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Wang F, Liu P, Li J, Xu S, Chen H, Xie L. Effects of four antibiotics on the photosynthetic light reactions in the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109927. [PMID: 38643813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are ubiquitously present in aquatic environments, posing a serious ecological risk to aquatic ecosystems. However, the effects of antibiotics on the photosynthetic light reactions of freshwater algae and the underlying mechanisms are relatively less understood. In this study, the effects of 4 representative antibiotics (clarithromycin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfamethazine) on a freshwater alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) and the associated mechanisms, primarily focusing on key regulators of the photosynthetic light reactions, were evaluated. Algae were exposed to different concentrations of clarithromycin (0.0-0.3 mg/L), enrofloxacin (0.0-30.0 mg/L), tetracycline (0.0-10.0 mg/L), and sulfamethazine (0.0-50.0 mg/L) for 7 days. The results showed that the 4 antibiotics inhibited the growth, the photosynthetic pigment contents, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, exposure to clarithromycin caused a 118.4 % increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at 0.3 mg/L. Furthermore, the transcripts of genes for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - dependent chloroplast proteases (ftsH and clpP), genes in photosystem II (psbA, psbB, and psbC), genes related to ATP synthase (atpA, atpB, and atpH), and petA (related to cytochrome b6/f complex) were altered by clarithromycin. This study contributes to a better understanding of the risk of antibiotics on primary producers in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Siting Xu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Lee JS, Lee JS, Kim HS. Toxic effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms: A review focusing on single and combined exposure of environmental conditions and pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170902. [PMID: 38354791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products. Due to its widespread use and improper disposal, it is also a pervasive contaminant, particularly in aquatic environments. When released into water bodies, TCS can induce deleterious effects on developmental and physiological aspects of aquatic organisms and also interact with environmental stressors such as weather, metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics. Multiple studies have described the adverse effects of TCS on aquatic organisms, but few have reported on the interactions between TCS and other environmental conditions and pollutants. Because aquatic environments include a mix of contaminants and natural factors can correlate with contaminants, it is important to understand the toxicological outcomes of combinations of substances. Due to its lipophilic characteristics, TCS can interact with a wide range of substances and environmental stressors in aquatic environments. Here, we identify a need for caution when using TCS by describing not only the effects of exposure to TCS alone on aquatic organisms but also how toxicity changes when it acts in combination with multiple environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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3
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Liang C, Lv H, Liu W, Wang Q, Yao X, Li X, Hu Z, Wang J, Zhu L, Wang J. Mechanism of the adverse outcome of Chlorella vulgaris exposure to diethyl phthalate: Water environmental health reflected by primary producer toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168876. [PMID: 38013100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
As a ubiquitous contaminant in aquatic environments, diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a major threat to ecosystems because of its increasing utilization. However, the ecological responses to and toxicity mechanisms of DEP in aquatic organisms remain poorly understood. To address this environmental concern, we selected Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) as a model organism and investigated the toxicological effects of environmentally relevant DEP concentrations at the individual, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Results showed that the incorporation of DEP significantly inhibited the growth of C. vulgaris, with inhibition rates ranging from 10.3 % to 83.47 %, and disrupted intracellular chloroplast structure at the individual level, while the decrease in photosynthetic pigments, with inhibition rates ranging from 8.95 % to 73.27 %, and the imbalance of redox homeostasis implied an adverse effect of DEP at the physio-biochemical level. Furthermore, DEP significantly reduced the metabolic activity of algal cells and negatively altered the cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the apoptosis rate of algal cells presented a significant dose-effect relationship, which was mainly attributed to the fact that DEP pollutants regulated Ca2+ homeostasis and further increased the expression of Caspase-8, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, which are associated with internal and external pathways. The gene transcriptional expression profile further revealed that DEP-mediated toxicity in C. vulgaris was mainly related to the destruction of the photosynthetic system, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and DNA replication. Overall, this study offers constructive understandings for a comprehensive assessment of the toxicity risks posed by DEP to C. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliu Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Huijuan Lv
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wenrong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Zhuran Hu
- Shandong Green and Blue Bio-technology Co. Ltd, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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4
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Guan M, Cao Y, Wang X, Xu X, Ning C, Qian J, Ma F, Zhang X. Characterizing temporal variability and repeatability of dose-dependent functional genomics approach for evaluating triclosan toxification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165209. [PMID: 37391155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Dose-dependent functional genomics approach has shown great advantage in identifying the molecular initiating event (MIE) of chemical toxification and yielding point of departure (POD) at genome-wide scale. However, POD variability and repeatability derived from experimental design (settings of dose, replicate number, and exposure time) has not been fully determined. In this work, we evaluated POD profiles perturbed by triclosan (TCS) using dose-dependent functional genomics approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at multiple time points (9 h, 24 h and 48 h). The full dataset (total 9 concentrations with 6 replicates per treatment) at 9 h was subsampled 484 times to generate subsets of 4 dose groups (Dose A - Dose D with varied concentration range and spacing) and 5 replicate numbers (2 reps - 6 reps). Firstly, given the accuracy of POD and the experimental cost, the POD profiles from 484 subsampled datasets demonstrated that the Dose C group (space narrow at high concentrations and wide dose range) with three replicates was best choice at both gene and pathway levels. Secondly, the variability of POD was found to be relatively robustness and stability across different experimental designs, but POD was more dependent on the dose range and interval than the number of replicates. Thirdly, MIE of TCS toxification was identified to be the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway at all-time points, supporting the ability of our approach to accurately recognize MIE of chemical toxification at both short- and long-term exposure. Finally, we identified and validated 13 key mutant strains involved in MIE of TCS toxification, which could serve as biomarkers for TCS exposure. Taken together, our work evaluated the repeatability of dose-dependent functional genomics approach and the variability of POD and MIE of TCS toxification, which will benefit the experimental design for future dose-dependent functional genomics study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuqi Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Can Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Fei Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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5
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Mo J, Han L, Lv R, Chiang MWL, Fan R, Guo J. Triclosan toxicity in a model cyanobacterium (Anabaena flos-aquae): Growth, photosynthesis and transcriptomic response. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:82-90. [PMID: 36522109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to triclosan (TCS) has been reported to reduce photosynthetic pigments, suppress photosynthesis, and inhibit growth in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae including Anabaena flos-aquae (a model cyanobacterium). In particular, cyanobacteria are more sensitive to TCS toxicity compared to eukaryotic algae possibly due to the structural similarity to bacteria (target organisms); however, whether TCS exerts its toxicity to cyanobacteria by targeting signaling pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis as in bacteria remains virtually unknown, particularly at environmental exposure levels. With the complete genome sequence of A. flos-aquae presented in this study, the transcriptomic alterations and potential toxic mechanisms in A. flos-aquae under TCS stress were revealed. The growth, pigments and photosynthetic activity of A. flos-aquae were markedly suppressed following a 7-day TCS exposure at 0.5 µg/L but not 0.1 µg/L (both concentrations applied are environmentally relevant). The transcriptomic sequencing analysis showed that signaling pathways, such as biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two-component system, starch and sucrose metabolism, and photosynthesis were closely related to the TCS-induced growth inhibition in the 0.5 µg/L TCS treatment. Photosynthesis systems and potentially two-component system were identified to be sensitive targets of TCS toxicity in A. flos-aquae. The present study provides novel insights on TCS toxicity at the transcriptomic level in A. flos-aquae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhang Mo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linrong Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Runnan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael W L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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6
