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Fuchs BA, Pearce AL, Rolls BJ, Wilson SJ, Rose EJ, Geier CF, Garavan H, Keller KL. The Cerebellar Response to Visual Portion Size Cues Is Associated with the Portion Size Effect in Children. Nutrients 2024; 16:738. [PMID: 38474866 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying susceptibility to eating more in response to large portions (i.e., the portion size effect) remain unclear. Thus, the present study examined how neural responses to portion size relate to changes in weight and energy consumed as portions increase. Associations were examined across brain regions traditionally implicated in appetite control (i.e., an appetitive network) as well as the cerebellum, which has recently been implicated in appetite-related processes. Children without obesity (i.e., BMI-for-age-and-sex percentile < 90; N = 63; 55% female) viewed images of larger and smaller portions of food during fMRI and, in separate sessions, ate four meals that varied in portion size. Individual-level linear and quadratic associations between intake (kcal, grams) and portion size (i.e., portion size slopes) were estimated. The response to portion size in cerebellar lobules IV-VI was associated with the quadratic portion size slope estimated from gram intake; a greater response to images depicting smaller compared to larger portions was associated with steeper increases in intake with increasing portion sizes. Within the appetitive network, neural responses were not associated with portion size slopes. A decreased cerebellar response to larger amounts of food may increase children's susceptibility to overeating when excessively large portions are served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari A Fuchs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alaina L Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Barbara J Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Emma J Rose
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles F Geier
- Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 31793, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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2
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Gerosa M, Canessa N, Morawetz C, Mattavelli G. Cognitive reappraisal of food craving and emotions: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsad077. [PMID: 38113382 PMCID: PMC10868133 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal in down-regulating food desire. Still, the neural bases of food craving down-regulation via reappraisal, as well as their degree of overlap vs specificity compared with emotion down-regulation, remain unclear. We addressed this gap through activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on the neural bases of (i) food craving down-regulation and (ii) emotion down-regulation, alongside conjunction and subtraction analyses among the resulting maps. Exploratory meta-analyses on activations related to food viewing compared with active regulation and up-regulation of food craving have also been performed. Food and emotion down-regulation via reappraisal consistently engaged overlapping activations in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, pre-supplementary motor and lateral posterior temporal cortices, mainly in the left hemisphere. Its distinctive association with the right anterior/posterior insula and left inferior frontal gyrus suggests that food craving down-regulation entails a more extensive integration of interoceptive information about bodily states and greater inhibitory control over the appetitive urge towards food compared with emotion down-regulation. This evidence is suggestive of unique interoceptive and motivational components elicited by food craving reappraisal, associated with distinctive patterns of fronto-insular activity. These results might inform theoretical models of food craving regulation and prompt novel therapeutic interventions for obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gerosa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmen Morawetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
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3
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Yokum S, Stice E. Relation of Overweight/Obesity to Reward Region Response to Food Reward and the Moderating Effects of Parental History of Eating Pathology in Adolescent Females. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112558. [PMID: 37299520 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether overweight/obesity is associated with an elevated reward region response to milkshake cues and a low reward region response to milkshake receipt. To test whether the risk for eating pathology moderates the effects of weight status on the neural response to milkshake cues and milkshake receipt. METHOD The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neuronal responses of female adolescents (n = 80; M age = 14.6 ± 0.9; M BMI = 21.9 ± 3.6; 41% with a biological parental history of eating pathology) during a food receipt paradigm. RESULTS Females with overweight/obesity showed a greater ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and ventral anterior cingulate (ACC) response to milkshake cues and a greater ventral striatum, subgenual ACC, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex response to milkshake receipt than those with a healthy weight. Females with overweight/obesity plus a parental history of eating pathology showed a greater vmPFC/medial orbitofrontal cortex response to milkshake cues than those without a parental history of eating pathology and those with a healthy weight. Females with overweight/obesity and without a parental history of eating pathology showed a greater thalamus and striatum response to milkshake receipt. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obesity is associated with an elevated reward region response to palatable food cues and food receipt. A risk for eating pathology enhances the reward region response to food cues in those with excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Springfield, OR 97477, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Clarke RE, Voigt K, Reichenbach A, Stark R, Bharania U, Dempsey H, Lockie SH, Mequinion M, Lemus M, Wei B, Reed F, Rawlinson S, Nunez-Iglesias J, Foldi CJ, Kravitz AV, Verdejo-Garcia A, Andrews ZB. Identification of a Stress-Sensitive Anorexigenic Neurocircuit From Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Hypothalamus. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:309-321. [PMID: 36400605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A greater understanding of how the brain controls appetite is fundamental to developing new approaches for treating diseases characterized by dysfunctional feeding behavior, such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. METHODS By modeling neural network dynamics related to homeostatic state and body mass index, we identified a novel pathway projecting from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in humans (n = 53). We then assessed the physiological role and dissected the function of this mPFC-LH circuit in mice. RESULTS In vivo recordings of population calcium activity revealed that this glutamatergic mPFC-LH pathway is activated in response to acute stressors and inhibited during food consumption, suggesting a role in stress-related control over food intake. Consistent with this role, inhibition of this circuit increased feeding and sucrose seeking during mild stressors, but not under nonstressful conditions. Finally, chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of the mPFC-LH pathway is sufficient to suppress food intake and sucrose seeking in mice. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify a glutamatergic mPFC-LH circuit as a novel stress-sensitive anorexigenic neural pathway involved in the cortical control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Clarke
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katharina Voigt
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Reichenbach
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Urvi Bharania
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Dempsey
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah H Lockie
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathieu Mequinion
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moyra Lemus
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bowen Wei
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felicia Reed
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sasha Rawlinson
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan Nunez-Iglesias
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire J Foldi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Yeung AWK. Neural correlates of food labels on brand, nature, and nutrition: An fMRI meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1056692. [PMID: 36606226 PMCID: PMC9808082 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1056692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating is an essential act of our everyday life, and it involves complicated cognitive appraisal and gustatory evaluation. This study meta-analyzed the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies about food labels on brand, nature and nutrition. Web of Science Core Collection (WoS), Scopus, and PubMed were queried to identify human fMRI studies written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals and used taste or food related labels. Studies were excluded if they reported no results from taste/food related stimuli versus control, no task-based fMRI results, or no results from whole-brain analysis. Nineteen studies entered the analysis. Results for the meta-analysis on food nutrition revealed that the precuneus on the right hemisphere was significantly activated, a brain region related to internal mentation of self-consciousness and nutritional evaluation. Results for the overall analysis on all 19 studies, the analysis on food brand, and the analysis on food nature revealed no significant brain regions. Food nutrition labels were generally processed by brain regions related to internal mentation of self-consciousness and nutritional evaluation. However, the neural correlates of labels of food brand and food nature were inconsistent across studies. More future studies are needed to better understand the cognitive processing of different kinds of food labels in our brain.
