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Fragkou PC, Dimopoulou D, De Angelis G, Menchinelli G, Chemaly RF, Skevaki C. Editorial: Immune response to respiratory viruses and respiratory viral infections in susceptible populations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1330265. [PMID: 38046413 PMCID: PMC10693325 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1330265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi C. Fragkou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Dimopoulou
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- 2nd University Department of Pediatrics, Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Giulia De Angelis
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Menchinelli
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roy F. Chemaly
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Respiratory Viruses (ESGREV), Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Marburg, Germany
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Goldsmith SR, Covut F, Fiala M, Xiang Z, Iqbal Z, Moore N, Bradtke E, Christen B, Rettig MP, Christ S, Gehrs L, Street E, Wallace N, Ritchey J, Gao F, Pachter J, Parikh B, Dubberke ER, DiPersio JF. Duvelisib for Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Investigator-Initiated, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Trial. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad518. [PMID: 37953814 PMCID: PMC10633784 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite improvements in prevention and treatment, severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high mortality. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways contribute to cytokine and cell-mediated lung inflammation. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial to determine the feasibility, safety, and preliminary activity of duvelisib, a PI3Kδγ inhibitor, for the treatment of COVID-19 critical illness. Methods We enrolled adults aged ≥18 years with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19 with hypoxic respiratory failure, shock, and/or new cardiac disease, without improvement after at least 48 hours of corticosteroid. Participants received duvelisib (25 mg) or placebo for up to 10 days. Participants had daily semi-quantitative viral load measurements performed. Dose modifications were protocol driven due to adverse events (AEs) or logarithmic change in viral load. The primary endpoint was 28-day overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, 60-day OS, and duration of critical care interventions. Safety endpoints included viral kinetics and AEs. Exploratory endpoints included serial cytokine measurements and cytometric analysis. Results Fifteen patients were treated in the duvelisib cohort, and 13 in the placebo cohort. OS at 28 days was 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38%-88%) compared to 62% (95% CI, 32%-86%) for placebo (P = .544). Sixty-day OS was 60% versus 46%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, .22-1.96]; P = .454). Other secondary outcomes were comparable. Duvelisib was associated with lower inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions In this pilot study, duvelisib did not significantly improve 28-day OS compared to placebo for severe COVID-19. Duvelisib appeared safe in this critically ill population and was associated with reduction in cytokines implicated in COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome, supporting further investigation. Clinical Trials Registration NCT04372602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Goldsmith
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Fahrettin Covut
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Fiala
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhifu Xiang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zahid Iqbal
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nathan Moore
- Barnes Jewish Christian Medical Group, Missouri Baptist Hospital, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth Bradtke
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brandon Christen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephanie Christ
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leah Gehrs
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily Street
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas Wallace
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julie Ritchey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Bijal Parikh
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erik R Dubberke
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Greene KS, Choi A, Chen M, Yang N, Li R, Qiu Y, Lukey MJ, Rojas KS, Shen J, Wilson KF, Katt WP, Whittaker GR, Cerione RA. Inhibiting Glutamine Metabolism Blocks Coronavirus Replication in Mammalian Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559756. [PMID: 37808692 PMCID: PMC10557708 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 has gained widespread interest given the likelihood that new viral variants will continue to emerge. Here we describe one potential therapeutic strategy which involves targeting members of the glutaminase family of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes (GLS and GLS2), which catalyze the first step in glutamine metabolism, the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. We show three examples where GLS expression increases during coronavirus infection of host cells, and another in which GLS2 is upregulated. The viruses hijack the metabolic machinery responsible for glutamine metabolism to generate the building blocks for biosynthetic processes and satisfy the bioenergetic requirements demanded by the 'glutamine addiction' of virus-infected host cells. We demonstrate how genetic silencing of glutaminase enzymes reduces coronavirus infection and that newer members of two classes of small molecule allosteric inhibitors targeting these enzymes, designated as SU1, a pan-GLS/GLS2 inhibitor, and UP4, which is specific for GLS, block viral replication in mammalian epithelial cells. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of glutamine metabolism for coronavirus replication in human cells and show that glutaminase inhibitors can block coronavirus infection and thereby may represent a novel class of anti-viral drug candidates. Teaser Inhibitors targeting glutaminase enzymes block coronavirus replication and may represent a new class of anti-viral drugs.
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Lekshmi VS, Asha K, Sanicas M, Asi A, Arya UM, Kumar B. PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 mediated cellular signaling and virus-host interactions: latest updates on the potential therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1158133. [PMID: 37325475 PMCID: PMC10267462 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1158133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases, which cause significant global mortality and morbidity, are the major concerns of this decade. Of these, current research is focused majorly on the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the host response and metabolic changes during viral infection may provide better therapeutic targets for the proper management of pathophysiological conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have achieved control over most emerging viral diseases; however, a lack of understanding of the underlying molecular events prevents us from exploring novel therapeutic targets, leaving us forced to witness re-emerging viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually accompanied by oxidative stress, which leads to an overactive immune response, the release of inflammatory cytokines, increasing lipid production, and also alterations in the endothelial and mitochondrial functions. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway confers protection against oxidative injury by various cell survival mechanisms including Nrf2-ARE mediated antioxidant transcriptional response. SARS-CoV-2 is also reported to hijack this pathway for its survival within host and few studies have suggested the role of antioxidants in modulating the Nrf2 pathway to manage disease severity. This review highlights the interrelated pathophysiological conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host survival mechanisms mediated by PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathways that can help ameliorate the severity of the disease and provide effective antiviral targets against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Lekshmi
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Abhila Asi
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - U M Arya
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Forst CV, Zeng L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Vatansever S, Xu P, Song W, Tu Z, Zhang B. Multiscale network analysis identifies potential receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and reveals their tissue-specific and age-dependent expression. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1384-1402. [PMID: 36951513 PMCID: PMC10294276 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected tens of millions of individuals and caused hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Here, we present a comprehensive, multiscale network analysis of the transcriptional response to the virus. In particular, we focused on key regulators, cell receptors, and host processes that were hijacked by the virus for its advantage. ACE2-controlled processes involved CD300e (a TYROBP receptor) as a key regulator and the activation of IL-2 pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. We further investigated the age dependency of such receptors in different tissues. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the gene regulatory organization during the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the tissue-specific, age-dependent expression of the cell receptors involved in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian V. Forst
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lu Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sezen Vatansever
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Won‐Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease ModelingIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic TechnologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
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6
