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Łagowska K, Kuleta-Koberska A, Michalak M, Bajerska J. The effect of shift work on body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24041. [PMID: 38189567 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Shift work involves working outside the standard working hours of 9 am to 5 pm Monday to Friday and may include working evening, night, weekend, or rotating shift patterns. Since shift workers sleep less and their circadian rhythms are disrupted, they are reported to have higher body weight than day workers. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aims to determine whether shift workers (SW) are more prone to higher body mass index (BMI) than their day workers (DW) counterparts. It also addresses the question of whether the duration of shift work exposure, sex, or occupational type affect BMI value. METHODS Four databases that is PubMed, EBSCO Host, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for reports published up to October 2023. RESULTS Sixty-three studies involving a total of 693 449 participants met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses showed a significant effect of shift work on BMI value (standard mean difference; SMD: 0.10 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.13; p < .001]) as compared with non-shift counterparts. Subgroup analysis revealed that shift work significantly increased BMI for studies where male working on this job schedule (SMD: 0.10 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.04; 0.17; p = .0018]) for studies where shift workers worked ≥13 years (calculated as the median of shift work experience; SMD: 0.14 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.10; 0.18; p < .001]) as well as for studies where industrial (SMD: 0.12 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.05; 0.19; p = .0012]) and other type of occupations were dominated (0.12 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.07; 0.16; p < .001]). CONCLUSIONS We found that in general working on a shift schedule increases BMI as compared with day workers, especially in case of male employed in this job schedule, for shift workers working for long periods of time (≥13 years), and for shift workers employed in industry and other type of occupations(e.g., airline workers, firefighters, police officers, blue collar, security personnel, bus drivers, garbage collectors, railway workers, postal, oil and gas workers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Łagowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kuleta-Koberska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Sciences and Statistics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Bajerska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
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Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King NA. Shift Work is Associated with an Elevated White Blood Cell Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2023; 27:278-285. [PMID: 38390477 PMCID: PMC10880826 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_326_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The white blood cell (WBC) count increases significantly in reaction to infections and certain chronic diseases. Shift employment increases the risk for chronic low-grade inflammation and the progression of several chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the evidence from studies on total and differential WBC counts in shift employees. A literature search was performed in PubMed®, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using keywords for research published before March 1, 2022. A meta-analysis was conducted for total and differential WBC counts using a random-effects approach. A total of 25 studies covering a sample of 37,708 day and shift employees were included in this review. The studies represented America, Europe, East Asia, and Middle East. A significant increase in the total counts (×109/L) of WBC [mean difference (MD) = 0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-0.52; P < 0.001], lymphocytes (MD = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02-0.30; P = 0.02), monocytes (MD = 0.04; 95% CI: 0-0.07; P = 0.03), and eosinophils (MD = 0.01; 95% CI: 0-0.01; P = 0.03) was observed in shift workers compared to the day counterparts. However, neutrophils and basophils were not significantly different between the groups. Shift work significantly increases the total and differential blood counts in peripheral circulation. Therefore, total and differential WBC counts represent a relatively inexpensive biomarker for diagnostics and prognostics of diseases in shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumika Sooriyaarachchi
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Toby Pavey
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil A. King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Civelek E, Ozturk Civelek D, Akyel YK, Kaleli Durman D, Okyar A. Circadian Dysfunction in Adipose Tissue: Chronotherapy in Metabolic Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1077. [PMID: 37626963 PMCID: PMC10452180 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Essential for survival and reproduction, the circadian timing system (CTS) regulates adaptation to cyclical changes such as the light/dark cycle, temperature change, and food availability. The regulation of energy homeostasis possesses rhythmic properties that correspond to constantly fluctuating needs for energy production and consumption. Adipose tissue is mainly responsible for energy storage and, thus, operates as one of the principal components of energy homeostasis regulation. In accordance with its roles in energy homeostasis, alterations in adipose tissue's physiological processes are associated with numerous pathologies, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. These alterations also include changes in circadian rhythm. In the current review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge regarding the circadian rhythmicity of adipogenesis, lipolysis, adipokine secretion, browning, and non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue and to evaluate possible links between those alterations and metabolic diseases. Based on this evaluation, potential therapeutic approaches, as well as clock genes as potential therapeutic targets, are also discussed in the context of chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Dilek Ozturk Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Deniz Kaleli Durman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
