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Cho NA, Giesbrecht GF, Dewey D, Reimer RA. Early Life Surgency, but not Effortful Control or Negative Affectivity, Is a Mediating Variable Between Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Childhood Obesity Risk. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22517. [PMID: 38924077 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Maternal gestational obesity is related to risk of obesity in the child. This risk may be in part mediated by altered child temperament, which can affect mother-child interactions, including feeding and soothing behaviors that affect obesity risk. Our objective was to examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child zBMI and determine if child temperament, specifically positive Affectivity/Surgency, mediates this association. Using conditional process modeling, we analyzed data from 408 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study. Child temperament was assessed at 3 years of age via a parent report measure, the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and child zBMI was calculated from in-person measurements of child height and weight at 4-5 years of age. Bivariate correlations showed that there was a significant positive correlation between zBMI and Surgency (r = 0.11, p = 0.03), and zBMI was also correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (r = 0.12, p = 0.02). Multivariable regression revealed that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (adjusted β = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.00-0.05, p = 0.02) and Surgency scores (adjusted β = 0.14, 95% CI; 0.02-0.28, p = 0.03) were associated with higher child zBMI at 4-5 years of age. Mediation analysis showed that Surgency mediated the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and child zBMI. Our models controlled for maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, socioeconomic status, maternal anxiety and depression, and gestational age at birth. Overall, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with child zBMI, and this association was mediated by higher child Surgency scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Cho
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Fox K, Hart CN, Phelan S, Ventura AK, Wing R, Jelalian E. Maternal depressive symptom trajectories and associations with child feeding. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1636. [PMID: 38898428 PMCID: PMC11186209 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responsive feeding, when caregivers attend to children's signals of hunger and satiation and respond in an emotionally supportive and developmentally appropriate way, is associated with the development of healthy eating behaviors, improved diet quality, and healthy weight status for children. However, gaps in the literature remain on how factors, such as maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament, influence feeding interactions. METHODS This longitudinal secondary data analysis explored the association between maternal depressive symptom trajectory and child temperament with maternal feeding practices in women with obesity who participated in a prenatal lifestyle intervention trial. Mothers self-reported depressive symptoms at baseline, 35 weeks gestation, and 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum. At 18- and 24-months postpartum, mothers completed self-reported assessments of feeding practices and child temperament and completed in-home video-recorded meals with their child, coded using the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and generalized regressions to assess the association between symptom trajectory group and feeding. We also explored interactions between depressive symptoms and child temperament. RESULTS Three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: No-Minimal and Decreasing, Mild-Moderate and Stable, and Moderate-Severe and Stable. At 18-months, when compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Moderate-Severe and Stable group was associated with higher observed responsiveness to child satiation cues ([Formula: see text] =2.3, 95%CI = 0.2, 4.4) and lower self-reported pressure to eat ([Formula: see text]=-0.4, 95%CI= -0.7, 0.0). When compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Mild-Moderate and Stable group was associated with higher self-reported restriction ([Formula: see text] =0.4, 95%CI = 0.0,0.7). The associations between trajectory group membership and feeding practices did not reach statistical significance at 24 months. Associations between depressive symptoms and restriction were moderated by child effortful control at 18 months [Formula: see text]) and surgency at 24 months [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION A Moderate-Severe and Stable depressive symptom trajectory was associated with more responsive feeding practices and a Mild-Moderate and Stable trajectory was associated with higher restrictive feeding. Preliminary evidence suggests that depressive symptoms impact mothers' ability to match their use of restriction to the temperamental needs of their child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Fox
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Chantelle N Hart
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences & Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health Temple University, 3223 North Broad Street, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Suzanne Phelan
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health & Center for Health Research Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Alison K Ventura
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health & Center for Health Research Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Rena Wing
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Ju S, Iwinski S, Bost KK. Temperament and emotional overeating: the mediating role of caregiver response to children's negative emotions. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1369252. [PMID: 38646127 PMCID: PMC11026708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of caregiver responses to a child's negative emotions on the associations between infant temperament and emotional overeating in preschool children. Method A sample of 358 children and their caregivers enrolled in the STRONG Kids 2 (SK2) birth cohort study (N = 468) provided data for this analysis. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing child temperament at 3 months, caregiver response to negative emotions at 18 months, and child emotional overeating at 36 months. Structural Equation Modeling was conducted using the lavaan package in RStudio to test hypothesized models examining whether the relations between early temperament and subsequent emotional eating were mediated by caregiver responses to a child's emotions. Results Findings revealed that infant temperamental orienting/regulation predicted the later development of emotional overeating through supportive caregiver responses to a child's negative emotions. Lower levels of orienting/regulation were associated with greater emotional overeating, explained by less supportive caregiver responses to the child's emotions. Moreover, infant surgency had a positive direct influence on emotional overeating at 36 months. Both supportive and non-supportive caregiver responses to a child's negative emotions had significant direct influences on emotional overeating. Conclusion The results highlight the importance of caregiver response to a child's negative emotions as a mediator between infant temperament and emotional overeating in preschool children. Intervention strategies can be implemented to support caregivers in adopting supportive responses to their child's negative emotions to promote healthy eating behaviors from early childhood. Future studies are needed to explore these pathways of influences throughout child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Ju
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Park SH, Cormier E, Grove K, Kelley SJ, Faith MS. Health-related behaviors and weight-related outcomes within sibling pairs: A systematic review. J Pediatr Nurs 2023; 73:e154-e163. [PMID: 37582674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siblings reciprocally contribute to mutual social and physical development. The aim of this review was to examine the health-related behaviors and weight-related outcomes within child-sibling pairs and to determine how these factors vary by sibling composition. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of studies published since 2000 obtained from MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Reviews, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Health and Wellness, and Science Direct was performed. The eligibility criteria for inclusion were: 1) peer-reviewed and published in English; 2) included children ages 2 to 20 and their siblings; and 3) explored health-related behaviors (i.e., diet) and/or weight-related outcomes (i.e., body weight) within child-sibling dyads. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were included in the review. The study findings are summarized according to three major themes: 1) sibling concordance in health-related behaviors and weight-related outcomes, 2) differences in health-related behaviors within weight-concordant/weight-discordant sibling dyads, and 3) influence of sibling composition on health-related behaviors and weight-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Family-based interventions for childhood obesity may benefit from including siblings as key family members in promoting children's health-related behaviors and preventing excessive weight gain. Future studies should explore variable sibling dynamics (e.g., adoptive siblings) in more culturally/racially diverse families to further explore the role of a sibling in a child's health. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE The findings of this study may help healthcare providers in developing effective family-based obesity interventions for families with more than one child in their household.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Park
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eileen Cormier
- College of Nursing, Florida State University, 98 Varsity Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States of America.
| | - Kelly Grove
- GIS and Earth Sciences, Paul A. M. Dirac Library, 110 N. Woodward Ave., Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States of America.
| | - Susan J Kelley
- Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Urban Life Building, Atlanta, GA 30302-3995, United States of America.
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, 420 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1000, United States of America.
