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Rubio B, Pintado C, Mazuecos L, Benito M, Andrés A, Gallardo N. Central Actions of Leptin Induce an Atrophic Pattern and Improves Heart Function in Lean Normoleptinemic Rats via PPARβ/δ Activation. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1028. [PMID: 39199415 PMCID: PMC11352611 DOI: 10.3390/biom14081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptin, acting centrally or peripherally, has complex effects on cardiac remodeling and heart function. We previously reported that central leptin exerts an anti-hypertrophic effect in the heart via cardiac PPARβ/δ activation. Here, we assessed the impact of central leptin administration and PPARβ/δ inhibition on cardiac function. Various cardiac properties, including QRS duration, R wave amplitude, heart rate (HR), ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic left ventricular mass (EDLVM), end-diastolic volume (EDV), and cardiac output (CO) were analyzed. Central leptin infusion increased cardiac PPARβ/δ protein content and decreased HR, QRS duration, and R wave amplitude. These changes induced by central leptin suggested a decrease in the ventricular wall growth, which was confirmed by MRI. In fact, the EDLVM was reduced by central leptin while increased in rats co-treated with leptin and GSK0660, a selective antagonist of PPARβ/δ activity. In summary, central leptin plays a dual role in cardiac health, potentially leading to ventricular atrophy and improving heart function when PPARβ/δ signaling is intact. The protective effects of leptin are lost by PPARβ/δ inhibition, underscoring the importance of this pathway. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting leptin and PPARβ/δ pathways to combat cardiac alterations and heart failure, particularly in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Rubio
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.R.); (L.M.)
- Molecular Regulation of Heart Failure Research Group, National Cardiovascular Research Center Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pintado
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
- DOE Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha (IB-UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lorena Mazuecos
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.R.); (L.M.)
- DOE Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha (IB-UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marina Benito
- ICTS Bioimagen Complutense (BioImaC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, P°. de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Andrés
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.R.); (L.M.)
- DOE Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha (IB-UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nilda Gallardo
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (B.R.); (L.M.)
- DOE Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha (IB-UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Hanse M, Akbar S, Layeghkhavidaki H, Yen FT. Garcinia cambogia Extract Increased Hepatic Levels of Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor and Lipids in Mice on Normal Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16298. [PMID: 38003494 PMCID: PMC10671705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE) is a popular weight-loss supplement that also lowers plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. We hypothesized that GCE-mediated inhibition of ATP citrate lyase and thereby hepatic TG production could lead to compensatory mechanisms, including increased hepatic TG uptake via lipoprotein receptors. GCE (20 mg/day) administered 40 days orally to female C57BL/6Rj mice on a standard chow diet led to a decrease in both plasma fasting and post-prandial TG-rich lipoprotein levels, but with no significant change in body weight gain. Lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) protein levels, but not those of LDL-receptor, were increased as compared to controls. Mouse Hepa1-6 cells treated with the GCE active ingredient, hydroxycitrate, also led to increased LSR protein levels. Hepatic total cholesterol, TG, and muscle TG contents were higher in GCE-treated animals as compared to controls, whereas adipose TG levels were unchanged. LSR and LDL-receptor protein levels were correlated with liver total cholesterol, but only LDL-receptor was associated with liver TG. These results show that GCE treatment in mice on a standard chow diet led to significantly increased liver and muscle lipids, with no significant change in adipose tissue TG levels, which should be considered in the long-term use of GCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Hanse
- EA 4422 Lipidomix Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Samina Akbar
- EA 4422 Lipidomix Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France
- Quality of Diet and Aging Team, UR 3998 Animal and Functionality of Animal Products Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Hamed Layeghkhavidaki
- Quality of Diet and Aging Team, UR 3998 Animal and Functionality of Animal Products Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France
| | - Frances T. Yen
- EA 4422 Lipidomix Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France
- Quality of Diet and Aging Team, UR 3998 Animal and Functionality of Animal Products Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113709. [PMID: 36126456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a typical member of the PTP family, considered a direct negative regulator of several receptor and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases. This widely localized enzyme has been involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases. More recently, PTP1B has attracted attention in the field of neuroscience, since its activation in brain cells can lead to schizophrenia-like behaviour deficits, anxiety-like effects, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and depression. Conversely, PTP1B inhibition has been shown to prevent microglial activation, thus exerting a potent anti-inflammatory effect and has also shown potential to increase the cognitive process through the stimulation of hippocampal insulin, leptin and BDNF/TrkB receptors. Notwithstanding, most research on the clinical efficacy of targeting PTP1B has been developed in the field of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TD2M). However, despite the link existing between these metabolic alterations and neurodegeneration, no clinical trials assessing the neurological advantages of PTP1B inhibition have been performed yet. Preclinical studies, though, have provided strong evidence that targeting PTP1B could allow to reach different pathophysiological mechanisms at once. herefore, specific interventions or trials should be designed to modulate PTP1B activity in brain, since it is a promising strategy to decelerate or prevent neurodegeneration in aged individuals, among other neurological diseases. The present paper fails to include all neurological conditions in which PTP1B could have a role; instead, it focuses on those which have been related to metabolic alterations and neurodegenerative processes. Moreover, only preclinical data is discussed, since clinical studies on the potential of PTP1B inhibition for treating neurological diseases are still required.