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Lu T, Zhang T, Yang W, Yang B, Cao J, Yang Y, Li M. Molecular Toxicity Mechanism Induced by the Antibacterial Agent Triclosan in Freshwater Euglena gracilis Based on the Transcriptome. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050414. [PMID: 37235229 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a commonly used antibacterial preservative, has been demonstrated to have high toxicological potential and adversely affects the water bodies. Since algae are one of the most significant primary producers on the planet, understanding the toxicological processes of TCS is critical for determining its risk in aquatic ecosystems and managing the water environment. The physiological and transcriptome changes in Euglena gracilis were studied in this study after 7 days of TCS treatment. A distinct inhibition ratio for the photosynthetic pigment content in E. gracilis was observed from 2.64% to 37.42% at 0.3-1.2 mg/L, with TCS inhibiting photosynthesis and growth of the algae by up to 38.62%. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase significantly changed after exposure to TCS, compared to the control, indicating that the cellular antioxidant defense responses were induced. Based on transcriptomics, the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in biological processes involved in metabolism pathways and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. Integrating transcriptomics and biochemical indicators found that changed reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activities stimulating algal cell damage and the inhibition of metabolic pathways controlled by the down-regulation of differentially expressed genes were the main toxic mechanisms of TCS exposure to E. gracilis. These findings establish the groundwork for future research into the molecular toxicity to microalgae induced by aquatic pollutants, as well as provide fundamental data and recommendations for TCS ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weishu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Seoane M, Conde-Pérez K, Esperanza M, Cid Á, Rioboo C. Unravelling joint cytotoxicity of ibuprofen and oxytetracycline on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using a programmed cell death-related biomarkers panel. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 257:106455. [PMID: 36841069 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are emerging contaminants that pose a growing concern due to their ubiquitous presence and harmful impact on aquatic ecosystems. Among PhACs, the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen (IBU) and the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) are two of the most used compounds whose presence has been reported in different aquatic environments worldwide. However, there is still scarce information about the cellular and molecular alterations provoked by IBU and OTC on aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms as microalgae, even more if we refer to their potential combined toxicity. To test the cyto- and genotoxicity provoked by IBU, OTC and their binary combination on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a flow cytometric panel was performed after 24 h of single and co-exposure to both contaminants. Assayed parameters were cell vitality, metabolic activity, intracellular ROS levels, and other programmed cell death (PCD)-related biomarkers as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membrane potentials and caspase-like and endonuclease activities. In addition, a nuclear DNA fragmentation analysis by comet assay was carried out. For most of the parameters analysed (vitality, metabolic activity, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membrane potentials, and DNA fragmentation) the most severe damages were observed in the cultures exposed to the binary mixture (IBU+OTC), showing a joint cyto- and genotoxicity effect. Both PhACs and their mixture caused a remarkable decrease in cell proliferation and metabolic activity and markedly increased intracellular ROS levels, parallel to a noticeable depolarization of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes. Moreover, a strong increase in both caspase and endonuclease activities as well as a PCD-related loss of nuclear DNA integrity was observed in all treatments. Results analysis showed that the PhACs caused cell death on this non-target organism, involving mitochondrial membrane depolarization, enhanced ROS production and activation of PCD process. Thus, PCD should be an applicable toxicological target for unraveling the harmful effects of co-exposure to PhACs in aquatic organisms as microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Kelly Conde-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain.
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8
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Tamayo-Belda M, Pérez-Olivares AV, Pulido-Reyes G, Martin-Betancor K, González-Pleiter M, Leganés F, Mitrano DM, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Tracking nanoplastics in freshwater microcosms and their impacts to aquatic organisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130625. [PMID: 37056024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we used palladium-doped polystyrene NPLs (PS-NPLs with a primary size of 286 ± 4 nm) with an irregular surface morphology which allowed for particle tracking and evaluation of their toxicity on two primary producers (cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC7120 and green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and one primary consumer (crustacean, Daphnia magna). the concentration range for Anabaena and C. reinhardtii was from 0.01 to 1000 mg/L and for D. magna, the range was from 7.5 to 120 mg/L.EC50 s ranged from 49 mg NPLs/L for D. magna (48hEC50 s) to 248 mg NPLs/L (72hEC50 s for C. reinhardtii). PS-NPLs induced dose-dependent reactive oxygen species overproduction, membrane damage and metabolic alterations. To shed light on the environmental fate of PS-NPLs, the short-term distribution of PS-NPLs under static (using lake water and sediments) and stirring (using river water and sediments) conditions was studied at laboratory scale. The results showed that most NPLs remained in the water column over the course of 48 h. The maximum percentage of settled particles (∼ 30 %) was found under stirring conditions in comparison with the ∼ 10 % observed under static ones. Natural organic matter increased the stability of the NPLs under colloidal state while organisms favored their settlement. This study expands the current knowledge of the biological effects and fate of NPLs in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tamayo-Belda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environment and Agronomy, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), Crta. de la Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Keila Martin-Betancor
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Pleiter
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- Environmental Systems Science Department, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Bai F, Jia Y, Li J, Wu Z, Li L, Song L. Paraquat induces different programmed cell death patterns in Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella luteoviridis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114429. [PMID: 36516625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although programmed cell death (PCD) has been reported in phytoplankton, knowledge of the characterization of the PCD pathway and cascade process in different phytoplankton species is still limited. In this study, PCD progression in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and green algae Chlorella luteoviridis by paraquat-induced oxidative stress was monitored. The results showed that paraquat-induced PCD in the two species belonged to the caspase-dependent pathway. Dose- and time-dependent PCD characteristics in the two strains under paraquat included the increase in caspase-like activity, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation. However, the signaling pathway and cascade events of PCD in M. aeruginosa and C. luteoviridis differed. In M. aeruginosa, the free Ca2+ concentration was rapidly increased at 8 h, followed by a significant elevation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level at 24 h, and eventual cell death. In C. luteoviridis, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, revealed by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential at 1 h and increase in the ROS level and caspase-like activity at 8 h, might contribute to cell death. In addition, the dynamics of ROS levels and metacaspase activity were synchronized, suggesting that paraquat-triggered PCD was ROS-mediated in both M. aeruginosa and C. luteoviridis. These results provide insights into PCD patterns in prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic green algae under similar stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhongxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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10
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Yan J, Zou Y, Zhang F, Zhang S, Huang X, Benoit G. Growth, ROS accumulation site, and photosynthesis inhibition mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris by triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12125-12137. [PMID: 36107294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the addition of triclosan (TCS) in consumer products has been strictly restricted, its continuous applications in hospitals and other medical facilities and its numerous residues still pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms and aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the growth, biochemical alterations, and physiological responses of Chlorella vulgaris exposed to different concentrations of TCS. The potential toxicity mechanisms associated with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of photosynthetic system II (PSII) were also analyzed. The results indicated that the growth, cellular ultrastructure, and physiology of C. vulgaris were severely affected by TCS in a dose-effect dependent manner. TCS inhibited the growth of C. vulgaris, leading to mitochondria enlargement, the disordering of the arrangement of thylakoids, cell wall rupture, organelles loss, and the cytoplasm lysis. TCS induced severe oxidative damage characterized by ROS accumulation, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), and up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, in TCS-induced algal cells, the main sites of ROS accumulation were chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cell membranes, with ROS accumulating most in the mitochondria. In addition, TCS caused damage to the reaction center (RC inactivation), donor side (OEC damage), and accepted side (electron transport from QA to QB) of PSII in C. vulgaris, leading to inhibition of photosynthetic activity. These results could provide novel insights into the mechanisms of TCS-induced ROS accumulation and photosynthetic inhibition in C. vulgaris, which would contribute to a deep understanding of TCS toxicity on algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Gaboury Benoit
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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11
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Anido-Varela L, Seoane M, Esperanza M, Cid Á, Rioboo C. Cytotoxicity of BP-3 and BP-4: Blockage of extrusion pumps, oxidative damage and programmed cell death on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106285. [PMID: 36087491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The health concern associated with the dangers related to exposure to UV radiation has led to an increase in the use of sunscreens containing UV-filters that can reach aquatic environments and possibly affect ecosystems. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and benzophenone-4 (BP-4) are two of the most used UV-filters. In the present work, the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to several concentrations of both chemicals. To evaluate their potential cytotoxicity on microalgal cells, different parameters were analysed including fast response biomarkers (increase in intracellular free Ca2+) as well as biomarkers related with the presence of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), energy metabolism (photosynthetic yield and cytoplasmic lipid accumulations), cell division (proliferation and F-actin content), programmed cell death (PCD) (caspase activation and DNA fragmentation) and possible mechanisms of resistance to xenobiotics (operation of extrusion pumps and presence of autophagic vacuoles). Results showed an increment of the percentage of cells with cytosolic free Ca2+ that could act as a secondary messenger in response to the stress. A decrease in photosynthetic yield and an increase in cytoplasmic lipid accumulations and lipid peroxidation levels were also detected. In addition, a decrease in cell proliferation was observed, linked to a decrease in the percentage of cells with F-actin. The increase observed in the microalgal population with caspase activity, together with the DNA fragmentation and the alterations in the cytoskeleton, suggested the induction of processes linked to PCD. Moreover, a blockage of extrusion pumps, which could be related to the toxicity mechanism of these compounds, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles, as an attempt to repair the damage caused by benzophenones, were detected. Overall, these biomarkers indicate that both UV-filters can be a serious threat to non-target photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments, although BP-3 affected C. reinhardtii more markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anido-Varela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN.