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Navalón P, Ghosn F, Ferrín M, Almansa B, Moreno-Giménez A, Campos-Berga L, Sahuquillo-Leal R, Diago V, Vento M, García-Blanco A. Temperamental and psychomotor predictors of ADHD symptoms in children born after a threatened preterm labour: a 6-year follow-up study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2291-2301. [PMID: 36056973 PMCID: PMC10576661 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children born after threatened preterm labour (TPL), regardless of whether it ends in preterm birth, may represent an undescribed "ADHD cluster". The aim of this cohort study is to identify early temperament and psychomotor manifestations and risk factors of TPL children who present ADHD symptoms. One hundred and seventeen mother-child pairs were followed from TPL diagnosis until the child's 6 years of life. TPL children were divided according to the prematurity status into three groups: full-term TPL (n = 26), late-preterm TPL (n = 53), and very-preterm TPL (n = 38). A non-TPL group (n = 50) served as control. Temperament and psychomotor development at age 6 months and ADHD symptoms at age 6 years were assessed. Perinatal and psychosocial factors were also recorded. All TPL groups showed higher severity of ADHD symptoms compared with non-TPL children (difference in means + 4.19 for the full-term group, + 3.64 for the late-preterm group, and + 4.99 for the very-preterm group, all ps < 0.021). Concretely, very-preterm and late-preterm TPL children showed higher restless/impulsive behaviours, whereas full-term TPL children showed higher emotional lability behaviours. Higher surgency/extraversion and delayed fine motor skills at age 6 months predicted ADHD symptoms at 6 years in TPL children. Male sex, maternal state anxiety symptoms at TPL diagnosis, low parental education, and past maternal experience of traumatic events predicted higher ADHD symptoms in TPL children. Therefore, TPL children may have a higher risk for developing ADHD symptoms, presenting a phenotype that depends on the prematurity status. Moreover, the specific combination of early manifestations and risk factors suggests that TPL children may conform an undescribed group at-risk of ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Navalón
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Farah Ghosn
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maite Ferrín
- Haringey Children and Adolescent Mental Health Service, National Health Service, London, UK
- ReCognition Health, London, UK
| | - Belén Almansa
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Moreno-Giménez
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Campos-Berga
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Sahuquillo-Leal
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Diago
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Division of Neonatology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Blanco
- Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
- Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Tauriello S, Moding K, Aronoff N, Kubiniec E, Anzman-Frasca S. Examining links between child temperament and feeding, eating, and weight outcomes: An updated systematic review of the literature. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101739. [PMID: 37209569 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight outcomes have been associated with child temperament, defined as individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. The current systematic review aims to provide an updated summary of the evidence linking temperamental negative reactivity, surgency, and regulation superfactors to early childhood feeding, eating, and weight outcomes. METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase databases, as well as scientific meeting programs, were searched using keywords and subject headings. Publication dates were limited to 2012-2019 as prior reviews were published in 2012 and 2014. Identified studies were eligible if they included children ages 0-5 years, a measure of child temperament, and a measure of parent/caregiver feeding, child eating, or child weight. 7113 studies were identified and 121 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Feeding, eating, and weight outcomes were largely unrelated to overarching negative reactivity, surgency, and effortful control superfactors. Examination of individual temperament dimensions suggested difficult temperament was frequently linked to non-responsive feeding practices, whereas elevated emotionality and decreased self-regulation were linked to maladaptive eating behaviors, and lower inhibitory control to adiposity. Analyses with infants reported greater percentages of significant associations compared to children, and cross-sectional studies generally reported fewer significant associations than other study designs. CONCLUSIONS Difficult temperament, greater emotionality and lower self-regulation and inhibitory control were the aspects of temperament most consistently related to poorer early childhood feeding, eating, and weight outcomes. Associations tended to be stronger in infancy, and when examined within a non-cross-sectional study design. Findings can inform the development of tailored efforts to promote healthy eating and growth throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tauriello
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Kameron Moding
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Nell Aronoff
- University Libraries, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kubiniec
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
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Kidwell KM, James TD, Brock RL, Lazarus Yaroch A, Hill JL, Mize Nelson J, Alex Mason W, Andrews Espy K, Nelson TD. Preschool Executive Control, Temperament, and Adolescent Dietary Behaviors. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:260-268. [PMID: 35939404 PMCID: PMC10305800 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child temperament styles characterized by increased emotionality or pleasure seeking may increase risk for less healthful eating patterns, while strong executive control (EC) may be protective. The interaction of these characteristics with longitudinal outcomes has not yet been examined. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the association of preschool temperament and EC, as well as their interaction with adolescent eating. METHODS Preschoolers (N = 313) were recruited into a longitudinal study, with behavioral measurement of EC at age 5.25 years, temperament assessed multiple times across preschool, and eating outcomes assessed in adolescence (mean age = 15.34 years). RESULTS Separate latent moderated structural equation models demonstrated that weaker EC was associated with eating less healthful foods, including high sugar foods, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and convenience foods (p < .05). In the moderation models, negative affectivity temperament was correlated with eating less healthful foods, high sugar foods, and SSBs (p < .05). Children lower in surgency/extraversion temperament were more likely to drink SSBs. There was an interaction between temperament and EC, such that children high in negative affectivity with weaker EC were particularly more likely to consume less healthful foods, high sugar foods, and SSBs (p < .05). There was no interaction of surgency with EC and food consumption. CONCLUSIONS Child characteristics measured early in development were associated with later adolescent eating behaviors. Adequate EC could be necessary to counteract the drive toward eating associated with temperaments high in negative affectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany D James
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rebecca L Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Jennie L Hill
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer Mize Nelson
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Fitzpatrick C, Binet MA, Harvey E, Barr R, Couture M, Garon-Carrier G. Preschooler screen time and temperamental anger/frustration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02485-6. [PMID: 36755186 PMCID: PMC9908303 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of increased media use and family distress during the pandemic, we examine whether preschooler screen time at age 3.5 contributes to later expressions of anger/frustration at 4.5, while also considering the inverse association. METHODS Data are from a cohort of 315 Canadian preschool-aged children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parent-reported measures included child h/day of screen time and child temperamental anger/frustration, both measured at 3.5 and 4.5 years of age. Indicators of family distress include use of childcare and child sleep, family income, parenting stress, and parent education, marital and employment status. We also consider child sex as a control variable. RESULTS A crossed-lagged panel model revealed continuity in screen time between the ages of 3.5 and 4.5 (ß = 0.68) and temperamental anger/frustration from 3.5 to 4.5 (ß = 0.60). Child screen time at age 3.5 predicted increased proneness to anger/frustration at age 4.5 (ß = 0.14). Anger/frustration at age 3.5 did not predict screen time at age 4.5. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that preschooler screen time during the pandemic may have undermined the ability to regulate negative emotions, a key component of social and academic competence. Supporting parents in implementing healthy media habits post pandemic may benefit young children's development. IMPACT Key message: this study observes prospective bidirectional associations between preschoolers screen time and temperamental displays of anger or frustration during the COVID-19 pandemic. What does it add: we provide evidence that preschool screen time at age 3.5 prospectively contributes to the tendency to react in anger/frustration at age 4.5. In contrast, greater proneness to anger/frustration did not predict later exposure to screen time. What is the impact: health practitioners should enquire about media use habits during well-child visits to foster children's healthy development during the preschool years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fitzpatrick
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada. .,University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Marie-Andrée Binet
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Elizabeth Harvey
- grid.440011.00000 0001 2167 8636Université Sainte-Anne, Church Point, NS Canada
| | - Rachel Barr
- grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Mélanie Couture
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
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Liu Y, Kong Y, Li Z, Zhang G, Wang L, Yu G. Relationships between parental responsive feeding and infant appetitive traits: The moderating role of infant temperament. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1115274. [PMID: 36814664 PMCID: PMC9939436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Between the ages of 6 and 12 months is a crucial stage for children to develop appetitive self-regulation. Evidence suggests that a combination of parental responsive feeding and infant temperament (surgency, effortful control, negative affect) shapes infant appetitive traits (food approach, food avoidance). There is a need for research to explore these relationships, in order to provide guidance for the design of an effective intervention to improve appetitive traits. The objective of the current study was to explore the moderating role of infant temperament in the relationship between parental responsive feeding and infant appetitive traits. Methods A total of 616 questionnaires, measuring parental responsive feeding, infant appetitive traits, and infant temperament, were collected from parents with infants aged 6-12 months. Results Results revealed that responsive feeding was associated with both food approach and food avoidance. Furthermore, only lower levels of surgency significantly moderated the relationship between responsive feeding and food approach, while responsive feeding was associated with food avoidance irrespective of infant temperament. Discussion These findings suggest that a strategy embedding responsive feeding interventions should be adopted to reduce infant food avoidance and low-surgent infant food approach, and interventions that are tailored toward food approach for infants with effortful control, negative affect, or higher levels of surgency should be further sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanghua Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Office of President, The Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiling Yu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Guiling Yu, ✉
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Hernandez E, Moore AM, Rollins BY, Tovar A, Savage JS. Sorry Parents, Children Consume High Amounts of Candy before and after a Meal: Within-Person Comparisons of Children's Candy Intake and Associations with Temperament and Appetite. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010052. [PMID: 36670603 PMCID: PMC9856888 DOI: 10.3390/children10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Candy provides little nutritional value and contributes to children's energy intake from added sugars. Factors influencing children's candy intake remain largely unknown. This study describes children's total candy intake (kcal) before and after a meal and examines associations of candy intake in both conditions with children's temperament and appetite among a predominantly White, highly educated sample. Children (n = 38, age 5-8 years) were given free access to 11 candies (5 chocolate, 6 non-chocolate) and non-food alternatives during a pre-meal and a post-meal condition. Parents completed the Child Behavior Questionnaire and the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Total candy intake was less when offered after a meal (209.3 kcal; SD = 111.25) than before a meal when still hungry (283.6 kcal; SD = 167.3), but not statistically different. Individual differences in candy intake between conditions was calculated to categorize children into three groups: "Better Regulators" consumed more candy before a meal (39%), "Consistent/Poorer Regulators" consumed similar amounts before and after a meal regardless of hunger (32%), and "Most Disinhibited" children consumed more candy after a meal when not hungry (29%). The "Better Regulators" group was lowest in negative affect and the "Consistent/Poorer Regulators" group was highest in food responsiveness. Children's candy intake was high relative to daily energy needs both before and after a meal. Child negative affect and food responsiveness appear to be child characteristics that predispose children to poor self-regulation of candy intake before and after a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hernandez
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, 129 Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(814)-865-5246
| | - Amy M. Moore
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, 129 Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brandi Y. Rollins
- Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 118 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, 129 Noll Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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11
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Ju S, Iwinski S, Fiese BH, McBride BA, Bost KK. Influences of Child Temperament and Household Chaos on Preschoolers' Emotional Eating. Child Obes 2022; 18:523-532. [PMID: 35231179 PMCID: PMC9805884 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Emotional eating has been linked to child temperament and family environment factors, such as household chaos. However, few studies have examined how child and home characteristics independently and together influence children's overeating and undereating in response to negative emotions. Objective: The current study examined associations among child temperament, household chaos, and emotional eating in children 18-24 months of age, and interaction effects were also tested. Methods: The study included an analysis sample of 371 families participating in the larger STRONG Kids2 longitudinal birth cohort study (N = 468). The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire was used to assess child temperament at 18 months, and the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale was used to assess disorganization in the household at 24 months. Child emotional eating at 24 months was assessed using parental reports of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Results: Negative affectivity and household chaos were independently associated with child emotional overeating. Negative affectivity, effortful control, and household chaos were significantly associated with emotional undereating. No significant interactions were found. Conclusions: Child temperament and household environment independently influence emotional eating in young children, highlighting the need to consider these factors in early prevention. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine mechanisms that may be involved in these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Ju
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Barbara H. Fiese
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brent A. McBride
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Child Development Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kelly K. Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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12
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Factors Associated with Eating in the Absence of Hunger among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224715. [PMID: 36432407 PMCID: PMC9699171 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) has been extensively studied over the past two decades and has been associated with excess body weight and the development of obesity. However, determinants of EAH remain uncertain. This systematic review aims to identify individual, familial, and environmental factors associated with EAH among children and adolescents. We included studies with a measure of EAH in participants aged 3-17 years old and including ≥1 factor associated with EAH. Our search identified 1494 articles. Of these, we included 81 studies: 53 cross-sectional, 19 longitudinal and nine intervention studies. In childhood (≤12 years old), EAH increases with age, it is greater in boys compared to girls, and it is positively associated with adiposity. Moreover, EAH development seems to be influenced by genetics. In adolescence, the number of studies is limited; yet, studies show that EAH slightly increases or remains stable with age, is not clearly different between sexes, and findings for overweight or obesity are less consistent across studies in adolescence. For familial factors, parental restrictive feeding practices are positively associated with EAH during childhood, mostly for girls. Studies assessing environmental factors are lacking and robust longitudinal studies spanning from early childhood to adolescence are needed.