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Xu C, Weng Z, Liang J, Liu Q, Zhang X, Xu J, Li Q, Zhou Y, Gu A. Shift Work, Genetic Factors, and the Risk of Heart Failure: A Prospective Study of the UK Biobank. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:1134-1144. [PMID: 35662426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association of combined shift work and genetic factors with the incidence of heart failure (HF). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This study included 242,754 participants with complete shift work information in the UK Biobank. Participants were followed from baseline (2006 to 2010) through January 31, 2018. The association between shift work and HF incidence was investigated separately in males and females using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for covariates. In addition, we established a polygenic risk score and assessed whether shift work alters genetic susceptibility to HF. RESULTS The results showed a significant association of permanent night shift work with incident HF among females (hazard ratio, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.34 to 3.76; P=.002) after adjusting for age, and the association was attenuated in the fully adjusted model. Among men, we did not detect an association between shift work and HF. In addition, we observed that the association between the risk of HF and shift work was strengthened by high genetic risk. Permanent night shift work paired with high genetic risk, compared with low genetic risk, was suggested to be associated with the risk of HF in females (hazard ratio, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.05 to 7.94) but not in males. CONCLUSION Shift work, particularly permanent night shift work, may increase the risk of HF in females, especially in those with high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenkun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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McCarthy MJ. Circadian rhythm disruption in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Implications for the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 20:100412. [PMID: 35465246 PMCID: PMC9019698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a common and disabling disorder primarily characterized by persistent fatigue and exercise intolerance, with associated sleep disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, and cognitive problems. The causes of ME/CFS are not well understood but may coincide with immune and inflammatory responses following viral infections. During the current SARS-CoV2 coronavirus pandemic, ME/CFS has been increasingly reported to overlap with persistent “long COVID” symptoms, also called the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Given the prominence of activity and sleep problems in ME/CFS, circadian rhythm disruption has been examined as a contributing factor in ME/CFS. While these studies of circadian rhythms have been pursued for decades, evidence linking circadian rhythms to ME/CFS remains inconclusive. A major limitation of older chronobiology studies of ME/CFS was the unavailability of modern molecular methods to study circadian rhythms and incomplete understanding of circadian rhythms outside the brain in peripheral organ systems. Major methodological and conceptual advancements in chronobiology have since been made. Over the same time, biomarker research in ME/CFS has progressed. Together, these new developments may justify renewed interest in circadian rhythm research in ME/CFS. Presently, we review ME/CFS from the perspective of circadian rhythms, covering both older and newer studies that make use of modern molecular methods. We focus on transforming growth factor beta (TGFB), a cytokine that has been previously associated with ME/CFS and has an important role in circadian rhythms, especially in peripheral cells. We propose that disrupted TGFB signaling in ME/CFS may play a role in disrupting physiological rhythms in sleep, activity, and cognition, leading to the insomnia, energy disturbances, cognition problems, depression, and autonomic dysfunction associated with ME/CFS. Since SARS-like coronavirus infections cause persistent changes in TGFB and previous coronavirus outbreaks have caused ME/CFS-like syndromes, chronobiological considerations may have immediate implications for understanding ME/CFS in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and possibly suggest new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is characterized by disrupted sleep and activity implicating circadian clocks. The incidence of ME/CFS is expected to increase as a result of the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Biomarker studies in ME/CFS patients implicate Transforming Growth Factor B (TGFB). TGFB has roles in synchronizing circadian rhythms in peripheral cells. Identification of biomarkers and new methodologies may facilitate progress in the chronobiological basis of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla CA 92093, USA.,VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego CA, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr MC 116A, San Diego CA, 92161, USA
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Hoopes EK, Witman MA, D'Agata MN, Berube FR, Brewer B, Malone SK, Grandner MA, Patterson F. Rest-activity rhythms in emerging adults: implications for cardiometabolic health. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:543-556. [PMID: 33435741 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1868490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging adulthood (18-25 years) represents a window of opportunity to modify the trajectory of cardiometabolic disease risk into older adulthood. Not known is the extent to which rest-activity rhythms (RAR) may be related to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in this population. In this cross-sectional, observational study, 52 healthy emerging adults wore wrist accelerometers (14 consecutive days; 24 h/day) for assessment of nonparametric RAR metrics, including interdaily stability (IS; day-to-day RAR consistency), intradaily variability (IV; within-day RAR fragmentation), and relative amplitude (RA; robustness of RAR), as well as autocorrelation (correlation of rest/activity levels at 24-h lag-times). Cardiometabolic biomarkers, including body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, blood pressure (BP), fasting lipids, glucose, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed. Additional measures including physical activity, sleep duration, and habitual caffeine and alcohol consumption were also evaluated. A series of multivariable regression models of cardiometabolic biomarkers were used to quantify associations with RAR metrics. On average, participants were 20 ± 1 years of age (21 males, 31 females), non-obese, and non-hypertensive. All were nonsmokers and free of major diseases or conditions. In separate models, which adjusted for sex, BMI, moderate-vigorous physical activity, sleep duration, caffeine, and alcohol consumption, IS was inversely associated with total cholesterol (p ≤ 0.01) and non-HDL cholesterol (p < .05), IV was positively associated with CRP (p < .05), and autocorrelation was inversely associated with total cholesterol (p < .05) and CRP (p < .05). Conversely, associations between RA and cardiometabolic biomarkers were nonsignificant after adjustment for BMI, alcohol, and caffeine consumption. In conclusion, RAR metrics, namely, a higher IS, lower IV, and higher autocorrelation, emerged as novel biomarkers associated with more favorable indices of cardiometabolic health in this sample of apparently healthy emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Hoopes
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Melissa A Witman
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Felicia R Berube
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Benjamin Brewer
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Susan K Malone
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Freda Patterson