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12
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Tamayo-Belda M, Pulido-Reyes G, González-Pleiter M, Martín-Betancor K, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Identification and toxicity towards aquatic primary producers of the smallest fractions released from hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone microplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134966. [PMID: 35588878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are thought as a safe substitute of non-biodegradable polymers. However, once released in the environment, biodegradation may be very slow, and they also suffer abiotic fragmentation processes, which may give rise to different fractions of polymer sizes. We present novel data on abiotic hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL), tracking the presence of by-products during 132 days by combining different physicochemical techniques. During the study a considerable amount of two small size plastic fractions were found (up to ∼ 6 mg of PCL by-product/g of PCL beads after 132 days of degradation); and classified as submicron-plastics (sMPs) from 1 μm to 100 nm and nanoplastics (NPs, <100 nm) as well as oligomers. The potential toxicity of the smallest fractions, PCL by-products < 100 nm (PCL-NPs + PCL oligomers) and the PCL oligomers single fraction, was tested on two ecologically relevant aquatic primary producers: the heterocystous filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, and the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Upon exposure to both, single and combined fractions, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) overproduction, intracellular pH and metabolic activity alterations were observed in both organisms, whilst membrane potential and morphological damages were only observed upon PCL-NPs + PCL oligomers exposure. Notably both PCL by-products fractions inhibited nitrogen fixation in Anabaena, which may be clearly detrimental for the aquatic trophic chain. As conclusion, fragmentation of bioplastics may render a continuous production of secondary nanoplastics as well as oligomers that might be toxic to the surrounding biota; both PCL-NPs and PCL oligomers, but largely the nanoparticulate fraction, were harmful for the two aquatic primary producers. Efforts should be made to thoroughly understand the fragmentation of bioplastics and the toxicity of the smallest fractions resulting from that degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tamayo-Belda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Pleiter
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Keila Martín-Betancor
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Sinicropi MS, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Catalano A, Mariconda A, Pellegrino M, Saturnino C, Longo P, Aquaro S. Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060735. [PMID: 35740142 PMCID: PMC9220381 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has been widely used in personal care products, medical products, plastic cutting boards, and food storage containers. Colgate Total® toothpaste, containing 10 mM TCS, is effective in controlling biofilm formation and maintaining gingival health. Given its broad usage, TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Given its strong lipophilicity and accumulation ability in organisms, it is potentially harmful to biohealth. Several reports suggest the toxicity of this compound, which is inserted in the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In September 2016, TCS was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union in soap products. Despite these problems, its application in personal care products within certain limits is still allowed. Today, it is still unclear whether TCS is truly toxic to mammals and the adverse effects of continuous, long-term, and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Indeed, some recent reports suggest the use of TCS as a repositioned drug for cancer treatment and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this scenario it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of TCS, to understand whether its use is advisable or not. This review intends to highlight the pros and cons that are associated with the use of TCS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-2746
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
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14
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Mo J, Qi Q, Hao Y, Lei Y, Guo J. Transcriptional response of a green alga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) exposed to triclosan: photosynthetic systems and DNA repair. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:400-411. [PMID: 34949369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that triclosan (TCS) exposure causes reduction in pigments, suppression of photosynthesis, and induction of oxidative stress at the physiological level, resulting in morphological alteration and growth inhibition in algae including Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata, a freshwater model green alga). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. The present study uncovered the transcriptional profiles and molecular mechanisms of TCS toxicity in R. subcapitata using next-generation sequencing. The algal growth was drastically inhibited following a 7-day exposure at both 75 and 100 μg/L TCS, but not at 5 μg/L (environmentally realistic level). The transcriptomic analysis shows that molecular signaling pathways including porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis - antenna proteins, and photosynthesis were suppressed in all three TCS treatments, and the perturbations of these signaling pathways were exacerbated with increased TCS exposure concentrations. Additionally, signaling of replication-coupled DNA repair was only activated in 100 μg/L TCS treatment. These results indicate that photosynthesis systems were sensitive targets of TCS toxicity in R. subcapitata, which is distinct from the inhibition of lipid synthesis by TCS in bacteria. This study provides novel knowledge on molecular mechanisms of TCS toxicity in R. subcapitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhang Mo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qianju Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yongrong Hao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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15
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Seoane M, Cid Á, Esperanza M. Toxicity of bisphenol A on marine microalgae: Single- and multispecies bioassays based on equivalent initial cell biovolume. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144363. [PMID: 33434838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Standardised microalgal toxicity assays are usually carried out with single-species cultures; however, multispecies bioassays are more faithful to environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of the emerging pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) in single- and multispecies bioassays with three marine microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis gaditana) using an equivalent initial cell biovolume of each species. After conducting preliminary growth experiments on these microalgae, a BPA concentration of 1 mg L-1 was chosen to study the effects of this pollutant in uni- and multialgal cultures. Growth, cell viability, oxidative stress, and inherent cell properties (size, complexity and autofluorescence) were determined by flow cytometry after 24 h of exposure. Results showed that P. tricornutum was the most affected species in all analysed biomarkers in both single- and multispecies bioassays. However, in N. gaditana cultures no significant differences were observed in any of the parameters and conditions tested, indicating that this species was the least sensitive to BPA. Between the uni- and multialgal tests, significant differences were observed in controls and BPA treated cultures of P. tricornutum and T. suecica. Nevertheless, it seemed that the cells of these marine microalgae suffered a similar pattern of alterations in both toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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16
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Guidony NS, Scaini JLR, Oliveira MWB, Machado KS, Bastos C, Escarrone AL, Souza MM. ABC proteins activity and cytotoxicity in zebrafish hepatocytes exposed to triclosan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116368. [PMID: 33383428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals such as triclosan are a concern because of their presence on daily products (soap, deodorant, hand sanitizers …), consequently this compound has an ubiquitous presence in the environment. Little is known about the effect of this bactericide on aquatic life. The aim of this study is to analyze triclosan exposure (24 h) to an in vitro model, zebrafish hepatocytes cell line (ZF-L), if it can be cytotoxic (mitochondrial activity, membrane stability and apoptosis) and if can activate ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins (activity, expression and protein/compound affinity). Triclosan was cytotoxic to hepatocytes when exposed to concentrations (1-4 mg/L). The results showed impaired mitochondria function, as well, plasma membrane rupture and an increase of apoptotic cells. We observed an ABC proteins activity inhibition in cells exposed to 0.5 and 1 mg/L. When ABCBs and ABCC2 proteins expression were analyzed, there was an increase of protein expression in both ABC proteins families on cells exposed to 1 mg/L of triclosan. On molecular docking results, triclosan and the fluorescent used as substrate (rhodamine) presented high affinity with all ABC proteins family tested, showing a greater affinity with ABCC2. In conclusion, this study showed that triclosan can be cytotoxic to ZF-L. Molecular docking indicated high affinity between triclosan and the tested pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Soares Guidony
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - João Luís Rheingantz Scaini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Computacional, Centro de Ciências Computacionais Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália, Km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus William Bandeira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional, Centro de Ciências Computacionais Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália, Km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina Santos Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Computacional, Centro de Ciências Computacionais Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália, Km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Bastos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Escarrone