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13
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Stone RA, Blissett J, Haycraft E, Farrow C. Predicting preschool children's emotional eating: The role of parents' emotional eating, feeding practices and child temperament. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022; 18:e13341. [PMID: 35224864 PMCID: PMC9218318 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emotional eating (EE; defined as overeating irrespective of satiety and in response to emotional states) develops within childhood, persists into adulthood, and is linked with obesity. The origins of EE remain unclear, but parental behaviours (e.g., controlling feeding practices and modelling) and child characteristics (e.g., temperament) are often implicated. To date, the interaction between these influences has not been well investigated. This study explores whether the relationship between parent and child EE is shaped by parental feeding practices, and if the magnitude of this relationship varies as a function of child temperament. Mothers (N = 244) of 3–5‐year‐olds completed questionnaires about their EE, feeding practices, their children's EE and temperament. Results showed that parental use of food to regulate children's emotions fully mediated the relationship between parent and child EE, and using food as a reward and restricting food for health reasons partially mediated this relationship. Analyses demonstrated that the mediated relationship between parent and child EE via use of food as a reward and restriction of food for health reasons varied as a function of child negative affect, where high child negative affect moderated these mediations. These findings suggest child EE may result from interrelationships between greater parent EE, use of food as a reward, restriction of food for health reasons and negative affective temperaments, but that greater use of food for emotion regulation may predict greater child EE irrespective of child temperament. Child temperament moderates the significant mediating relationships between parent EE, certain parental feeding practices and child EE. Parental use of food as a reward significantly mediates the relationship between parent and child EE only for children who are medium or high in negative affect. Parental restriction of food for health reasons significantly mediates the relationship between parent and child EE only for children who are high in negative affect. In children who are low in negative affect, parental rewarding and restrictive feeding practices do not mediate the relationships between parent and child EE. Models of eating behaviour should consider how child characteristics can shape the expression and influence of behaviours that are known to place children at greater risk of obesogenic eating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Stone
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences Aston University Aston Triangle UK
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences Aston University Aston Triangle UK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences Aston University Aston Triangle UK
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14
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Ju S, Iwinski S, Fiese BH, McBride BA, Bost KK. Infant temperament and mealtime distractions as predictors of preschool Children's bite speed during family mealtime. Appetite 2022; 177:106157. [PMID: 35780936 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviors are shaped at an early age, persist into adulthood, and are implicated in the development of physical health outcomes, including obesity. Faster bite speed has been identified as an obesogenic eating behavior, prompting researchers to examine child and family factors associated with children's variability in bite speed. Child temperament, involving phenotypes of reactivity and regulation, and distractions in family food contexts are fruitful areas of investigation, but few studies have examined the interplay among these factors and their associations with bite speed. To address the gap in the literature, we examined relations between early child temperament, family mealtime distractions, and children's observed bite speed. Caregiver report of child temperament at 3 months was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form - Revised. Child mealtime distractions and bite speed were assessed using family mealtime videos that were collected during home visits when children were 18-24 months of age (n = 109). Results revealed that children who were reported to be higher on orienting/regulation at 3 months, and who were more distracted during mealtimes at 18-24 months, had relatively slower bite speeds. No significant interactions were found. The findings from this correlational study inform further investigations into the implications of early temperament and food contexts for the development of eating behaviors implicated in obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Ju
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Barbara H Fiese
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Brent A McBride
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Child Development Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Kelly K Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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15
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Mei D, Deng Y, Li Q, Lin Z, Jiang H, Zhang J, Ming W, Zhang H, Sun X, Yan G, Wu Y. Current Status and Influencing Factors of Eating Behavior in Residents at the Age of 18~60: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132585. [PMID: 35807764 PMCID: PMC9268282 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As eating behavior is important to health, this cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the factors influencing the eating behavior related to overweight and obesity of Chinese residents aged 18~60 based on the Ecological Model of Health Behavior. The short-form of the Eating Behavior Scale (EBS-SF) was applied to evaluate eating behavior. The multivariable linear stepwise regression analysis was used to identify and analyze the influence factors, and the receiver operating characteristic curves analysis to validate the predictive capability of the EBS-SF score in differentiating overweight and obesity. A total of 8623 participants were enrolled. In the personal characteristics, male (β = −0.03), older [36–45 years (β = −0.06) or 46–60 years (β = −0.07)], higher scores of Agreeableness (β = −0.04), Conscientiousness (β = −0.14) or Openness (β = −0.03) contributed to healthy eating behavior. In the individual behaviors, those who smoked (β = 0.04), drank alcohol (β = 0.05), exercised frequently (β = 0.07), had higher PHQ-9 scores (β = 0.29) may have improper eating habits. As for the interpersonal networks, the residents who were married (β = −0.04) behaved well when eating, while those who had offspring or siblings tended to have unhealthy eating behavior. At the community level, living in Western China (β = −0.03), having a monthly household income of 6001–9000 yuan per capita (β = −0.04), having no debt (β = −0.02), being retired (β = −0.03), or having lower PSSS scores (β = −0.03) led to lower EBS-SF scores. And the EBS-SF score demonstrated a moderate-high accuracy in predicting overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Mei
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Yuqian Deng
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China;
| | - Qiyu Li
- School of Humanities and Health Management, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China;
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Communication and Art Design, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200000, China;
| | - Huiwen Jiang
- Department of Public Administration, School of Health Administration, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Waikit Ming
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China;
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Xinying Sun
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Guanyun Yan
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-13936561788 (G.Y.); +86-18810169630 (Y.W.)
| | - Yibo Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-13936561788 (G.Y.); +86-18810169630 (Y.W.)
