated association with inhibition, with a larger obesity-related deficit in older and predominantly female samples. These results suggest cognitive and demographic intervention targets for prevention and mitigation of obesogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC
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31
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Van Malderen E, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Kemps E. Unravelling the association between inhibitory control and loss of control over eating among adolescents. Appetite 2018; 125:401-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lee Y, Kroemer NB, Oehme L, Beuthien-Baumann B, Goschke T, Smolka MN. Lower dopamine tone in the striatum is associated with higher body mass index. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:719-731. [PMID: 29705023 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Existing literature suggests that striatal dopamine (DA) tone may be altered in individuals with higher body mass index (BMI), but evidence accrued so far only offers an incomplete view of their relationship. Here, we characterized striatal DA tone using more comprehensive measures within a larger sample than previously reported. In addition, we explored if there was a relationship between striatal DA tone and disinhibited eating. 60 healthy participants underwent a 6-[18F]fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Disinhibited eating was measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire on a baseline visit. Individual whole-brain PET parameter estimates, namely 18F-DOPA influx rate constant (kocc i.e. DA synthesis capacity), 18F-DA washout rate (kloss) and effective distribution volume ratio (EDVR= kocc/ kloss), were derived with a reversible-tracer graphical analysis approach. We then computed parameter estimates for three regions-of-interests (ROIs), namely the ventral striatum, putamen and caudate. Overweight/mildly obese individuals had lowered EDVR than normal weight individuals in all three ROIs. The most prominent of these associations, driven by lowered kocc (r = -.28, p = .035) and heightened kloss (r = .48, p < .001), was found in the ventral striatum (r = -.46, p < .001). Disinhibition was greater in higher-BMI individuals (r = .31, p = .015), but was unrelated to PET measures and did not explain the relationship between PET measures and BMI. In sum, our findings resonate with the notion that overweight/mildly obese individuals have lower striatal DA tone and suggest new avenues for investigating their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of General Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liane Oehme
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of Psychology and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Verbeken S, Braet C, Naets T, Houben K, Boendermaker W. Computer training of attention and inhibition for youngsters with obesity: A pilot study. Appetite 2018; 123:439-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vervoort L, De Caluwé E, Vandeweghe L, De Decker A, Wante L, Van Beveren ML, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Sioen I, Michels N, Braet C. Parent-Reported BIS/BAS Scales for Children: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Age and Gender. Assessment 2017; 26:1282-1295. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117739017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) scales parent-report in children and adolescents ( N = 1,444, 58% girls) across age (Group 1, 2-5 years; Group 2, 6-9 years; Group 3, 10-13 years; Group 4, 14-18 years old) and gender. The results consistently underscored a four-factor structure, resembling the original factor structure, with one BIS-factor and three BAS-factors. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed full measurement invariance across gender as well as across Group 1 and 2, and Group 2 and 3. Strong measurement invariance was found across Group 3 and 4, Group 1 and 3, and Group 2 and 4. Configural and metric invariance was found across Group 1 and 4. Hence, mean-level BIS/BAS scores can be compared across gender and age although comparison between preschool children (Group 1) and late secondary school children (Group 4) should be done with caution.
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BIS/BAS Scale in Primary School Children: Parent-Child Agreement and Longitudinal Stability. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study provided psychometric information on the parent and child version of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)/Behavioural Approach System (BAS) scale. Parent-child agreement was evaluated (N = 217, 7.5 to 14 years, 50% boys). Moreover, absolute and rank order stability of mother-reported BIS/BAS scores over a 2-year period were assessed (N = 207, 5.5 to 11 years at baseline, 49% boys). Only full measurement invariant (sub-)scales were considered in the parent-child agreement and longitudinal stability assessment. Parent and child ratings were found to be measurement invariant but discrepant on BAS Drive and BAS Reward Responsiveness. In younger children, child ratings on BAS Drive tended to be higher than parent ratings, whereas in older children, child ratings tended to be lower than parent ratings. Further, the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of fathers and children was higher than the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of mothers and children. Finally, the study results suggested 2-year absolute and rank order stability of the measurement-invariant, mother-reported BIS and BAS Drive scores in children aged 5.5 to 11 years at baseline.