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Zapparoli L, Devoto F, Giannini G, Zonca S, Gallo F, Paulesu E. Neural structural abnormalities behind altered brain activation in obesity: Evidence from meta-analyses of brain activation and morphometric data. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103179. [PMID: 36088842 PMCID: PMC9474923 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents a risk factor for disability with a major bearing on life expectancy. Neuroimaging techniques are contributing to clarify its neurobiological underpinnings. Here, we explored whether structural brain abnormalities might accompany altered brain activations in obesity. We combined and compared data from brain activation studies for food stimuli and the data reported in structural voxel-based morphometry studies. We found that obese individuals have reduced grey matter density and functional activations in the thalamus and midbrain. A functional connectivity analysis based on these two clusters and its quantitative decoding showed that these regions are part of the reward system functional brain network. Moreover, we found specific grey matter hypo-densities in prefrontal cortex for the obese subjects, regions involved in controlled behaviour. These results support theories of obesity that point to reduced bottom-up reward processes (i.e., the Reward Deficit Theory), but also top-down theories postulating a deficit in cognitive control (i.e., the Inhibitory Control Deficit Theory). The same results also warrant a more systematic exploration of obesity whereby the reward of food and the intentional control over consummatory behaviour is manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zapparoli
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi – Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy,Corresponding authors.
| | - Francantonio Devoto
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi – Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannini
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi – Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Zonca
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi – Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallo
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi – Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi – Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Obst MA, Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Nolde JM, Blümel N, Kannenberg S, Münte TF. Five weeks of intermittent transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation shape neural networks: a machine learning approach. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:1217-1233. [PMID: 34966977 PMCID: PMC9107416 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Invasive and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation [(t)-VNS] have been used to treat epilepsy, depression and migraine and has also shown effects on metabolism and body weight. To what extent this treatment shapes neural networks and how such network changes might be related to treatment effects is currently unclear. Using a pre-post mixed study design, we applied either a tVNS or sham stimulation (5 h/week) in 34 overweight male participants in the context of a study designed to assess effects of tVNS on body weight and metabolic and cognitive parameters resting state (rs) fMRI was measured about 12 h after the last stimulation period. Support vector machine (SVM) classification was applied to fractional amplitude low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) on established rs-networks. All classification results were controlled for random effects and overfitting. Finally, we calculated multiple regressions between the classification results and reported food craving. We found a classification accuracy (CA) of 79 % in a subset of four brainstem regions suggesting that tVNS leads to lasting changes in brain networks. Five of eight salience network regions yielded 76,5 % CA. Our study shows tVNS’ post-stimulation effects on fALFF in the salience rs-network. More detailed investigations of this effect and their relationship with food intake seem reasonable for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A Obst
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arkan Al-Zubaidi
- Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Lab, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Nick Blümel
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Swantje Kannenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. .,Centre of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Universität of Lübeck, Building 66 Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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Sewaybricker LE, Melhorn SJ, Rosenbaum JL, Askren MK, Tyagi V, Webb MF, De Leon MRB, Grabowski TJ, Schur EA. Reassessing relationships between appetite and adiposity in people at risk of obesity: A twin study using fMRI. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113504. [PMID: 34147511 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies suggest that appetitive drive is enhanced in obesity. OBJECTIVE To test if appetitive drive varies in direct proportion to the level of body adiposity after accounting for genetic factors that contribute to both brain response and obesity risk. SUBJECTS/METHODS Participants were adult monozygotic (n = 54) and dizygotic (n = 30) twins with at least one member of the pair with obesity. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Hormonal and appetite measures were obtained in response to a standardized meal that provided 20% of estimated daily caloric needs and to an ad libitum buffet meal. Pre- and post-meal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessed brain response to visual food cues in a set of a priori appetite-regulating regions. Exploratory voxelwise analyses outside a priori regions were performed with correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS In a group of 84 adults, the majority with obesity (75%), body fat mass was not associated with hormonal responses to a meal (glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin, all P>0.40), subjective feelings of hunger (β=-0.01 mm [95% CI -0.35, 0.34] P = 0.97) and fullness (β=0.15 mm [-0.15, 0.44] P = 0.33), or buffet meal intake in relation to estimated daily caloric needs (β=0.28% [-0.05, 0.60] P = 0.10). Body fat mass was also not associated with brain response to high-calorie food cues in appetite-regulating regions (Pre-meal β=-0.12 [-0.32, 0.09] P = 0.26; Post-meal β=0.18 [-0.02, 0.37] P = 0.09; Change by a meal β=0.29 [-0.02, 0.61] P = 0.07). Conversely, lower fat mass was associated with being weight reduced (β=-0.05% [-0.07, -0.03] P<0.001) and greater pre-meal activation to high-calorie food cues in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Z = 3.63 P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS In a large study of adult twins, the majority with overweight or obesity, the level of adiposity was not associated with excess appetitive drive as assessed by behavioral, hormonal, or fMRI measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia E Sewaybricker
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Susan J Melhorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Jennifer L Rosenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary K Askren
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary F Webb
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary Rosalynn B De Leon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA.