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16
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Papaioannou MA, Micheli N, Power TG, Fisher JO, Hughes SO. Associations Between Independent Assessments of Child Appetite Self-Regulation: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 8:810912. [PMID: 35155527 PMCID: PMC8829138 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.810912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of eating behaviors among children have been associated with obesity risk and are thought to broadly reflect child appetite self-regulation (ASR). While ASR is thought to occur on cognitive, emotional, motivational, biological, and behavioral levels, the inter-relatedness of ASR constructs as assessed by different methods/measures is not well-characterized. This narrative review describes the correspondence between different methods/measures of child ASR constructs as assessed by self-report questionnaires and/or observational tasks and their relationship to child standardized body mass index (BMIz). Research involving at least two different methods/measures is presented including observational tasks such as the Eating in the Absence of Hunger task, compensation trials, and eating rate, as well as various child eating behavior self-report questionnaires. Keyword searches in the PubMed and PsycINFO databases for articles published between 2000 and July 2021 identified 21,042 articles. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria and examined at least two of the targeted measures. Studies comparing questionnaire data with other questionnaire data showed the most evidence of significant associations (r values ranging from −0.45 to 0.49), whereas studies comparing questionnaires with observational tasks mostly showed weak (r values ranging from −0.17 to 0.19) or not significant associations, with only few studies finding moderate associations (r values ranging from −0.38 to 0.33). Studies comparing different observational tasks showed no significant associations. Overall, studies comparing self-report questionnaires showed the most correspondence, whereas those comparing observational tasks showed no correspondence. Studies across methods (questionnaires with tasks) showed less correspondence. Significant associations were found between ASR constructs and child BMIz across five studies using self-report questionnaires and two studies using observational tasks. Future research is needed to clearly define the various ASR constructs, their expected correspondence, and the strength of that correspondence, as well as the relations between ASR constructs and child weight among youth with and without overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Papaioannou
- Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nilda Micheli
- Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas G. Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jennifer O. Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sheryl O. Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sheryl O. Hughes
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17
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Hohman EE, McNitt KM, Eagleton SG, Francis LA, Keller KL, Savage JS. Validation of a Classroom Version of the Eating in the Absence of Hunger Paradigm in Preschoolers. Front Nutr 2022; 8:787461. [PMID: 35071296 PMCID: PMC8768940 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.787461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), a measure of children's propensity to eat beyond satiety in the presence of highly palatable food, has been associated with childhood obesity and later binge eating behavior. The EAH task is typically conducted in a research laboratory setting, which is resource intensive and lacks ecological validity. Assessing EAH in a group classroom setting is feasible and may be a more efficient alternative, but the validity of the classroom assessment against the traditional individually-administered paradigm has not been tested. The objective of this study was to compare EAH measured in a classroom setting to the one-on-one version of the paradigm in a sample of Head Start preschoolers. Children (n = 35) from three classrooms completed both classroom and individual EAH tasks in a random, counterbalanced order. In the group condition, children sat with peers at their classroom lunch tables; in the individual condition, children met individually with a researcher in a separate area near their classroom. In both conditions, following a meal, children were provided free access to generous portions of six snack foods (~750 kcal) and a selection of toys for 7 min. Snacks were pre- and post-weighed to calculate intake. Parents completed a survey of their child's eating behaviors, and child height and weight were measured. Paired t-tests and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to compare energy intake between conditions, and correlations between EAH intake and child BMI, eating behaviors, and parent feeding practices were examined to evaluate concurrent validity. Average intake was 63.0 ± 50.4 kcal in the classroom setting and 53.7 ± 44.6 in the individual setting, with no significant difference between settings. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.57, indicating moderate agreement between conditions. Overall, the EAH protocol appears to perform similarly in classroom and individual settings, suggesting the classroom protocol is a valid alternative. Future studies should further examine the role of age, sex, and weight status on eating behavior measurement paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Hohman
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Katherine M McNitt
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sally G Eagleton
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lori A Francis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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18
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Button A, Faith MS, Paluch RA, Kong KL. Interplay between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index, Early Childhood Negative Temperament, and Slowness in Eating on Early Childhood Rapid Weight Gain. Child Obes 2021; 17:534-541. [PMID: 34197210 PMCID: PMC8818509 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Early childhood eating behaviors and temperament have been linked to excess weight gain in separate lines of research. However, the interplay among these variables along with maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) in predicting rapid weight gain is poorly understood. Methods: This observational study tested superfactors of early childhood temperament using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, and their relationships with eating behavior using the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire on rapid weight gain among 9-18 months children (n = 283). The bivariate relationships were evaluated using Pearson correlations. Two-way interactions assessed whether childhood temperament moderated the relationship between childhood eating behaviors and rapid weight gain, with prepregnancy BMI as a higher order moderator. Results: Food responsiveness positively correlated with Negativity [r = 0.256, adjusted (adj) p < 0.001] and inversely with Regulation (r = -0.203, adj p = 0.006). Slowness in eating positively correlated with Negativity (r = 0.196, p = 0.006) and inversely with Surgency (r = -0.188, adj p = 0.008) and Regulation (r = -0.181, p = 0.007). Slowness in eating was significantly correlated with rapid weight gain (r = -0.168, p = 0.005). Prepregnancy BMI was a moderator of slowness in eating and Negativity such that children of mothers with high prepregnancy BMI in conjunction with high Negativity and low in slowness in eating experienced the greatest rapid weight gain, whereas children of mothers with low prepregnancy BMI in conjunction with low Negativity and high in slowness in eating experienced the least rapid weight gain. Conclusions: Assessing early childhood temperament may bolster health care and parenting interventions to increase early eating regulation and to promote healthier weight trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Button
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Myles S. Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rocco A. Paluch
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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19
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Valero-García AV, Olmos-Soria M, Madrid-Garrido J, Martínez-Hernández I, Haycraft E. The Role of Regulation and Emotional Eating Behaviour in the Early Development of Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211884. [PMID: 34831637 PMCID: PMC8622852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our research was to explore the role of both parents’ use of behavioural regulation with food and children’s emotional self-regulation in young children with and without overweight/obesity. For this purpose, 123 participants (n = 62 boys and n = 61 girls) were recruited and classified into two groups by their Body Mass Index (BMI, non-overweight vs. overweight/obese) and into two age groups (four years and seven years). The children’s parents/primary caregivers completed two scales of the Childhood Obesogenic Behaviours’ Questionnaire (COBQ). The participants were measured and weighed to calculate their BMI to identify overweight, obesity, and non-overweight. The results showed that the means for children who were obese/overweight were significantly higher than those of children who were non-overweight for both the parents’ behavioural regulation scale (non-overweight: M = 1.80, SD = 0.69; overweight/obesity: M = 2.94, SD = 0.85) and the child’s emotional overeating scale (non-overweight: M = 1.47, SD = 0.56; overweight/obesity: M = 2.65, SD = 0.87). No statistically significant differences were found related to age (4 and 7 years), indicating that the potential impact of obesogenic behaviours starts early in development. Similarly, no differences by gender were found. Due to the implications of obesity for physical and mental health, and the high probability of maintaining this overweight status in the long term, family-based interventions to prevent obesity are highly advisable from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V. Valero-García
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-884-069
| | - Marina Olmos-Soria
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Julia Madrid-Garrido
- Pre-anaesthesia Unit, General University Hospital Santa Lucía, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | | | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
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20
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Button A, Faith MS, Berkowitz RI. Temperament and eating self-regulation in young children with or at risk for obesity: An exploratory report. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12821. [PMID: 34080805 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the relationship between temperament and eating self-regulation in early childhood, despite emerging evidence for associations with pediatric obesity. METHOD The aim of this exploratory report was to examine the associations between three eating behaviors and three facets of temperament among 4- to 8-year-olds with or at risk for obesity. RESULTS Among 28 participants in a family intervention to reduce eating speed, we found at baseline that slower child eating speed was associated with less surgency (r = -.39, p = .04) and higher food responsiveness was associated with higher negative affect (r = .40, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the potential yield of integrating temperament with eating self-regulation assessments in studies of early obesity risk. A better understanding is needed regarding ways in which parents differentially feed in response to child temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Button
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert I Berkowitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Appetite self-regulation declines across childhood while general self-regulation improves: A narrative review of the origins and development of appetite self-regulation. Appetite 2021; 162:105178. [PMID: 33639246 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review discusses the origins and development of appetite self-regulation (ASR) in childhood (from infancy to age 6 or 7 years). The origins, or foundations, are the biological infrastructure associated with appetite regulation and appetite self-regulation. Homeostatic regulation in infancy is examined and then evidence about developmental change in components of ASR. The main ASR-related components covered are: delay-of-gratification, caloric compensation, eating in the absence of hunger, food responsiveness/hedonics and fussy eating. The research included behavioral measures, parent-reports of appetitive traits and fMRI studies. There were two main trends in the evidence: a decline across childhood in the components of ASR associated with food approach (and therefore an increase in disinhibited eating), and wide individual differences. The decline in ASR contrasts with general self-regulation (GSR) where the evidence is of an improvement across childhood. For many children, bottom-up automatic reactive processes via food reward/hedonics or food avoidance as in fussy eating, appear not to be matched by improvements in top-down regulatory capacities. The prominence of bottom-up processes in ASR could be the main factor in possible differences in developmental paths for GSR and ASR. GSR research is situated in developmental science with its focus on developmental processes, theory and methodology. In contrast, the development of ASR at present does not have a strong developmental tradition to access and there is no unifying model of ASR and its development. We concluded (1) outside of mean-level or normative changes in the components of ASR, individual differences are prominent, and (2) there is a need to formulate models of developmental change in ASR together with appropriate measurement, research designs and data analysis strategies.