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Harvey J. Food for Thought: Leptin and Hippocampal Synaptic Function. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:882158. [PMID: 35784728 PMCID: PMC9247348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that the endocrine hormone, leptin controls energy homeostasis by providing key signals to specific hypothalamic nuclei. However, our knowledge of leptin’s central actions has advanced considerably over the last 20 years, with the hippocampus now established as an important brain target for this hormone. Leptin receptors are highly localised to hippocampal synapses, and increasing evidence reveals that activation of synaptically located leptin receptors markedly impacts cognitive processes, and specifically hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here, we review the recent actions of leptin at hippocampal synapses and explore the consequences for brain health and disease.
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Busquets O, Carrasco M, Espinosa-Jiménez T, Ettcheto M, Verdaguer E, Auladell C, Bullò M, Camins A, Pinent M, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Folch J. GSPE pre-treatment protects against long-term cafeteria diet-induced mitochondrial and inflammatory affectations in the hippocampus of rats. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2627-2637. [PMID: 34789070 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1995118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Deregulations like the loss of sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance) and chronic inflammation are alterations very commonly found in sporadic forms of neurodegenerative pathologies. Thus, finding strategies to protect against them, may lead to a reduction in the incidence and/or affectation of these pathologies. The grape seed-derived proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) is a mixture of compounds highly enriched in polyphenols and flavonoids that have shown to have a wide range of therapeutic benefits due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the protective effects of a short pre-treatment of GSPE in the hippocampus against a prolonged feeding with cafeteria diet. METHODS GSPE was administered for 10 days followed by 12 weeks of cafeteria diet. We analyzed transcriptional activity of genes and protein expression of key mediators of neurodegeneration in brain samples. RESULTS Results indicated that GSPE was able to protect against cellular damage through the activation of AKT, as well as promote the maintenance of mitochondrial function by conserving the OXPHOS complexes and upregulating the antioxidant SOD. DISCUSSION We observed that GSPE decreased inflammatory activation as observed through the downregulation of JNK, IL6 and TNFα, just like the reduction in reactive profile of astrocytes. Overall, the data presented here offers an interesting and hopeful initial step for future long-term studies on the beneficial effects of a supplementation of common diets with polyphenol and flavonoid substances for the amelioration of typical early hallmarks of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Busquets
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Triana Espinosa-Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Bullò
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) dirigido por Jordi Salas en la Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
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Janson B, Prasomthong J, Malakul W, Boonsong T, Tunsophon S. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx extract prevents the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and obesity-related insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111438. [PMID: 33721756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is reported to be beneficial in treating obesity which can develop into a range of metabolic disorders. The molecular mechanisms by which roselle extract works to prevent obesity-related insulin resistance remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that the roselle extract can decrease lipid accumulation and improve insulin resistance by downregulating adipogenesis. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of roselle extract on the mechanism of adipogenesis and prevent complications of the obesity-related insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese rats for 8 weeks. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control (C), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg BW of roselle (R250), and high-fat diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg BW of roselle (R500). The results demonstrated that roselle had the potential to reduce body weight, food intake, lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, serum leptin, insulin and duodenal glucose absorption, while significantly increased glucose uptake of adipose tissue and muscle when compared to the HFD group. Roselle can prevent lipid accumulation by suppressing differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte by downregulating the adipogenic gene expression. The results of this study demonstrated that the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of roselle, could be an alternative approach for obesity-related insulin resistance prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjarat Janson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Janjira Prasomthong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wachirawadee Malakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Tantip Boonsong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sakara Tunsophon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand.
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Irfan M, Kwak YS, Han CK, Hyun SH, Rhee MH. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of cardiovascular functions. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:538-543. [PMID: 32617033 PMCID: PMC7322748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a rapidly growing epidemic with high morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to develop nutraceutical-based therapy with minimum side effects to reduce cardiovascular risk. Panax ginseng occupies a prominent status in herbal medicine for its various therapeutic effects against inflammation, allergy, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer, with positive, beneficial, and restorative effects. The active components found in most P. ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds, which are considered to be the main pharmacologically active constituents in ginseng. P. ginseng is an adaptogen. That is, it supports living organisms to maintain optimal homeostasis by exerting effects that counteract physiological changes caused by physical, chemical, or biological stressors. P. ginseng possesses immunomodulatory (including both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive), neuromodulatory, and cardioprotective effects; suppresses anxiety; and balances vascular tone. P. ginseng has an antihypertensive effect that has been explained by its vasorelaxant action, and paradoxically, it is also known to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction and help maintain cardiovascular health. Here, we discuss the potential adaptogenic effects of P. ginseng on the cardiovascular system and outline a future research perspective in this area.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- APP, Amyloid precursor protein
- Adaptogen
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- Aβ, Amyloid-beta
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- Cardioprotective
- Ginsenoside
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
- Panax ginseng
- Vascular endothelium
- cGMP, Cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hyun