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta Marques Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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17
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Míguez L, Esperanza M, Seoane M, Cid Á. Assessment of cytotoxicity biomarkers on the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to emerging and priority pollutants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111646. [PMID: 33396166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic ecosystems linked to anthropogenic activity is currently a major concern; therefore, ecotoxicological studies are needed to assess its effect on organisms. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different pollutants on microalgae in search of sensitive biomarkers that can promote a common cytotoxic response regardless of the contaminant. Cultures of the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were exposed for 24 h to four chemicals, three emerging pollutants (benzophenone-3, bisphenol A and oxytetracycline) and one priority substance (atrazine). A cytometric panel was carried out to assess toxicity biomarkers including cellular growth, inherent cell properties, viability, vitality, cytoplasmic membrane potential and ROS levels. Lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic efficiency and transcriptional responses of photosynthesis- and oxidative stress-related genes using RT-qPCR were also studied. Some toxicity responses showed a similar pattern; a decrease in growth rate, vitality and photosynthetic efficiency and an increase in autofluorescence and in the number of cells with depolarised cytoplasmic membrane and were found for all chemicals tested. However, ATZ and OTC provoked a decrease in cell size, whereas BP-3 and BPA caused an increase in cell size, intracellular complexity and ROS levels and a decrease in cell viability. Assayed pollutants generally promoted an overexpression of genes related to cellular antioxidant defence system and a subexpression of photosynthesis-related genes. In addition to the traditional growth endpoint, cell vitality, autofluorescence and gene expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and Fe-superoxide dismutase were significantly affected for all chemicals tested, showing a common cytotoxic response. Among the tested substances, BP-3 provoked the strongest cytotoxic alterations on this microalga, pointing out that some emerging contaminants could be more harmful to organisms than priority pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Míguez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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18
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Machado MD, Soares EV. Toxicological effects induced by the biocide triclosan on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105706. [PMID: 33302172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, a widely used biocide broadly found in aquatic environments, is cause of concern due to its unknown effects on non-targets organisms. In this study, a multi biomarker approach was used in order to evaluate the 72 h-effect of triclosan on the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Raphidocelis subcapitata). Triclosan, at environmental relevant concentrations (27 and 37 μg L-1), caused a decrease of proliferative capacity, which was accompanied by an increase of cell size and a profound alteration of algae shape. It was found that triclosan promoted the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the depletion of non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses (reduced glutathione and carotenoids) and a decrease of cell metabolic activity. A reduction of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) was also observed. For the highest concentration tested (37 μg L-1), a decrease of photosynthetic efficiency was detected along with a diminution of the relative transport rate of electrons on the photosynthetic chain. In conclusion, triclosan presents a deep impact on the microalga P. subcapitata morphology and physiology translated by multiple target sites instead of a specific point (cellular membrane) observed in the target organism (bacteria). Additionally, this study contributes to clarify the toxicity mechanisms of triclosan, in green algae, showing the existence of distinct modes of action of the biocide depending on the microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Machado
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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19
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Xin X, Huang G, An C, Lu C, Xiong W. Exploring the biophysicochemical alteration of green alga Asterococcus superbus interactively affected by nanoparticles, triclosan and illumination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122855. [PMID: 32473326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects on Asterococcus superbus were studied based on different combinations of P25-TiO2, nano-ZnO and triclosan under multiple illumination conditions. A full factorial design (2 × 2×2 × 3) was implemented to explore interactive effects, and to identify significant factors. The results showed illumination is the most important factor with significance and becomes one of the main reasons to affect chlorophyll pigments, photosynthesis activity, unsaturated fatty acids, mitochondria function, and cause oxidative stress. Triclosan considerably affects cell viability, photosynthesis activity, lipid peroxidation and protein structure, for which triclosan is more significant than nano-ZnO. P25 is significant for oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme, and lipid peroxidation. P25 * nano-ZnO is the only significant interaction of pollutants, affecting macromolecules, lipid peroxidation, and photosynthesis activity. High-order interactions play significant roles in affecting multiple molecular components. Two groups of endpoints are best to reflect alga responses to interactively effects from P25, nano-ZnO, and triclosan. One is ROS, chlorophyll pigments, TBARS, area, MTT, and MMP, and the other one is chlorophyll pigments, ROS, TBARS, CAT, MTT and SOD. Our findings can be instructive for a comprehensive comparison among interactions of multiple pollutants and environmental factors in natural waters, such that more robust environmental toxicity analyses can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Xin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Chen Lu
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Stantec Consulting Ltd., Saskatoon, S7K 0K3, Canada
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20
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Fu J, Bae S. The pH-dependent toxicity of triclosan on developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos using metabolomics. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105560. [PMID: 32659603 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is commonly used in home and personal care products (HPCPs), which causes it to be ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. The toxicity of triclosan to aquatic organisms can vary at different pH values because the ionization states of TCS affect its bioaccumulation properties. The objective of this study was to examine the pH-dependent toxicity of TCS on embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a metabolomic profiling method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Exposure experiments were conducted on zebrafish embryos at three pH conditions (6, 7, and 8) and two TCS concentrations (30 μg/L and 300 μg/L). Metabolic profiles were obtained by extracting intracellular metabolites. Univariate (One-way ANOVA) and multivariate (PLS-DA) analyses were conducted to determine the metabolomic changes in TCS-treated embryos. Changes in the metabolic profile revealed that interference in biological pathways were induced by mostly ionized TCS (low pH) and high TCS concentrations. Also, fold changes in metabolite profiles showed that the TCS toxicity was a function of pH. Metabolites including urea, D-glucose, D-galactose, phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, citric acid, and phosphoric acid showed significant changes under different pH conditions (p-value < 0.05). Our metabolomics study revealed that the responses of metabolites to TCS toxicity were pH-dependent. The differences of the responses could be attributed to the bioaccumulation capability of TCS, which increased as the ionized TCS proportion increased under low pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Preparation of Cross-Linked Graphene Oxide on Polyethersulfone Membrane for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Removal. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091921. [PMID: 32858818 PMCID: PMC7563594 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique two-dimensional structure and chemical properties of graphene oxide (GO) provide a convenient method for preparing novel membranes. In this study, GO membranes were prepared through filtration by a pressure-assisted self-assembly method involving the cross-linking of three diamine monomers on a polyethersulfone (PES) support. The different small molecular diamines, ethylenediamine, butanediamine, and p-phenylenediamine, were introduced as cross-linking agents to investigate the effect of diamine on the properties of GO membranes. The hydrophobic substances ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and triclosan were selected as target pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The adsorption and molecular sieving activities of PPCPs by cross-linked GO membranes at a pH of 3 were investigated. The permeate water was analyzed for dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm, molecular weight distribution, and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices. The results showed that the removal of hydrophobic PPCPs by GO membranes was mainly due to their adsorption and molecular sieving activities. Adsorption was mainly determined by the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the membranes and PPCPs. The interception effect was mainly determined by the interlayer spacing between the GO membranes and the molecular weight and steric hindrance of the PPCPs. A smaller spacing of the GO membrane layers resulted in greater steric hindrance and a higher removal rate.