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Lipsanen J, Elovainio M, Hakulinen C, Tremblay MS, Rovio S, Lagström H, Jaakkola JM, Jula A, Rönnemaa T, Viikari J, Niinikoski H, Simell O, Raitakari OT, Pahkala K, Pulkki-Råback L. Temperament profiles are associated with dietary behavior from childhood to adulthood. Appetite 2020; 151:104681. [PMID: 32251766 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Temperament may be associated with eating behaviors over the lifespan. This study examined the association of toddlerhood temperament with dietary behavior and dietary intervention outcomes across 18 years. METHODS The study comprised 660 children (52% boys) from The Special Turku Intervention Project (STRIP), which is a longitudinal randomized controlled trial from the age of 7 months until the age of 20 years (1990-2010). Temperament was assessed using Carey temperament scales when the participants were 2 years of age. Latent profile analysis yielded three temperament groups, which were called negative/low regulation (19% of the children), neutral/average regulation (52%) and positive/high regulation (28%). Dietary behavior was examined from 2 to 20 years of age using food records, which were converted into a diet score (mean = 15.7, SD 4.6). Mixed random-intercept growth curve analysis was the main analytic method. RESULTS Dietary behavior showed a significant quadratic U-shaped curve over time (B for quadratic association = 0.39, P<.001; B for linear association = 0.09, P = 0.58). Children in the negative/low regulation temperament group had a lower diet score (less healthy diet) across the 18 years compared to children in the neutral/average or in the positive/high regulation group. Temperament was not associated with the rate of change in diet over time. Temperament did not have any interactive effects with the intervention (F [2, 627], P = 0.72). CONCLUSION Children with a temperament profile characterized by high negative mood, high irregularity and high intensity in emotion expression constitute a risk group for less healthy eating over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Lipsanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Elovainio
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Suvi Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Lagström
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna M Jaakkola
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Department of Pediatrics and AdolescentMedicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.
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Steinsbekk S, Bjørklund O, Llewellyn C, Wichstrøm L. Temperament as a predictor of eating behavior in middle childhood – A fixed effects approach. Appetite 2020; 150:104640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hails KA, Zhou Y, Shaw DS. The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation in the Association Between Poverty and Child Weight: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2020; 22:290-315. [PMID: 30725306 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in self-regulation (SR) have been proposed as a potential contributor to child overweight/obesity, a public health concern that disproportionately affects children living in poverty. Although poverty is known to influence SR, SR has not been considered as a potential mechanism in the association between poverty and child obesity. The aim of the current paper was to systematically review the current literature to determine whether SR is a viable mechanism in the relationship between child exposure to poverty and later risk of overweight/obesity. We systematically review and summarize literature in three related areas with the aim of generating a developmentally informed model that accounts for the consistent association between poverty and child weight, specifically how: (1) poverty relates to child weight, (2) poverty relates to child SR, and (3) SR is associated with weight. To quantify the strength of associations for each pathway, effect sizes were collected and aggregated. Findings from the studies included suggest small but potentially meaningful associations between poverty and child SR and between SR and child weight. The conceptualization and measurement of SR, however, varied across literature studies and made it difficult to determine whether SR can feasibly connect poverty to child obesity. Although SR may be a promising potential target for obesity intervention for low-income children, additional research on how SR affects risk of obesity is crucial, especially based on the lack of success of the limited number of SR-promoting interventions for improving children's weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hails
- University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yiyao Zhou
- University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Braeken MAKA, Bogaerts A. Effect of Lifestyle Interventions in Obese Pregnant Women on the Neurocognitive Development and Anthropometrics of Preschool Children. Obes Facts 2020; 13:256-266. [PMID: 32268328 PMCID: PMC7250361 DOI: 10.1159/000506690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are related to adverse outcomes in women and children. Lifestyle interventions during pregnancy showed positive effects on decreasing weight gain during pregnancy, but effects on offspring's health and wellbeing are unclear. We aimed to assess the effect of lifestyle intervention programmes on offspring mental health, temperament, eating habits and anthropometric and cardiovascular measures. METHODS Ninety-six offspring of pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥29 kg/m2 who were randomly assigned to 3 intervention groups during pregnancy (routine antenatal care, a brochure group or a prenatal session group) and 77 offspring of pregnant women with a normal BMI (between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2) were used as an additional control group in this analysis. When the children were between 3 and 7 years old, anthropometric and cardiovascular measurements were conducted and various questionnaires about offspring mental health, temperament and eating habits were filled out. RESULTS Children of mothers who received a brochure-based lifestyle intervention programme showed significantly less surgency/extraversion compared to children of mothers who received routine antenatal care (contrast estimate = -0.36, SE = 0.15, p = 0.02, 95% CI [-6.66, -0.06]) and prenatal lifestyle intervention sessions (contrast estimate = -0.46, SE = 0.14, p < 0.01, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.18]) after adjusting for child's age, sex, offspring birth weight and mother's educational level. The lifestyle intervention could not be associated with any significant differences in offspring mental health, eating habits and anthropometric and cardiovascular characteristics. Children of mothers with a normal BMI showed less emotional problems (F(1, 156) = 5.42, p = 0.02) and internalizing (F(1, 156) = 3.04, p = 0.08) and externalizing problems (F(1, 156) = 6.10, p = 0.02) when compared to children of mothers in the obese group. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION The results suggest that a brochure-based lifestyle intervention programme can affect the offspring temperament. Future follow-up studies need to investigate how these temperament-related effects may influence obesity development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Anne Katrien Alberta Braeken
- Research Unit Resilient People, Faculty of Health and Social Work, University Colleges Leuven-Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annick Bogaerts
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation in Care (CRIC), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,
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Russell CG, Russell A. "Food" and "non-food" self-regulation in childhood: a review and reciprocal analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:33. [PMID: 32151265 PMCID: PMC7063723 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developmental science, there is an extensive literature on non-food related self-regulation in childhood, where several domains relating to emotions, actions and cognitions have been identified. There is now growing attention to food related self-regulation in childhood, especially difficulties with ASR, and the consequences for weight gain and adiposity. The aim of this narrative review was to conduct a reciprocal analysis of self-regulation in the food and non-food domains in childhood (referred to as appetite self-regulation (ASR) and general self-regulation (GSR) respectively). The focus was on commonalities and differences in key concepts and underpinning processes. METHODS Databases and major journals were searched using terms such as self-regulation, appetite self-regulation, or self-regulation of energy intake, together with associated constructs (e.g., Executive Function, Effortful Control, delay-of-gratification). This was followed by backward and forward snowballing. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The scholarship on GSR in childhood has had a focus on the role of the cognitively-oriented Executive Function (EF), the temperamentally-based Effortful Control (EC) and the recursive interplay between bottom-up (reactive, emotion driven, approach or avoidance) and top-down (cognitive, conscious decision-making) processes. "Hot" and "cool/cold" EF and self-regulation situations have been distinguished. There were some parallels between GSR and ASR in these areas, but uncertainty about the contribution of EF and EC to ASR in young children. Possible differences between the contribution to ASR-related outcomes of delay-of-gratification in food and non-food tasks were apparent. Unique elements of ASR were identified; associated with psychological, biological and neurological responses to food and bottom-up processes. A diverse number of situations or elements connected to ASR exist: for example, energy balance homeostasis, caloric compensation, hunger regulation, satiation, satiety, energy density of food, eating in the absence of hunger, emotional eating, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Self-regulation in food and non-food domains are amenable to a reciprocal analysis. We argue that self-regulation of appetite should be added as a domain under the umbrella of self-regulation in childhood along with the other non-food related domains. This could lead to a broader understanding of self-regulation in childhood, and generate novel lines of enquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Russell
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Alan Russell
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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Boone-Heinonen J, Weeks HM, Sturza J, Miller AL, Lumeng JC, Bauer KW. Prenatal predictors of objectively measured appetite regulation in low-income toddlers and preschool-age children. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12554. [PMID: 31215152 PMCID: PMC6812586 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal nutrition impacts offspring appetite regulation in animal models. However, evidence from humans is scarce. OBJECTIVE To determine associations between indicators of prenatal nutrition and appetite regulation among young children. METHODS Participants included 454 low-income mother/child dyads (mean child age = 45.2 months [SD = 9.7]). Children's appetite regulation was ascertained with the maternal-reported Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire and objectively assessed using the Eating in the Absence of Hunger protocol. Using hierarchical linear regression, we modelled child appetite regulation measures as a function of prenatal nutrition indicators (child birthweight z scores [BWz, BWz2 ]; maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index [BMI], gestational weight gain [GWG]), adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Among girls, higher and lower birthweight were associated with greater energy consumed in the absence of hunger, primarily sweet foods, coeff (95% CI): BWz 0.17 (0.05, 0.28), BWz2 0.15 (0.04, 0.26), but not food responsiveness or food enjoyment. Higher birthweight was also associated with greater satiety responsiveness among girls. Among boys, birthweight was unrelated to measures of appetite regulation. Associations between maternal BMI and GWG and child appetite regulation were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Among low-income girls, but not boys, indicators of adverse prenatal conditions were associated with poor objectively measured appetite regulation during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Boone-Heinonen
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, OR, USA,Corresponding author: 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd,
CB669, Portland, OR 97239,
| | - Heidi M. Weeks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julie Sturza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alison L. Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education,
University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
| | - Julie C. Lumeng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical
School, Ann Arbor, MI,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine W. Bauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bergmeier H, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J, Anderson SE, Baur L, Hill B, Lim S, Green R, Skouteris H. Early mother-child dyadic pathways to childhood obesity risk: A conceptual model. Appetite 2019; 144:104459. [PMID: 31533059 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the emotional quality of the mother-child dyadic relationship and parent-child feeding interactions may further clarify early developmental pathways to eating behaviours and obesity risk. The quality of parent-child relationships fosters all aspects of child development but has not yet been extensively examined in relation to childhood weight gain. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual model, which outlines early mother-child dyadic pathways linking parent-child feeding interactions to child body mass index, where parent-child relationships have a central role. It maps out individual and dyadic mother-child factors (i.e., attachment, child temperament and maternal mental health) that influence the nature and quality of parent-child feeding interactions from infancy to toddlerhood. Our model bridges the gap between research fields by bringing together key maternal and child factors implicated in child development. Understanding early parent-child feeding interactional patterns and their influence on child self-regulation and eating behaviours may be relevant to multidisciplinary approaches toward preventing childhood obesity. High quality quantitative and observational data capturing meaningful parent, child and dyadic level interactions around food contexts, attachment security, maternal mental health, child temperament and self-regulation will help to inform new, aetiologically important, targets for preventative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Bergmeier
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeannette Milgrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia; Parent-Infant Research Institute, Department of Clinical and Health, Psychology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg West, Australia
| | - Sarah E Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Louise Baur
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Briony Hill
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siew Lim
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Green
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies on obesogenic eating behaviors in young children have mainly focused on the roles of family environment and parental behaviors. However, intrapersonal characteristics, particularly executive functions, have recently gained more attention in the literature. Therefore, herein we review work on children's executive functions (EFs), particularly the roles of cold and hot executive functions on children's obesogenic eating behaviors. RECENT FINDINGS Most work examining the associations between EF and obesogenic eating among children has focused on the cool EF, particularly inhibitory control/impulsivity. Findings have consistently showed that deficits in inhibitory control/impulsivity are associated with overeating and food responsiveness. The roles of the other two cool EFs (attention control/shifting and working memory) and hot EF (delay of gratification and affective decision-making) in contributing to child obesogenic eating are less clear. For instance, the association between children's performance on delay of gratification tasks and obesogenic eating varies depending on whether food or non-food rewards were used; children with poorer delay of gratification in non-food tasks had more obesogenic eating, although children with poorer delay of gratification in food tasks had less obesogenic eating. Deficits in inhibitory control/impulsivity are associated with more obesogenic eating, suggesting that improving children's inhibition may reduce overeating and childhood obesity. The roles of other cool and hot components of EFs in contributing to obesogenic eating require further study.