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Ruiz-Gayo M, Olmo ND. Interaction Between Circadian Rhythms, Energy Metabolism, and Cognitive Function. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2416-2425. [PMID: 32156228 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200310145006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between meal timing and light regulates circadian rhythms in mammals and not only determines the sleep-wake pattern but also the activity of the endocrine system. Related with that, the necessity to fulfill energy needs is a driving force that requires the participation of cognitive skills whose performance has been shown to undergo circadian variations. These facts have led to the concept that cognition and feeding behaviour can be analysed from a chronobiological perspective. In this context, research carried out during the last two decades has evidenced the link between feeding behaviour/nutritional habits and cognitive processes, and has highlighted the impact of circadian disorders on cognitive decline. All that has allowed hypothesizing a tight relationship between nutritional factors, chronobiology, and cognition. In this connection, experimental diets containing elevated amounts of fat and sugar (high-fat diets; HFDs) have been shown to alter in rodents the circadian distribution of meals, and to have a negative impact on cognition and motivational aspects of behaviour that disappear when animals are forced to adhere to a standard temporal eating pattern. In this review, we will present relevant studies focussing on the effect of HFDs on cognitive aspects of behaviour, paying particular attention to the influence that chronobiological alterations caused by these diets may have on hippocampaldependent cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria D Olmo
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Reduced central and peripheral inflammatory responses and increased mitochondrial activity contribute to diet-induced obesity resistance in WSB/EiJ mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19696. [PMID: 31873127 PMCID: PMC6928236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy imbalance due to excess of calories is considered to be a major player in the current worldwide obesity pandemic and could be accompanied by systemic and central inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunctions. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the wild-derived diet-induced obesity- (DIO-) resistant mouse strain WSB/EiJ to the obesity-prone C57BL/6J strain. We analysed circulating and hypothalamic markers of inflammatory status and hypothalamic mitochondrial activity in both strains exposed to high-fat diet (HFD). We further analysed the regulations of hypothalamic genes involved in inflammation and mitochondrial pathways by high throughput microfluidic qPCR on RNA extracted from laser micro-dissected arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular (PVN) hypothalamic nuclei. HFD induced increased body weight gain, circulating levels of leptin, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in C57BL/6J whereas WSB/EiJ mice displayed a lower inflammatory status, both peripherally (lower levels of circulating cytokines) and centrally (less activated microglia in the hypothalamus) as well as more reactive mitochondria in the hypothalamus. The gene expression data analysis allowed identifying strain-specific hypothalamic metabolic pathways involved in the respective responses to HFD. Our results point to the involvement of hypothalamic inflammatory and mitochondrial pathways as key factors in the control of energy homeostasis and the resistance to DIO.
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Busquets O, Ettcheto M, Eritja À, Espinosa-Jiménez T, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Beas-Zarate C, Castro-Torres RD, Casadesús G, Auladell C, Bulló M, Folch J, Camins A. c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 ablation protects against metabolic-induced hippocampal cognitive impairments. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1723-1733. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mazahreh TS, Alfaqih M, Saadeh R, Al-Zoubi NA, Hatamleh M, Alqudah A, Aleshawi AJ, Alzoubi A. The Effects of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on the Parameters of Leptin Resistance in Obesity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E533. [PMID: 31557979 PMCID: PMC6843551 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide. Bariatric surgical procedures achieve the most sustainable and efficacious outcomes in the treatment of morbid obesity. However, little is known about the underlying molecular pathways modulated by these surgical interventions. Since leptin resistance is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, we herein report the effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the serum levels of leptin and leptin receptor, in addition to its overall effect on leptin resistance. This was an interventional and follow-up clinical study. In the first part, patients attending the general surgery outpatient clinics at our university hospital were first stratified according to their Body-Mass Index (BMI) into cases (n = 38) with BMI ≥ 35 who were scheduled to undergo LSG, and controls (n = 75) with a normal BMI. Serum leptin and leptin receptor levels were measured by sandwich ELISA technique. A leptin resistance index was estimated by adjusting leptin to BMI ratio to leptin receptor concentration. In the second part of the study, cases who underwent LSG were followed up one year postoperatively to assess their BMI and serum leptin and leptin receptor levels. Leptin to BMI ratio was significantly higher, while serum leptin receptor was significantly lower, in obese patients compared to controls. This translated into a significantly higher leptin resistance index in obese patients. LSG resulted in a significant reduction of BMI, leptin to BMI ratio, and leptin resistance index, as it significantly increased leptin receptor levels. In conclusion, LSG showed significant decrease in leptin resistance in obese patients after one year. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical impact of this finding on LSG outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagleb S. Mazahreh
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-Z.); (M.H.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Mahmoud Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Rami Saadeh
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Nabil A. Al-Zoubi
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-Z.); (M.H.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Moad Hatamleh
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-Z.); (M.H.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Ahmad Alqudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdelwahab J. Aleshawi
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-Z.); (M.H.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Abdallah Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
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Untangling narcolepsy and diabetes: Pathomechanisms with eyes on therapeutic options. Brain Res 2019; 1718:212-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Cao J, Yu X, Deng Z, Pan Y, Zhang B, Tsao R, Li H. Chemical Compositions, Antiobesity, and Antioxidant Effects of Proanthocyanidins from Lotus Seed Epicarp and Lotus Seed Pot. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13492-13502. [PMID: 30449095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lotus seed epicarp (LSE) and lotus seed pot (LSP) were characterized, and a total of 5 and 7 proanthocyanidins (PAs) were identified in purified LSE and LSP extract, respectively. Purified LSE and LSP PAs significantly suppressed the body weight and weight gain of white adipose tissue (WAT) and decreased the WAT cell size in high-fat diet-induced obese mice regardless of the daily food intake. LSE or LSP administration significantly lowered the serum leptin level and improved the serum and liver lipid profiles (including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels), increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione transferase (GST)) and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, and suppressed lipid peroxidation in hepatic tissue. LSP PAs were generally more effective than LSE PAs. Both extracts ameliorated obesity, insulin resistance, and oxidative damage in obese mice, suggesting they are good candidates for value-added functional food and nutraceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Xiuliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