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Jones S, Luo S, Dorton HM, Angelo B, Yunker AG, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Evidence of a Role for the Hippocampus in Food-Cue Processing and the Association with Body Weight and Dietary Added Sugar. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:370-378. [PMID: 33491312 PMCID: PMC7842690 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current analysis used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore a model of energy regulation postulating that the hippocampus integrates interoceptive signals and environmental stimuli to suppress responding to food cues. It was hypothesized that hippocampal activity would increase in response to food cues under postnutritive relative to fasted conditions, given the role of the hippocampus in integrating postnutritive signals with food cues, and that obesity, added sugar intake, or a combination of these factors would alter this response. METHODS Data were analyzed on 65 participants (29 males). Participants consumed drinks containing 75 g of glucose or water and underwent an fMRI-based food-cue task. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI was used to examine hippocampal responses to food and nonfood cues. RESULTS In lean participants, the hippocampal BOLD signal was higher following glucose compared with water, but participants with obesity showed the opposite pattern. BMI interacted with added sugar intake such that BMI was more negatively correlated with hippocampal food-cue reactivity after glucose ingestion in individuals who consumed high levels of added sugar. Hippocampal BOLD was negatively correlated with prospective food intake. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the view that energy regulation involves hippocampal processes in humans and that added sugar and excess weight may impair this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hilary M. Dorton
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - Alexandra G. Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089
- Correspondence and reprint requests can be made to Dr. Kathleen A. Page, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, 2250 Alcazar Street; CSC 209, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
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Vasiliu O. Current Status of Evidence for a New Diagnosis: Food Addiction-A Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:824936. [PMID: 35082706 PMCID: PMC8784968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.824936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food addiction is considered an important link for a better understanding of psychiatric and medical problems triggered by dysfunctions of eating behaviors, e. g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, binge eating disorder, or bulimia nervosa. At behavioral level, food addiction has high degrees of similarity with other eating disorders, a phenomenon that creates difficulties in finding specific diagnostic criteria. Food addiction has been also described as "eating addiction" or "eating dependence" by several researchers, who placed the emphasis on the behavior and not on the food itself. High-sodium foods, artificially flavored-foods, rich carbohydrate- and saturated fats-containing foods are triggers for the activation of the same neural pathways, therefore they act similarly to any drug of abuse. Food addiction is considered a disorder based on functional negative consequences, associated distress and potential risks to both psychological well-being and physical health. A clinical scale was validated for the quantification of the eating addiction severity, namely the Yale Food Addiction Severity Scale (YFAS), constructed to match DSM IV criteria for substance dependence. Using this instrument, a high prevalence of food addiction was found in the general population, up to 20% according to a meta-analytic research. The pathogenesis of this entity is still uncertain, but reward dysfunction, impulsivity and emotion dysregulation have been considered basic mechanisms that trigger both eating dysfunctions and addictive behaviors. Genetic factors may be involved in this dependence, as modulators of higher carbohydrate and saturate fat craving. Regarding the existence of potential therapeutic solutions, lorcaserin, antiepileptic drugs, opioid antagonists, antiaddictive agents are recommended for obesity and eating disorders, and they may be intuitively used in food addiction, but clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy. In conclusion, a better understanding of food addiction's clinical profile and pathogenesis may help clinicians in finding prevention- and therapeutic-focused interventions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Vasiliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Carol Davila University Emergency Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Gobbi S, Weber S, Graf G, Hinz D, Asarian L, Geary N, Leeners B, Hare T, Tobler P. Reduced Neural Satiety Responses in Women Affected by Obesity. Neuroscience 2020; 447:94-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Chen EY, Zeffiro TA. Hunger and BMI modulate neural responses to sweet stimuli: fMRI meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1636-1652. [PMID: 32555497 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consuming sweet foods, even when sated, can lead to unwanted weight gain. Contextual factors, such as longer time fasting, subjective hunger, and body mass index (BMI), may increase the likelihood of overeating. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms underlying these moderating influences on energy intake are poorly understood. METHODS We conducted both categorical meta-analysis and meta-regression of factors modulating neural responses to sweet stimuli, using data from 30 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) articles incorporating 39 experiments (N = 995) carried out between 2006 and 2019. RESULTS Responses to sweet stimuli were associated with increased activity in regions associated with taste, sensory integration, and reward processing. These taste-evoked responses were modulated by context. Longer fasts were associated with higher posterior cerebellar, thalamic, and striatal activity. Greater self-reported hunger was associated with higher medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsal striatum, and amygdala activity and lower posterior cerebellar activity. Higher BMI was associated with higher posterior cerebellar and insular activity. CONCLUSIONS Variations in fasting time, self-reported hunger, and BMI are contexts associated with differential sweet stimulus responses in regions associated with reward processing and homeostatic regulation. These results are broadly consistent with a hierarchical model of taste processing. Hunger, but not fasting or BMI, was associated with sweet stimulus-related OFC activity. Our findings extend existing models of taste processing to include posterior cerebellar regions that are associated with moderating effects of both state (fast length and self-reported hunger) and trait (BMI) variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y Chen
- TEDP (Temple Eating Disorders Program), Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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Nock NL, Jiang H, Borato L, Alberts J, Dimitropoulos A. Insights to the neural response to food cues in class III compared with class I and II obese adults using a sample of endometrial cancer survivors seeking weight loss. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:21. [PMID: 32541652 PMCID: PMC7296040 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rates of severe or Class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) and endometrial cancer (EC) incidence and mortality have been increasing significantly in the United States. Adults with severe obesity are more likely to die and women with severe obesity have a higher risk of EC development and mortality than those with Class I/II obesity (BMI: 30–<40 kg/m2). However, no prior studies have evaluated the neural response to food cues by obesity severity/class in adults with or without cancer. Methods We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging visual food cue task in 85 obese Stage I EC survivors who were seeking weight loss in a lifestyle intervention at baseline. We evaluated the neural response to high-calorie vs. non-food images after an overnight fast (fasted state) and after eating a standardized meal (fed state), and grouped patients by obesity class (Class I/II: n = 38; Class III: n = 47). Results In the fasted state, we found increased activation in several regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in Class III and Class I/II patients (whole brain cluster corrected (WBCC), p < 0.05), which was significantly higher in Class III vs. Class I/II (p < 0.05). We found decreased activation in the insula in the fasted state, which was significantly lower in Class I/II vs. Class III (p = 0.03). In the fed state, we found increased activation in the DLPFC in Class III and Class I/II (WBCC, p < 0.05). The increased activation in cognitive control/inhibition regions (DLPFC) is consistent with the summative literature; however, the decreased activation in taste information processing regions (insula) was unexpected. Conclusions Our results provide novel insights on food cue response between different classes of obesity and highlight the importance of targeting the DLPFC in weight loss interventions, particularly in severely obese patients. Additional studies examining food-related neural circuitry between different classes of obesity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Nock