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Castillo G, Mora-Díaz JC, Breuer M, Singh P, Nelli RK, Giménez-Lirola LG. Molecular mechanisms of human coronavirus NL63 infection and replication. Virus Res 2023; 327:199078. [PMID: 36813239 PMCID: PMC9944649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is spread globally, causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections mainly in young children. HCoV-NL63 shares a host receptor (ACE2) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 but, unlike them, HCoV-NL63 primarily develops into self-limiting mild to moderate respiratory disease. Although with different efficiency, both HCoV-NL63 and SARS-like CoVs infect ciliated respiratory cells using ACE2 as receptor for binding and cell entry. Working with SARS-like CoVs require access to BSL-3 facilities, while HCoV-NL63 research can be performed at BSL-2 laboratories. Thus, HCoV-NL63 could be used as a safer surrogate for comparative studies on receptor dynamics, infectivity and virus replication, disease mechanism, and potential therapeutic interventions against SARS-like CoVs. This prompted us to review the current knowledge on the infection mechanism and replication of HCoV-NL63. Specifically, after a brief overview on the taxonomy, genomic organization and virus structure, this review compiles the current HCoV-NL63-related research in virus entry and replication mechanism, including virus attachment, endocytosis, genome translation, and replication and transcription. Furthermore, we reviewed cumulative knowledge on the susceptibility of different cells to HCoV-NL63 infection in vitro, which is essential for successful virus isolation and propagation, and contribute to address different scientific questions from basic science to the development and assessment of diagnostic tools, and antiviral therapies. Finally, we discussed different antiviral strategies that have been explored to suppress replication of HCoV-NL63, and other related human coronaviruses, by either targeting the virus or enhancing host antiviral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Castillo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mary Breuer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Rahul K Nelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Al-Qahtani AA, Pantazi I, Alhamlan FS, Alothaid H, Matou-Nasri S, Sourvinos G, Vergadi E, Tsatsanis C. SARS-CoV-2 modulates inflammatory responses of alveolar epithelial type II cells via PI3K/AKT pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020624. [PMID: 36389723 PMCID: PMC9659903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infects through the respiratory route and triggers inflammatory response by affecting multiple cell types including type II alveolar epithelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 triggers signals via its Spike (S) protein, which have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of COVID19. AIM Aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of SARS-CoV2 on type II alveolar epithelial cells, focusing on signals initiated by its S protein and their impact on the expression of inflammatory mediators. RESULTS For this purpose A549 alveolar type II epithelial cells were exposed to SARS CoV2 S recombinant protein and the expression of inflammatory mediators was measured. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 S protein decreased the expression and secretion of IL8, IL6 and TNFα, 6 hours following stimulation, while it had no effect on IFNα, CXCL5 and PAI-1 expression. We further examined whether SARS-CoV-2 S protein, when combined with TLR2 signals, which are also triggered by SARS-CoV2 and its envelope protein, exerts a different effect in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Simultaneous treatment of A549 cells with SARS-CoV-2 S protein and the TLR2 ligand PAM3csk4 decreased secretion of IL8, IL6 and TNFα, while it significantly increased IFNα, CXCL5 and PAI-1 mRNA expression. To investigate the molecular pathway through which SARS-CoV-2 S protein exerted this immunomodulatory action in alveolar epithelial cells, we measured the induction of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways and found that SARS-CoV-2 S protein induced the activation of the serine threonine kinase AKT. Treatment with the Akt inhibitor MK-2206, abolished the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 S protein on IL8, IL6 and TNFα expression, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 S protein mediated its action via AKT kinases. CONCLUSION The findings of our study, showed that SARS-CoV-2 S protein suppressed inflammatory responses in alveolar epithelial type II cells at early stages of infection through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Thus, our results suggest that at early stages SARS-CoV-2 S protein signals inhibit immune responses to the virus allowing it to propagate the infection while in combination with TLR2 signals enhances PAI-1 expression, potentially affecting the local coagulation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ioanna Pantazi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fatimah S. Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Sourvinos
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni Vergadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Of particular interest for this topic are the signaling cascades that regulate cell survival and death, two opposite cell programs whose control is hijacked by viral infections. The AKT and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways, which maintain cell homeostasis by regulating these two programs, have been shown to be deregulated during SARS-CoVs infection as well as in the development of cancer, one of the most important comorbidities in relation to COVID-19. Recent evidence revealed two way crosstalk mechanisms between the AKT and the UPR pathways, suggesting that they might constitute a unified homeostatic control system. Here, we review the role of the AKT and UPR pathways and their interaction in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as in tumor onset and progression. Feedback regulation between AKT and UPR pathways emerges as a master control mechanism of cell decision making in terms of survival or death and therefore represents a key potential target for developing treatments for both viral infection and cancer. In particular, drug repositioning, the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes, could significantly reduce time and costs compared to de novo drug discovery.
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Smith CD, Maines LW, Keller SN, Katz Ben-Yair V, Fathi R, Plasse TF, Levitt ML. Recent Progress in the Development of Opaganib for the Treatment of Covid-19. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2199-2211. [PMID: 35855741 PMCID: PMC9288228 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to exert extensive humanitarian and economic stress across the world. Although antivirals active against mild disease have been identified recently, new drugs to treat moderate and severe Covid-19 patients are needed. Sphingolipids regulate key pathologic processes, including viral proliferation and pathologic host inflammation. Opaganib (aka ABC294640) is a first-in-class clinical drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Recent work demonstrates that opaganib also has antiviral activity against several viruses including SARS-CoV-2. A recently completed multinational Phase 2/3 clinical trial of opaganib in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 demonstrated that opaganib can be safely administered to these patients, and more importantly, resulted in a 62% decrease in mortality in a large subpopulation of patients with moderately severe Covid-19. Furthermore, acceleration of the clearance of the virus was observed in opaganib-treated patients. Understanding the biochemical mechanism for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of opaganib is essential for optimizing Covid-19 treatment protocols. Opaganib inhibits three key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism: sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2); dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1); and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Herein, we describe a tripartite model by which opaganib suppresses infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting SK2, DES1 and GCS. The potential impact of modulation of sphingolipid signaling on multi-organ dysfunction in Covid-19 patients is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Charles D Smith, Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA, 17036, USA, Tel +1 843 814 9257, Email
| | - Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
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Peiter GC, de Souza CDBT, de Oliveira LM, Pagliarin LG, dos Anjos VNF, da Silva FAF, de Melo FF, Teixeira KN. COVID-19 liver and gastroenterology findings: An in silico analysis of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with liver molecules. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1131-1141. [PMID: 35978663 PMCID: PMC9258260 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has not only been shown to affect the respiratory system, but has also demonstrated variable clinical presentations including gastrointestinal tract disorders. In addition, abnormalities in liver enzymes have been reported indicating hepatic injury. It is known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) might infect cells via the viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is expressed in several organs including the liver. The viral Spike glycoprotein binds to ACE2 and must be cleaved by Furin and Type 2 Serine Protease to enter the cells. After that, the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated and several COVID-19 changes are triggered.
AIM To analyze liver and gastrointestinal symptoms and cell signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection due to virus-liver interactions in silico.
METHODS In this in silico study, the three-dimensional structures of the Akt, mTORC1 and Furin (receptors) were selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the structures of inhibitors (ligands) MK-2206, CC-223 and Naphthofluorescein were selected from PubChem and ZINC databases. Ligand files were downloaded as 2D structures and converted to optimized 3D structures using ViewerLite 4.2 software. Marvin Sketch® software was used to calculate prediction of the protonated form of inhibitors in a physiological environment (pH 7.4). AutoDock Tools (ADT) software was used to calculate and delimit the Grid box used in the molecular docking of each structure selected in the PDB. In addition, protonated ligands were prepared for molecular docking using ADT software. Molecular docking was performed using ADT software tools connected to Vina software. Analysis of the amino acid residues involved in ligand interactions, as well as ligand twists, the atoms involved in interactions, bond type and strength of interactions were performed using PyMol® and Discovery Studio® (BIOVIA) software.
RESULTS Molecular docking analysis showed that the mTORC1/CC-223 complex had affinity energy between the receptor and ligand of -7.7 kcal/moL with interactions ranging from 2.7 to 4.99 Å. There were four significant chemical bonds which involved two of five polypeptide chains that formed the FKBP12–Rapamycin-Binding (FRB) domain. The strongest was a hydrogen bond, the only polar interaction, and Van der Waals interactions shown to be present in 12 residues of mTORC1’s FRB domain. With regard to the Akt/MK-2206 complex there were three Van der Waals interactions and 12 chemical bonds in which seven residues of Akt were involved with all five rings of the MK-2206 structure. In this way, both ASP 388 and GLN 391 bind to the same MK-2206 ring, the smaller one. However, LYS 386 had four chemical bonds with the inhibitor, one with each structure ring, while LYS 387 binds two distinct rings. One of the MK-2206 inhibitor's rings which binds to LYS 387 also binds simultaneously to ILE 367 and LEU 385 residues, and the fifth ring of the structure was involved in a bond with the ALA 382 residue. The hydrogen bonds were the shortest bonds in the complex (2.61 and 3.08 Å) and all interactions had an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal/moL. The affinity energy in the Furin/Naphhofluorescein complex was -9.8 kcal/moL and involved six interactions ranging from 2.57 to 4.98 Å. Among them, two were polar and the others were non-polar, in addition to twelve more Van der Waals interactions. Two distinct hydrogen bonds were formed between Furin and its inhibitor involving GLN 388 and ALA 532 residues. ALA 532 also binds to two distinct rings of Naphthofluorescein, while TRP 531 residue has two simultaneous bonds with the inhibitor.