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Wang XD, Lu YC, Xiong XH, Yuan Y, Lu LX, Liu YJ, Mao JH, Xiao WW. Toxicological responses, bioaccumulation, and metabolic fate of triclosan in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11246-11259. [PMID: 31960244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is broadly used in personal care products. It has been shown to cause the contamination of a variety of aquatic environments. Since algae has been the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems, understanding the toxicological mechanisms and the metabolic fate of TCS is vital for assessing its risk in an aquatic environment. In our study, 0.5-4 mg L-1 TCS treatments for 72 h in a culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) showed progressive inhibition of cell growth and reduced the chlorophyll content. The EC50 value of C. reinhardtii after 72 h was 1.637 mg L-1, which showed its higher level of resistance to TCS in comparison with other algal species. The exposure to TCS led to oxidative injuries of algae in relation to the increment of malonaldehyde content, cell membrane permeability, and H2O2 levels. Furthermore, the oxidative stress from TCS stimulated a series of antioxidant enzyme activities and their gene expressions. Simultaneously, the accumulated TCS in C. reinhardtii arouses the detoxification/degradation-related enzymes and related gene transcriptions. In the medium, approximately 82% of TCS was removed by C. reinhardtii. Importantly, eight TCS metabolites were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and their relative abundances were measured in a time-course experiment. Six of these metabolites are reported here for the first time. The metabolic pathways of triclosan via C. reinhardtii including reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, sulfhydrylation, and binding with thiol/cysteine/GSH/glycosyl were manifested to broaden our understanding of the environmental fate of TCS. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Chen Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Hui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Xia Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yuan Jian Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jia Hao Mao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Wei Xiao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Hurtado-Gallego J, Pulido-Reyes G, González-Pleiter M, Salas G, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124562. [PMID: 31442774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been widely studied for different biomedical and environmental applications. In this study we evaluated the toxicity and potential alterations of relevant physiological parameters caused to the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) upon exposure to SPION. The results showed dose-dependent toxicity. A mechanistic study combining flow cytometry and physiological endpoints showed a toxic response consisting of a decrease in metabolic activity, increased oxidative stress and alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, and due to the light absorption of SPION suspensions, we observed a significant shading effect, causing a marked decrease in photosynthetic activity. In this work, we demonstrated for the first time, the internalization of SPION by endocytosis in C. reinhardtii. These results demonstrated that SPION pose a potential risk for the environment if not managed properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Pleiter
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Salas
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Hurtado-Gallego J, Redondo-López A, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Peroxiredoxin (2-cys-prx) and catalase (katA) cyanobacterial-based bioluminescent bioreporters to detect oxidative stress in the aquatic environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124395. [PMID: 31545198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detection of oxidative stress caused by emerging pollutants in aquatic systems is essential to carry out toxicological analysis since they can bring us information about the mechanisms of toxic action of the pollutants, which might be useful to address this contamination. To achieve this goal, two self-bioluminescent strains that respond to oxidative stress based on the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC7120, which has a high ecological relevance in aquatic continental systems, have been constructed. Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2172 harbours the promoter region of the 2-cys-prx gene (P2-cys-prx), encoding a cytoplasmic peroxiredoxin, fused to luxCDABE genes of the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2173 harbours the promoter region of the KatA gene (PkatA), a cytoplasmic catalase, also fused to luxCDABE genes. Both strains have been characterized by exposing them to H2O2: Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2172 responded while Nostoc sp. PCC7120 pBG2173 did not respond to this pollutant. In order to know their specificity, they were exposed to methyl viologen (MV), an herbicide that produces superoxide anion (O2-) and a bioluminescence response was observed in both strains. Besides, the utility of these strains for the detection of H2O2 and MV in natural water samples, both pristine and wastewater samples has been tested by spiking experiments. Finally, the possible application of these strains for the detection of the emerging pollutant triclosan has also been tested showing to be suitable bioreporters to study oxidative stress in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Redondo-López
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Lu Y, Jin H, Shao B, Xu H, Xu X. Physiological and biochemical effects of triclocarban stress on freshwater algae. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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26
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Heredia-García G, Gómez-Oliván LM, Orozco-Hernández JM, Luja-Mondragón M, Islas-Flores H, SanJuan-Reyes N, Galar-Martínez M, García-Medina S, Dublán-García O. Alterations to DNA, apoptosis and oxidative damage induced by sucralose in blood cells of Cyprinus carpio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:411-421. [PMID: 31351285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose (SUC) is an organochlorine that is used as a common sweetener in different dietary products around the world. Its extended use and production have led to this product is released into the environment in concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to μg L-1 in surface waters, groundwaters, wastewater treatment plants and ocean waters. A previous study carried out by our research team demonstrated that SUC is capable of inducing oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio at environmentally-relevant concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if SUC was capable of inducing alterations to DNA, apoptosis, and oxidative damage in the blood cells of C. carpio. Carps were exposed to two environmentally-relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155 μg L-1) of SUC, and the following biomarkers were determined: comet assay, micronucleus test (MN), caspase-3 activity, TUNEL assay, hydroperoxide content, lipid peroxidation level, protein carbonyl content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Results obtained showed that SUC is capable of inducing DNA damage. A maximum increase of 35% and 23% were observed for c1 and c2, respectively in the comet assay; increases of 586% and 507.7% for c1 and c2, respectively, were found at 72 h through the MN test. The activity of caspase-3 showed a greater response for c1 and c2 at 96 h, with 271% and 493.5%, respectively. TUNEL assay also showed the highest response at 96 h, with 51.8 for c1 and 72.9 for c2; c1 y c2 were able to induce oxidative stress with the highest expression at 72 h. A correlation between DNA damage biomarkers, apoptosis and plasma levels of SUC in both concentrations were observed. With the data obtained, we can conclude that SUC, at environmentally-relevant concentrations, was capable of generating DNA alterations, apoptosis and oxidative stress in blood cells in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Heredia-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marlenee Luja-Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Xin X, Huang G, An C, Feng R. Interactive Toxicity of Triclosan and Nano-TiO 2 to Green Alga Eremosphaera viridis in Lake Erie: A New Perspective Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectromicroscopy and Synchrotron-Based X-ray Fluorescence Imaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9884-9894. [PMID: 31322895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the toxicity of triclosan in the presence of TiO2 P25 to the green alga Eremosphaera viridis in Lake Erie. Multiple physicochemical end points were conducted to perform a comprehensive analysis of the toxic effects of individual and combined pollutants. Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging were first documented to be applied to explore the distribution variation of macromolecules and microelements in single algal cells in interactive toxicity studies. The results were different based on different triclosan concentrations and measurement end points. Comparing with individual pollutants, the toxicity intensified in lipids, proteins, and oxidative stress at 1000 and 4000 μg/L triclosan in the presence of P25. There were increases in dry weight, chlorophyll content, lipids, and catalase content when cells were exposed to P25 and 15.625 μg/L triclosan. The toxicity alleviated when P25 interacted with 62.5 and 250 μg/L triclosan compared with triclosan-only exposure. The reasons could be attributed to the combination of adsorption, biodegradation, and photocatalysis of triclosan by algae and P25, triclosan dispersion by increased biomass, triclosan adherency on algal exudates, and triclosan adsorption site reduction on algae surface owing to P25's taking over. This work provides new insights into the interactive toxicity of nanoparticles and personal care products to freshwater photosynthetic organisms. The findings can help with risk evaluation for predicting outcomes of exposure to mixtures and with prioritizing further studies on joint toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Xin
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina S4S 0A2 , Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering , Concordia University , Montreal H3G 1M8 , Canada
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source , Saskatoon S7N 2 V3 , Saskatchewan , Canada