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Huangqi Jiang
- Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lauren Borato
- Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jay Alberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Food cue recruits increased reward processing and decreased inhibitory control processing in the obese/overweight: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kiyici S, Koca N, Sigirli D, Aslan BB, Guclu M, Kisakol G. Food Addiction Correlates with Psychosocial Functioning More Than Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:161-167. [PMID: 32027557 DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the association of food addiction (FA) with the psychosocial functioning and metabolic parameters in obese patients seeking weight-loss treatment. Methods: Two hundred twenty-four obese patients (male/female: 28/196) with a mean age of 44.5 ± 13.4 years and body mass index (BMI) of 41.6 ± 7.2 were included in the study. After receiving sociodemographic data and medical history, detailed physical examination, including anthropometric measurements, was performed by an experienced physician. Blood samples were taken after 8-12 hr of fasting. The presence of FA was evaluated by using Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Psychological evaluation was performed by using a self-reported Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and health-related quality of life using the 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). Results: Seventy-two of 224 (32.1%) patients met the criteria for FA, according to YFAS. The mean age of patients with FA was younger compared with patients without FA (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with and without FA in terms of BMI, fat percentage, and waist circumference (P = 0.440, P = 0.644, and P = 0.144, respectively). The depression frequency was significantly higher (61.1%, P < 0.001), while the SF-36 score of mental health was lower (P = 0.027) in patients with FA than in the patients without FA. Age- and sex-adjusted mean fasting plasma glucose level was lower in patients with FA (P = 0.021), but serum insulin levels, HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c), lipid parameters, and vascular adiposity index were comparable. Conclusions: We found that FA frequency was very high in obese patients seeking treatment for weight loss, and it correlates with psychosocial functioning more than metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Kiyici
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nizameddin Koca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sigirli
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Bilal Burçak Aslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Metin Guclu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Kisakol
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
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Human brain responses to gustatory and food stimuli: A meta-evaluation of neuroimaging meta-analyses. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Kennedy JT, Astafiev SV, Golosheykin S, Korucuoglu O, Anokhin AP. Shared genetic influences on adolescent body mass index and brain structure: A voxel-based morphometry study in twins. Neuroimage 2019; 199:261-272. [PMID: 31163268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated significant relationships between obesity and brain structure. Both phenotypes are heritable, but it is not known whether they are influenced by common genetic factors. We investigated the genetic etiology of the relationship between individual variability in brain morphology and BMIz using structural MRI in adolescent twins. METHOD The sample (n = 258) consisted of 54 monozygotic and 75 dizygotic twin pairs (mean(SD) age = 13.61(0.505), BMIz = 0.608(1.013). Brain structure (volume and density of gray and white matter) was assessed using VBM. Significant voxelwise heritability of brain structure was established using the Accelerated Permutation inference for ACE models (APACE) program, with structural heritability varying from 15 to 97%, depending on region. Bivariate heritability analyses were carried out comparing additive genetic and unique environment models with and without shared genetics on BMIz and the voxels showing significant heritability in the APACE analyses. RESULTS BMIz was positively related to gray matter volume in the brainstem and thalamus and negatively related to gray matter volume in the bilateral uncus and medial orbitofrontal cortex, gray matter density in the cerebellum, prefrontal lobe, temporal lobe, and limbic system, and white matter density in the brainstem. Bivariate heritability analyses showed that BMIz and brain structure share ∼1/3 of their genes and that ∼95% of the phenotypic correlation between BMIz and brain structure is due to shared additive genetic influences. These regions included areas related to decision-making, motivation, liking vs. wanting, taste, interoception, reward processing/learning, caloric evaluation, and inhibition. CONCLUSION These results suggested genetic factors are responsible for the relationship between BMIz and heritable BMIz related brain structure in areas related to eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Serguei V Astafiev
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Semyon Golosheykin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ozlem Korucuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
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Food addiction linked to changes in ventral striatum functional connectivity between fasting and satiety. Appetite 2018; 133:18-23. [PMID: 30312737 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of "food addiction" (FA) has gained popularity in view of clinical and neurobiological overlaps between excessive food intake and addictive disorders. However, no studies have examined the link between FA and striatocortical circuits involved in addictive disorders, or the influence of homeostatic status, which regulates the drive to eat, on these systems. This study aims to investigate changes in striatal functional connectivity between fasted and fed conditions among adults ranging in body mass index (BMI) and FA symptoms. METHODS Thirty adults were recruited from the general community and completed self-reported surveys including demographics, FA symptoms using the Yale Food Addiction Scale, as well as height and weight measures, used to determine BMI. Participants completed two 3-T MRI scans, one in a fasted state and one in a fed state. We conducted seed-based analyses to examine between-session ("fasted > fed") change in resting-state functional connectivity of the ventral and dorsal striatum, and its association with FA scores (controlling for BMI). RESULTS Higher symptoms of FA correlated with greater changes in ventral caudate-hippocampus connectivity between fasted and fed conditions. FA symptoms did not correlate with connectivity in the dorsal caudate circuit. Post-hoc analyses revealed that participants with higher symptoms of FA had ventral caudate-hippocampus hyperconnectivity in the fasted scan only, as well as a significant reduction of this connectivity between the fasted and fed scans. CONCLUSIONS Heightened connectivity in the ventral striatum during a fasted state, which has been linked to reward prediction signals, underpins symptoms of FA. In contrast, connectivity in the dorsal striatum or "habit" system is unrelated to homeostatic status and FA symptoms, and is thus less relevant for subclinical manifestations of FA.