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Russell CG, Russell A. A biopsychosocial approach to processes and pathways in the development of overweight and obesity in childhood: Insights from developmental theory and research. Obes Rev 2019; 20:725-749. [PMID: 30768750 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has reached alarming proportions in many countries. There is consensus that both biological (especially genetic) and environmental (including psychosocial) factors contribute to weight gain and obesity in childhood. Research has identified extensive risk or predictive factors for childhood obesity from both of these domains. There is less consensus about the developmental processes or pathways showing how these risk factors lead to overweigh/obesity (OW/OB) in childhood. We outline a biopsychosocial process model of the development of OW/OB in childhood. The model and associated scholarship from developmental theory and research guide an analysis of research on OW/OB in childhood. The model incorporates biological factors such as genetic predispositions or susceptibility genes, temperament, and homeostatic and allostatic processes with the psychosocial and behavioral factors of parenting, parental feeding practices, child appetitive traits, food liking, food intakes, and energy expenditure. There is an emphasis on bidirectional and transactional processes linking child biology and behavior with psychosocial processes and environment. Insights from developmental theory and research include implications for conceptualization, measurement, research design, and possible multiple pathways to OW/OB. Understanding the developmental processes and pathways involved in childhood OW/OB should contribute to more targeted prevention and intervention strategies in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Russell
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Alan Russell
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
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Vollrath ME, Hampson SE, Péneau S, Rolland-Cachera MF, Ystrom E. Child temperament predicts the adiposity rebound. A 9-year prospective sibling control study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207279. [PMID: 30412617 PMCID: PMC6226180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS We repeatedly examined 25889 siblings within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, following them from the mothers' pregnancy through child age 8 years. Information on the children's height and weight was collected by means of health registries and maternal reports. Information on the siblings' temperament was collected by questionnaires completed when they were 1.5, 3, and 5 years old. We examined the associations of temperament at different child ages with the timing of the adiposity rebound among siblings and controls by means of growth curve and multilevel analyses. RESULTS Within siblings, high scores on the approach trait of sociability predicted an earlier adiposity rebound and high scores on the avoidance trait of shyness predicted a later adiposity rebound with timing differences ranging between 6 and 16 weeks. Surprisingly, negative emotionality did not predict the adiposity rebound. The associations between temperament and the adiposity rebound increased with increasing child age. The results within controls-comparing siblings with the population, broadly paralleled those within siblings. CONCLUSIONS The findings encourage the notion that child temperament functions as an early marker for the adiposity rebound. Future studies may advance our knowledge by including measures of child personality along the taxonomy of the adult Five Personality Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete E. Vollrath
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sandrine Péneau
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris 13 University, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Marie Françoise Rolland-Cachera
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris 13 University, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Stifter CA, Moding KJ. Infant temperament and parent use of food to soothe predict change in weight-for-length across infancy: early risk factors for childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1631-1638. [PMID: 29463917 PMCID: PMC6066452 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Greater weight gain in infancy is a risk factor for childhood obesity. The present study examined the interaction between infant temperament and parent use of food to soothe infant distress (FTS) as predictors of weight gain across the first 2 years of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 160 mother-infant dyads were recruited into a longitudinal study. Infant temperament was assessed by parents through a questionnaire (surgency, negativity) and by observer ratings (surgency, irritability) during a laboratory visit when infants were 6 months old. Parents also completed a 3-day infant cry diary when their children were 6 months of age to assess when they used food in response to infant cry/fuss bouts. Infant weight/length was measured in the lab at 6 and 18 months. Multiple regressions were run to test the moderating effect of FTS on weight gain. RESULTS Significant interactions were revealed for both measures of surgency and parent FTS in predicting weight gain. Surgent infants whose parents had a greater tendency to use FTS had greater weight-for-length gain in 1 year than if their parents tended to use less FTS. The interaction between observer ratings of irritability and parent FTS was also significant but in an unexpected direction. CONCLUSIONS The findings point to the role of temperament, specifically surgency, in weight gain during infancy, but only if their parents used FTS. Surgency may have evoked this feeding practice that increased their health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Stifter
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.