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Esperanza M, Seoane M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Differential toxicity of the UV-filters BP-3 and BP-4 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A flow cytometric approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:412-420. [PMID: 30884265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the concern about the negative effects of exposure to sunlight, UV-filters are being introduced in all kind of cosmetic formulas. Wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove and/or degrade them; consequently they find their way into rivers, lakes and oceans. These chemicals are acquiring a concerning status due to their increasingly common use and the potential risk for the environment. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) are broad-spectrum UV-filters used for the same purpose in personal care products, insecticides and plastic bags; however, after 96 h of exposure to several concentrations of these UV-filters, the growth of C. reinhardtii was more affected by BP-3 than by BP-4, being the 96 h-EC50 for growth 5 mg L-1 and 38 mg L-1, respectively. Based on these values Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures were exposed during 24 h to 2.5, 5 and 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 and 19, 38 and 76 mg L-1 of BP-4. A cytometric panel was carried out to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of these UV-filters, thus several cytotoxicity biomarkers were analysed, including chlorophyll a fluorescence, viability, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membrane potentials, and intracellular pH. BP-3 and BP-4 affect C.reinhardtii cells in a different way, showing differences for three of the examined parameters. Chlorophyll a fluorescence and mitochondrial membrane potential showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in BP-3 and a significant decrease in BP-4, whereas viability only decreased significantly in the highest concentrations of BP-3. Regarding to the other parameters analysed, a similar pattern of cytotoxicity was observed. Growth rate, vital population and metabolic activity (esterase activity) and intracellular pH decreased significantly and cytoplasmic membrane potential and ROS levels increased significantly in cultures exposed to both pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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29
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Dupraz V, Ménard D, Akcha F, Budzinski H, Stachowski-Haberkorn S. Toxicity of binary mixtures of pesticides to the marine microalgae Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi: Substance interactions and physiological impacts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:148-162. [PMID: 30981038 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study screened binary mixtures of pesticides for potential synergistic interaction effects on growth of the marine microalgae Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi. It also examined the single and combined effects of three of the most toxic substances on microalgal physiology. Single substances were first tested on each microalgal species to determine their respective EC50 and concentration-response relationships. The toxicity of six and seven binary mixtures was then evaluated in microplate experiments on the growth of T. lutea and S. marinoi, respectively, using two mixture modelling approaches: isobolograms and the MIXTOX tool, based on Concentration Addition (CA) or Independent Action (IA) models. Significant cases of antagonism (for both species) and synergism (for S. marinoi) were observed for the mixtures of isoproturon and spiroxamine, and isoproturon and metazachlor, respectively. These two mixtures, together with that of isoproturon and diuron, for which additivity was observed, were further studied for their impacts on the physiology of each species. Exposures were thus made in culture flasks at three concentrations, or concentration combinations for mixtures, selected to cause 25%, 50% and 75% growth rate inhibition. The effects of the selected pesticides singly and in combination were evaluated at three perceived effect concentrations on esterase metabolic activity, relative lipid content, cytoplasmic membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content by flow cytometry, and on photosynthetic quantum yield (ϕ'M) by PAM-fluorescence. Isoproturon and diuron singly and in mixtures induced 20-40% decreases in ϕ'M which was in turn responsible for a significant decrease in relative lipid content for both species. Spiroxamine and metazachlor were individually responsible for an increase in relative lipid content (up to nearly 300% for metazachlor on S. marinoi), as well as cell depolarization and increased ROS content. The mixture of isoproturon and metazachlor tested on S. marinoi caused a 28-34% decrease in ϕ'M that was significantly higher than levels induced by each of substances when tested alone. This strong decrease in ϕ'M could be due to a combined effect of these substances on the photosynthetic apparatus, which is likely the cause of the synergy found for this mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Dupraz
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Dominique Ménard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France
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Sun K, Li S, Yu J, Gong R, Si Y, Liu X, Chu G. Cu 2+-assisted laccase from Trametes versicolor enhanced self-polyreaction of triclosan. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:745-754. [PMID: 30903848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laccase-mediated humification processes (L-MHPs) can be used to polymerize and transform phenolic pollutants in water. However, the mechanism on Cu2+ impacts the self-polymerization of multi-purpose antimicrobial agent triclosan during L-MHPs is less understood. Here, the influence of divalent metal ions (DMIs) on Trametes versicolor laccase activity was investigated. Particularly, the performance of Cu2+-assisted laccase in polymerizing and transforming triclosan was systematically characterized. Compared with DMI-free, the activity of laccase was obviously accelerated with Cu2+ present due to copper is a vital component of laccase catalytic center. It was found that Cu2+-assisted laccase was effective in transforming triclosan, and the enzymatic reaction kinetic constants increased from 0.28 to 0.73 h-1 as the Cu2+ concentration increased (0-3.0 mM). Identification of intermediate products revealed that laccase oxidation predominantly generated triclosan dimers, trimers, and tetramers. The presence of Cu2+ reinforced self-polymerization of triclosan via forming more triclosan oligomers relative to the Cu2+-free, which likely attributed to the enhancement of laccase activity and stability with Cu2+ present in L-MHPs. A possible transformation mechanism was proposed as follows: Laccase initially catalyzed the oxidation of triclosan to generate phenoxy radical intermediates, which self-coupled to each other subsequently by radical-mediated CC and COC covalent binding, forming oligomers and polymers. The growth inhibitory assays of freshwater microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Scenedesmus obliquus) demonstrated that the self-polymerized triclosan by L-MHPs had lower toxicity than the parent compound. These findings implied that Cu2+-assisted laccase was an effective strategy for rapidly self-polyreaction and detoxication of triclosan from Cu2+-triclosan combined polluted wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Youbin Si
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
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Miazek K, Brozek-Pluska B. Effect of PHRs and PCPs on Microalgal Growth, Metabolism and Microalgae-Based Bioremediation Processes: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102492. [PMID: 31137560 PMCID: PMC6567089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the effect of pharmaceuticals (PHRs) and personal care products (PCPs) on microalgal growth and metabolism is reported. Concentrations of various PHRs and PCPs that cause inhibition and toxicity to growths of different microalgal strains are summarized and compared. The effect of PHRs and PCPs on microalgal metabolism (oxidative stress, enzyme activity, pigments, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, toxins), as well as on the cellular morphology, is discussed. Literature data concerning the removal of PHRs and PCPs from wastewaters by living microalgal cultures, with the emphasis on microalgal growth, are gathered and discussed. The potential of simultaneously bioremediating PHRs/PCPs-containing wastewaters and cultivating microalgae for biomass production in a single process is considered. In the light of reviewed data, the feasibility of post-bioremediation microalgal biomass is discussed in terms of its contamination, biosafety and further usage for production of value-added biomolecules (pigments, lipids, proteins) and biomass as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Miazek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Beata Brozek-Pluska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
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Improved Algal Toxicity Test System for Robust Omics-Driven Mode-of-Action Discovery in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9050094. [PMID: 31083411 PMCID: PMC6572051 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae are key components of aquatic food chains. Consequently, they are internationally recognised test species for the environmental safety assessment of chemicals. However, existing algal toxicity test guidelines are not yet optimized to discover molecular modes of action, which require highly-replicated and carefully controlled experiments. Here, we set out to develop a robust, miniaturised and scalable Chlamydomonas reinhardtii toxicity testing approach tailored to meet these demands. We primarily investigated the benefits of synchronised cultures for molecular studies, and of exposure designs that restrict chemical volatilisation yet yield sufficient algal biomass for omics analyses. Flow cytometry and direct-infusion mass spectrometry metabolomics revealed significant and time-resolved changes in sample composition of synchronised cultures. Synchronised cultures in sealed glass vials achieved adequate growth rates at previously unachievably-high inoculation cell densities, with minimal pH drift and negligible chemical loss over 24-h exposures. Algal exposures to a volatile test compound (chlorobenzene) yielded relatively high reproducibility of metabolic phenotypes over experimental repeats. This experimental test system extends existing toxicity testing formats to allow highly-replicated, omics-driven, mode-of-action discovery.