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Devoto F, Zapparoli L, Bonandrini R, Berlingeri M, Ferrulli A, Luzi L, Banfi G, Paulesu E. Hungry brains: A meta-analytical review of brain activation imaging studies on food perception and appetite in obese individuals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:271-285. [PMID: 30071209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of food intake in chronic obesity has been explained by different theories. To assess their explanatory power, we meta-analyzed 22 brain-activation imaging studies. We found that obese individuals exhibit hyper-responsivity of the brain regions involved in taste and reward for food-related stimuli. Consistent with a Reward Surfeit Hypothesis, obese individuals exhibit a ventral striatum hyper-responsivity in response to pure tastes, particularly when fasting. Furthermore, we found that obese subjects display more frequent ventral striatal activation for visual food cues when satiated: this continued processing within the reward system, together with the aforementioned evidence, is compatible with the Incentive Sensitization Theory. On the other hand, we did not find univocal evidence in favor of a Reward Deficit Hypothesis nor for a systematic deficit of inhibitory cognitive control. We conclude that the available brain activation data on the dysregulated food intake and food-related behavior in chronic obesity can be best framed within an Incentive Sensitization Theory. Implications of these findings for a brain-based therapy of obesity are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Devoto
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology and PhD Program in Neuroscience of the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - L Zapparoli
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - R Bonandrini
- Department of Psychology and NeuroMi - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - M Berlingeri
- DISTUM, Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy; Center of Developmental Neuropsychology, ASUR Marche, Area Vasta 1, Pesaro, Italy
| | - A Ferrulli
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - L Luzi
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Banfi
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; University Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - E Paulesu
- fMRI Unit, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology and NeuroMi - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Simmons WK, DeVille DC. Interoceptive contributions to healthy eating and obesity. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17:106-112. [PMID: 28950955 PMCID: PMC5657601 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity results from persistent failure by the brain to balance food intake with energy needs, resulting in a state of chronic energy surplus. Although there are many factors that predispose individuals to weight gain and obesity, the current review focuses on two ways eating behavior may be influenced by sensitivity to interoceptive signals of hunger, satiety, and metabolic energy reserves. First, obesity may be related to hypersensitivity to interoceptive signals of hunger, leading to positive alliesthesia for food cues that undermine attempts to change unhealthy eating behaviors. Second, overeating and obesity may arise from an inability to accurately detect interoceptive signals of satiety and positive energy balance. The findings reviewed herein demonstrate that obesity may be related to altered interoception, and warrant the continued development of novel obesity interventions aimed at promoting interoceptive awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, United States; School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States.
| | - Danielle C DeVille
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
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Brain substrates of unhealthy versus healthy food choices: influence of homeostatic status and body mass index. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:448-454. [PMID: 29064475 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Unhealthy dietary choices are a major contributor to harmful weight gain and obesity. This study interrogated the brain substrates of unhealthy versus healthy food choices in vivo, and evaluated the influence of hunger state and body mass index (BMI) on brain activation and connectivity. SUBJECTS/METHODS Thirty adults (BMI: 18-38 kg m-2) performed a food-choice task involving preference-based selection between beverage pairs consisting of high-calorie (unhealthy) or low-calorie (healthy) options, concurrent with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Selected food stimuli were delivered to participants using an MRI-compatible gustometer. fMRI scans were performed both after 10-h fasting and when sated. Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity were assessed when selecting between unhealthy-healthy beverage pairings, relative to unhealthy-unhealthy and healthy-healthy options. Results were considered significant at cluster-based family-wise error corrected P<0.05. RESULTS Selecting between unhealthy and healthy foods elicited significant activation in the hypothalamus, the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, the anterior insula and the posterior cingulate. Hunger was associated with higher activation within the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, as well as lower connectivity between the hypothalamus and both the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. Critically, people with higher BMI showed lower activation of the hypothalamus-regardless of hunger state-and higher activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex when hungry. CONCLUSIONS People who are overweight and obese have weaker activation of brain regions involved in energy regulation and greater activation of reward valuation regions while making choices between unhealthy and healthy foods. These results provide evidence for a shift towards hedonic-based, and away from energy-based, food selection in obesity.
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Brain Functional Connectivity Is Modified by a Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity in Obese Women. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070685. [PMID: 28671558 PMCID: PMC5537800 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the resting state has shown altered brain connectivity networks in obese individuals. However, the impact of a Mediterranean diet on cerebral connectivity in obese patients when losing weight has not been previously explored. The aim of this study was to examine the connectivity between brain structures before and six months after following a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet and physical activity program in a group of sixteen obese women aged 46.31 ± 4.07 years. Before and after the intervention program, the body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was 38.15 ± 4.7 vs. 34.18 ± 4.5 (p < 0.02), and body weight (kg) was 98.5 ± 13.1 vs. 88.28 ± 12.2 (p < 0.03). All subjects underwent a pre- and post-intervention fMRI under fasting conditions. Functional connectivity was assessed using seed-based correlations. After the intervention, we found decreased connectivity between the left inferior parietal cortex and the right temporal cortex (p < 0.001), left posterior cingulate (p < 0.001), and right posterior cingulate (p < 0.03); decreased connectivity between the left superior frontal gyrus and the right temporal cortex (p < 0.01); decreased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the somatosensory cortex (p < 0.025); and decreased connectivity between the left and right posterior cingulate (p < 0.04). Results were considered significant at a voxel-wise threshold of p ≤ 0.05, and a cluster-level family-wise error correction for multiple comparisons of p ≤ 0.05. In conclusion, functional connectivity between brain structures involved in the pathophysiology of obesity (the inferior parietal lobe, posterior cingulate, temporo-insular cortex, prefrontal cortex) may be modified by a weight loss program including a Mediterranean diet and physical exercise.