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Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I, Dagher A. Overlapping Neural Endophenotypes in Addiction and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:127. [PMID: 28659866 PMCID: PMC5469912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity refers to a tendency to act rapidly without full consideration of consequences. The trait is thought to result from the interaction between high arousal responses to potential rewards and poor self-control. Studies have suggested that impulsivity confers vulnerability to both addiction and obesity. However, results in this area are unclear, perhaps due to the high phenotypic complexity of addictions and obesity. Focusing on impulsivity, the aim of this review is to tackle the putative overlaps between addiction and obesity in four domains: (1) personality research, (2) neurocognitive tasks, (3) brain imaging, and (4) clinical evidence. We suggest that three impulsivity-related domains are particularly relevant for our understanding of similarities between addiction and obesity: lower self-control (high Disinhibition/low Conscientiousness), reward sensitivity (high Extraversion/Positive Emotionality), and negative affect (high Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality). Neurocognitive studies have shown that obesity and addiction are both associated with increased impulsive decision-making and attention bias in response to drug or food cues, respectively. Mirroring this, obesity and different forms of addiction seem to exhibit similar alterations in functional MRI brain activity in response to reward processing and during self-control tasks. Overall, our review provides an integrative approach to understand those facets of obesity that present similarities to addictive behaviors. In addition, we suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting inhibitory control may represent a promising approach for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Michaud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Uku Vainik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Adding a reward increases the reinforcing value of fruit. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:611-620. [PMID: 28382893 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' snack choices could be altered by increasing the reinforcing value (RV) of healthy snacks compared with unhealthy snacks. This study assessed whether the RV of fruit increased by linking it to a reward and if this increased RV was comparable with the RV of unhealthy snacks alone. Moderation effects of sex, hunger, BMI z-scores and sensitivity to reward were also explored. The RV of snacks was assessed in a sample of 165 adolescents (15·1 (sd 1·5) years, 39·4 % boys and 17·4 % overweight) using a computerised food reinforcement task. Adolescents obtained points for snacks through mouse clicks (responses) following progressive ratio schedules of increasing response requirements. Participants were (computer) randomised to three experimental groups (1:1:1): fruit (n 53), fruit+reward (n 60) or unhealthy snacks (n 69). The RV was evaluated as total number of responses and breakpoint (schedule of terminating food reinforcement task). Multilevel regression analyses (total number of responses) and Cox's proportional hazard regression models (breakpoint) were used. The total number of responses made were not different between fruit+reward and fruit (b -473; 95 % CI -1152, 205, P=0·17) or unhealthy snacks (b410; 95 % CI -222, 1043, P=0·20). The breakpoint was slightly higher for fruit than fruit+reward (HR 1·34; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·79, P=0·050), whereas no difference between unhealthy snacks and fruit+reward (HR 0·86; 95 % CI 0·62, 1·18, P=0·34) was observed. No indication of moderation was found. Offering rewards slightly increases the RV of fruit and may be a promising strategy to increase healthy food choices. Future studies should however, explore if other rewards, could reach larger effect sizes.
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Schoentgen B, Lancelot C, Le Gall D. [Eating behavior in pediatric obesity: Of the advantages of combining the neurobiological and neuropsychological approaches]. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:273-279. [PMID: 28131560 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is currently considered a major public health concern, as shown by the growing number of people with excess weight, alarmingly in infants, and despite medical care. Many studies have underlined the reasons for medical care failure caused by an inability to sustain a resistant behavior towards palatable food (high sugar and fat content). Hence, previous research has highlighted connections between excessive eating behavior and the activity of neurotransmitters in brain areas involved in affective behavior and the reward circuit. Reduction of the dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal orbital and limbic cortex may raise the question of executive skills, which play a major role in social adaptation and behavior control. These findings remind us of the need to grasp environmental and behavioral factors to better identify cognitive and affective profiles and improve childhood obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schoentgen
- Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays-de-la-Loire, EA4638, université d'Angers, 11, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France.