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Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1607304. [PMID: 31191794 PMCID: PMC6525925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
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Machado MD, Soares EV. Impact of erythromycin on a non-target organism: Cellular effects on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:179-186. [PMID: 30682620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the origin of their introduction in aquatic systems through domestic and livestock effluents. The occurrence of erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide antibiotic, in water bodies raises serious concerns about its potential toxic effect in aquatic biota (non-target organisms), particularly in microalgae, the first organisms in contact with aquatic contaminants. This study aimed to evaluate the possible toxic effects of ERY on relevant cell targets of the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Algal cells incubated with significant environmental ERY concentrations presented disturbance of the photosynthetic apparatus (increased algal autofluorescence and reduction of chlorophyll a content) and mitochondrial function (hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane). These perturbations can apparently be attributed to the similarity of the translational machinery of these organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) with the prokaryotic cells. P. subcapitata cells treated with ERY showed a modification of metabolic activity (increased esterase activity) and redox state (alteration of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione content) and an increased biovolume. ERY induced an algistatic effect: reduction of growth rate without loss of cell viability (plasma membrane integrity). The present study shows that chronic exposure (72 h), at low (μg L-1) ERY concentrations (within the range of concentrations detected in surface and ground waters), induce disturbances in the physiological state of the alga P. subcapitata. Additionally, this work alerts to the possible negative impact of the uncontrolled use of ERY on the aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Machado
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Xin X, Huang G, An C, Raina-Fulton R, Weger H. Insights into Long-Term Toxicity of Triclosan to Freshwater Green Algae in Lake Erie. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2189-2198. [PMID: 30673261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the long-term impacts of a pulse disturbance of triclosan on five nontarget green algae in Lake Erie. Comprehensive analyses were performed using multiple physiological end points at community and subcellular scales. The toxic mechanism of triclosan in a wide range of concentrations was analyzed. The diverse sensitivity of algae species and complex interrelationships among multiple end points were revealed. The results showed the taxonomic groups of algae were the key issue for sensitivity difference. High doses of triclosan caused irreversible damage on algae, and environmentally relevant doses initiated either inhibition or stimulation. Smaller cells had higher sensitivity to triclosan, while larger cells had a wider size variation after exposure. Colonial cells were less sensitive than unicells. For chlorophyll, there were better dose-response relationships in Chlorococcum sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CPCC 12 and 243 than Asterococcus superbus and Eremosphaera viridis. For chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv/ Fm was the most sensitive parameter, and qN was more sensitive than qP. Triclosan showed long-term effects on biochemical components, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The findings will be helpful for a systematic and complete assessment of triclosan toxicity in natural waters and the development of appropriate strategies for its risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Xin
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina , Canada S4S 0A2
| | - Gordon Huang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities , University of Regina , Regina , Canada S4S 0A2
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering , Concordia University , Montreal , Canada H3G 1M8
| | - Renata Raina-Fulton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Regina , Regina , Canada S4S 0A2
| | - Harold Weger
- Department of Biology , University of Regina , Regina , Canada S4S 0A2
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Hurtado-Gallego J, Martín-Betancor K, Rodea-Palomares I, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Two novel cyanobacterial bioluminescent whole-cell bioreporters based on superoxide dismutases MnSod and FeSod to detect superoxide anion. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:772-779. [PMID: 29550571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the construction of two novel self-luminescent bioreporter strains of the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 by fusing the promoter region of the sodA and sodB genes (encoding the superoxide dismutases MnSod and FeSod, respectively) to luxCDABE from Photorhabdus luminescens aimed at detecting pollutants that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly O2-. Bioreporters were tested against methyl viologen (MV) as the inducer of superoxide anion (O2-). Both bioreporters were specific for O2- and Limits of detection (LODs) and Maximum Permissive Concentrations (MPCs) were calculated: Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 pBG2154 (sodA) had a range of detection from 400 to 1000 pM of MV and for Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 pBG2165 (sodB) the range of detection was from 500 to 1800 pM of MV after 5 h-exposure. To further validate the bioreporters, they were tested with the emerging pollutant Triclosan which induced bioluminescence in both strains. Furthermore, the bioreporters performance was tested in two real environmental samples with different water matrix complexity, spiked with MV. Both bioreporters were induced by O2- in these environmental samples. In the case of the river water sample, the amount of bioavailable MV as calculated from the bioreporters output was similar to that nominally added. For the waste water sample, the bioavailable MV concentration detected by the bioreporters was one order of magnitude lower than nominal. These differences could be due to MV complexation with organic matter and/or co-occurring organic contaminants. These results confirm their high sensitivity to O2- and their suitability to detect oxidative stress-generating pollutants in fresh-waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - K Martín-Betancor
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Rodea-Palomares
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Poirier I, Pallud M, Kuhn L, Hammann P, Demortière A, Jamali A, Chicher J, Caplat C, Gallon RK, Bertrand M. Toxicological effects of CdSe nanocrystals on the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum: The first mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:78-90. [PMID: 29407785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the marine environment, benthic diatoms from estuarine and coastal sediments are among the first targets of nanoparticle pollution whose potential toxicity on marine organisms is still largely unknown. It is therefore relevant to improve our knowledge of interactions between these new pollutants and microalgae, the key players in the control of marine resources. In this study, the response of P. tricornutum to CdSe nanocrystals (CdSe NPs) of 5 nm (NP5) and 12 nm (NP12) in diameter was evaluated through microscopic, physiological, biochemical and proteomic approaches. NP5 and NP12 affected cell growth but oxygen production was only slightly decreased by NP5 after 1-d incubation time. In our experimental conditions, a high CdSe NP dissolution was observed during the first day of culture, leading to Cd bioaccumulation and oxidative stress, particularly with NP12. However, after a 7-day incubation time, proteomic analysis highlighted that P. tricornutum responded to CdSe NP toxicity by regulating numerous proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress, cellular redox homeostasis, Ca2+ regulation and signalling, S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation processes and cell damage repair. These proteome changes allowed algae cells to regulate their intracellular ROS level in contaminated cultures. P. tricornutum was also capable to control its intracellular Cd concentration at a sufficiently low level to preserve its growth. To our knowledge, this is the first work allowing the identification of proteins differentially expressed by P. tricornutum subjected to NPs and thus the understanding of some molecular pathways involved in its cellular response to nanoparticles. SIGNIFICANCE The microalgae play a key role in the control of marine resources. Moreover, they produce 50% of the atmospheric oxygen. CdSe NPs are extensively used in the industry of renewable energies and it is regrettably expected that these pollutants will sometime soon appear in the marine environment through surface runoff, urban effluents and rivers. Since estuarine and coastal sediments concentrate pollutants, benthic microalgae which live in superficial sediments will be among the first targets of nanoparticle pollution. Thus, it is relevant to improve our knowledge of interactions between diatoms and nanoparticles. Proteomics is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms triggered by nanoparticle exposure, and our study is the first one to use this tool to identify proteins differentially expressed by P. tricornutum subjected to CdSe nanocrystals. This work is fundamental to improve our knowledge about the defence mechanisms developed by algae cells to counteract damage caused by CdSe NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Poirier
- Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 50103 Cherbourg en Cotentin Cedex, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130 Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Marie Pallud
- Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 50103 Cherbourg en Cotentin Cedex, France; IFREMER, LEAD NC, Equipe Ecophysiologie Station aquacole de Saint Vincent, Boulouparis, 98897 Nouvelle Calédonie Cedex, France.