- Institute for Advanced Study , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330031 , China
| | - Yao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Rong Tsao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph Research and Development Centre , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , University of Nanchang , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
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14
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Causes and solutions to “globesity”: The new fa(s)t alarming global epidemic. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:173-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Pennington KA, van der Walt N, Pollock KE, Talton OO, Schulz LC. Effects of acute exposure to a high-fat, high-sucrose diet on gestational glucose tolerance and subsequent maternal health in mice. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:435-445. [PMID: 28203773 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.144543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common obstetric complication. Half of women who have GDM will go on to develop type 2 diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms by which this occurs requires an animal model of GDM without ongoing diabetes at conception. C57Bl/6J mice react acutely to a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) challenge. Here, we hypothesized that a periconceptional HFHS challenge will induce glucose intolerance during gestation. C57Bl/6J female mice were placed on an HFHS either 1 or 3 weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, insulin measurements, and histological analysis of pancreatic islets were used to assess the impact of acute HFHS. C57Bl/6J females fed HFHS beginning 1 week prior to pregnancy became severely glucose intolerant, with reduced insulin response to glucose, and decreased pancreatic islet expansion during pregnancy compared to control mice. These GDM characteristics did not occur when the HFHS diet was started 3 weeks prior to mating, suggesting the importance of acute metabolic stress. Additionally, HFHS feeding resulted in only mild insulin resistance in nonpregnant females. When the diet was discontinued at parturition, symptoms resolved within 3 weeks. However, mice that experienced glucose intolerance in pregnancy became glucose intolerant more readily in response to a HFHS challenge later in life than congenic females that experienced a normal pregnancy, or that were fed the same diet outside of pregnancy. Thus, acute HFHS challenge in C57Bl/6 mice results in a novel, nonobese, animal model that recapitulates the long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes following GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Pennington
- Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicola van der Walt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly E Pollock
- Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Omonseigho O Talton
- Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura C Schulz
- Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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16
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Mainardi M, Spinelli M, Scala F, Mattera A, Fusco S, D'Ascenzo M, Grassi C. Loss of Leptin-Induced Modulation of Hippocampal Synaptic Trasmission and Signal Transduction in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:225. [PMID: 28804449 PMCID: PMC5532388 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal plasticity is triggered by a variety of stimuli including sensory inputs, neurotrophins and inflammation. Leptin, whose primary function is to regulate food intake and energy expenditure, has been recently shown to affect hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity. Interestingly, mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibit impaired hippocampal function, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this issue, we compared leptin responsiveness of hippocampal neurons in control and HFD-fed mice by combining single-cell electrophysiology and biochemical assays. We found that leptin modulated spontaneous and evoked synaptic transmission in control, but not HFD, mice. This functional impairment was paralleled by blunted activation of STAT-3, one of the key signal transduction pathways controlled by the fully functional isoform of the leptin receptor, ObRb. In addition, SOCS-3 expression was non-responsive to leptin, indicating that modulation of negative feedback impinging on ObRb was also altered. Our results advance the understanding of leptin action on hippocampal plasticity and, more importantly, suggest that leptin resistance is a key determinant of hippocampal dysfunction associated with hypercaloric diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mainardi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Matteo Spinelli
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Federico Scala
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattera
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Ascenzo
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
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Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Vakili AZ, Azizi F. Western dietary pattern increases risk of cardiovascular disease in Iranian adults: a prospective population-based study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:326-332. [PMID: 28177742 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available regarding the association of major dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Middle Eastern countries. We aimed to evaluate the association of major dietary patterns, using factor analysis, with the risk of CVD. Participants without CVD (n = 2284) were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study and were followed for a mean of 4.7 years. Dietary intake of participants was assessed at baseline (2006-2008); biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and follow-up examination. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to estimate risk of CVD across tertiles of dietary pattern scores. Linear regression models were used to indicate association of dietary pattern scores with changes of CVD risk factors over the study period. Two major dietary patterns, Western and traditional, were identified. During a mean 4.7 ± 1.4 years of follow-up, 57 participants experienced CVD-related events. In the fully adjusted model, we observed an increased risk of CVD-related events in the highest compared to the lowest tertile category of Western dietary pattern score (HR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.03-4.18, P for trend = 0.01). Traditional dietary pattern was not associated with incidence of CVD or CVD risk factors. A significant association was observed between the Western dietary pattern and changes in serum insulin (β = 5.88, 95% CI = 0.34-11.4). Our findings confirm that the Western dietary pattern, characterized by higher loads of processed meats, salty snacks, sweets, and soft drinks, is a dietary risk factor for CVD in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahadoran
- b Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Student Research Committee, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh Vakili