| | - C Lancelot
- Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays-de-la-Loire, EA4638, université d'Angers, 11, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France
| | - D Le Gall
- Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays-de-la-Loire, EA4638, université d'Angers, 11, boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France
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Reward sensitivity and body weight: the intervening role of food responsive behavior and external eating. Appetite 2017; 112:150-156. [PMID: 28108344 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last three decades, the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased worldwide. It is well established that different child-related factors such as food approach behaviors (i.e. eating behaviors that imply movements towards food) contribute to the development of overweight. However, research is lacking on the underlying mechanisms leading to food approach behaviors, which in turn lead to overweight. SUBJECT/METHODS Via parent-report questionnaires, we investigated the relation between the personality trait reward sensitivity and body weight in a convenience sample of 211 children aged 2.5-9 years. We further investigated the intervening role of food approach behaviors in the association between reward sensitivity and body weight. RESULTS Unexpectedly, there was no direct association between reward sensitivity and body weight. Despite the absence of a direct effect, a significant indirect association was found between reward sensitivity and body weight through the intervening food approach variables (i.e. food responsive behavior and external eating). CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of the focus on eating behaviors as well as trait characteristics in prevention programs for overweight.
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Lin M, Pan LP, Han J, Li L, Jiang JX, Jin RM. Behavioral intervention reduces unhealthy eating behaviors in preschool children via a behavior card approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:895-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fat and lean tissue accretion in relation to reward motivation in children. Appetite 2016; 108:317-325. [PMID: 27751842 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
'Reward sensitivity' explains inter-individual differences in the motivation to obtain rewards when reward cues are perceived. This psychobiological trait has been linked to higher consumption of palatable food when exposed to palatable food cues. The current study aims to examine if reward sensitivity explains differences in patterns of fat and lean tissue accretion over time in children. A longitudinal observational study with measurement waves in 2011 (baseline), 2012, 2013, and 2015 was conducted. The sample was a population-based Flemish cohort of children (n = 446, 50% boys and 5.5-12 years at baseline; 38.8% of the baseline sample also participated in 2015). Baseline reward sensitivity of the children was assessed by parent ratings on the Drive subscale of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System scales. Age- and sex-independent Fat and Lean Mass Index z-scores (zFMI and zLMI respectively) were computed for each study wave based on air-displacement plethysmography. In girls, but not boys, reward sensitivity was positively associated with the baseline zFMI and zLMI (95% confidence intervals of unstandardized estimates: 0.01 to 0.11 and 0.01 to 0.10 respectively, P values 0.01 and 0.02 respectively). Further, reward sensitivity explained 14.8% and 11.6% of the change in girls' zFMI and zLMI respectively over four years: the zFMI and zLMI increased and decreased respectively in high reward sensitive girls (95% confidence intervals of unstandardized estimates: 0.01 to 0.11 and -0.12 to -0.01 respectively, P values 0.01 and 0.02 respectively). Hence, girls high in reward sensitivity had significantly higher adiposity gain over four years parallel with lower increase in lean mass than was expected on the basis of their age and height. These results may help to identify appropriate targets for interventions for obesity prevention.