CONCLUSION Liver infection and signaling pathways altered by SARS-CoV-2 can be modulated by inhibitors that demonstrate significant interaction affinity with human proteins, which could prevent the development of infection and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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Basile MS, Cavalli E, McCubrey J, Hernández-Bello J, Muñoz-Valle JF, Fagone P, Nicoletti F. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A potential pharmacological target in COVID-19. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:848-856. [PMID: 34763066 PMCID: PMC8574122 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a serious threat to global health. The disregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cell signaling pathway observed in patients with COVID-19 has attracted attention for the possible use of specific inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of the disease. Here, we review emerging data on the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the clinical studies investigating its tailored inhibition in COVID-19. Current in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data convergently support a role for the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in COVID-19 and suggest the use of specific inhibitors of this pathway that, by a combined mechanism entailing downregulation of excessive inflammatory reactions, cell protection, and antiviral effects, could ameliorate the course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Basile
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody Medical Sciences Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- University Center for Health Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco 49000, Mexico
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy,Corresponding author
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12
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Fattahi S, Khalifehzadeh-Esfahani Z, Mohammad-Rezaei M, Mafi S, Jafarinia M. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a potential target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy. Immunol Res 2022; 70:269-275. [PMID: 35107743 PMCID: PMC8808470 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A single-stranded RNA virus from a β-Coronaviridae family causes acute clinical manifestations. Its high death rate and severe clinical symptoms have turned it into the most significant challenge worldwide. Up until now, several effective COVID-19 vaccines have been designed and marketed, but our data on specialized therapeutic drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 is still limited. In order to synthesis virus particles, SARS-CoV-2 uses host metabolic pathways such as phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is involved in multiple biological processes. Over-activation of the mTOR pathway improves viral replication, which makes it a possible target in COVID-19 therapy. Clinical data shows the hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway in lung tissues during respiratory viral infections. However, the exact impact of mTOR pathway inhibitors on the COVID-19 severity and death rate is yet to be thoroughly investigated. There are several mTOR pathway inhibitors. Rapamycin is the most famous inhibitor of mTORC1 among all. Studies on other respiratory viruses suggest that the therapeutic inhibitors of the mTOR pathway, especially rapamycin, can be a potential approach to anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy. Using therapeutic methods that inhibit harmful immune responses can open a new chapter in treating severe COVID-19 disease. We highlighted the potential contribution of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mina Mohammad-Rezaei
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Mafi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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13
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Pan T, Cao G, Tang E, Zhao Y, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Fang Y, Huang J. A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.01.10.475725. [PMID: 35043114 PMCID: PMC8764725 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.10.475725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 are RNA viruses that have killed millions of people worldwide. Understanding the similarities and differences between these two infections is critical for understanding disease progression and for developing effective vaccines and therapies, particularly for 38 million HIV-1 + individuals who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics to perform a systematic comparison of 94,442 PBMCs from 7 COVID-19 and 9 HIV-1 + patients in an integrated immune atlas, in which 27 different cell types were identified using an accurate consensus single-cell annotation method. While immune cells in both cohorts show shared inflammation and disrupted mitochondrial function, COVID-19 patients exhibit stronger humoral immunity, broader IFN-I signaling, elevated Rho GTPase and mTOR pathway activities, and downregulated mitophagy. Our results elucidate transcriptional signatures associated with COVID-19 and HIV-1 that may reveal insights into fundamental disease biology and potential therapeutic targets to treat these viral infections. HIGHLIGHTS COVID-19 and HIV-1 + patients show disease-specific inflammatory immune signatures COVID-19 patients show more productive humoral responses than HIV-1 + patients SARS-CoV-2 elicits more enriched IFN-I signaling relative to HIV-IDivergent, impaired metabolic programs distinguish SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections.
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14
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Khezri MR, Varzandeh R, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. The probable role and therapeutic potential of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 induced coagulopathy. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:6. [PMID: 35016612 PMCID: PMC8751460 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with a high mortality rate. The majority of deaths in this disease are caused by ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) followed by cytokine storm and coagulation complications. Although alterations in the level of the number of coagulation factors have been detected in samples from COVID-19 patients, the direct molecular mechanism which has been involved in this pathologic process has not been explored yet. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an intracellular pathway which plays a central role in cell survival. Also, in recent years the association between this pathway and coagulopathies has been well clarified. Therefore, based on the evidence on over-activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the current review, the probable role of this cellular pathway as a therapeutic target for the prevention of coagulation complications in patients with COVID-19 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafi Khezri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Sero Road, 5715799313, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Reza Varzandeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Sero Road, 5715799313, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Sero Road, 5715799313, Urmia, Iran. .,Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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15
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Madeddu E, Maniga B, Zaffanello M, Fanos V, Marcialis MA. The SARS-CoV2 and mitochondria: the impact on cell fate. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022199. [PMID: 35546040 PMCID: PMC9171887 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i2.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes endoplasmic reticulum stress inside the cells, which inhibits protein folding. Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress causes an apoptotic process of unfolded protein response-induced cell death. Endoplasmic reticulum stress rapidly induces the activation of mTORC1, responsible for the induction of the IRE1-JNK pathway. IRE1-JNK stands out for its dual nature: pro-apoptotic in the first stage of infection, anti-apoptotic in persistently infected cells. Once penetrated the cells, the virus can deflect the mitochondrial function by implementing both waterfalls pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic response. The virus prevents, through Open Reading Frame 9b (ORF-9b) interacting with mitochondria, the response of the type I interferon of the cells affected by the infection and is fundamental for generating an antiviral cellular state. ORF-9b has effects on mitochondrial dynamics, inducing fusion and autophagy and promoting cell survival. The recognition of ORF-9b has made it possible to identify it as a molecular target of some existing potentially effective drugs (Midostaurin and Ruxolitinib). Other drugs, with the same target, are currently being tested. Given the great importance of mitochondria in virus-host interaction, in-depth knowledge of the actors and pathways involved is essential to continue developing new therapeutic strategies against SARS CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Zaffanello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- School of Pediatrics, University of Cagliari, Italy, Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Italy, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Italy
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16
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Farahani M, Niknam Z, Mohammadi Amirabad L, Amiri-Dashatan N, Koushki M, Nemati M, Danesh Pouya F, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rasmi Y, Tayebi L. Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112420. [PMID: 34801852 PMCID: PMC8585639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular downstream consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)- 2 infection is important for a greater understanding of the disease and treatment planning. Furthermore, greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can help in the development of vaccines and drugs against COVID-19. At present, the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cells are not sufficiently comprehended. Some of the mechanisms are proposed considering the existing similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and the other members of the β-CoVs, and others are explained based on studies advanced in the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we endeavored to map the possible mechanisms of the host response following SARS-CoV-2 infection and surveyed current research conducted by in vitro, in vivo and human observations, as well as existing suggestions. We addressed the specific signaling events that can cause cytokine storm and demonstrated three forms of cell death signaling following virus infection, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Given the elicited signaling pathways, we introduced possible pathway-based therapeutic targets; ADAM17 was especially highlighted as one of the most important elements of several signaling pathways involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. We also provided the possible drug candidates against these targets. Moreover, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was found as one of the important cross-talk pathways through a pathway-pathway interaction analysis for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Farahani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Amiri-Dashatan
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Koushki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fahima Danesh Pouya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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17