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Dutheil F, Baker JS, Mermillod M, De Cesare M, Vidal A, Moustafa F, Pereira B, Navel V. Shift work, and particularly permanent night shifts, promote dyslipidaemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2020; 313:156-169. [PMID: 33069952 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Shift work is common worldwide and linked to deleterious cardiovascular effects that might be underlined by dyslipidemia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the impact of shiftwork on dyslipidemia. METHODS Searching in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Embase databases without language restriction on 15 February 2020, included studies that describe blood lipids levels or a risk measure in shift workers compared with fixed-day workers (controls). Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated using stratified meta-analysis by type of shift work, and meta-regression to examine relations between dyslipidemia and demographic, lifestyle and work characteristics. Estimates were pooled using random-effect meta-analysis. RESULTS We included a total of 66 articles, representing 197,063 workers. Shift work globally increased the levels of triglycerides (overall SMD = 0.09; 95CI 0.05 to 0.13; p < 0.001), and globally decreased the levels of c-HDL (-0.08; 95CI -0.12 to -0.03; p = 0.001). Permanent night shift workers were an at-risk type of shift for dyslipidemia with significantly higher blood levels of total cholesterol (0.22; 95CI 0.01 to 0.42; p = 0.043) and triglycerides (0.18; 0.03 to 0.33; p = 0.017), and significantly lower blood levels of c-HDL (-0.16; 95CI -0.32 to 0.00; p = 0.05). Permanent night shift workers were more at-risk for total cholesterol than rotating 3 × 8 shift workers (Coefficient 0.22; 95CI 0.01 to 0.42; p = 0.038) and rotating 2 × 12 shift workers (0.24; 0.02 to 0.46; p = 0.037), and more at-risk for triglycerides than rotating day shift workers (0.21; 95CI 0.03 to 0.38; p = 0.023). Results were non-significant for c-LDL, nor depending on type of shifts. CONCLUSIONS Shift work, and particularly permanent night shift, is associated with dyslipidaemia via elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides, and reduced HDL-cholesterol. Our current study provides a practical and valuable strengthening of the evidence-base required for preventive health initiatives and workplace reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Martial Mermillod
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie De Cesare
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexia Vidal
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fares Moustafa
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Emergency Unit, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clinical Research and Innovation Direction, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valentin Navel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD, Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Raspante Cerqueira Teixeira K, de Medeiros LA, Mendes JA, Vaz ER, Cunha TM, de Oliveira EP, Penha-Silva N, Crispim CA. The erythrocyte membrane stability is associated with sleep time and social jetlag in shift workers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222698. [PMID: 31545844 PMCID: PMC6756543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The osmotic stability of the erythrocyte membrane (OSEM) has been associated with changes in lipid profile, blood glucose and blood pressure. Changes in these parameters are very frequent in shift workers, possibly because of the lack of synchronization of biological rhythms, which results in the social jetlag. However, the existence of association between OSEM and circadian misalignment has not been investigated in this population. Therefore, this study investigated whether shift work, sleep time and social jetlag (SJL) are associated with biochemical and hematological variables. A population consisting of 79 men working at night (n = 37) or during the day (n = 42), aged between 21 and 65 years and with a mean BMI of 27.56 ± 4.0 kg/m2, was investigated cross-sectionally in relation to sleep time, SJL, anthropometric (height, weight and waist circumference) and blood variables, with emphasis on the OSEM. SJL was calculated by the absolute difference between the midpoint of sleep on work and rest days. The Generalized Linear Model (GzLM) was used to investigate the existence of associations between SJL and average sleep time in relation to the analyzed variables. Workers without SJL presented lower baseline lysis values of erythrocytes in isotonic medium in relation to workers with SJL. In addition, workers who slept on average less than 6 hours had higher OSEM, and higher total and LDL-cholesterol in relation to those who slept more than 6 hours, regardless of the shift. It is possible that the association of sleep deprivation and SJL with erythrocyte membrane stability is mediated through changes in the lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emília Rezende Vaz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nilson Penha-Silva
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Kervezee L, Kosmadopoulos A, Boivin DB. Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of shift work: The role of circadian disruption and sleep disturbances. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:396-412. [PMID: 30357975 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shift work, defined as work occurring outside typical daytime working hours, is associated with an increased risk of various non-communicable diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Disruption of the internal circadian timing system and concomitant sleep disturbances is thought to play a critical role in the development of these health problems. Indeed, controlled laboratory studies have shown that short-term circadian misalignment and sleep restriction independently impair physiological processes, including insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, immune function, blood pressure and cardiac modulation by the autonomous nervous system. If allowed to persist, these acute effects may lead to the development of cardiometabolic diseases in the long term. Here, we discuss the evidence for the contributions of circadian disruption and associated sleep disturbances to the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular health problems in shift workers. Improving the understanding of the physiological mechanisms affected by circadian misalignment and sleep disturbance will contribute to the development and implementation of strategies that prevent or mitigate the cardiometabolic impact of shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kervezee
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anastasi Kosmadopoulos
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diane B Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gerami H, Javadi M, Hosseini SK, Maljaei MB, Fakhrzadeh H. Coronary artery stenosis and associations with indicators of anthropometric and diet in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2018; 17:203-210. [PMID: 30918856 PMCID: PMC6405376 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-018-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery diseases (CAD) are one of the major causes of mortality, which is related to the nutritional status and anthropometric indices of individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric indices, the type of protein consumption in meat group and vegetable consumption with coronary artery stenosis. METHODS This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Shariati Hospital in Tehran in 2016. Out of the patients undergoing coronary angiography, 208 cases were assigned to participate in the study of simple random sampling. The required data were collected by Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ), anthropometric indices and physical activity questionnaire. SPSS software (version #21) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The number of coronary arteries with more than 50% stenosis was increased by high consumption of red meat (P = 0.014), egg (P = 0.006) and chicken (P = 0.030) and low consumption of legume (P = 0.000), soybean (P = 0.002) and vegetables (P = 0.003). Also, the consumption of garlic and onion was associated with a decrease in the severity of stenosis in left anterior descending (LAD) (P = 0.036), and right coronary artery (RCA) (P = 0.033). There was a significant and positive correlation among waist circumference, wrist circumference and body mass index in patients with coronary artery stenosis and a negative correlation between the height of the patient and the history of previous angiography. CONCLUSION High consumption of vegetable proteins, vegetables, maintaining BMI and waist circumference in the normal range, were associated with reduced severity of coronary artery stenosis. In addition high consumption of red meat, chicken and egg is associated with higher severity and number of coronary stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Gerami