- c Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- d Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Stump M, Guo DF, Lu KT, Mukohda M, Liu X, Rahmouni K, Sigmund CD. Effect of selective expression of dominant-negative PPARγ in pro-opiomelanocortin neurons on the control of energy balance. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:491-501. [PMID: 27199455 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00032.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a master regulator of adipogenesis, was recently shown to affect energy homeostasis through its actions in the brain. Deletion of PPARγ in mouse brain, and specifically in the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, results in resistance to diet-induced obesity. To study the mechanisms by which PPARγ in POMC neurons controls energy balance, we constructed a Cre-recombinase-dependent conditionally activatable transgene expressing either wild-type (WT) or dominant-negative (P467L) PPARγ and the tdTomato reporter. Inducible expression of both forms of PPARγ was validated in cells in culture, in liver of mice infected with an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase (AdCre), and in the brain of mice expressing Cre-recombinase either in all neurons (NES(Cre)/PPARγ-P467L) or selectively in POMC neurons (POMC(Cre)/PPARγ-P467L). Whereas POMC(Cre)/PPARγ-P467L mice exhibited a normal pattern of weight gain when fed 60% high-fat diet, they exhibited increased weight gain and fat mass accumulation in response to a 10% fat isocaloric-matched control diet. POMC(Cre)/PPARγ-P467L mice were leptin sensitive on control diet but became leptin resistant when fed 60% high-fat diet. There was no difference in body weight between POMC(Cre)/PPARγ-WT mice and controls in response to 60% high-fat diet. However, POMC(Cre)/PPARγ-WT, but not POMC(Cre)/PPARγ-P467L, mice increased body weight in response to rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. These observations support the concept that alterations in PPARγ-driven mechanisms in POMC neurons can play a role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis under certain dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeliene Stump
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Ko-Ting Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Masashi Mukohda
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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19
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Raskin P, Cincotta AH. Bromocriptine-QR therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: developmental basis and therapeutic profile summary. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:113-148. [PMID: 30058874 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1131119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An extended series of studies indicate that endogenous phase shifts in circadian neuronal input signaling to the biological clock system centered within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) facilitates shifts in metabolic status. In particular, a diminution of the circadian peak in dopaminergic input to the peri-SCN facilitates the onset of fattening, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance while reversal of low circadian peak dopaminergic activity to the peri-SCN via direct timed dopamine administration to this area normalizes the obese, insulin resistant, glucose intolerant state in high fat fed animals. Systemic circadian-timed daily administration of a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist, bromocriptine, to increase diminished circadian peak dopaminergic hypothalamic activity across a wide variety of animal models of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in improvements in the obese, insulin resistant, glucose intolerant condition by improving hypothalamic fuel sensing and reducing insulin resistance, elevated sympathetic tone, and leptin resistance. A circadian-timed (within 2 hours of waking in the morning) once daily administration of a quick release formulation of bromocriptine (bromocriptine-QR) has been approved for the treatment of T2DM by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clinical studies with such bromocriptine-QR therapy (1.6 to 4.8 mg/day) indicate that it improves glycemic control by reducing postprandial glucose levels without raising plasma insulin. Across studies of various T2DM populations, bromocriptine-QR has been demonstrated to reduce HbA1c by -0.5 to -1.7. The drug has a good safety profile with transient mild to moderate nausea, headache and dizziness as the most frequent adverse events noted with the medication. In a large randomized clinical study of T2DM subjects, bromocriptine-QR exposure was associated with a 42% hazard ratio reduction of a pre-specified adverse cardiovascular endpoint including myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, revascularization surgery, or unstable angina. Bromocriptine-QR represents a novel method of treating T2DM that may have benefits for cardiovascular disease as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Raskin
- a Southwestern Medical Center , University of Texas , Dallas , TX , USA
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20
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Ickin Gulen M, Guven Bagla A, Yavuz O, Hismiogullari AA. Histopathological changes in rat pancreas and skeletal muscle associated with high fat diet induced insulin resistance. Biotech Histochem 2015; 90:495-505. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1021380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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21
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Chaborski K, Bitterlich N, Alteheld B, Parsi E, Metzner C. Placebo-controlled dietary intervention of stress-induced neurovegetative disorders with a specific amino acid composition: a pilot-study. Nutr J 2015; 14:43. [PMID: 25943490 PMCID: PMC4431034 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial stress leads to altered neuroendocrine functions, such as serotonergic dysfunction, as well as alterations of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity resulting in an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters. Poor dietary intake of L-tryptophan as a precursor of serotonin increases sensitivity to stress. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of a specific amino acid composition with micronutrients on neurovegetative disorders and the cardiometabolic risk profile in psychosocially stressed patients. 32 patients (18-65 years) were eligible for protocol analysis. Points in the Psychological Neurological Questionnaire (PNF), clinical and blood parameter, in particular the serotonin level, salivary cortisol levels, and dietary intake were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks after supplementation. RESULTS The intervention in the form of either verum or placebo resulted in both groups in a significant decrease of neurovegetative symptoms. However, patients of the placebo group achieved significantly less points in the PNF compared to the verum group. But the rate of responders (≥10 points loss in PNF) was not significantly different between the groups. The macronutrient intake did not differ between verum and placebo group. On average, the HPA-axis was not disturbed in both groups. Blood serotonin indicated in both groups no significant correlation with dietary tryptophan intake or PNF. CONCLUSIONS Daily supplementation of a specific amino acid composition with micronutrients in psychologically stressed patients resulted in no improvement of neurovegetative disorders as measured by the PNF when compared to the placebo group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov ( NCT01425983 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Chaborski
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Norman Bitterlich
- Department of Biostatistics, Medicine and Service Ltd, Boettcherstr. 10, D-09117, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Birgit Alteheld
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elke Parsi
- Outpatient Practice of Cardiology/Angiology, Suermondtstr. 13, D-13053, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Metzner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Pauwelsstraße 44, D-52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Bonn Education Association for Dietetics r. A., Fuerst-Pueckler-Str. 44, D-50935, Cologne, Germany.