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Dong W, Ding N, Zhang Y, Tan Z, Ding X, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Alterations of Suckling Piglet Jejunal Microbiota Due to Infection With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Protection Against Infection by Lactobacillus salivarius. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:771411. [PMID: 34957282 PMCID: PMC8695681 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality of neonatal piglets due to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. The intestinal microbiota is an important barrier against invaders entering the gastrointestinal route. In this study, we examined the differences between intestinal microbiota of PEDV-infected and healthy piglets. According to the viral copy numbers, 16 crossbred (Landrace-Yorkshire) piglets were divided into three groups: uninfected, low virus load, and high virus load groups. Next, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to determine the microbiota composition in jejunal content and jejunal mucosal samples from the three groups. PEDV infection induced an imbalance in the microbiota of both jejunal content and jejunal mucosa. The abundance of phylum Firmicutes was higher in uninfected piglets than in infected piglets, whereas the abundance of Proteobacteria was lower in uninfected piglets. Principal coordinate analysis showed significant separation of jejunal microbiota between different groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) identified Lactobacillus salivarius as a potential biomarker among three groups at the level of species. Then, in vitro, L. salivarius was able to suppress the infection of PEDV to IPEC-J2 cells and decreased the expression of GRP78 (Glucose-regulating protein 78). In addition, we detected the mRNA expression of genes involved in the FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. When IPEC-J2 cells were treated with L. salivarius before PEDV infection, the mRNA expression levels of ITGA1, ITGA5, ITGB5, FAK, PIK3R1, PIK3CA and AKT1 were significantly higher than those in the control cells (without treatment) at different times post-infection, indicating that L. salivarius may upregulate the FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells to resist PEDV infection. In summary, PEDV infection altered microbial communities in both jejunal content and jejunal mucosa. L. salivarius has a protective effect against PEDV infection in IPEC-J2 cells. This study provides a potentially effective strategy to prevent the occurrence and control the spread of PED in the pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Coric V, Milosevic I, Djukic T, Bukumiric Z, Savic-Radojevic A, Matic M, Jerotic D, Todorovic N, Asanin M, Ercegovac M, Ranin J, Stevanovic G, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Simic T. GSTP1 and GSTM3 Variant Alleles Affect Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:747493. [PMID: 34988113 PMCID: PMC8721193 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.747493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the premise that oxidative stress plays an important role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we speculated that variations in the antioxidant activities of different members of the glutathione S-transferase family of enzymes might modulate individual susceptibility towards development of clinical manifestations in COVID-19. The distribution of polymorphisms in cytosolic glutathione S-transferases GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272), and GSTT1 were assessed in 207 COVID-19 patients and 252 matched healthy individuals, emphasizing their individual and cumulative effect in disease development and severity. GST polymorphisms were determined by appropriate PCR methods. Among six GST polymorphisms analyzed in this study, GSTP1 rs1695 and GSTM3 were found to be associated with COVID-19. Indeed, the data obtained showed that individuals carrying variant GSTP1-Val allele exhibit lower odds of COVID-19 development (p = 0.002), contrary to carriers of variant GSTM3-CC genotype which have higher odds for COVID-19 (p = 0.024). Moreover, combined GSTP1 (rs1138272 and rs1695) and GSTM3 genotype exhibited cumulative risk regarding both COVID-19 occurrence and COVID-19 severity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.025, respectively). Further studies are needed to clarify the exact roles of specific glutathione S-transferases once the SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Parthasarathi KTS, Munjal NS, Dey G, Kumar A, Pandey A, Balakrishnan L, Sharma J. A pathway map of signaling events triggered upon SARS-CoV infection. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:595-600. [PMID: 34487344 PMCID: PMC8419830 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) caused worldwide epidemics over the past few decades. Extensive studies on various strains of coronaviruses provided a basic understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Presently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is leading a global pandemic with unprecedented challenges. This is the third coronavirus outbreak of this century. A signaling pathway map of signaling events induced by SARS-CoV infection is not yet available. In this study, we present a literature-annotated signaling pathway map of reactions induced by SARS-CoV infected cells. Multiple signaling modules were found to be orchestrated including PI3K-AKT, Ras-MAPK, JAK-STAT, Type 1 IFN and NFκB. The signaling pathway map of SARS-CoV consists of 110 molecules and 101 reactions mediated by SARS-CoV proteins. The pathway reaction data are available in various community standard data exchange formats including Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN). The pathway map is publicly available through the GitHub repository and data in various formats can be freely downloadable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nupur S Munjal
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lavanya Balakrishnan
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Hrudayalaya Health City, Bangalore, India.
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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20
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Multi-level inhibition of coronavirus replication by chemical ER stress. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5536. [PMID: 34545074 PMCID: PMC8452654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human pathogens for which no specific treatment is available. Here, we provide evidence that pharmacological reprogramming of ER stress pathways can be exploited to suppress CoV replication. The ER stress inducer thapsigargin efficiently inhibits coronavirus (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) replication in different cell types including primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells, (partially) reverses the virus-induced translational shut-down, improves viability of infected cells and counteracts the CoV-mediated downregulation of IRE1α and the ER chaperone BiP. Proteome-wide analyses revealed specific pathways, protein networks and components that likely mediate the thapsigargin-induced antiviral state, including essential (HERPUD1) or novel (UBA6 and ZNF622) factors of ER quality control, and ER-associated protein degradation complexes. Additionally, thapsigargin blocks the CoV-induced selective autophagic flux involving p62/SQSTM1. The data show that thapsigargin hits several central mechanisms required for CoV replication, suggesting that this compound (or derivatives thereof) may be developed into broad-spectrum anti-CoV drugs.
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21
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Tong YP, Shen XF, Li C, Zhou Q, Jiang CX, Li N, Xie ZD, Zhu ZP, Wang JX. Unveiling Potential Active Constituents and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Pudilanxiaoyan Oral Liquid for Anti-Coronavirus Pneumonia Using Network Pharmacology. PHARMACEUTICAL FRONTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), defined as a worldwide pandemic, has been a public health emergency of international concern. Pudilanxiaoyan oral liquid (PDL), an effective drug of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is considered to be an effective and alternative means for clinical prevention of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to identify potential active constituents of PDL, and explore its underlying anti-COVID-19 mechanism using network pharmacology. Integration of target prediction (SwissTargetPrediction and STITCH database) was used to elucidate the active components of PDL. Protein–protein interaction network analyses, gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, network construction, and molecular docking were applied to analyze the prospective mechanisms of the predicted target genes. Our results showed that the key active ingredients in PDL were luteolin, apigenin, esculetin, chrysin, baicalein, oroxylin A, baicalin, wogonin, cymaroside, and gallic acid. A majority of the predicted targets were mainly involved in the pathways related to viral infection, lung injury, and inflammatory responses. An in vitro study further inferred that inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor (NF)-кB signaling pathway was a key mechanism by which PDL exerted anti-COVID-19 effects. This study not only provides chemical basis and pharmacology of PDL but also the rationale for strategies to exploring future TCM for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Peng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Characteristic Preparations for Paediatrics, Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiao Jiang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Da Xie
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ping Zhu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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22
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African pygmy hedgehog adenovirus: Virus replication, virus-induced cytopathogenesis and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in infected MDCK cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:152-158. [PMID: 34332417 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined several aspects of African hedgehog adenovirus (AhAdv-1) that was isolated from an African pygmy hedgehog, including: replication kinetics of, virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE), activation status of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and possible roles of these signaling pathways in virus replication and virus-induced CPE in MDCK cells. AhAdv-1 efficiently replicated and induced CPE in infected cells and caused accumulation of cleaved caspase-3 at 24 h post-infection (p.i.), suggesting apoptosis induction. Analysis of several intracellular signal transduction pathways, which are involved in apoptosis, showed activation of p38 MAPK, Akt and ERK1/2 pathways at 3 h p.i., and upregulation of phosphorylated SAPK/JNK at 24 h p.i. Although p38 MAPK inhibitor and SAPK/JNK inhibitor suppressed activation of the respective pathways in infected cells, they did not inhibit virus-induced CPE. Treatment of infected cells with inhibitor of the Akt pathway, the p38 pathway, the SAPK/JNK pathway or the ERK pathway revealed that inhibitors of p38 pathway inhibited viral replication by real-time PCR and TCID50 assay in infected MDCK cells, suggesting that AhAdv-1 uses p38 pathway for multiplication in infected cells.
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23
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Multifunctional inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 by MM/PBSA, essential dynamics, and molecular dynamic investigations. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107969. [PMID: 34237666 PMCID: PMC8220440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic demands a novel approach to combat and identify potential therapeutic targets. The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a hyperimmune response followed by a spectrum of diseases. Limonoids are a class of triterpenoids known to prevent the release of IL-6, IL-15, IL-1α, IL-1β via TNF and are also known to modulate PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β, JNK1/2, MAPKp38, ERK1/2, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and could help to avoid viral infection, persistence, and pathogenesis. The present study employs a computational approach of virtual screening and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of such compounds against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Main protease (Mpro), and Papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2. MD simulation, Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA), and Essential dynamics revealed that the macromolecule-ligand complexes are stable with very low free energy of binding. Such compounds that could modulate both host responses and inhibit viral machinery could be beneficial in effectively controlling the global pandemic.