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Miller AL, Gearhardt AN, Retzloff L, Sturza J, Kaciroti N, Lumeng JC. Early Childhood Stress and Child Age Predict Longitudinal Increases in Obesogenic Eating Among Low-Income Children. Acad Pediatr 2018; 18:685-691. [PMID: 29357310 PMCID: PMC6067997 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether psychosocial stress exposure during early childhood predicts subsequent increased eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), emotional overeating, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food. METHODS This was an observational longitudinal study. Among 207 low-income children (54.6% non-Hispanic white, 46.9% girls), early childhood stress exposure was measured by parent report and a stress exposure index calculated, with higher scores indicating more stress exposure. Eating behaviors were measured in early (mean, 4.3; standard deviation, 0.5 years) and middle (mean, 7.9; standard deviation, 0.7 years) childhood. Observed EAH was assessed by measuring kilocalories of palatable food the child consumed after a meal. Parents reported on child eating behaviors on the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Child weight and height were measured and body mass index z score (BMIz) calculated. Multivariable linear regression, adjusting for child sex, race/ethnicity, and BMIz, was used to examine the association of stress exposure with rate of change per year in each child eating behavior. RESULTS Early childhood stress exposure predicted yearly increases in EAH (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.002, 0.27) and Emotional Overeating (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.008, 0.27). Stress exposure was not associated with Food Responsiveness (trend for decreased Enjoyment of Food; β = -0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.002, -0.26). All child obesogenic eating behaviors increased with age (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Early stress exposure predicted increases in child eating behaviors known to associate with overweight/obesity. Psychosocial stress may confer overweight/obesity risk through eating behavior pathways. Targeting eating behaviors may be an important prevention strategy for children exposed to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | | | - Lauren Retzloff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Julie Sturza
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich
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Kral TVE, Moore RH, Chittams J, Jones E, O'Malley L, Fisher JO. Identifying behavioral phenotypes for childhood obesity. Appetite 2018; 127:87-96. [PMID: 29709528 PMCID: PMC5994376 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Existing programs which aim to prevent and treat childhood obesity often do not take into account individual variation and the underlying mechanisms that impact child eating behavior. Individual differences in children's appetitive traits have been shown to appear as early as during infancy and become more pronounced as children grow older and become more exposed to the obesogenic food environment. Differences in genetic predispositions interacting with factors in children's early environment account in part for individual differences in appetitive traits. It is very likely that obesogenic eating phenotypes manifest themselves before the onset of childhood obesity. If so, identifying these phenotypes early is expected to move primary prevention strategies in a new direction and holds great potential to significantly enhance our ability to prevent childhood obesity. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the role of behavioral phenotyping as an innovative approach for the development of more personalized obesity prevention and treatment interventions that are tailored to children's individual predispositions. We describe several examples of appetitive traits which have been linked to overeating and excess weight gain in children and thus may represent modifiable risk factors for future interventions. The review concludes with a comprehensive synthesis of opportunities for future human ingestive behavior research on identifying behavioral phenotypes for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja V E Kral
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Reneé H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Chittams
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer O Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Russell CG, Russell A. Biological and Psychosocial Processes in the Development of Children's Appetitive Traits: Insights from Developmental Theory and Research. Nutrients 2018; 10:E692. [PMID: 29844283 PMCID: PMC6024602 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing concern expressed about children's food intakes and dietary patterns. These are closely linked to children's appetitive traits (such as disinhibited eating and food fussiness/neophobia). Research has examined both biological and psychosocial correlates or predictors of these traits. There has been less focus on possible processes or mechanisms associated with children's development of these traits and research that links biological and psychosocial factors. There is an absence of research that links biological and psychosocial factors. In the present article, we outline a model intended to facilitate theory and research on the development of appetitive traits. It is based on scholarship from developmental theory and research and incorporates biological factors such as genetic predispositions and temperament as well as psychosocial factors in terms of parent cognitions, feeding styles and feeding practices. Particular attention is directed to aspects such as emotional eating and feeding, self-regulation of energy intake, and non-shared family environments. We highlight the opportunity for longitudinal research that examines bidirectional, transactional and cascade processes and uses a developmental framework. The model provides a basis for connecting the biological foundations of appetitive traits to system-level analysis in the family. Knowledge generated through the application of the model should lead to more effective prevention and intervention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Russell
- Deakin University, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Alan Russell
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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Miller AL, Gearhardt AN, Fredericks EM, Katz B, Shapiro LF, Holden K, Kaciroti N, Gonzalez R, Hunter C, Lumeng JC. Targeting self-regulation to promote health behaviors in children. Behav Res Ther 2018; 101:71-81. [PMID: 29050636 PMCID: PMC5801044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poor self-regulation (i.e., inability to harness cognitive, emotional, motivational resources to achieve goals) is hypothesized to contribute to unhealthy behaviors across the lifespan. Enhancing early self-regulation may increase positive health outcomes. Obesity is a major public health concern with early-emerging precursors related to self-regulation; it is therefore a good model for understanding self-regulation and health behavior. Preadolescence is a transition when children increase autonomy in health behaviors (e.g., eating, exercise habits), many of which involve self-regulation. This paper presents the scientific rationale for examining self-regulation mechanisms that are hypothesized to relate to health behaviors, specifically obesogenic eating, that have not been examined in children. We describe novel intervention protocols designed to enhance self-regulation skills, specifically executive functioning, emotion regulation, future-oriented thinking, and approach bias. Interventions are delivered via home visits. Assays of self-regulation and obesogenic eating behaviors using behavioral tasks and self-reports are implemented and evaluated to determine feasibility and psychometrics and to test intervention effects. Participants are low-income 9-12 year-old children who have been phenotyped for self-regulation, stress, eating behavior and adiposity through early childhood. Study goals are to examine intervention effects on self-regulation and whether change in self-regulation improves obesogenic eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Emily M Fredericks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Lilly Fink Shapiro
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Kelsie Holden
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Richard Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Christine Hunter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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van den Heuvel M, Chen Y, Abdullah K, Maguire JL, Parkin PC, Birken CS. The concurrent and longitudinal associations of temperament and nutritional risk factors in early childhood. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:431-438. [PMID: 27273610 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood temperament is increasingly recognized as an important attribute that may impact screen time use, outdoor play and childhood obesity. The relationship between temperament and nutrition in preschool children is less clear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to investigate if temperament dimensions (negative affectivity, effortful control and surgency) in early childhood are associated with nutritional risk factors. METHODS Six hundred seventy-eight children were followed (mean age at baseline visit 3.1 years; mean time to follow-up 16.5 months). Parents reported on child temperament and nutritional risk factors during regularly scheduled well-child clinic visits. RESULTS A mixed effect model demonstrated a significant association between higher negative affectivity (1.03; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.37) and higher effortful control (-0.88; 95% CI -1.27 to -0.49) on concurrent nutritional risk, independent of covariates. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified that higher effortful control, and not negative affectivity, was significantly associated with a decrease in nutritional risk (-0.67; 95% CI -1.10 to -0.24) over time, independent of covariates. There was no relationship identified between surgency and nutritional risk. CONCLUSION Three-year-old children with higher effortful control had reduced nutritional risk at 5 years of age. Future nutritional risk prevention strategies may benefit from interventions to increase effortful control in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van den Heuvel
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Y Chen
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - K Abdullah
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - J L Maguire
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - P C Parkin
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - C S Birken
- Paediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatric, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Hankey M, Kidwell KM, Nelson JM, Espy KA, Nelson TD. Weight Status as a Mediator of the Association Between Preschool Extraversion and Adolescent Restrained Eating. J Pediatr Psychol 2017; 42:882-891. [PMID: 28369620 PMCID: PMC5896629 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the longitudinal association between preschool extraversion and weight/dieting outcomes in adolescence. Methods Children (N = 180) were recruited as part of a longitudinal study, with child temperament assessed in preschool (age 5.25 years), weight assessed in 2nd grade and early adolescence, and eating outcomes assessed in early adolescence (mean age = 12.02 years). Results Preschoolers high in extraversion were significantly more likely to have higher body mass index z-scores (zBMI) and more restrained eating behaviors in adolescence. zBMI was found to mediate the relationship between extraversion and restrained eating, such that children with high levels of extraversion were more likely to have higher zBMI in adolescence and, owing to this higher weight status, to engage in more restrained eating. Conclusions Temperament is an important predictor of later maladaptive weight/dieting outcomes in adolescence, making it a potentially important early factor to consider in weight management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hankey
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | | | - Jennifer Mize Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Office of Research, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona
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39
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Steinsbekk S, Barker ED, Llewellyn C, Fildes A, Wichstrøm L. Emotional Feeding and Emotional Eating: Reciprocal Processes and the Influence of Negative Affectivity. Child Dev 2017; 89:1234-1246. [PMID: 28439888 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotional eating, that is, eating more in response to negative mood, is often seen in children. But the origins of emotional eating remain unclear. In a representative community sample of Norwegian 4-year-olds followed up at ages 6, 8, and 10 years (analysis sample: n = 801), one potential developmental pathway was examined: a reciprocal relation between parental emotional feeding and child emotional eating. The results revealed that higher levels of emotional feeding predicted higher levels of emotional eating and vice versa, adjusting for body mass index and initial levels of feeding and eating. Higher levels of temperamental negative affectivity (at age 4) increased the risk for future emotional eating and feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology.,NTNU Social Science
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40