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Javadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
- Children Growth Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazin, Iran
| | - Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Shariati hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1th floor, North Kargar Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Maljaei
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Isfahan neuroscience research center, Alzahra research institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Fakhrzadeh
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Koritala BSC, Çakmaklı S. The human circadian clock from health to economics. Psych J 2018; 7:176-196. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bala S. C. Koritala
- Department of Biology; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Camden New Jersey USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Camden New Jersey USA
| | - Selim Çakmaklı
- Department of Economics; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Camden New Jersey USA
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12
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James SM, Honn KA, Gaddameedhi S, Van Dongen HPA. Shift Work: Disrupted Circadian Rhythms and Sleep-Implications for Health and Well-Being. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2017; 3:104-112. [PMID: 29057204 DOI: 10.1007/s40675-017-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our 24/7 society is dependent on shift work, despite mounting evidence for negative health outcomes from sleep displacement due to shift work. This paper reviews short- and long-term health consequences of sleep displacement and circadian misalignment due to shift work. RECENT FINDINGS We focus on four broad health domains: metabolic health; risk of cancer; cardiovascular health; and mental health. Circadian misalignment affects these domains by inducing sleep deficiency, sympathovagal and hormonal imbalance, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, and dysregulated cell cycles. This leads to a range of medical conditions, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes, gastrointestinal dysfunction, compromised immune function, cardiovascular disease, excessive sleepiness, mood and social disorders, and increased cancer risk. SUMMARY Interactions of biological disturbances with behavioral and societal factors shape the effects of shift work on health and well-being. Research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and drive the development of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M James
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Honn
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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13
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Morris CJ, Purvis TE, Mistretta J, Hu K, Scheer FAJL. Circadian Misalignment Increases C-Reactive Protein and Blood Pressure in Chronic Shift Workers. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:154-164. [PMID: 28347188 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417697537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Shift work is a risk factor for inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This increased risk cannot be fully explained by classical risk factors. Shift workers' behavioral and environmental cycles are typically misaligned relative to their endogenous circadian system. However, there is little information on the impact of acute circadian misalignment on cardiovascular disease risk in shift workers, independent of differences in work stress, food quality, and other factors that are likely to differ between night and day shifts. Thus, our objectives were to determine the independent effect of circadian misalignment on 24-h high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; a marker of systemic inflammation) and blood pressure levels-cardiovascular disease risk factors-in chronic shift workers. Chronic shift workers undertook two 3-day laboratory protocols that simulated night work, comprising 12-hour inverted behavioral and environmental cycles (circadian misalignment) or simulated day work (circadian alignment), using a randomized, crossover design. Circadian misalignment increased 24-h hs-CRP by 11% ( p < 0.0001). Circadian misalignment increased 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 1.4 mmHg and 0.8 mmHg, respectively (both p ≤ 0.038). The misalignment-mediated increase in 24-h SBP was primarily explained by an increase in SBP during the wake period (+1.7 mmHg; p = 0.017), whereas the misalignment-mediated increase in 24-h DBP was primarily explained by an increase in DBP during the sleep opportunity (+1.8 mmHg; p = 0.005). Circadian misalignment per se increases hs-CRP and blood pressure in shift workers. This may help explain the increased inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease risk in shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Morris
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor E Purvis
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Mistretta
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kun Hu
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Shearer J, Graham TE, Skinner TL. Nutra-ergonomics: influence of nutrition on physical employment standards and the health of workers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 41:S165-74. [PMID: 27277565 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ergonomics across several scientific domains, including biomechanics, psychology, sociology, and physiology, have been extensively explored. However, the role of other factors that may influence the health and productivity of workers, such as nutrition, is generally overlooked. Nutra-ergonomics describes the interface between workers, their work environment, and performance in relation to their nutritional status. It considers nutrition to be an integral part of a safe and productive workplace that encompasses physical and mental health as well as the long-term wellbeing of workers. This review explores the knowledge, awareness, and common practices of nutrition, hydration, stimulants, and fortified product use employed prior to physical employment standards testing and within the workplace. The influence of these nutra-ergonomic strategies on physical employment standards, worker safety, and performance will be examined. Further, the roles, responsibilities, and implications for the applicant, worker, and the employer will be discussed within the context of nutra-ergonomics, with reference to the provision and sustainability of an environment conducive to optimize worker health and wellbeing. Beyond physical employment standards, workplace productivity, and performance, the influence of extended or chronic desynchronization (irregular or shift work) in the work schedule on metabolism and long-term health, including risk of developing chronic and complex diseases, is discussed. Finally, practical nutra-ergonomic strategies and recommendations for the applicant, worker, and employer alike will be provided to enhance the short- and long-term safety, performance, health, and wellbeing of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Terry E Graham