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24
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Ahmadi A, Moradi S. In silico analysis suggests the RNAi-enhancing antibiotic enoxacin as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10271. [PMID: 33986351 PMCID: PMC8119475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has currently become the biggest challenge in the world. There is still no specific medicine for COVID-19, which leaves a critical gap for the identification of new drug candidates for the disease. Recent studies have reported that the small-molecule enoxacin exerts an antiviral activity by enhancing the RNAi pathway. The aim of this study is to analyze if enoxacin can exert anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects. We exploit multiple computational tools and databases to examine (i) whether the RNAi mechanism, as the target pathway of enoxacin, could act on the SARS-CoV-2 genome, and (ii) microRNAs induced by enoxacin might directly silence viral components as well as the host cell proteins mediating the viral entry and replication. We find that the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 might be a suitable substrate for DICER activity. We also highlight several enoxacin-enhanced microRNAs which could target SARS-CoV-2 components, pro-inflammatory cytokines, host cell components facilitating viral replication, and transcription factors enriched in lung stem cells, thereby promoting their differentiation and lung regeneration. Finally, our analyses identify several enoxacin-targeted regulatory modules that were critically associated with exacerbation of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, our analysis suggests that enoxacin could be a promising candidate for COVID-19 treatment through enhancing the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169,, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Amere Subbarao S. Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:343-366. [PMID: 33723711 PMCID: PMC7959277 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an intrinsic defence mechanism triggered by the immune system against infection or injury. Chronic inflammation allows the host to recover or adapt through cellular and humoral responses, whereas acute inflammation leads to cytokine storms resulting in tissue damage. In this review, we present the overlapping outcomes of cancer inflammation with virus-induced inflammation. The study emphasises how anti-inflammatory drugs that work against cancer inflammation may work against the inflammation caused by the viral infection. It is established that the cytokine storm induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to disease-associated mortality. While cancer remains the second among the diseases associated with mortality worldwide, cancer patients' mortality rates are often observed upon extended periods after illness, usually ranging from months to years. However, the mortality rates associated with COVID-19 disease are robust. The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to be responsible for the multi-organ failure and increased mortality rates. Since both cancer and COVID-19 disease share overlapping inflammatory mechanisms, repurposing some anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs for COVID-19 may lower mortality rates. Here, we review some of these inflammatory mechanisms and propose some potential chemotherapeutic agents to intervene in them. We also discuss the repercussions of anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine with zinc or antiviral drugs such as ivermectin and remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In this review, we emphasise on various possibilities to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm.
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26
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Harnish JM, Link N, Yamamoto S. Drosophila as a Model for Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2724. [PMID: 33800390 PMCID: PMC7962867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to understand fundamental principles of genetics and biology for over a century. Drosophila is now also considered an essential tool to study mechanisms underlying numerous human genetic diseases. In this review, we will discuss how flies can be used to deepen our knowledge of infectious disease mechanisms in vivo. Flies make effective and applicable models for studying host-pathogen interactions thanks to their highly conserved innate immune systems and cellular processes commonly hijacked by pathogens. Drosophila researchers also possess the most powerful, rapid, and versatile tools for genetic manipulation in multicellular organisms. This allows for robust experiments in which specific pathogenic proteins can be expressed either one at a time or in conjunction with each other to dissect the molecular functions of each virulent factor in a cell-type-specific manner. Well documented phenotypes allow large genetic and pharmacological screens to be performed with relative ease using huge collections of mutant and transgenic strains that are publicly available. These factors combine to make Drosophila a powerful tool for dissecting out host-pathogen interactions as well as a tool to better understand how we can treat infectious diseases that pose risks to public health, including COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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The roles of signaling pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection; lessons learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Arch Virol 2021; 166:675-696. [PMID: 33462671 PMCID: PMC7812983 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of descriptions of emerging viruses has grown at an unprecedented rate since the beginning of the 21st century. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that has introduced itself into the human population in the current era, after SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Molecular and cellular studies of the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus are still in the early stages of research; however, based on similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to other coronaviruses, it can be hypothesized that the NF-κB, cytokine regulation, ERK, and TNF-α signaling pathways are the likely causes of inflammation at the onset of COVID-19. Several drugs have been prescribed and used to alleviate the adverse effects of these inflammatory cellular signaling pathways, and these might be beneficial for developing novel therapeutic modalities against COVID-19. In this review, we briefly summarize alterations of cellular signaling pathways that are associated with coronavirus infection, particularly SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and tabulate the therapeutic agents that are currently approved for treating other human diseases.
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28
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Wang Y, Ru Y, Zhuo G, Sheng M, Wang S, Ma J, Zhou C, Sun X, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Lu Z, Wu D, Wu M. Investigation of the Potential Mechanism Governing the Effect of the Shen Zhu San on COVID-19 by Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:8468303. [PMID: 33224256 PMCID: PMC7669347 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8468303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 infection has emerged in Wuhan and rapidly spread throughout China and even to other countries. Combined therapy with modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine has been proposed, in which Shen Zhu San (SZS) was regarded as one of the basic prescriptions. METHODS Network pharmacological approaches along with candidate compound screening, target prediction, target tissue location, protein-protein interaction network, gene ontology (GO), KEGG enrichment analyses, and gene microarray analyses were applied. RESULTS A total of 627 targets of the 116 active ingredients of SZS were identified. Targets in immune cells and tissues were much more abundant than those in other tissues. A total of 597 targets were enriched in the GO biological cellular process, while 153 signaling pathways were enriched according to the KEGG analysis. A total of 450 SARS-related targets were integrated and intersected with the targets of SZS to identify 40 common targets that were significantly enriched in five immune function aspects of the immune system process during GO analysis. Several inflammation-related pathways were found to be significantly enriched throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic mechanisms of the effects of SZS on COVID-19 potentially involve four effects: suppressing cytokine storms, protecting the pulmonary alveolar-capillary barrier, regulating the immune response, and mediating cell death and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhua Ru
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guowei Zhuo
- First Clinical Medical School, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maozheng Sheng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangqiu Wang
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiarui Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongyi Zhou
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohe Sun
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanqi Zeng
- First Clinical Medical School, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Hou X, Zhang X, Wu X, Lu M, Wang D, Xu M, Wang H, Liang T, Dai J, Duan H, Xu Y, Yu X, Li Y. Serum Protein Profiling Reveals a Landscape of Inflammation and Immune Signaling in Early-stage COVID-19 Infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1749-1759. [PMID: 32788344 PMCID: PMC7664125 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.rp120.002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infection and threating the human lives in the world. The elevation of cytokines in blood is crucial to induce cytokine storm and immunosuppression in the transition of severity in COVID-19 patients. However, the comprehensive changes of serum proteins in COVID-19 patients throughout the SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. In this work, we developed a high-density antibody microarray and performed an in-depth proteomics analysis of serum samples collected from early COVID-19 (n = 15) and influenza (n = 13) patients. We identified a large set of differentially expressed proteins (n = 132) that participate in a landscape of inflammation and immune signaling related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the significant correlations of neutrophil and lymphocyte with the CCL2 and CXCL10 mediated cytokine signaling pathways was identified. These information are valuable for the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, identification of biomarkers and development of the optimal anti-inflammation therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Blood Proteins/genetics
- Blood Proteins/immunology
- COVID-19
- Child
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cough/genetics
- Cough/immunology
- Cough/physiopathology
- Cough/virology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/genetics
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/physiopathology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Female
- Fever/genetics
- Fever/immunology
- Fever/physiopathology
- Fever/virology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Headache/genetics
- Headache/immunology
- Headache/physiopathology
- Headache/virology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/physiopathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myalgia/genetics
- Myalgia/immunology
- Myalgia/physiopathology
- Myalgia/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Array Analysis
- Proteome/genetics
- Proteome/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minya Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hongye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Te Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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30
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Appelberg S, Gupta S, Svensson Akusjärvi S, Ambikan AT, Mikaeloff F, Saccon E, Végvári Á, Benfeitas R, Sperk M, Ståhlberg M, Krishnan S, Singh K, Penninger JM, Mirazimi A, Neogi U. Dysregulation in Akt/mTOR/HIF-1 signaling identified by proteo-transcriptomics of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1748-1760. [PMID: 32691695 PMCID: PMC7473213 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1799723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections engage cellular host pathways and innate immunity in infected cells remains largely elusive. We performed an integrative proteo-transcriptomics analysis in SARS-CoV-2 infected Huh7 cells to map the cellular response to the invading virus over time. We identified four pathways, ErbB, HIF-1, mTOR and TNF signaling, among others that were markedly modulated during the course of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Western blot validation of the downstream effector molecules of these pathways revealed a dose-dependent activation of Akt, mTOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 at 24 hours post infection (hpi). However, we found a significant inhibition of HIF-1α through 24hpi and 48hpi of the infection, suggesting a crosstalk between the SARS-CoV-2 and the Akt/mTOR/HIF-1 signaling pathways. Inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway using Akt inhibitor MK-2206 showed a significant reduction in virus production. Further investigations are required to better understand the molecular sequelae in order to guide potential therapy in the management of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soham Gupta
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Saccon
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui Benfeitas
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Ståhlberg
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamal Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and the Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and the Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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31
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Management of epigenomic networks entailed in coronavirus infections and COVID-19. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:118. [PMID: 32758273 PMCID: PMC7404079 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are highly diverse single-stranded RNA viruses owing to their susceptibility to numerous genomic mutations and recombination. Such viruses involve human and animal pathogens including the etiologic agents of acute respiratory tract illnesses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the highly morbific SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging disease with a quick rise in infected cases and deaths, was recently identified causing a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 disease outcomes were found to increase in elderly and patients with a compromised immune system. Evidences indicated that the main culprit behind COVID-19 deaths is the cytokine storm, which is illustrated by an uncontrolled over-production of soluble markers of inflammation. The regulation process of coronavirus pathogenesis through molecular mechanism comprise virus-host interactions linked to viral entry, replication and transcription, escape, and immune system control. Recognizing coronavirus infections and COVID-19 through epigenetics lens will lead to potential alteration in gene expression thus limiting coronavirus infections. Focusing on epigenetic therapies reaching clinical trials, clinically approved epigenetic-targeted agents, and combination therapy of antivirals and epigenetic drugs is currently considered an effective and valuable approach for viral replication and inflammatory overdrive control.