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22
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Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell 2014; 158:705-721. [PMID: 25126780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1288] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of the intestinal microbiota begins at birth, and a stable microbial community develops from a succession of key organisms. Disruption of the microbiota during maturation by low-dose antibiotic exposure can alter host metabolism and adiposity. We now show that low-dose penicillin (LDP), delivered from birth, induces metabolic alterations and affects ileal expression of genes involved in immunity. LDP that is limited to early life transiently perturbs the microbiota, which is sufficient to induce sustained effects on body composition, indicating that microbiota interactions in infancy may be critical determinants of long-term host metabolic effects. In addition, LDP enhances the effect of high-fat diet induced obesity. The growth promotion phenotype is transferrable to germ-free hosts by LDP-selected microbiota, showing that the altered microbiota, not antibiotics per se, play a causal role. These studies characterize important variables in early-life microbe-host metabolic interaction and identify several taxa consistently linked with metabolic alterations. PAPERCLIP:
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23
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Lai M, Chandrasekera PC, Barnard ND. You are what you eat, or are you? The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e135. [PMID: 25198237 PMCID: PMC4183971 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are rapidly growing worldwide epidemics with major health consequences. Various human-based studies have confirmed that both genetic and environmental factors (particularly high-caloric diets and sedentary lifestyle) greatly contribute to human T2DM. Interactions between obesity, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction result in human T2DM, but the mechanisms regulating the interplay among these impairments remain unclear. Rodent models of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity have been used widely to study human obesity and T2DM. With >9000 publications on PubMed over the past decade alone, many aspects of rodent T2DM have been elucidated; however, correlation to human obesity/diabetes remains poor. This review investigates the reasons for this translational discrepancy by critically evaluating rodent HFD models. Dietary modification in rodents appears to have limited translatable benefit for understanding and treating human obesity and diabetes due—at least in part—to divergent dietary compositions, species/strain and gender variability, inconsistent disease penetrance, severity and duration and lack of resemblance to human obesogenic pathophysiology. Therefore future research efforts dedicated to acquiring translationally relevant data—specifically human data, rather than findings based on rodent studies—would accelerate our understanding of disease mechanisms and development of therapeutics for human obesity/T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lai
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - N D Barnard
- 1] Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA [2] Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Izadi V, Saraf-Bank S, Azadbakht L. Dietary intakes and leptin concentrations. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2014; 10:266-72. [PMID: 25477984 PMCID: PMC4251481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, a peptide contained 146 amino-acids, is mostly secreted from adipose tissue and it has a critical role on regulation of body weight, body fat mass, appetite, and food intakes. We tried to review the previous evidence regarding the effects of dietary intakes, including consumption of carbohydrates, fats and protein on concentrations of leptin concentration. METHODS We searched in PubMed search engine to January 2013 by using the following key words: dietary intake, diet, dietary fat, high-fat diet, dietary carbohydrate, high carbohydrate diet, dietary protein, high protein diet in combination with leptin, adipokine. Then, we recruited 35 articles to review in the present study. RESULTS It seems that beside the amount of fats, type of fatty acids have the key roles on circulating leptin concentration. Energy intake also significantly associated with the hormone. Studies regarding the association between carbohydrate intake and concentration of lepton have been reached to contradictory results. It seems that protein intake can increase the lepton activity. CONCLUSION Findings from several studies suggest that a diet display an important role on change the concentration of lepton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajiheh Izadi
- Food Security Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Saraf-Bank
- Food Security Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Leila Azadbakht,
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25
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Rizvi AA, Nikolic D, Sallam HS, Montalto G, Rizzo M, Abate N. Adipokines and Lipoproteins: Modulation by Antihyperglycemic and Hypolipidemic Agents. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:1-10. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rizvi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hanaa S. Sallam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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AMP-activated protein kinase mediates insulin-like and lipo-mobilising effects of β-glucan-rich polysaccharides isolated from Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.), Singer mushroom, in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Chem 2014; 145:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Lengacher S, Nehiri-Sitayeb T, Steiner N, Carneiro L, Favrod C, Preitner F, Thorens B, Stehle JC, Dix L, Pralong F, Magistretti PJ, Pellerin L. Resistance to diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic perturbations in haploinsufficient monocarboxylate transporter 1 mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82505. [PMID: 24367518 PMCID: PMC3867350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 or SLC16A1) is a carrier of short-chain fatty acids, ketone bodies, and lactate in several tissues. Genetically modified C57BL/6J mice were produced by targeted disruption of the mct1 gene in order to understand the role of this transporter in energy homeostasis. Null mutation was embryonically lethal, but MCT1 (+/-) mice developed normally. However, when fed high fat diet (HFD), MCT1 (+/-) mice displayed resistance to development of diet-induced obesity (24.8% lower body weight after 16 weeks of HFD), as well as less insulin resistance and no hepatic steatosis as compared to littermate MCT1 (+/+) mice used as controls. Body composition analysis revealed that reduced weight gain in MCT1 (+/-) mice was due to decreased fat accumulation (50.0% less after 9 months of HFD) notably in liver and white adipose tissue. This phenotype was associated with reduced food intake under HFD (12.3% less over 10 weeks) and decreased intestinal energy absorption (9.6% higher stool energy content). Indirect calorimetry measurements showed ∼ 15% increase in O₂ consumption and CO₂ production during the resting phase, without any changes in physical activity. Determination of plasma concentrations for various metabolites and hormones did not reveal significant changes in lactate and ketone bodies levels between the two genotypes, but both insulin and leptin levels, which were elevated in MCT1 (+/+) mice when fed HFD, were reduced in MCT1 (+/-) mice under HFD. Interestingly, the enhancement in expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver of MCT1 (+/+) mice under high fat diet was prevented in the liver of MCT1 (+/-) mice under the same diet, thus likely contributing to the observed phenotype. These findings uncover the critical role of MCT1 in the regulation of energy balance when animals are exposed to an obesogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lengacher