- b Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tina L Skinner
- c Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia
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15
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Brøns C, Saltbæk PN, Friedrichsen M, Chen Y, Vaag A. Endocrine and metabolic diurnal rhythms in young adult men born small vs appropriate for gestational age. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:29-40. [PMID: 27252486 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep disturbances and alterations of diurnal endocrine rhythms are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously showed that young men born small for gestational age (SGA) and with increased risk of T2D have elevated fat and decreased glucose oxidation rates during nighttime. In this study, we investigated whether SGA men have an altered diurnal profile of hormones, substrates and inflammatory markers implicated in T2D pathophysiology compared with matched individuals born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). METHODS We collected hourly blood samples for 24 h, to measure levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), insulin, C-peptide, leptin, resistin, ghrelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) in 13 young men born SGA and 11 young men born AGA. RESULTS Repeated measurements analyses were used to analyze the diurnal variations and differences between groups. The SGA subjects had increased 24-h glucose (P=0.03), glucagon (P=0.03) and resistin (P=0.003) levels with no difference in diurnal rhythms compared with AGA controls. We found significant diurnal variations in levels of blood glucose, plasma TG, FFA, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, visfatin, TNF-α, IL-6 and PAI-1. The variation in FFA levels differed between the groups during the evening. Plasma ghrelin and glucagon levels did not display diurnal variations. CONCLUSIONS Young men born SGA exhibit elevated 24-h blood glucose, and plasma glucagon and resistin levels with no major differences in diurnal rhythms of these or other key metabolic hormones, substrates or inflammatory markers implicated in the origin of adiposity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brøns
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism)Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Steno Diabetes CenterGentofte, Denmark
| | - Pernille N Saltbæk
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism)Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Friedrichsen
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism)Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Steno Diabetes CenterGentofte, Denmark
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism)Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Department of Endocrinology (Diabetes and Metabolism)Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Steno Diabetes CenterGentofte, Denmark
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16
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Nutrigenetics and Nutrimiromics of the Circadian System: The Time for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:299. [PMID: 26927084 PMCID: PMC4813163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though the rhythmic oscillations of life have long been known, the precise molecular mechanisms of the biological clock are only recently being explored. Circadian rhythms are found in virtually all organisms and affect our lives. Thus, it is not surprising that the correct running of this clock is essential for cellular functions and health. The circadian system is composed of an intricate network of genes interwined in an intrincated transcriptional/translational feedback loop. The precise oscillation of this clock is controlled by the circadian genes that, in turn, regulate the circadian oscillations of many cellular pathways. Consequently, variations in these genes have been associated with human diseases and metabolic disorders. From a nutrigenetics point of view, some of these variations modify the individual response to the diet and interact with nutrients to modulate such response. This circadian feedback loop is also epigenetically modulated. Among the epigenetic mechanisms that control circadian rhythms, microRNAs are the least studied ones. In this paper, we review the variants of circadian-related genes associated to human disease and nutritional response and discuss the current knowledge about circadian microRNAs. Accumulated evidence on the genetics and epigenetics of the circadian system points to important implications of chronotherapy in the clinical practice, not only in terms of pharmacotherapy, but also for dietary interventions. However, interventional studies (especially nutritional trials) that include chronotherapy are scarce. Given the importance of chronobiology in human health such studies are warranted in the near future.
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17
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Circadian misalignment increases cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1402-11. [PMID: 26858430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516953113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work is a risk factor for hypertension, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. This increased risk cannot be fully explained by classic risk factors. One of the key features of shift workers is that their behavioral and environmental cycles are typically misaligned relative to their endogenous circadian system. However, there is little information on the impact of acute circadian misalignment on cardiovascular disease risk in humans. Here we show-by using two 8-d laboratory protocols-that short-term circadian misalignment (12-h inverted behavioral and environmental cycles for three days) adversely affects cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults. Circadian misalignment increased 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 3.0 mmHg and 1.5 mmHg, respectively. These results were primarily explained by an increase in blood pressure during sleep opportunities (SBP, +5.6 mmHg; DBP, +1.9 mmHg) and, to a lesser extent, by raised blood pressure during wake periods (SBP, +1.6 mmHg; DBP, +1.4 mmHg). Circadian misalignment decreased wake cardiac vagal modulation by 8-15%, as determined by heart rate variability analysis, and decreased 24-h urinary epinephrine excretion rate by 7%, without a significant effect on 24-h urinary norepinephrine excretion rate. Circadian misalignment increased 24-h serum interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels by 3-29%. We demonstrate that circadian misalignment per se increases blood pressure and inflammatory markers. Our findings may help explain why shift work increases hypertension, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease risk.