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32
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Gupta I, Rizeq B, Elkord E, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Lung Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Modalities. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2186. [PMID: 32764454 PMCID: PMC7464614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, are emerging pandemic infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality in certain group of patients. In general, SARS-CoV-2 causes symptoms ranging from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome in addition to other organs' destruction. The main impact upon SARS-CoV-2 infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. Thus, lung cancer patients are identified as a particularly high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications. On the other hand, it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), that promotes cellular entry of this virus in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Today, there are no vaccines and/or effective drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Thus, manipulation of key entry genes of this virus especially in lung cancer patients could be one of the best approaches to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection in this group of patients. We herein provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 genes, as key entry elements as well as therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can help to better understand the applications and capacities of various remedial approaches for infected individuals, especially those with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Balsam Rizeq
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute & 4Hamad Bin Khalifa University, 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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33
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Nosrati H, Eftekhari M, Falak R, Khoshmirsafa M. Expansion of Single Cell Transcriptomics Data of SARS-CoV Infection in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to COVID-19. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:16. [PMID: 32754004 PMCID: PMC7377208 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) that was emerged as a new member of coronaviruses since December 2019 in Wuhan, China and then after was spread in all continentals. Since SARS-CoV-2 has shown about 77.5% similarity to SARS-CoV, the transcriptome and immunological regulations of SARS-CoV-2 was expected to have high percentage of overlap with SARS-CoV. Results In this study, we applied the single cell transcriptomics data of human bronchial epithelial cells (2B4 cell line) infected with SARS-CoV, which was annotated in the Expression Atlas database to expand this data to COVID-19. In addition, we employed system biology methods including gene ontology (GO) and Reactome pathway analyses to define functional genes and pathways in the infected cells with SARS-CoV. The transcriptomics analysis on the Expression Atlas database revealed that most genes from infected 2B4 cell line with SARS-CoV were downregulated leading to immune system hyperactivation, induction of signaling pathways, and consequently a cytokine storm. In addition, GO:0016192 (vesicle-mediated transport), GO:0006886 (intracellular protein transport), and GO:0006888 (ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport) were shown as top three GOs in the ontology network of infected cells with SARS-CoV. Meanwhile, R-HAS-6807070 (phosphatase and tensin homolog or PTEN regulation) showed the highest association with other Reactome pathways in the network of infected cells with SARS-CoV. PTEN plays a critical role in the activation of dendritic cells, B- and T-cells, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which cooperates with downregulated genes in the promotion of cytokine storm in the COVID-19 patients. Conclusions Based on the high similarity percentage of the transcriptome of SARS-CoV with SARS-CoV-2, the data of immunological regulations, signaling pathways, and proinflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV infection can be expanded to COVID-19 to have a valid platform for future pharmaceutical and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Nosrati
- Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Eftekhari
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wehbe Z, Hammoud S, Soudani N, Zaraket H, El-Yazbi A, Eid AH. Molecular Insights Into SARS COV-2 Interaction With Cardiovascular Disease: Role of RAAS and MAPK Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:836. [PMID: 32581799 PMCID: PMC7283382 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, reports of viral pneumonia came out of Wuhan city in Hubei province in China. In early 2020, the causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus (CoV) sharing some sequence similarity with SARS-CoV that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2002. The new virus, named SARS-CoV-2, is highly contagious and spread rapidly across the globe causing a pandemic of what became known as coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Early observations indicated that cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients are at higher risk of progression to severe respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 including acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, further observations demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce de novo cardiac and vascular damage in previously healthy individuals. Here, we offer an overview of the proposed molecular pathways shared by the pathogenesis of CVD and SARS-CoV infections in order to provide a mechanistic framework for the observed interrelation. We examine the crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and mitogen activated kinase pathways that potentially links cardiovascular predisposition and/or outcome to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we summarize the possible effect of currently available drugs with known cardiovascular benefit on these pathways and speculate on their potential utility in mitigating cardiovascular risk and morbidity in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena Wehbe
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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35
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Dong W, Xie W, Liu Y, Sui B, Zhang H, Liu L, Tan Y, Tong X, Fu ZF, Yin P, Fang L, Peng G. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors block proliferation of TGEV mainly through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Antiviral Res 2019; 173:104651. [PMID: 31751591 PMCID: PMC7114126 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause severe gastroenteric or respiratory diseases in humans and animals, and no approved therapeutics are currently available. Here, A9, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (RTKI) of the tyrphostin class, is identified as a robust inhibitor of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection in cell-based assays. Moreover, A9 exhibited potent antiviral activity against the replication of various CoVs, including murine hepatitis virus (MHV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). We further performed a comparative phosphoproteomic analysis to investigate the mechanism of action of A9 against TGEV infection in vitro. We specifically identified p38 and JNK1, which are the downstream molecules of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) required for efficient TGEV replication, as A9 targets through plaque assays, qRT-PCR and Western blotting assays. p38 and JNK1 inhibitors and RNA interference further showed that the inhibitory activity of A9 against TGEV infection was mainly mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. All these findings indicated that the RTKI A9 directly inhibits TGEV replication and that its inhibitory activity against TGEV replication mainly occurs by targeting p38, which provides vital clues to the design of novel drugs against CoVs. We screened inhibitors against coronavirus replication using TGEV as a surrogate model through a high-throughput assay. A9, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (RTKI) of the tyrphostin class, was identified as a robust inhibitor of TGEV. A9 also exhibited potent antiviral activity against the replication of various coronaviruses. The inhibitory activity of A9 against TGEV replication is mainly regulated by targeting p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wenting Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunbo Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liran Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yubei Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohan Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Benej M, Danchenko M, Oveckova I, Cervenak F, Tomaska L, Grossmannova K, Polcicova K, Golias T, Tomaskova J. Quantitative Proteomics Reveal Peroxiredoxin Perturbation Upon Persistent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection in Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2438. [PMID: 31708904 PMCID: PMC6823195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that during persistent infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) may both directly or indirectly modulate regulatory cellular processes and alter cellular functions that are not critical for survival, but are essential for cell homeostasis. In order to shed more light on these processes, two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and MALDI-TOF tandem mass spectrometry were used to determine the proteome response of the HeLa cell line to persistent LCMV infection. Quantitative analysis revealed 24 differentially abundant proteins. Functional analysis showed that LCMV-responsive proteins were primarily involved in metabolism, stress, and the defense response. Among identified proteins, we discovered significant changes for peroxiredoxins, a family of antioxidant enzymes. Decreased amount of these antioxidant proteins correlated with elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected cells. Increased levels of ROS were accompanied by changes in the pattern of telomere restriction fragments (TRFs) in infected cells and mediated activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. Moreover, treatment with antioxidants resulted in reduced levels of viral nucleoprotein, indicating a connection between ROS-dependent signaling and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Benej