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetic and Cellular Dynamics, Brain and Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadia Steiner
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Favrod
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Stehle
- Mouse Pathology Facility, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Dix
- Mouse Pathology Facility, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Pralong
- Service d’endocrinologie, diabétologie et métabolisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetic and Cellular Dynamics, Brain and Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kim I, Kim HR, Kim JH, Om AS. Beneficial effects of Allium sativum L. stem extract on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2749-2757. [PMID: 23606129 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to examine the potential health benefits of Allium sativum L. (garlic) stem extract (ASSE) on obesity and related disorders in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Obese mice were orally administered ASSE at doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for 4 weeks. RESULTS Consumption of ASSE significantly suppressed body weight gain and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight regardless of daily food intake. Obese mice fed ASSE also exhibited a significant decrease in WAT cell size. The decreased level of adiponectin and increased level of leptin in obese mice reverted to near normal mice levels in ASSE-treated mice. ASSE administration significantly improved lipid parameters of the serum and liver and inhibited fat accumulation in the liver by modulating the activities of hepatic lipid-regulating enzymes in obese mice. Administration of ASSE also led to significant increases in antioxidant enzymes and suppressed glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation in hepatic tissue. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ASSE may ameliorate obesity, insulin resistance and oxidative damage in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Kim
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-853, Republic of Korea
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Shimasaki T, Masaki T, Mitsutomi K, Ueno D, Gotoh K, Chiba S, Kakuma T, Yoshimatsu H. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor des-fluoro-sitagliptin regulates brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein levels in mice with diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63626. [PMID: 23696840 PMCID: PMC3656085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is responsible for the degradation of several peptides that contain an alanine or proline at the penultimate position or position P1. DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) have protective effects against type-2 diabetes and several metabolic disorders. METHODS In the present study, we examined the effects of des-fluoro-sitagliptin (DFS), a DDP-4i, on body adiposity and levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1), and uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. RESULTS Treatment with DFS dose-dependently decreased the weight of white adipose tissue and serum levels of glucose, compared with controls, without influencing food intake (P<0.05). Additionally, DFS treatment increased the levels of PPAR-α, PGC-1, and UCPs in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and of PPAR-α and UCP3 in skeletal muscle (P<0.05). Furthermore, the effects on BAT PGC-1 and muscle PPAR-α levels were attenuated by treatment with the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) antagonist exendin (9-39). Interestingly, hypothalamic levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were increased by DFS treatment and the effects of DFS on PPAR-α, PGC-1, and UCP levels were attenuated in melanocortin (MC)-4 receptor-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, high-dose DFS appeared to regulate body adiposity and UCPs in mice with diet-induced obesity, at least partly through a GLP-1 and/or MC-4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Shimasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Masaki
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimihiko Mitsutomi
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Koro Gotoh
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Seiichi Chiba
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kakuma
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yoshimatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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Nazarians-Armavil A, Menchella JA, Belsham DD. Cellular insulin resistance disrupts leptin-mediated control of neuronal signaling and transcription. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:990-1003. [PMID: 23579487 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Central resistance to the actions of insulin and leptin is associated with the onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas leptin and insulin signaling is essential for both glucose and energy homeostasis. Although it is known that leptin resistance can lead to attenuated insulin signaling, whether insulin resistance can lead to or exacerbate leptin resistance is unknown. To investigate the molecular events underlying crosstalk between these signaling pathways, immortalized hypothalamic neuronal models, rHypoE-19 and mHypoA-2/10, were used. Prolonged insulin exposure was used to induce cellular insulin resistance, and thereafter leptin-mediated regulation of signal transduction and gene expression was assessed. Leptin directly repressed agouti-related peptide mRNA levels but induced urocortin-2, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS2, and IR transcription, through leptin-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt activation. Neuronal insulin resistance, as assessed by attenuated Akt phosphorylation, blocked leptin-mediated signal transduction and agouti-related peptide, urocortin-2, IRS1, IRS2, and insulin receptor synthesis. Insulin resistance caused a substantial decrease in insulin receptor protein levels, forkhead box protein 1 phosphorylation, and an increase in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 protein levels. Cellular insulin resistance may cause or exacerbate neuronal leptin resistance and, by extension, obesity. It is essential to unravel the effects of neuronal insulin resistance given that both peripheral, as well as the less widely studied central insulin resistance, may contribute to the development of metabolic, reproductive, and cardiovascular disorders. This study provides improved understanding of the complex cellular crosstalk between insulin-leptin signal transduction that is disrupted during neuronal insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaies Nazarians-Armavil
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Reimer RA, Maurer AD, Eller LK, Hallam MC, Shaykhutdinov R, Vogel HJ, Weljie AM. Satiety hormone and metabolomic response to an intermittent high energy diet differs in rats consuming long-term diets high in protein or prebiotic fiber. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4065-74. [PMID: 22788871 PMCID: PMC3411197 DOI: 10.1021/pr300487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Large differences in the composition of diet between
early development
and adulthood can have detrimental effects on obesity risk. We examined
the effects of an intermittent high fat/sucrose diet (HFS) on satiety
hormone and serum metabolite response in disparate diets. Wistar rat
pups were fed control (C), high prebiotic fiber (HF) or high protein
(HP) diets (weaning to 16 weeks), HFS diet challenged (6 weeks), and
finally reverted to their respective C, HF, or HP diet (4 weeks).