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Chao AM, Loughead J, Bakizada ZM, Hopkins CM, Geliebter A, Gur RC, Wadden TA. Sex/gender differences in neural correlates of food stimuli: a systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies. Obes Rev 2017; 18:687-699. [PMID: 28371180 PMCID: PMC5549442 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sex and gender differences in food perceptions and eating behaviors have been reported in psychological and behavioral studies. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize studies that examined sex/gender differences in neural correlates of food stimuli, as assessed by functional neuroimaging. Published studies to 2016 were retrieved and included if they used food or eating stimuli, assessed patients with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET), and compared activation between males and females. Fifteen studies were identified. In response to visual food cues, females, compared to males, showed increased activation in the frontal, limbic, and striatal areas of the brain as well as the fusiform gyrus. Differences in neural response to gustatory stimuli were inconsistent. This body of literature suggests that females may be more reactive to visual food stimuli. However, findings are based on a small number of studies and additional research is needed to establish a more definitive explanation and conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Chao
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - James Loughead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Zayna M. Bakizada
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Christina M. Hopkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Allan Geliebter
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
- Department of Psychology, Touro College and University System
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Thomas A. Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
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van Meer F, van der Laan LN, Charbonnier L, Viergever MA, Adan RA, Smeets PA. Developmental differences in the brain response to unhealthy food cues: an fMRI study of children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1515-1522. [PMID: 27806979 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.137240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food cues are omnipresent and may trigger overconsumption. In the past 2 decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically. Because children's brains are still developing, especially in areas important for inhibition, children may be more susceptible than adults to tempting food cues. OBJECTIVE We examined potential developmental differences in children's and adults' responses to food cues to determine how these responses relate to weight status. DESIGN We included 27 children aged 10-12 y and 32 adults aged 32-52 y. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired during a food-viewing task in which unhealthy and healthy food pictures were presented. RESULTS Children had a stronger activation in the left precentral gyrus than did adults in response to unhealthy compared with healthy foods. In children, unhealthy foods elicited stronger activation in the right inferior temporal and middle occipital gyri, left precentral gyrus, bilateral opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, left hippocampus, and left middle frontal gyrus. Adults had stronger activation in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus and the right calcarine sulcus for unhealthy compared with healthy foods. Children with a higher body mass index (BMI) had lower activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while viewing unhealthy compared with healthy foods. In adults there was no correlation between BMI and neural response to unhealthy compared with healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy foods might elicit more attention both in children and in adults. Children had stronger activation while viewing unhealthy compared with healthy foods in areas involved in reward, motivation, and memory. Furthermore, children activated a motivation and reward area located in the motor cortex more strongly than did adults in response to unhealthy foods. Finally, children with a higher BMI had less activation in inhibitory areas in response to unhealthy foods, which may mean they are more susceptible to tempting food cues. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR4255.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute and .,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Laura N van der Laan
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Lisette Charbonnier
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Max A Viergever
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Roger Ah Adan
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and
| | - Paul Am Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute and.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and.,Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kennedy JT, Collins PF, Luciana M. Higher Adolescent Body Mass Index Is Associated with Lower Regional Gray and White Matter Volumes and Lower Levels of Positive Emotionality. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:413. [PMID: 27660604 PMCID: PMC5015489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent obesity is associated with an increased chance of developing serious health risks later in life. Identifying the neurobiological and personality factors related to increases in adiposity is important to understanding what drives maladaptive consummatory and exercise behaviors that result in obesity. Previous research has largely focused on adults with few findings published on interactions among adiposity, brain structure, and personality. In this study, Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to identify associations between gray and white matter volumes and increasing adiposity, as measured by Body Mass Index percentile (BMI%), in 137 adolescents (age range: 9–20 years, BMI% range: 5.16–99.56). Variations in gray and white matter volume and BMI% were then linked to individual differences in personality measures from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). After controlling for age and other covariates, BMI% correlated negatively with gray matter volume in the bilateral caudate (right: partial r = −0.338, left: r = −0.404), medial prefrontal cortex (partial r = −0.339), anterior cingulate (partial r = −0.312), bilateral frontal pole (right: partial r = −0.368, left: r = −0.316), and uncus (partial r = −0.475) as well as white matter volume bilaterally in the anterior limb of the internal capsule (right: partial r = −0.34, left: r = −0.386), extending to the left middle frontal subgyral white matter. Agentic Positive Emotionality (PEM-AG) was correlated negatively with BMI% (partial r = −0.384). PEM-AG was correlated positively with gray matter volume in the right uncus (partial r = 0.329). These results suggest that higher levels of adiposity in adolescents are associated with lower trait levels in reward-related personality domains, as well as structural variations in brain regions associated with reward processing, control, and sensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kennedy
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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Abstract
Food decisions determine energy intake. Since overconsumption is the main driver of obesity, the effects of weight status on food decision-making are of increasing interest. An additional factor of interest is age, given the rise in childhood obesity, weight gain with aging, and the increased chance of type 2 diabetes in the elderly. The effects of weight status and age on food preference, food cue sensitivity, and self-control are discussed, as these are important components of food decision-making. Furthermore, the neural correlates of food anticipation and choice and how these are affected by weight status and age are discussed. Behavioral studies show that in particular, poor self-control may have an adverse effect on food choice in children and adults with overweight and obesity. Neuroimaging studies show that overweight and obese individuals have altered neural responses to food in brain areas related to reward, self-control, and interoception. Longitudinal studies across the lifespan will be invaluable to unravel the causal factors driving (changes in) food choice, overconsumption, and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, room Q02.445, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Charbonnier
- Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, room Q02.445, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, room Q02.445, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research Centre (Bode 62), 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Hargrave SL, Jones S, Davidson TL. The Outward Spiral: A vicious cycle model of obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 9:40-46. [PMID: 26998507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic failure to suppress intake during states of positive energy balance leads to weight gain and obesity. The ability to use context - including interoceptive satiety states - to inhibit responding to previously rewarded cues appears to depend on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. Recent evidence implicates energy dense Western diets in several types of hippocampal dysfunction, including reduced expression of neurotrophins and nutrient transporters, increased inflammation, microglial activation, and blood brain barrier permeability. The functional consequences of such insults include impairments in an animal's ability to modulate responding to a previously reinforced cues. We propose that such deficits promote overeating, which can further exacerbate hippocampal dysfunction and thus initiate a vicious cycle of both obesity and progressive cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Hargrave