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Van Lippevelde W, Vangeel J, De Cock N, Lachat C, Goossens L, Beullens K, Vervoort L, Braet C, Maes L, Eggermont S, Deforche B, Van Camp J. Using a gamified monitoring app to change adolescents' snack intake: the development of the REWARD app and evaluation design. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:725. [PMID: 27494932 PMCID: PMC4974720 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the snacking pattern of European adolescents is of great concern, effective interventions are necessary. Till now health promotion efforts in children and adolescents have had only limited success in changing adolescents' eating patterns and anthropometrics. Therefore, the present study proposes an innovative approach to influence dietary behaviors in youth based on new insights on effective behavior change strategies and attractive intervention channels to engage adolescents. This article describes the rationale, the development, and evaluation design of the 'Snack Track School' app. The aim of the app is to improve the snacking patterns of Flemish 14- to 16-year olds. METHODS The development of the app was informed by the systematic, stepwise, iterative, and collaborative principles of the Intervention Mapping protocol. A four week mHealth intervention was developed based on the dual-system model with behavioral change strategies targeting both the reflective (i.e., active learning, advance organizers, mere exposure, goal-setting, monitoring, and feedback) and automatic processes (i.e., rewards and positive reinforcement). This intervention will be evaluated via a controlled pre-post design in Flemish schools among 1400 adolescents. DISCUSSION When this intervention including strategies focused on both the reflective and automatic pathway proves to be effective, it will offer a new scientifically-based vision, guidelines and practical tools for public health and health promotion (i.e., incorporation of learning theories in intervention programs). TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02622165 registrated November 15, 2015 on clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Van Lippevelde
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - J Vangeel
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 -bus 3603, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N De Cock
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Lachat
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Goossens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Beullens
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 -bus 3603, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Maes
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Eggermont
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 -bus 3603, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Deforche
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Jonker NC, Glashouwer KA, Ostafin BD, van Hemel-Ruiter ME, Smink FRE, Hoek HW, de Jong PJ. Attentional Bias for Reward and Punishment in Overweight and Obesity: The TRAILS Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157573. [PMID: 27391017 PMCID: PMC4938215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of obese adolescents will become obese adults, and it is therefore important to enhance insight into characteristics that underlie the development and maintenance of overweight and obesity at a young age. The current study is the first to focus on attentional biases towards rewarding and punishing cues as potentially important factors. Participants were young adolescents (N = 607) who were followed from the age of 13 until the age of 19, and completed a motivational game indexing the attentional bias to general cues of reward and punishment. Additionally, self-reported reward and punishment sensitivity was measured. This study showed that attentional biases to cues that signal reward or punishment and self-reported reward and punishment sensitivity were not related to body mass index or the change in body mass index over six years in adolescents. Thus, attentional bias to cues of reward and cues of punishment, and self-reported reward and punishment sensitivity, do not seem to be crucial factors in the development and maintenance of overweight and obesity in adolescents. Exploratory analyses of the current study suggest that the amount of effort to gain reward and to avoid punishment may play a role in the development and maintenance of overweight and obesity. However, since the effort measure was a construct based on face validity and has not been properly validated, more studies are necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke C. Jonker
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaske A. Glashouwer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Eating Disorders, Accare, The Netherlands
| | - Brian D. Ostafin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hans W. Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter J. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Vandeweghe L, Vervoort L, Verbeken S, Moens E, Braet C. Food Approach and Food Avoidance in Young Children: Relation with Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:928. [PMID: 27445898 PMCID: PMC4919346 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that individual differences in Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity may determine how children respond to food. These temperamental traits reflect activity in two basic brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli, respectively, with approach and avoidance. Via parent-report questionnaires, we investigate the associations of the general motivational temperamental traits Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity with Food Approach and Food Avoidance in 98 preschool children. Consistent with the conceptualization of Reward Sensitivity in terms of approach behavior and Punishment Sensitivity in terms of avoidance behavior, Reward Sensitivity was positively related to Food Approach, while Punishment Sensitivity was positively related to Food Avoidance. Future research should integrate these perspectives (i.e., general temperamental traits Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity, and Food Approach and Avoidance) to get a better understanding of eating behavior and related body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vandeweghe