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Oveckova
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Filip Cervenak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Grossmannova
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Polcicova
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tereza Golias
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Tomaskova
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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37
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He F, Xiao Z, Yao H, Li S, Feng M, Wang W, Liu Z, Liu Z, Wu J. The protective role of microRNA-21 against coxsackievirus B3 infection through targeting the MAP2K3/P38 MAPK signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2019; 17:335. [PMID: 31585536 PMCID: PMC6778380 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an essential role in CVB3-induced diseases. We previously demonstrated microRNA-21 has potential inhibitory effect on the MAP2K3 which locates upstream of P38 MAPK and was upregulated in mouse hearts upon CVB3 infection. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of miRNA-21 on CVB3 infection remain unclear. Methods We detected continuous changes of cellular miRNA-21 and P38 MAPK proteins expression profiling post CVB3 infection in vitro within 12 h. P38 MAPK signaling was inhibited by the specific inhibitor, small interfering RNA and miRNA-21 mimic in vitro, CVB3 replication, cell apoptosis rate and proliferation were detected. Viral load in the mice heart, cardiomyocyte apoptosis rate and histological of the heart were also detected in the mice model of viral myocarditis pretreated with miRNA-21-lentivirus. Results We observed significant upregulation of miRNA-21 expression followed by suppression of the MAP2K3/P38 MAPK signaling in CVB3-infected Hela cells. The inactivation of the MAP2K3/P38 MAPK signaling by P38 MAPK specific inhibitor, small interfering RNA against MAP2K3, or miRNA-21 overexpression significantly inhibited viral progeny release from CVB3-infected cells. Mechanistically, when compared with control miRNA, miRNA-21 showed no effect on capsid protein VP1 expression and viral load within host cells, while significantly reversing CVB3-induced caspase-3 activation and cell apoptosis rate, further promoting proliferation of infected cells, which indicates the inhibitory effect of miRNA-21 on CVB3 progeny release. In the in vivo study, when compared with control miRNA, miRNA-21 pretreatment remarkably inactivated the MAP2K3/P38 MAPK signaling in mice and protected them against CVB3 infection as evidenced by significantly alleviated cell apoptosis rate, reduced viral titers, necrosis in the heart as well as by remarkably prolonged survival time. Conclusions miRNA-21 were reverse correlated with P38 MAPK activation post CVB3 infection, miRNA-21 overexpression significantly inhibited viral progeny release and decreased myocytes apoptosis rate in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that miRNA-21 may serve as a potential therapeutic agent against CVB3 infection through targeting the MAP2K3/P38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zonghui Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hailan Yao
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhewei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China. .,Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, YaBao Road 2, Beijing, 100020, China.
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38
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Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. Activation of critical signaling pathways during HCoV infection modulates the induction of antiviral immune response and contributes to the pathogenesis of HCoV. Recent studies have begun to reveal some fundamental aspects of the intricate HCoV-host interaction in mechanistic detail. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of host factors co-opted and signaling pathways activated during HCoV infection, with an emphasis on HCoV-infection-induced stress response, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity. The cross talk among these pathways, as well as the modulatory strategies utilized by HCoV, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
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39
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Consensus and variations in cell line specificity among human metapneumovirus strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215822. [PMID: 31013314 PMCID: PMC6478314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been a notable etiological agent of acute respiratory infection in humans, but it was not discovered until 2001, because HMPV replicates only in a limited number of cell lines and the cytopathic effect (CPE) is often mild. To promote the study of HMPV, several groups have generated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing recombinant HMPV strains (HMPVGFP). However, the growing evidence has complicated the understanding of cell line specificity of HMPV, because it seems to vary notably among HMPV strains. In addition, unique A2b clade HMPV strains with a 180-nucleotide duplication in the G gene (HMPV A2b180nt-dup strains) have recently been detected. In this study, we re-evaluated and compared the cell line specificity of clinical isolates of HMPV strains, including the novel HMPV A2b180nt-dup strains, and six recombinant HMPVGFP strains, including the newly generated recombinant HMPV A2b180nt-dup strain, MG0256-EGFP. Our data demonstrate that VeroE6 and LLC-MK2 cells generally showed the highest infectivity with any clinical isolates and recombinant HMPVGFP strains. Other human-derived cell lines (BEAS-2B, A549, HEK293, MNT-1, and HeLa cells) showed certain levels of infectivity with HMPV, but these were significantly lower than those of VeroE6 and LLC-MK2 cells. Also, the infectivity in these suboptimal cell lines varied greatly among HMPV strains. The variations were not directly related to HMPV genotypes, cell lines used for isolation and propagation, specific genome mutations, or nucleotide duplications in the G gene. Thus, these variations in suboptimal cell lines are likely intrinsic to particular HMPV strains.
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40
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He Z, Chen X, Fu M, Tang J, Li X, Cao H, Wang Y, Zheng SJ. Inhibition of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 replication in Leghorn male hepatoma cells by SP600125 via blocking JNK MAPK pathway. Vet Microbiol 2019; 228:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Fung TS, Liu DX. Activation of the c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase pathway by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus promotes apoptosis independently of c-Jun. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3215. [PMID: 29238080 PMCID: PMC5870581 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases that regulate a variety of important cellular signaling pathways. Among them, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are known to be activated by various environmental stresses including virus infections. Previously, activation of the JNK pathway has been detected in cells infected with several coronaviruses. However, detailed characterization of the pathway as well as its implication in host-virus interactions has not been fully investigated. Here we report that the JNK pathway was activated in cells infected with the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Of the two known upstream MAPK kinases (MKK), MKK7, but not MKK4, was shown to be responsible for IBV-induced JNK activation. Moreover, knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrated that JNK served as a pro-apoptotic protein during IBV infection. Interestingly, pro-apoptotic activity of JNK was not mediated via c-Jun, but involved modulation of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). Taken together, JNK constitutes an important aspect of coronavirus-host interaction, along with other MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- 0000 0000 9546 5767grid.20561.30South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- 0000 0000 9546 5767grid.20561.30South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong, People’s Republic of China ,0000 0001 2224 0361grid.59025.3bSchool of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 63755 Singapore
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Persistent infections support maintenance of a coronavirus in a population of Australian bats (Myotis macropus). Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2053-2061. [PMID: 28528587 PMCID: PMC5776035 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding viral transmission dynamics within populations of reservoir hosts can facilitate greater knowledge of the spillover of emerging infectious diseases. While bat-borne viruses are of concern to public health, investigations into their dynamics have been limited by a lack of longitudinal data from individual bats. Here, we examine capture–mark–recapture (CMR) data from a species of Australian bat (Myotis macropus) infected with a putative novel Alphacoronavirus within a Bayesian framework. Then, we developed epidemic models to estimate the effect of persistently infectious individuals (which shed viruses for extensive periods) on the probability of viral maintenance within the study population. We found that the CMR data analysis supported grouping of infectious bats into persistently and transiently infectious bats. Maintenance of coronavirus within the study population was more likely in an epidemic model that included both persistently and transiently infectious bats, compared with the epidemic model with non-grouping of bats. These findings, using rare CMR data from longitudinal samples of individual bats, increase our understanding of transmission dynamics of bat viral infectious diseases.