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Ventura AK, Mennella JA. An Experimental Approach to Study Individual Differences in Infants' Intake and Satiation Behaviors during Bottle-Feeding. Child Obes 2017; 13:44-52. [PMID: 27788024 PMCID: PMC5278825 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a group, bottle-fed infants are at higher risk for rapid weight gain compared with breast-fed infants. However, little is known about individual differences in feeding behaviors of bottle-feeding infants, as well as maternal and infant characteristics associated with bottle-feeding outcomes. METHODS We conducted a 2-day, within-subject study of 21 formula-feeding dyads; the within-subject factor was feeding condition: mother-led (ML; mothers were given the instruction to feed their infants as they typically would) vs. infant-led (IL; the experimenter ensured feeding began when infants signaled hunger and ended when they rejected the bottle on three consecutive occasions). Intake was determined by bottle weight; feedings were video-recorded and later analyzed to determine feeding duration and types of satiation behaviors displayed. Percent difference scores were calculated for each outcome as [((ML - IL)/IL) × 100] to standardize differences among dyads. Mothers completed questionnaires of feeding styles and infant temperament. RESULTS On average, infants consumed ∼42% more formula during the ML- than IL-condition (p = 0.03). However, notable variation existed in difference scores for intake (range = -52.8% to 268.9%; higher scores reflect greater intake during ML than IL). Stepwise regression illustrated that greater intakes during the ML-condition were predicted by the combination of: (1) higher infant age; (2) lower levels of infant rhythmicity and adaptability; (3) higher levels of infant positive mood; and (4) lower levels of maternal restrictive and responsive feeding styles. CONCLUSIONS This objective, experimental approach illustrated that variation in bottle-feeding outcomes is associated with characteristics of both members of the dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Ventura
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA
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41
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Leung CY, Miller AL, Kaciroti NA, Chen YP, Rosenblum K, Lumeng JC. Low-income pre-schoolers with higher temperamental surgency enjoy and respond more to food, mediating the path to higher body mass index. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:181-6. [PMID: 26083122 PMCID: PMC4683115 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament is associated with obesity risk. However, the mechanisms linking temperament and eating behaviour to childhood adiposity are unclear. OBJECTIVES To examine whether three temperament dimensions (surgency, effortful control and negative lability) are uniquely associated with an increased BMI z score (BMIz) concurrently and an excessive rate of change in BMIz longitudinally through four eating behaviours (food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating and satiety responsiveness) among low-income pre-schoolers, independent of home environment quality. METHODS 379 pre-schoolers were recruited from Head Start in the Midwest region of the United States. Primary caregivers reported child temperament, eating behaviours and the level of chaos at home. Child BMIz was derived from weight and height measurements at ages 4, 5 and 6 years on average. RESULTS Path analyses revealed that higher levels of surgency predicted more food responsiveness and enjoyment of food, which was in turn associated with higher concurrent BMIz, independent of effortful control, negative lability and home chaos. CONCLUSION Low-income surgent pre-schoolers were more likely to have elevated BMIz as they were more inclined to eat in response to external cues and have a high appetitive drive. Obesity prevention programmes might target low-income children with surgent temperaments, and the identified eating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Y.Y. Leung
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alison L. Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Niko A. Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yu Pu Chen
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Julie C. Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Latina mothers' influences on child appetite regulation. Appetite 2016; 103:200-207. [PMID: 27083128 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parents influence child weight through interactions that shape the development of child eating behaviors. In this study we examined the association between maternal autonomy promoting serving practices and child appetite regulation. We predicted that maternal autonomy promoting serving practices would be positively associated with child appetite regulation. Participants were low-income Latino children-a group at high risk for the development of childhood obesity. A total of 186 low-income Latina mothers and their 4-5 year old children came to a laboratory on two separate days. On the first day, mothers and children chose foods for a meal from a buffet and were audio/videotaped so that maternal autonomy promoting serving practices could be later coded. On the second day, children completed the Eating in the Absence of Hunger (EAH) task to measure child appetite regulation. Mothers also completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) to measure other aspects of child appetite regulation (food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and emotional overeating). Maternal autonomy promotion during serving was assessed using seven separate measures of child and maternal behavior. Principal components analyses of these serving measures yielded three components: allows child choice, child serves food, and mother does not restrict. Consistent with hypotheses, maternal autonomy promoting serving practices (i.e., allows child choice and does not restrict) were negatively associated with maternal reports of child food responsiveness and emotional overeating (CEBQ). The results for the EAH task were more complex-mothers who were autonomy promoting in their serving practices had children who ate the most in the absence of hunger, but this linear effect was moderated somewhat by a quadratic effect, with moderate levels of autonomy promotion during serving associated with the greatest child EAH.
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43
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Hughes SO, Frazier-Wood AC. Satiety and the Self-Regulation of Food Take in Children: a Potential Role for Gene-Environment Interplay. Curr Obes Rep 2016; 5:81-7. [PMID: 26847550 PMCID: PMC4798905 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-016-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Child eating self-regulation refers to behaviors that enable children to start and stop eating in a manner consistent with maintaining energy balance. Perturbations in these behaviors, manifesting as poorer child eating self-regulation, are associated with higher child weight status. Initial research into child eating self-regulation focused on the role of parent feeding styles and behaviors. However, we argue that child eating self-regulation is better understood as arising from a complex interplay between the child and their feeding environment, and highlight newer research into the heritable child characteristics, such as cognitive ability, that play an important role in this dynamic. Therefore, child eating self-regulation arises from gene-environment interactions. Identifying the genes and environmental influences contributing to these will help us tailor our parental feeding advice to the unique nature of the child. In this way, we will devise more effective advice for preventing childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Lundahl A, Nelson TD. Sleep and food intake: A multisystem review of mechanisms in children and adults. J Health Psychol 2015; 20:794-805. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105315573427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The foods we eat have substantial impact on our health, and excessive food intake is associated with numerous long-term health conditions. It is therefore essential to understand the factors influencing this crucial health behavior. Research has identified sleep problems as one such factor; however, little research has examined how sleep problems impact food intake. Using a multisystemic perspective, this article proposes a variety of ways in which sleep problems likely increase food intake and illustrates the need for research to empirically examine these underlying mechanisms. Such research would have important treatment implications for health conditions often treated with dietary interventions.
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45
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Salivary alpha amylase diurnal pattern and stress response are associated with body mass index in low-income preschool-aged children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 53:40-8. [PMID: 25588701 PMCID: PMC4336565 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Physiological stress responses are proposed as a pathway through which stress can "get under the skin" and lead to health problems, specifically obesity. We tested associations of salivary alpha amylase (sAA) diurnal patterns and stress responses with body mass index (BMI) in young, low-income children (51% male; 54% non-Hispanic white). Diurnal saliva samples were collected three times per day across three days for 269 children (M age 50.8 months, SD 6.3). Individual sAA intercept and slope values were calculated using random effect models to represent morning sAA levels and rate of sAA change across the day. A subset of children (n=195; M age 56.6 months, SD 6.9) participated in a lab-based behavioral stress protocol. Area under the curve increase (AUCI) across four timepoints was calculated to represent increase in sAA output during stress elicitation. Children were weighed and height measured and BMI z-score was calculated. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations of sAA intercept, sAA slope, and sAA AUCI with BMI z-score, controlling for child age, sex, and race/ethnicity; maternal weight status; and family income-to-needs ratio. Diurnal and stress-response sAA patterns were related to child adiposity: for each 1-standard deviation unit (SDU) decrease in morning sAA level, the child's BMI z-score increased by 0.11 (SE 0.05) SDU's (p<.04); for each 1-SDU increase in sAA slope across the day, the child's BMI z-score increased by 0.12 (SE 0.05) SDU's (p<.03); and for each 1-SDU decrease in sAA AUCI during the stress elicitation, the child's BMI z-score increased by 0.14 (SE 0.06) SDU's (p<.03). Blunted stress responses and atypical diurnal patterns of sAA have been found following exposure to chronic life stressors such as poverty. Findings suggest that associations of stress, sAA, and elevated body mass index may develop very early in the lifespan.
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Ecological risk model of childhood obesity in Chinese immigrant children. Appetite 2015; 90:99-107. [PMID: 25728887 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Americans are the largest and fastest growing Asian American subgroup, increasing about one-third during the 2000s. Despite the slender Asian stereotype, nearly one-third of 6-to-11 year old Chinese American children were found to be overweight (above the 85th percentile in BMI). Importantly, unique and severe health risks are associated with being overweight/obese in Chinese. Unfortunately, Chinese immigrant children have been neglected in the literature on obesity. This review aimed to identify factors at various levels of the ecological model that may place Chinese immigrant children at risk for being overweight/obese in the U.S. Key contextual factors at the micro-, meso-, exo-, macro- and chronosystem were identified guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The corresponding mediating and moderating processes among the factors were also reviewed and proposed. By presenting a conceptual framework and relevant research, this review can provide a basic framework for directing future interdisciplinary research in seeking solutions to childhood obesity within this understudied population.
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Archer T, Garcia D. Exercise and Dietary Restriction for Promotion of Neurohealth Benefits. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.71016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Right sizing prevention. Food portion size effects on children's eating and weight. Appetite 2014; 88:11-6. [PMID: 25464022 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Experimental findings provide consistent evidence that increasing the portion size of palatable, energy dense entrees relative to an age appropriate reference portion increases children's energy intake of the entree and the meal. Most of these studies have been conducted on preschool aged children between 2 and 6 years of age, in childcare or laboratory settings, using repeated measures designs. In these studies, children's intake is compared across a series of meals, where the size of the entrée portion is varied and other aspects of the meal, including the portion size of other items on the menu, are held constant. This paper provides an overview of what we know from this research, what is not known about the effects of portion size on children's intake and weight status, and points to some of the important unanswered questions and gaps in the literature. Lastly, we discuss how individual characteristics may make someone more or less susceptible to large portions of foods and how the palatability of foods may moderate observed associations among portion size, children's intake, and weight status. Future studies that address the gaps identified in this paper are needed to inform policy and to develop effective and efficient interventions to prevent childhood obesity.
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Davies MA, Terhorst L, Nakonechny AJ, Skukla N, El Saadawi G. The development and effectiveness of a health information website designed to improve parents' self-efficacy in managing risk for obesity in preschoolers. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2014; 19:316-30. [PMID: 25160030 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of web-based information on parental self-efficacy in managing obesity risk in preschoolers. DESIGN AND METHODS The project included a literature review and the development and field testing of an information website that presented information on how to manage nine obesity risk factors for childhood obesity. RESULTS Parents stated that they had no problems using the website, and 69% reported improved self-efficacy on at least two risk factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Many parents access the Internet to obtain health information. A website that offers practical information on managing childhood obesity risk factors is a valuable resource for obesity prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn A Davies
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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