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19
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Costa Justus JF, Ligocki Campos AC, Figueroa ALC, Gomis R, Santo MA, Fávero GM, Milléo FQ, Vieira E. Early Effect of Bariatric Surgery on the Circadian Rhythms of Adipokines in Morbidly Obese Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 14:16-22. [PMID: 26509470 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circadian pattern of adipokines is blunted in obese subjects, and we tested the hypothesis that bariatric surgery could normalize the 24-hr pattern of adipokines. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the early impact of the newly designed sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition (SGTB) surgery on the circadian pattern of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in morbidly obese subjects. METHODS The study group included six morbidly obese women [body mass index (BMI) 41.3 ± 1.53 kg/m(2)] who underwent SGTB and four lean women (BMI 18.61 ± 0.92 kg/m(2)). Blood from all subjects was collected before and 3 months after bariatric surgery every 6 hr throughout the 24-hr period. The circadian pattern of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Luminex techniques. RESULTS Lean women exhibited rise of plasma leptin levels at nighttime, whereas obese women had an increase in the overall plasma leptin levels throughout the 24-hr period, lacking the physiological rise of nocturnal leptin levels compared to controls. Obese women had a decrease in 24-hr adiponectin levels and similar plasma resistin levels compared to controls. Three months after SGTB, obese women lost 16.0% (P < 0.005) of their initial body weight and had a decrease in overall 24-hr leptin levels. However, there was no recovery of the nocturnal rise in leptin levels 3 months after SGTB. The 24-hr adiponectin levels were still decreased after SGTB surgery compared to controls, while resistin levels were decreased only during night time after SGTB. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that SGTB is an efficient innovative procedure to rapidly decrease 24-hr leptin levels. However, after 3 months, SGTB was not enough to recover the physiological nocturnal rise of leptin levels present in lean subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramon Gomis
- 2 Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory , IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain .,3 CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Aurélio Santo
- 4 Hospital das Clinicas Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo-USP , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovani Marino Fávero
- 5 Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa , Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Vieira
- 3 CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Madrid, Spain .,7 Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá/UEM , Maringá, Brazil
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20
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Kim TW, Jeong JH, Hong SC. The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:591729. [PMID: 25861266 PMCID: PMC4377487 DOI: 10.1155/2015/591729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of several hormones fluctuate according to the light and dark cycle and are also affected by sleep, feeding, and general behavior. The regulation and metabolism of several hormones are influenced by interactions between the effects of sleep and the intrinsic circadian system; growth hormone, melatonin, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin levels are highly correlated with sleep and circadian rhythmicity. There are also endogenous circadian mechanisms that serve to regulate glucose metabolism and similar rhythms pertaining to lipid metabolism, regulated through the actions of various clock genes. Sleep disturbance, which negatively impacts hormonal rhythms and metabolism, is also associated with obesity, insulin insensitivity, diabetes, hormonal imbalance, and appetite dysregulation. Circadian disruption, typically induced by shift work, may negatively impact health due to impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis, reversed melatonin and cortisol rhythms, and loss of clock gene rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Seoul 442723, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Seoul 442723, Republic of Korea
- *Jong-Hyun Jeong:
| | - Seung-Chul Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Seoul 442723, Republic of Korea
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21
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Bonmati-Carrion MA, Arguelles-Prieto R, Martinez-Madrid MJ, Reiter R, Hardeland R, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23448-500. [PMID: 25526564 PMCID: PMC4284776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact of artificial light, we pay a price for the easy access to light during the night: disorganization of our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations in melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive and affective impairment, premature aging and some types of cancer. Knowledge of retinal photoreceptors and the discovery of melanopsin in some ganglion cells demonstrate that light intensity, timing and spectrum must be considered to keep the biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths of light are equally chronodisrupting. Blue light, which is particularly beneficial during the daytime, seems to be more disruptive at night, and induces the strongest melatonin inhibition. Nocturnal blue light exposure is currently increasing, due to the proliferation of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) and electronic devices. Thus, the development of lighting systems that preserve the melatonin rhythm could reduce the health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses the state of the art regarding the crosstalk between light and the circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Russel Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Leu HB, Chung CM, Lin SJ, Chiang KM, Yang HC, Ho HY, Ting CT, Lin TH, Sheu SH, Tsai WC, Chen JH, Yin WH, Chiu TY, Chen CI, Fann CS, Chen YT, Pan WH, Chen JW. Association of circadian genes with diurnal blood pressure changes and non-dipper essential hypertension: a genetic association with young-onset hypertension. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:155-62. [PMID: 25410879 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that circadian genes have important roles in maintaining the circadian rhythm of the cardiovascular system. However, the associations between diurnal BP changes and circadian genes remain undetermined. We conducted a genetic association study of young-onset hypertension, in which 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring was performed. A total of 23 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 11 genes involved in circadian rhythms were genotyped for correlations with diurnal BP variation phenotypes. A permutation test was used to correct for multiple testing. Five tag SNPs within five loci, including rs3888170 in NPAS2, rs6431590 in PER2, rs1410225 in RORββ, rs3816358 in BMAL1 and rs10519096 in RORα, were significantly associated with the non-dipper phenotype in 372 young hypertensive patients. A genetic risk score was generated by counting the risk alleles and effects for each individual. Genotyping was performed in an additional independent set of 619 young-onset hypertensive subjects. Altogether, non-dippers had a higher weighted genetic risk score than dippers (1.67±0.56 vs. 1.54±0.55, P<0.001), and the additive genetic risk score also indicated a graded association with decreased diurnal BP changes (P=0.006), as well as a non-dipper phenotype (P=0.031). After multivariable logistic analysis, only the circadian genetic risk score (odds ratio (OR), 1550; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.225-1.961, P<0.001) and the use of β-blockers (OR, 1.519; 95% CI, 1.164-1.982, P=0.003) were independently associated with the presence of non-dippers among subjects with young-onset hypertension. Genetic variants in circadian genes were associated with the diurnal phenotype of hypertension, suggesting a genetic association with diurnal BP changes in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Bang Leu