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. American University. Washington, DC 20016, USA
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28
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Tuominen L, Tuulari J, Karlsson H, Hirvonen J, Helin S, Salminen P, Parkkola R, Hietala J, Nuutila P, Nummenmaa L. Aberrant mesolimbic dopamine-opiate interaction in obesity. Neuroimage 2015; 122:80-6. [PMID: 26260431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter systems share many functions such as regulation of reward and pleasure. μ-Opioid receptors (MOR) modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system in ventral tegmental area and striatum, key areas implicated in reward. We hypothesized that dopamine and opioid receptor availabilities correlate in vivo and that this correlation is altered in obesity, a disease with altered reward processing. Twenty lean females (mean BMI 22) and 25 non-binge eating morbidly obese females (mean BMI 41) underwent two positron emission tomography scans with [(11)C]carfentanil and [(11)C]raclopride to measure the MOR and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) availability, respectively. In lean subjects, the MOR and DRD2 availabilities were positively associated in the ventral striatum (r=0.62, p=0.003) and dorsal caudate nucleus (r=0.62, p=0.004). Moreover, DRD2 availability in the ventral striatum was associated with MOR availability in other regions of the reward circuitry, particularly in the ventral tegmental area. In morbidly obese subjects, this receptor interaction was significantly weaker in ventral striatum but unaltered in the caudate nucleus. Finally, the association between DRD2 availability in the ventral striatum and MOR availability in the ventral tegmental area was abolished in the morbidly obese. The study demonstrates a link between DRD2 and MOR availabilities in living human brain. This interaction is selectively disrupted in mesolimbic dopamine system in morbid obesity. We propose that interaction between the dopamine and opioid systems is a prerequisite for normal reward processing and that disrupted cross-talk may underlie altered reward processing in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, 20700 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jetro Tuulari
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Henry Karlsson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Semi Helin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and Turku University, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, 20700 Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Mind Brain Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Aalto, Finland; Brain Research Unit (BRU), Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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29
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conditions involving excessive eating (eg, obesity, binge/loss of control eating) are increasingly prevalent within pediatric populations, and correlational and some longitudinal studies have suggested inter-relationships between these disorders. In addition, a number of common neural correlates are emerging across conditions, eg, functional abnormalities within circuits subserving reward processing and executive functioning. To explore this potential cross-condition overlap in neurobehavioral underpinnings, we selectively review relevant functional neuroimaging literature, specifically focusing on studies probing (i) reward processing, (ii) response inhibition, and (iii) emotional processing and regulation, and we outline 3 specific shared neurobehavioral circuits. Based on our review, we also identify gaps within the literature that would benefit from further research.
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30
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Sample CH, Martin AA, Jones S, Hargrave SL, Davidson TL. Western-style diet impairs stimulus control by food deprivation state cues: Implications for obesogenic environments. Appetite 2015; 93:13-23. [PMID: 26002280 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In western and westernized societies, large portions of the population live in what are considered to be "obesogenic" environments. Among other things, obesogenic environments are characterized by a high prevalence of external cues that are associated with highly palatable, energy-dense foods. One prominent hypothesis suggests that these external cues become such powerful conditioned elicitors of appetitive and eating behavior that they overwhelm the internal, physiological mechanisms that serve to maintain energy balance. The present research investigated a learning mechanism that may underlie this loss of internal relative to external control. In Experiment 1, rats were provided with both auditory cues (external stimuli) and varying levels of food deprivation (internal stimuli) that they could use to solve a simple discrimination task. Despite having access to clearly discriminable external cues, we found that the deprivation cues gained substantial discriminative control over conditioned responding. Experiment 2 found that, compared to standard chow, maintenance on a "western-style" diet high in saturated fat and sugar weakened discriminative control by food deprivation cues, but did not impair learning when external cues were also trained as relevant discriminative signals for sucrose. Thus, eating a western-style diet contributed to a loss of internal control over appetitive behavior relative to external cues. We discuss how this relative loss of control by food deprivation signals may result from interference with hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes, forming the basis of a vicious-cycle of excessive intake, body weight gain, and progressive cognitive decline that may begin very early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille H Sample
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ashley A Martin
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara L Hargrave
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA.
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31
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Li DK, Ferber JR, Odouli R. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of obesity in offspring: a prospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:658-64. [PMID: 25388405 PMCID: PMC4389720 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In-utero exposures through adverse fetal programming are emerging as an important contributing factor to the epidemic of childhood obesity. This study examines the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity in offspring. SUBJECTS/METHODS A prospective study of pregnant women with 15 years follow-up of their offspring was conducted to examine the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity. Maternal caffeine intake was prospectively ascertained during pregnancy and outcome measures (body mass index (BMI)) were ascertained from medical charts, with 17 BMI measurements per child, on average, during the follow-up period. Potential confounders including known perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity were adjusted for using the generalized estimating equations model with repeated measurements. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, compared with those without caffeine exposure, in-utero exposure to caffeine overall is associated with 87% increased risk of childhood obesity: odds ratio (OR) =1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-3.12. This association demonstrated a dose-response relationship: OR=1.77 (1.05-3.00) for maternal daily caffeine intake <150 mg per day, OR=2.37 (1.24-4.52) for caffeine intake ⩾150 mg per day during pregnancy, respectively. We also observed a linear relationship: every one unit increase (log10 scale) in the amount of maternal caffeine intake was associated with 23% increased risk of obesity in offspring. The dose-response relationship appears stronger for persistent obesity than for transitory obesity (occasional high BMI), and for girls than for boys. CONCLUSIONS We observed an association of in-utero exposure to caffeine with increased risk of childhood obesity. If this observation is further replicated in other studies, the finding will contribute to the understanding of fetal programming of childhood diseases and development of intervention strategy to prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-K Li
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J R Ferber
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - R Odouli
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
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32
