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Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, Cleveland JC, Yuzefpolskaya M, Salerno CT, Walsh MN, Milano CA, Patel CB, Hutchins SW, Ransom J, Ewald GA, Itoh A, Raval NY, Silvestry SC, Cogswell R, John R, Bhimaraj A, Bruckner BA, Lowes BD, Um JY, Jeevanandam V, Sayer G, Mangi AA, Molina EJ, Sheikh F, Aaronson K, Pagani FD, Cotts WG, Tatooles AJ, Babu A, Chomsky D, Katz JN, Tessmann PB, Dean D, Krishnamoorthy A, Chuang J, Topuria I, Sood P, Goldstein DJ. A Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device - Final Report. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1618-1627. [PMID: 30883052 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1900486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In two interim analyses of this trial, patients with advanced heart failure who were treated with a fully magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow left ventricular assist device were less likely to have pump thrombosis or nondisabling stroke than were patients treated with a mechanical-bearing axial-flow left ventricular assist device. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with advanced heart failure to receive either the centrifugal-flow pump or the axial-flow pump irrespective of the intended goal of use (bridge to transplantation or destination therapy). The composite primary end point was survival at 2 years free of disabling stroke or reoperation to replace or remove a malfunctioning device. The principal secondary end point was pump replacement at 2 years. RESULTS This final analysis included 1028 enrolled patients: 516 in the centrifugal-flow pump group and 512 in the axial-flow pump group. In the analysis of the primary end point, 397 patients (76.9%) in the centrifugal-flow pump group, as compared with 332 (64.8%) in the axial-flow pump group, remained alive and free of disabling stroke or reoperation to replace or remove a malfunctioning device at 2 years (relative risk, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78 to 0.91; P<0.001 for superiority). Pump replacement was less common in the centrifugal-flow pump group than in the axial-flow pump group (12 patients [2.3%] vs. 57 patients [11.3%]; relative risk, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.38; P<0.001). The numbers of events per patient-year for stroke of any severity, major bleeding, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage were lower in the centrifugal-flow pump group than in the axial-flow pump group. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with advanced heart failure, a fully magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow left ventricular assist device was associated with less frequent need for pump replacement than an axial-flow device and was superior with respect to survival free of disabling stroke or reoperation to replace or remove a malfunctioning device. (Funded by Abbott; MOMENTUM 3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02224755.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep R Mehra
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Nir Uriel
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Joseph C Cleveland
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Melana Yuzefpolskaya
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Christopher T Salerno
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Mary N Walsh
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Carmelo A Milano
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Chetan B Patel
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Steven W Hutchins
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - John Ransom
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Gregory A Ewald
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Akinobu Itoh
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Nirav Y Raval
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Scott C Silvestry
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Rebecca Cogswell
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Ranjit John
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Arvind Bhimaraj
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Brian D Lowes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - John Y Um
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Valluvan Jeevanandam
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Gabriel Sayer
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Abeel A Mangi
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Ezequiel J Molina
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Farooq Sheikh
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Keith Aaronson
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Francis D Pagani
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - William G Cotts
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Antone J Tatooles
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Ashok Babu
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Don Chomsky
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Jason N Katz
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Paul B Tessmann
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - David Dean
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Arun Krishnamoorthy
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Joyce Chuang
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Ia Topuria
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Poornima Sood
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
| | - Daniel J Goldstein
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.R.M.); University of Chicago School of Medicine and Medical Center, Chicago (N.U., V.J., G.S.), Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn (W.G.C., A.J.T.), and Abbott, Abbott Park (J.C., I.T., P.S.) - all in Illinois; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Y.N., M.Y.) and Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care (D.J.G.), New York; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (J.C.C.); St. Vincent Heart Center, Indianapolis (C.T.S., M.N.W.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham (C.A.M., C.B.P.), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.N.K., P.B.T.) - both in North Carolina; Baptist Health Medical Center, Little Rock, AR (S.W.H., J.R.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (G.A.E., A.I.); Advent Health Transplant Institute, Orlando, FL (N.Y.R., S.C.S.); University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.C., R.J.); Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston (A. Bhimaraj, B.A.B.); University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (B.D.L., J.Y.U.); Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT (A.A.M.); MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (E.J.M., F.S.); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.A., F.D.P.); St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville (A. Babu, D.C.); and Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta (D.D., A.K.)
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