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Heath Care and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [3] Divison of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- 1] Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan [3] Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Divison of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Mao Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Ho
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Tai Ting
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Sheu
- Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jyh-Hong Chen
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsian Yin
- Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Cathy Sj Fann
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Divison of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [3] Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Abstract
In association with sleep-wake and fasting-feeding cycles, organisms experience dramatic oscillations in energetic demands and nutrient supply. It is therefore not surprising that various metabolic parameters, ranging from the activity status of molecular energy sensors to circulating nutrient levels, oscillate in time-of-day-dependent manners. It has become increasingly clear that rhythms in metabolic processes are not simply in response to daily environmental/behavioral influences, but are driven in part by cell autonomous circadian clocks. By synchronizing the cell with its environment, clocks modulate a host of metabolic processes in a temporally appropriate manner. The purpose of this article is to review current understanding of the interplay between circadian clocks and metabolism, in addition to the pathophysiologic consequences of disruption of this molecular mechanism, in terms of cardiometabolic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Uduak S Udoh
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyDepartment of PathologyDivision of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, ZRB 308, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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24
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Matheson A, O'Brien L, Reid JA. The impact of shiftwork on health: a literature review. J Clin Nurs 2014; 23:3309-20. [PMID: 24460821 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify the impact of shiftwork on individuals and their lives and to discuss the implications this has for nurses and nursing. BACKGROUND The context of shiftwork in the early 21st century is changing rapidly, and those involved in or required to work shiftwork are now spread over many different sectors of the community. In the Australian community, 16% of workers regularly work shiftwork. Most nurses undertake shiftwork at some time in their career, and health services could not operate without a shiftworking nursing workforce. DESIGN Narrative literature review. METHODS A narrative review of journal articles was conducted. Databases searched were CINAHL, EBSCO Host, JSTOR, Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms used were 'shiftwork' and 'shift work'. Limitations included 'English language', 'published between 1980-2013' and 'human'. RESULTS Reviewed for this paper were 118 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results were categorised using thematic analysis. Themes that emerged were physical and psychosocial health, and sleep. Findings will be explored under these themes. CONCLUSIONS Shiftwork research has mainly focussed on the physiological and psychosocial health and sleep effects. Absent from the literature are studies focussing on the personal experience of the shiftworker and how workers mediate the effects of shiftwork and how shiftwork fits into the rest of their lives. Therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions about how people 'manage' their shiftwork, and further research needs to be undertaken in this area. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Working shifts for nurses is a reality that comes with the profession. While there is a significant body of research on shiftwork, little of this has been specifically applied to nursing, and the implications for individual nurses needing to care for their own health have not been drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Matheson
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Indigenous Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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Faraut B, Bayon V, Léger D. Neuroendocrine, immune and oxidative stress in shift workers. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 17:433-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The highly coordinated output of the hypothalamic biological clock does not only govern the daily rhythm in sleep/wake (or feeding/fasting) behaviour but also has direct control over many aspects of hormone release. In fact, a significant proportion of our current understanding of the circadian clock has its roots in the study of the intimate connections between the hypothalamic clock and multiple endocrine axes. This chapter will focus on the anatomical connections used by the mammalian biological clock to enforce its endogenous rhythmicity on the rest of the body, using a number of different hormone systems as a representative example. Experimental studies have revealed a highly specialised organisation of the connections between the mammalian circadian clock neurons and neuroendocrine as well as pre-autonomic neurons in the hypothalamus. These complex connections ensure a logical coordination between behavioural, endocrine and metabolic functions that will help the organism adjust to the time of day most efficiently. For example, activation of the orexin system by the hypothalamic biological clock at the start of the active phase not only ensures that we wake up on time but also that our glucose metabolism and cardiovascular system are prepared for this increased activity. Nevertheless, it is very likely that the circadian clock present within the endocrine glands plays a significant role as well, for instance, by altering these glands' sensitivity to specific stimuli throughout the day. In this way the net result of the activity of the hypothalamic and peripheral clocks ensures an optimal endocrine adaptation of the metabolism of the organism to its time-structured environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, G2-133, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hardeland R, Madrid JA, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:139-66. [PMID: 22034907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several associated factors, and melatonin signaling in the maintenance of health. Dysfunction of endogenous clocks, melatonin receptor polymorphisms, age- and disease-associated declines of melatonin likely contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, hypertension, and several mood and cognitive disorders. Consequences of gene silencing, overexpression, gene polymorphisms, and deviant expression levels in diseases are summarized. The circadian system is a complex network of central and peripheral oscillators, some of them being relatively independent of the pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Actions of melatonin on peripheral oscillators are poorly understood. Various lines of evidence indicate that these clocks are also influenced or phase-reset by melatonin. This includes phase differences of core oscillator gene expression under impaired melatonin signaling, effects of melatonin and melatonin receptor knockouts on oscillator mRNAs or proteins. Cross-connections between melatonin signaling pathways and oscillator proteins, including associated factors, are discussed in this review. The high complexity of the multioscillator system comprises alternate or parallel oscillators based on orthologs and paralogs of the core components and a high number of associated factors with varying tissue-specific importance, which offers numerous possibilities for interactions with melatonin. It is an aim of this review to stimulate research on melatonin signaling in peripheral tissues. This should not be restricted to primary signal molecules but rather include various secondarily connected pathways and discriminate between direct effects of the pineal indoleamine at the target organ and others mediated by modulation of oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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Assessment of cardiometabolic risk among shift workers in Hungary. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:18. [PMID: 22296806 PMCID: PMC3295687 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Shift workers may be at risk of different diseases. In order to assess cardiometabolic risk in shift workers, a cross-sectional study was performed among active workers. METHODS A total of 481 workers (121 men, 360 women) were investigated; most of them were employees in light industry (58.2%) or in public services (23.9%). Past medical history was recorded and physical examination was performed. Questionnaires were used to characterize daily activity. Fasting venous blood sample was collected for measuring laboratory parameters. Data from shift workers (n = 234, age: 43.9 ± 8.1 years) were compared to those of daytime workers (n = 247, age: 42.8 ± 8.5 years), men and women were analyzed separately. RESULTS In men, systolic blood pressure was higher in shift workers compared to daytime workers (133 ± 8 vs 126 ± 17 mmHg; p < 0.05). In women, weight (73.6 ± 15.5 vs 67.7 ± 13.2 kg; p < 0.001), body mass index (27.5 ± 5.7 vs 25.0 ± 4.3 kg/m2; p<0.001) and the prevalence rate of hypertension in the past medical history (24.4 vs 13.4%; p < 0.01) were higher in shift workers compared to daytime workers. In addition, the proportion of current smokers was higher (37.7 vs 21.7%; p < 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol level was lower (1.56 ± 0.32 vs 1.68 ± 0.36 mmol/l; p < 0.01) in female shift workers than in female daytime workers. Both in men and in women, rotating shift workers spent less time sleeping both on working days and on non-working days, spent less time with sport activity, drank more coffee and they spent less time working per day, especially in light physical work, compared to daytime workers. In addition, low and middle educational levels were most frequently found among rotating shift workers as opposed to the daytime workers where high educational level was more common. CONCLUSION Middle-aged active shift workers, especially women, have a less healthy lifestyle and are at higher cardiometabolic risk as compared to daytime workers. Our study highlights the importance of measures for identifying and preventing cardiometabolic risk factors in shift workers.
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van der Spek R, Kreier F, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Circadian rhythms in white adipose tissue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 199:183-201. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Shift work and cardiovascular risk factors: new knowledge from the past decade. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104:636-68. [PMID: 22152516 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a major public health problem. The involvement of several occupational factors has recently been discussed, notably the organization of work schedules, e.g. shift work. To analyse the progress of knowledge on the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and shift work. A review of English-language literature dealing with the link between cardiovascular factors and shift workers (published during 2000-2010) was conducted. Studies published in the past 10 years tend to document an impact of shift work on blood pressure, lipid profile (triglyceride levels), metabolic syndrome and, possibly, body mass index. However, the consequences on glucose metabolism are unclear. These results are not yet firmly established, but are supported by strong hypotheses. Some advice could reasonably be proposed to guide the clinical practitioner.
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Shift work and metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and ischaemic heart disease. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2011; 23:287-91. [PMID: 20934953 DOI: 10.2478/v10001-010-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work is affecting 20% to 25% employees and is becoming increasingly prevalent in contemporary life all over Europe and USA. It is associated with several health problems, such as e.g. metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. These diseases are possibly due to an impairment of biological rhythm. The metabolic syndrome is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has been demonstrated among shift workers. Rotating shift work has an impact on each component of metabolic syndrome. Shift work might also have an impact on metabolic variables, and be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Only a few studies reported prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus in relation to shift work. There is rather strong evidence in favour of association between shift work and coronary heart disease and that has been repeatedly demonstrated during over 20 years of research. Recent data increasingly reveal relations between shift work and plasma resistin, ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin.
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Sookoian S, Gianotti TF, Burgueño A, Pirola CJ. Gene-gene interaction between serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and CLOCK modulates the risk of metabolic syndrome in rotating shiftworkers. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:1202-18. [PMID: 20653450 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.496913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurotransmission and the master circadian CLOCK gene are physiological modulators of the circadian system. In addition, both are involved in the physiopathology of metabolic syndrome (MS). The authors sought to examine the potential effect of the gene-gene interaction between the functional 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region polymorphism or 5-HTTLPR) of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and common variants of the gene CLOCK on the genetic risk underlying MS of shift-workers. To test this hypothesis, 856 men were studied; 518 dayworkers were compared with 338 rotating shiftworkers. Medical history, health examination including anthropometric and arterial blood pressure measurements, a questionnaire on health-related behaviors, and biochemical determinations were obtained from every participant. 5-HTTLPR genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction followed by gel electrophoresis. Six tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CLOCK gene with a minor allele frequency >10 % (rs1554483 C/G, rs11932595 A/G, rs4580704 C/G, rs6843722 A/C, rs6850524 C/G, and rs4864548 A/G), encompassing 117 kb of chromosome 4 and representing 115 polymorphic sites (r(2) > .8), were genotyped. A significant interaction between the 5-HTTLPR variant and the haplotype rs1554483-rs4864548 of the CLOCK gene was detected for diastolic (p = .0058) and systolic blood pressure (p = .0014), arterial hypertension (p = .033), plasma triglycerides levels (p = .033), and number of MS components (p = .01). In all these cases, the higher values were observed in rotating shiftworkers homozygous for the SLC6A4 S allele and carrying the haplotype composed by the CLOCK rs1554483 G and rs4864548 A variants. In conclusion, these data suggest a potential interaction (epistatic effect) of serotonin transporter and CLOCK gene variation on the genetic susceptibility to develop MS by rotating shiftworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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