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Kong N, Wu Y, Meng Q, Wang Z, Zuo Y, Pan X, Tong W, Zheng H, Li G, Yang S, Yu H, Zhou EM, Shan T, Tong G. Suppression of Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Proliferation by the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3α/β Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161508. [PMID: 27560518 PMCID: PMC4999130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has recently caused high mortality in suckling piglets with subsequent large economic losses to the swine industry. Many intracellular signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, are activated by viral infection. The PI3K/Akt pathway is an important cellular pathway that has been shown to be required for virus replication. In the present study, we found that the PEDV JS-2013 strain activated Akt in Vero cells at early (5-15 min) and late stages (8-10 h) of infection. Inhibiting PI3K, an upstream activator of Akt, enhanced PEDV replication. Inhibiting GSK-3α/β, one of the downstream effectors of PI3K/Akt pathway and regulated by Akt during PEDV infected Vero cells, also enhanced PEDV replication. Collectively, our data suggest that PI3K/Akt/GSK-3α/β signaling pathway is activated by PEDV and functions in inhibiting PEDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongguang Wu
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of zoology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Zhongze Wang
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yewen Zuo
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Pan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - En-min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- * E-mail: (GZT); (TLS)
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- * E-mail: (GZT); (TLS)
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Lim YX, Ng YL, Tam JP, Liu DX. Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus-Host Interactions. Diseases 2016; 4:E26. [PMID: 28933406 PMCID: PMC5456285 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are known respiratory pathogens associated with a range of respiratory outcomes. In the past 14 years, the onset of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have thrust HCoVs into spotlight of the research community due to their high pathogenicity in humans. The study of HCoV-host interactions has contributed extensively to our understanding of HCoV pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings of host cell factors that might be exploited by HCoVs to facilitate their own replication cycle. We also discuss various cellular processes, such as apoptosis, innate immunity, ER stress response, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway that may be modulated by HCoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Xinyi Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Yan Ling Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Fung TS, Liao Y, Liu DX. Regulation of Stress Responses and Translational Control by Coronavirus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070184. [PMID: 27384577 PMCID: PMC4974519 DOI: 10.3390/v8070184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other viruses, coronavirus infection triggers cellular stress responses in infected host cells. The close association of coronavirus replication with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the ER stress responses, which impose a challenge to the viruses. Viruses, in turn, have come up with various mechanisms to block or subvert these responses. One of the ER stress responses is inhibition of the global protein synthesis to reduce the amount of unfolded proteins inside the ER lumen. Viruses have evolved the capacity to overcome the protein translation shutoff to ensure viral protein production. Here, we review the strategies exploited by coronavirus to modulate cellular stress response pathways. The involvement of coronavirus-induced stress responses and translational control in viral pathogenesis will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Mitomo S, Omatsu T, Tsuchiaka S, Nagai M, Furuya T, Mizutani T. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase by Akabane virus is required for apoptosis. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:147-151. [PMID: 27473988 PMCID: PMC7111864 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) belongs to the Simbu serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus in the family Bunyaviridae. It has been shown that AKAV induces apoptosis in mammalian cells. It is necessary to understand the signaling pathways involved in AKAV-induced apoptosis to further elucidate the molecular virology of AKAV. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are mediators of apoptosis; therefore, we investigated the roles of JNK and p38 MAPK cascades in AKAV-infected cells. We found that JNK and p38 MAPK as well as their downstream substrates, c-Jun and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), were phosphorylated in response to AKAV infection. A JNK inhibitor (SP600125) inhibited AKAV-mediated apoptosis whereas a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) did not. We conclude that AKAV infection activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and the JNK cascade plays a crucial role in AKAV-induced apoptosis in vitro. JNK and p38 MAPK were phosphorylated in response to Akabane virus infection. Downstream substrates, c-Jun and heat shock protein 27, were also phosphorylated by viral infection. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) inhibited AKAV-mediated apoptosis whereas a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitomo
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - T Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - S Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - M Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - T Furuya
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - T Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Sun D, Shi H, Guo D, Chen J, Shi D, Zhu Q, Zhang X, Feng L. Analysis of protein expression changes of the Vero E6 cells infected with classic PEDV strain CV777 by using quantitative proteomic technique. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:27-39. [PMID: 25783682 PMCID: PMC7113725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have caused widespread concern. The identification of proteins associated with PEDV infection might provide insight into PEDV pathogenesis and facilitate the development of novel antiviral strategies. We analyzed the differential protein profile of PEDV-infected Vero E6 cells using mass spectrometry and an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification. A total of 126 proteins were identified that were differentially expressed between the PEDV-infected and mock-infected groups (P<0.05, quantitative ratio ≥1.2), among which the expression of 58 proteins was up-regulated and that of 68 proteins was down-regulated in the PEDV-infected Vero E6 cells, involving in integrin β2/β3, cystatin-C. The Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the molecular function of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) was primarily related to binding and catalytic activity, and that the biological functions in which the DEPs are involved included metabolism, organismal systems, cellular processes, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, and diseases. Among the disease-related functions, certain anti-viral pathways and proteins, such as the RIG-I-like receptor, Rap1, autophagy, mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K-Akt and Jak-STAT signaling pathways, and integrin β2/β3 and cystatin-C proteins, represented potential factors in PEDV infection. Our findings provide valuable insight into PEDV-Vero E6 cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Sun
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Da Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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48
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The SARS-coronavirus membrane protein induces apoptosis via interfering with PDK1-PKB/Akt signalling. Biochem J 2015; 464:439-47. [PMID: 25271362 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of viral gene products are capable of inducing apoptosis by interfering with various cellular signalling cascades. We previously reported the pro-apoptotic property of the SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) M (membrane)-protein and a down-regulation of the phosphorylation level of the cell-survival protein PKB (protein kinase B)/Akt in cells expressing M-protein. We also showed that overexpression of PDK1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1), the immediate upstream kinase of PKB/Akt, suppressed M-induced apoptosis. This illustrates that M-protein perturbs the PDK1 and PKB/Akt cell survival signalling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated that the C-terminus of M-protein interacts with the PH (pleckstrin homology) domain of PDK1. This interaction disrupted the association between PDK1 and PKB/Akt, and led to down-regulation of PKB/Akt activity. This subsequently reduced the level of the phosphorylated forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 and ASK (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase), and led to the activation of caspases 8 and 9. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the SARS-CoV M-protein induces apoptosis through disrupting the interaction of PDK1 with PKB/Akt, and this causes the activation of apoptosis. Our work highlights that the SARS-CoV M protein is highly pro-apoptotic and is capable of simultaneously inducing apoptosis via initiating caspases 8 and 9. Preventing the interaction between M-protein and PDK1 is a plausible therapeutic approach to target the pro-apoptotic property of SARS-CoV.
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Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by Ly294002 does not prevent establishment of persistent Junín virus infection in Vero cells. Arch Virol 2014; 160:469-75. [PMID: 25488290 PMCID: PMC7087115 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In previous work, we demonstrated that the arenavirus Junín virus (JUNV) is able to activate Akt by means of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) survival pathway during virus entry. This work extends our study, emphasizing the relevance of this pathway in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in vitro. During the course of infection, JUNV-infected Vero cells showed a typical cytopathic effect that may be ascribed to apoptotic cell death. Treatment of infected cultures with Ly294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, produced an apoptotic response similar to that observed for uninfected cells treated with the drug. This result suggests that virus-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway does not deliver a strong enough anti-apoptotic signal to explain the low proportion of apoptotic cells observed during infection. Also, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway during the acute stage of infection did not prevent the establishment of persistence. Furthermore, treatment of persistently JUNV-infected cells with Ly294002 did not alter viral protein expression. These findings indicate that despite the positive modulation of the PI3/Akt pathway during Junín virus entry, this would not play a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of JUNV persistence in Vero cells.
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50
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Caì Y, Yú S, Postnikova EN, Mazur S, Bernbaum JG, Burk R, Zhāng T, Radoshitzky SR, Müller MA, Jordan I, Bollinger L, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH. CD26/DPP4 cell-surface expression in bat cells correlates with bat cell susceptibility to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and evolution of persistent infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112060. [PMID: 25409519 PMCID: PMC4237331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently isolated betacoronavirus identified as the etiologic agent of a frequently fatal disease in Western Asia, Middle East respiratory syndrome. Attempts to identify the natural reservoirs of MERS-CoV have focused in part on dromedaries. Bats are also suspected to be reservoirs based on frequent detection of other betacoronaviruses in these mammals. For this study, ten distinct cell lines derived from bats of divergent species were exposed to MERS-CoV. Plaque assays, immunofluorescence assays, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that six bat cell lines can be productively infected. We found that the susceptibility or resistance of these bat cell lines directly correlates with the presence or absence of cell surface-expressed CD26/DPP4, the functional human receptor for MERS-CoV. Human anti-CD26/DPP4 antibodies inhibited infection of susceptible bat cells in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of human CD26/DPP4 receptor conferred MERS-CoV susceptibility to resistant bat cell lines. Finally, sequential passage of MERS-CoV in permissive bat cells established persistent infection with concomitant downregulation of CD26/DPP4 surface expression. Together, these results imply that bats indeed could be among the MERS-CoV host spectrum, and that cellular restriction of MERS-CoV is determined by CD26/DPP4 expression rather than by downstream restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuǐqìng Yú
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena N. Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John G. Bernbaum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robin Burk
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Téngfēi Zhāng
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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