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Areias MFC, Prada PO. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in the amygdala: Influences on food intake. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Cornier MA, McFadden KL, Thomas EA, Bechtell JL, Bessesen DH, Tregellas JR. Propensity to obesity impacts the neuronal response to energy imbalance. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:52. [PMID: 25767441 PMCID: PMC4341570 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the propensity to gain weight or remain normal weight are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to study the neuronal response to visual food cues during short-term energy imbalance in healthy adults recruited as obesity-resistant (OR) or obesity-prone (OP) based on self-identification, body mass index, and personal/family weight history. Twenty-five OR and 28 OP subjects were studied in underfed (UF) and overfed (OF) as compared to eucaloric (EU) conditions in a randomized crossover design. Each study phase included a 3-day run-in diet, 1 day of controlled feeding (basal energy needs for EU, 40% above/below basal energy needs for OF/UF), and a test day. On the test day, fMRI was performed in the acute fed stated (30 min after a test meal) while subjects viewed images of foods of high hedonic value and neutral non-food objects. Measures of appetite and hormones were also performed before and every 30 min after the test meal. UF was associated with significantly increased activation of insula, somatosensory cortex, inferior and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), parahippocampus, precuneus, cingulate, and visual cortex in OR. However, UF had no impact in OP. As a result, UF was associated with significantly greater activation, specifically in the insula, inferior PFC, and somatosensory cortex in OR as compared to OP. While OF was overall associated with reduced activation of inferior visual cortex, no group interaction was observed with OF. In summary, these findings suggest that individuals resistant to weight gain and obesity are more sensitive to short-term energy imbalance, particularly with UF, than those prone to weight gain. The inability to sense or adapt to changes in energy balance may represent an important mechanism contributing to excess energy intake and risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Kristina L McFadden
- Department of Psychiatry, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Jamie L Bechtell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA ; Research Service, VA Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA
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34
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Carnell S, Benson L, Pantazatos SP, Hirsch J, Geliebter A. Amodal brain activation and functional connectivity in response to high-energy-density food cues in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2370-8. [PMID: 25098957 PMCID: PMC4224976 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The obesogenic environment is pervasive, yet only some people become obese. The aim was to investigate whether obese individuals show differential neural responses to visual and auditory food cues, independent of cue modality. METHODS Obese (BMI 29-41, n = 10) and lean (BMI 20-24, n = 10) females underwent fMRI scanning during presentation of auditory (spoken word) and visual (photograph) cues representing high-energy-density (ED) and low-ED foods. The effect of obesity on whole-brain activation, and on functional connectivity with the midbrain/VTA, was examined. RESULTS Obese compared with lean women showed greater modality-independent activation of the midbrain/VTA and putamen in response to high-ED (vs. low-ED) cues, as well as relatively greater functional connectivity between the midbrain/VTA and cerebellum (P < 0.05 corrected). CONCLUSIONS Heightened modality-independent responses to food cues within the midbrain/VTA and putamen, and altered functional connectivity between the midbrain/VTA and cerebellum, could contribute to excessive food intake in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carnell
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leora Benson
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Spiro P. Pantazatos
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Neurobiology an Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Allan Geliebter
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's Hospital, New York, NY
- Department of Psychology, Touro College, New York, NY
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35
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Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Gearhardt AN, Collins CE, Burrows TL. The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a systematic review. Nutrients 2014; 6:4552-90. [PMID: 25338274 PMCID: PMC4210934 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global issue and it has been suggested that an addiction to certain foods could be a factor contributing to overeating and subsequent obesity. Only one tool, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) has been developed to specifically assess food addiction. This review aimed to determine the prevalence of food addiction diagnosis and symptom scores, as assessed by the YFAS. Published studies to July 2014 were included if they reported the YFAS diagnosis or symptom score and were published in the English language. Twenty-five studies were identified including a total of 196,211 predominantly female, overweight/obese participants (60%). Using meta-analysis, the weighted mean prevalence of YFAS food addiction diagnosis was 19.9%. Food addiction (FA) diagnosis was found to be higher in adults aged >35 years, females, and overweight/obese participants. Additionally, YFAS diagnosis and symptom score was higher in clinical samples compared to non-clinical counterparts. YFAS outcomes were related to a range of other eating behavior measures and anthropometrics. Further research is required to explore YFAS outcomes across a broader spectrum of ages, other types of eating disorders and in conjunction with weight loss interventions to confirm the efficacy of the tool to assess for the presence of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirrilly M Pursey
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Peter Stanwell
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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36
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Tsurugizawa T, Uneyama H. Differences in BOLD responses to intragastrically infused glucose and saccharin in rats. Chem Senses 2014; 39:683-91. [PMID: 25179231 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The postingestive effect is different between caloric and noncaloric sweeteners. The gut administration of glucose induces a preference for flavored water which is paired with the intragastric infusion of glucose. However, a comparison of the brain response to the gut glucose and saccharin stimuli still remains to be demonstrated. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response to gut glucose and saccharin in the brain of conscious rats. Glucose induced a positive signal increase in the amygdala and nucleus accumben, both of which receive dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area. In contrast, saccharin administration did not activate these areas. Both glucose and saccharin increased the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal intensity in the insular cortex and the nucleus of the solitary tract. These results show that there were significant differences between postingestive glucose and saccharin-induced increases in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in rats. Together with previous findings, these results suggest distinct activation patterns in the brain for both glucose and saccharin, which is partially due to different changes of internal signals, including the blood glucose and insulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8601, Japan Present address: CEA/DSV/I2BM/NeuroSpin, Bât 145, Point Courrier 156, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hisayuki Uneyama
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8601, Japan
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37
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Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Callister RJ, Brain K, Collins CE, Burrows TL. Neural responses to visual food cues according to weight status: a systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Front Nutr 2014; 1:7. [PMID: 25988110 PMCID: PMC4428493 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from recent neuroimaging studies suggests that specific food-related behaviors contribute to the development of obesity. The aim of this review was to report the neural responses to visual food cues, as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in humans of differing weight status. Published studies to 2014 were retrieved and included if they used visual food cues, studied humans >18 years old, reported weight status, and included fMRI outcomes. Sixty studies were identified that investigated the neural responses of healthy weight participants (n = 26), healthy weight compared to obese participants (n = 17), and weight-loss interventions (n = 12). High-calorie food images were used in the majority of studies (n = 36), however, image selection justification was only provided in 19 studies. Obese individuals had increased activation of reward-related brain areas including the insula and orbitofrontal cortex in response to visual food cues compared to healthy weight individuals, and this was particularly evident in response to energy dense cues. Additionally, obese individuals were more responsive to food images when satiated. Meta-analysis of changes in neural activation post-weight loss revealed small areas of convergence across studies in brain areas related to emotion, memory, and learning, including the cingulate gyrus, lentiform nucleus, and precuneus. Differential activation patterns to visual food cues were observed between obese, healthy weight, and weight-loss populations. Future studies require standardization of nutrition variables and fMRI outcomes to enable more direct comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirrilly M Pursey
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Peter Stanwell
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Katherine Brain
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
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