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade, CNRS FRC 1589, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade, CNRS FRC 1589, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Arnaud Demortière
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides, CNRS UMR 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France; Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France; Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, United States.
| | - Arash Jamali
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides, CNRS UMR 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France.
| | - Johana Chicher
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade, CNRS FRC 1589, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Christelle Caplat
- UMR BOREA, UCBN, MNHN, UPMC, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, Institut de Biologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France.
| | - Régis Kevin Gallon
- Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 50103 Cherbourg en Cotentin Cedex, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130 Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
| | - Martine Bertrand
- Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 50103 Cherbourg en Cotentin Cedex, France; Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg, EA4253, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 50130 Cherbourg en Cotentin, France.
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Popova LB, Nosikova ES, Kotova EA, Tarasova EO, Nazarov PA, Khailova LS, Balezina OP, Antonenko YN. Protonophoric action of triclosan causes calcium efflux from mitochondria, plasma membrane depolarization and bursts of miniature end-plate potentials. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1000-1007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A, Propyl Paraben, and Triclosan on Caenorhabditis elegans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040684. [PMID: 29621162 PMCID: PMC5923726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous plasticizer which is absorbed by ingestion and dermal contact; propyl paraben (PPB) inhibits the microbiome and extends the shelf life of many personal care products, whereas triclosan (TCS) is commonly found in antiseptics, disinfectants, or additives. In this work, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a biological model to assess the toxic effects of BPA, PPB, and TCS. The wild type strain, Bristol N2, was used in bioassays with the endpoints of lethality, growth, and reproduction; green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic strains with the hsp-3, hsp-4, hsp-16.2, hsp-70, sod-1, sod-4, cyp-35A4, cyp-29A2, and skn-1 genes were evaluated for their mRNA expression through fluorescence measurement; and quick Oil Red O (q ORO) was utilized to stain lipid deposits. Lethality was concentration-dependent, while TCS and PPB showed more toxicity than BPA. BPA augmented worm length, while PPB reduced it. All toxicants moderately increased the width and the width–length ratio. BPA and PPB promoted reproduction, in contrast to TCS, which diminished it. All toxicants affected the mRNA expression of genes related to cellular stress, control of reactive oxygen species, and nuclear receptor activation. Lipid accumulation occurred in exposed worms. In conclusion, BPA, PPB, and TCS alter the physiology of growth, lipid accumulation, and reproduction in C. elegans, most likely through oxidative stress mechanisms.
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Ding T, Lin K, Bao L, Yang M, Li J, Yang B, Gan J. Biouptake, toxicity and biotransformation of triclosan in diatom Cyclotella sp. and the influence of humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:231-242. [PMID: 29175687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is one of the most frequently detected emerging contaminants in aquatic environment. In this study, we investigated the biouptake, toxicity and biotransformation of triclosan in freshwater algae Cyclotella sp. The influence of humic acid, as a representative of dissolved organic matter, was also explored. Results from this study showed that triclosan was toxic to Cyclotella sp. with 72 h EC50 of 324.9 μg L-1. Humic acid significantly reduced the toxicity and accumulation of triclosan in Cyclotella sp. SEM analysis showed that Cyclotella sp. were enormously damaged under 1 mg L-1 triclosan exposure and repaired after the addition of 20 mg L-1 humic acid. Triclosan can be significantly taken up by Cyclotella sp. The toxicity of triclosan is related to bioaccumulated triclosan as the algal cell numbers decreased when intracellular triclosan increased. A total of 11 metabolites were identified in diatom cells and degradation pathways are proposed. Hydroxylation, methylation, dechlorination, amino acids conjunction and glucuronidation contributed to the transformative reactions of triclosan in Cyclotella sp., producing biologically active products (e.g., methyl triclosan) and conjugation products (e.g., glucuronide or oxaloacetic acid conjugated triclosan), which may be included in the detoxification mechanism of triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengda Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lianjun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Xin X, Huang G, An C, Huang C, Weger H, Zhao S, Zhou Y, Rosendahl S. Insights into the Toxicity of Triclosan to Green Microalga Chlorococcum sp. Using Synchrotron-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Spectromicroscopy: Biophysiological Analyses and Roles of Environmental Factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2295-2306. [PMID: 29377676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the toxicity of triclosan to the green microalga Chlorococcum sp. under multiple environmental stressors. The interactions between triclosan and environmental stressors were explored through full two-way factorial, synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy and principal component analyses. Phosphorus concentration, pH * phosphorus concentration, and temperature * pH * NaCl concentration were the most statistically significant factors under triclosan exposure. The variation of those factors would have a huge impact on biophysiological performances. It is interesting to find Chlorococcum sp. may become more resistant against triclosan in phosphorus-enriched environment. Besides, particular significant factors from multiple environmental stressors showed the impacts of triclosan on the corresponding response of Chlorococcum sp. owing to the specific structure and performance of biomolecular components. Moreover, two high-order interactions of temperature * pH * NaCl concentration and temperature * pH * NaCl concentration * phosphorus concentration had more contributions than others at the subcellular level, which could be attributed to the interactive complexity of biomolecular components. Due to cellular self-regulation mechanism and short exposure time, the biophysiological changes of Chlorococcum sp. were undramatic. These findings can help reveal the interactive complexity among triclosan and multiple environmental stressors. It is suggested that multiple environmental stressors should be considered during ecological risk assessment and management of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8
| | - Charley Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | | | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan, China 250100
| | | | - Scott Rosendahl
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 2 V3
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Belosludtsev KN, Belosludtseva NV, Tenkov KS, Penkov NV, Agafonov AV, Pavlik LL, Yashin VA, Samartsev VN, Dubinin MV. Study of the mechanism of permeabilization of lecithin liposomes and rat liver mitochondria by the antimicrobial drug triclosan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:264-271. [PMID: 28939382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu M, Jin J, Yan J, Shen X, Hu N, Dong D. Mitochondrial uncoupler triclosan induces vasorelaxation of rat arteries. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:623-629. [PMID: 29159021 PMCID: PMC5687313 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers induced vasodilation. Triclosan, the broad spectrum antibacterial agent, is the active ingredient in soaps and toothpastes. It was reported that triclosan induced mitochondrial uncoupling, so we aim to investigate the effects of triclosan on vascular function of rat mesenteric arteries and aorta. The isometric tension of rat mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was recorded by multi-wire myograph system. The cytosolic [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential of smooth muscle cells (A10 cells) were measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Triclosan treatment relaxed phenylephrine (PE)- and high K+ (KPSS)-induced constriction, and pre-treatment with triclosan inhibited PE- and KPSS-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. In rat thoracic aorta, triclosan also relaxed PE- and KPSS-induced constriction. Triclosan induces vasorelaxation without involving KATP channel activation in smooth muscle cells of arteries. Triclosan treatment increased cytosolic [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial ROS production and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in A10 cells. In conclusion, triclosan induces mitochondrial uncoupling in vascular smooth muscle cells and relaxes the constricted rat mesenteric arteries and aorta of rats. The present results suggest that triclosan would indicate vasodilation effect if absorbed excessively in vivo.
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