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Moens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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Dang LC, Samanez-Larkin GR, Castrellon JJ, Perkins SF, Cowan RL, Zald DH. Associations between dopamine D2 receptor availability and BMI depend on age. Neuroimage 2016; 138:176-183. [PMID: 27208860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dopamine D2/3 receptor subtypes (DRD2/3) are the most widely studied neurotransmitter biomarker in research on obesity, but results to date have been inconsistent, have typically involved small samples, and have rarely accounted for subjects' ages despite the large impact of age on DRD2/3 levels. We aimed to clarify the relation between DRD2/3 availability and BMI by examining this association in a large sample of subjects with BMI spanning the continuum from underweight to extremely obese. SUBJECTS 130 healthy subjects between 18 and 81years old underwent PET with [18F]fallypride, a high affinity DRD2/3 ligand. RESULTS As expected, DRD2/3 availability declined with age. Critically, age significantly interacted with DRD2/3 availability in predicting BMI in the midbrain and striatal regions (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum). Among subjects under 30years old, BMI was not associated with DRD2/3 availability. By contrast, among subjects over 30years old, BMI was positively associated with DRD2/3 availability in the midbrain, putamen, and ventral striatum. CONCLUSION The present results are incompatible with the prominent dopaminergic hypofunction hypothesis that proposes that a reduction in DRD2/3 availability is associated with increased BMI, and highlights the importance of age in assessing correlates of DRD2/3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh C Dang
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 219 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | | | - Jaime J Castrellon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 219 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Scott F Perkins
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 219 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Ronald L Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23rd Ave South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 219 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23rd Ave South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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De Decker A, Sioen I, Verbeken S, Braet C, Michels N, De Henauw S. Associations of reward sensitivity with food consumption, activity pattern, and BMI in children. Appetite 2016; 100:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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47
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Vandeweghe L, Verbeken S, Moens E, Vervoort L, Braet C. Strategies to improve the Willingness to Taste: The moderating role of children's Reward Sensitivity. Appetite 2016; 103:344-352. [PMID: 27103060 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effectiveness of different strategies to improve Willingness to Taste disliked vegetables and the moderating role of Reward Sensitivity. Preschool children (N = 204; age: M = 4.48, SD = 1.01) were randomly allocated to one of four different Willingness to Taste strategies. The findings indicate that first, Willingness to Taste is higher in the modelling and reward strategies compared to neutral instructions. Second, there is a differential effect of Willingness to Taste strategies dependent upon individual differences: children high in Reward Sensitivity were more likely to taste immediately when rewarded, while children low in Reward Sensitivity were more willing to taste when verbally encouraged, but with hesitation. This article thus highlights the roles of both individual differences and behavioral techniques for promoting a healthy diet in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vandeweghe
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Moens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Removal of high-fat diet after chronic exposure drives binge behavior and dopaminergic dysregulation in female mice. Neuroscience 2016; 326:170-179. [PMID: 27063418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A significant contributor to the obesity epidemic is the overconsumption of highly palatable, energy dense foods. Chronic intake of palatable foods is associated with neuroadaptations within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system adaptations which may lead to behavioral changes, such as overconsumption or bingeing. We examined behavioral and molecular outcomes in mice that were given chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD; 12weeks), with the onset of the diet either in adolescence or adulthood. To examine whether observed effects could be reversed upon removal of the HFD, animals were also studied 4weeks after a return to chow feeding. Most notably, female mice, particularly those exposed to HFD starting in adolescence, demonstrated the emergence of binge-like behavior when given restricted access to a palatable food. Further, changes in dopamine-related gene expression and dopamine content in the prefrontal cortex were observed. Some of these HFD-driven phenotypes reversed upon removal of the diet, whereas others were initiated by removal of the diet. These findings have implications for obesity management and interventions, as both pharmacological and behavioral therapies are often combined with dietary interventions (e.g., reduction in calorie dense foods).
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De Cock N, Van Lippevelde W, Goossens L, De Clercq B, Vangeel J, Lachat C, Beullens K, Huybregts L, Vervoort L, Eggermont S, Maes L, Braet C, Deforche B, Kolsteren P, Van Camp J. Sensitivity to reward and adolescents' unhealthy snacking and drinking behavior: the role of hedonic eating styles and availability. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:17. [PMID: 26861539 PMCID: PMC4748632 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although previous research found a positive association between sensitivity to reward (SR) and adolescents’ unhealthy snacking and drinking behavior, mechanisms explaining these associations remain to be explored. The present study will therefore examine whether the associations between SR and unhealthy snack and/or sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake are mediated by external and/or emotional eating and if this mediation is moderated by availability at home or at school. Methods Cross-sectional data on snacking, availability of snacks at home and at school, SR (BAS drive scale) and external and emotional eating (Dutch eating behavior questionnaire) of Flemish adolescents (n = 1104, mean age = 14.7 ± 0.8 years; 51 % boys; 18.0 % overweight) in 20 schools spread across Flanders were collected. Moderated mediation analyses were conducted using generalized structural equation modeling in three steps: (1) direct association between SR and unhealthy snack or SSB intake, (2) mediation of either external or emotional eating and (3) interaction of home or school availability and emotional or external eating. Results Partial mediation of external eating (a*b = 0.69, p < 0.05) and of emotional eating (a*b = 0.92, p < 0.01) in the relation between SR and intake of unhealthy snacks was found (step 2). The relation between SR and SSB intake was not mediated by external or emotional eating (step 2). No moderation effects of home or school availability were found (step 3). Conclusion Our findings indicate that the association between SR and the consumption of unhealthy snacks is partially explained by external and emotional eating in a population-based sample of adolescents irrespective of the home or school availability of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Cock
- Department of Food safety and Food quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wendy Van Lippevelde
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185A, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lien Goossens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Clercq
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185A, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Vangeel
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 -box 3603, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food safety and Food quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kathleen Beullens
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 -box 3603, Leuven, Belgium. .,Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Huybregts
- Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street, 20006, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven Eggermont
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45 -box 3603, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lea Maes
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185A, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185A, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food safety and Food quality, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
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van Rijn I, Griffioen-Roose S, de Graaf C, Smeets PAM. Neural Processing of Calories in Brain Reward Areas Can be Modulated by Reward Sensitivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:371. [PMID: 26834598 PMCID: PMC4712268 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A food's reward value is dependent on its caloric content. Furthermore, a food's acute reward value also depends on hunger state. The drive to obtain rewards (reward sensitivity), however, differs between individuals. Here, we assessed the association between brain responses to calories in the mouth and trait reward sensitivity in different hunger states. Firstly, we assessed this in data from a functional neuroimaging study (van Rijn et al., 2015), in which participants (n = 30) tasted simple solutions of a non-caloric sweetener with or without a non-sweet carbohydrate (maltodextrin) during hunger and satiety. Secondly, we expanded these analyses to regular drinks by assessing the same relationship in data from a study in which soft drinks sweetened with either sucrose or a non-caloric sweetener were administered during hunger (n = 18) (Griffioen-Roose et al., 2013). First, taste activation by the non-caloric solution/soft drink was subtracted from that by the caloric solution/soft drink to eliminate sweetness effects and retain activation induced by calories. Subsequently, this difference in taste activation was correlated with reward sensitivity as measured with the BAS drive subscale of the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) questionnaire. When participants were hungry and tasted calories from the simple solution, brain activation in the right ventral striatum (caudate), right amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (bilaterally) correlated negatively with BAS drive scores. In contrast, when participants were satiated, taste responses correlated positively with BAS drive scores in the left caudate. These results were not replicated for soft drinks. Thus, neural responses to oral calories from maltodextrin were modulated by reward sensitivity in reward-related brain areas. This was not the case for sucrose. This may be due to the direct detection of maltodextrin, but not sucrose in the oral cavity. Also, in a familiar beverage, detection of calories per se may be overruled by a conditioned response to its flavor. In conclusion, the brain reward response to calories from a long chain starch sugar (maltodextrin) varies with trait reward sensitivity. The absence of this effect in a familiar beverage warrants further research into its relevance for real life ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van Rijn
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Griffioen-Roose
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands; Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
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