At conclusion, measurement of body composition and satiety hormones
was accompanied by 1H NMR metabolic profiles in fasted
and postprandial states. Metabolomic profiling predicted dietary source
with >90% accuracy. The HF group was characterized by lowest body
weight and body fat (P < 0.05) and increased satiety
hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide-YY). Regularized
modeling confirmed that the HF diet is associated with higher gut
hormone secretion that could reflect the known effects of prebiotics
on gut microbiota and their fementative end products, the short chain
fatty acids. Rats reared on a HF diet appear to experience fewer adverse
effects from an intermittent high fat diet in adulthood when rematched
to their postnatal diet. Metabolite profiles associated with the diets
provide a distinct biochemical signature of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Nduhirabandi F, du Toit EF, Lochner A. Melatonin and the metabolic syndrome: a tool for effective therapy in obesity-associated abnormalities? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:209-23. [PMID: 22226301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Apart from its powerful antioxidant properties, the pineal gland hormone melatonin has recently attracted the interest of various investigators as a multifunctional molecule. Melatonin has been shown to have beneficial effects in cardiovascular disorders including ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. However, its role in cardiovascular risk factors including obesity and other related metabolic abnormalities is not yet established, particularly in humans. New emerging data show that melatonin may play an important role in body weight regulation and energy metabolism. This review will address the role of melatonin in the MetS focusing on its effects in obesity, insulin resistance and leptin resistance. The overall findings suggest that melatonin should be exploited as a therapeutic tool to prevent or reverse the harmful effects of obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Nduhirabandi
- Division of Medical Physiology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch; South Africa
| | - E. F. du Toit
- School of Medical Science; Griffith University; Southport; Australia
| | - A. Lochner
- Division of Medical Physiology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch; South Africa
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Finger BC, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The temporal impact of chronic intermittent psychosocial stress on high-fat diet-induced alterations in body weight. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:729-41. [PMID: 21783325 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress and diet can independently or in concert influence the body's homeostasis over time. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the interplay of these parameters to gain insight into the evolution of stress-induced metabolic and eating disorders. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were subjected to chronic psychosocial (mixed model of social defeat and overcrowding) stress in combination with either a high- or low-fat diet for three or six weeks. To determine the evolution of stress and dietary effects, changes in body weight, caloric intake and caloric efficiency were determined as well as circulating leptin, insulin, glucose and corticosterone levels and social avoidance behaviour. RESULTS Exposure to stress for three weeks caused an increase in weight gain, in caloric intake and in caloric efficiency only in mice on a low-fat diet. However, after six weeks, only stressed mice on a high-fat diet displayed a pronounced inhibition of body weight gain, accompanied by reduced caloric intake and caloric efficiency. Stress decreased circulating leptin levels in mice on a low-fat diet after three weeks and in mice on a high-fat diet after three and six weeks of exposure. Plasma levels of insulin and markers of insulin resistance were blunted in mice on high-fat diet following six weeks of stress exposure. Social avoidance following chronic stress was present in all mice after three and six weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the evolution of the chronic effects of social defeat/overcrowding stress in combination with exposure to high- or low-fat diet. Most importantly, we demonstrate that a six week chronic exposure to social defeat stress prevents the metabolic effects of high-fat diet, by inhibiting an increase in weight gain, caloric intake and efficiency and insulin resistance as well as in plasma leptin and insulin levels. This study highlights the importance of considering the chronic aspects of both parameters and their time-dependent interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate C Finger
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Torres-Rovira L, Astiz S, Caro A, Lopez-Bote C, Ovilo C, Pallares P, Perez-Solana ML, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Diet-induced swine model with obesity/leptin resistance for the study of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:510149. [PMID: 22629144 PMCID: PMC3354447 DOI: 10.1100/2012/510149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the suitability of a swine breed with leptin resistance and predisposition to obesity (the Iberian pig) as model for studies on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Thus, six Iberian sows had ad libitum access to food enriched with saturated fat (SFAD group; food consumption was estimated to be 4.5 kg/animal/day) whilst four females acted as controls and were fed with 2 kg/animal/day of a commercial maintenance diet. After three months of differential feeding, SFAD animals developed central obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, and elevated blood pressure; the five parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome. Thus, the current study characterizes the Iberian pig as a robust, amenable, and reliable translational model for studies on nutrition-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Torres-Rovira
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Bosomworth NJ. The downside of weight loss: realistic intervention in body-weight trajectory. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2012; 58:517-23. [PMID: 22586192 PMCID: PMC3352786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the reasons why long-term weight loss is seldom achieved and to evaluate the consequences of various weight trajectories, including stability, loss, and gain. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Studies evaluating population weight metrics were mainly observational. Level I evidence was available to evaluate the influence of weight interventions on mortality and quality of life. MAIN MESSAGE Sustained weight loss is achieved by a small percentage of those intending to lose weight. Mortality is lowest in the high-normal and overweight range. The safest body-size trajectory is stable weight with optimization of physical and metabolic fitness. With weight loss there is evidence for lower mortality in those with obesity-related comorbidities. There is also evidence for improved health-related quality of life in obese individuals who lose weight. Weight loss in the healthy obese, however, is associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSION Weight loss is advisable only for those with obesity-related comorbidities. Healthy obese people wishing to lose weight should be informed that there might be associated risks. A strategy that leads to a stable body mass index with optimized physical and metabolic fitness at any size is the safest weight intervention option.
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Affiliation(s)
- N John Bosomworth
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Park JE, Choi HJ, Kim IK, Lee HJ, Kang JH, Song J. Influence of serum leptin levels on future overweight risk in Korean children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:260-268. [PMID: 21193296 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leptin is an important regulator of energy metabolism. It is considered to be positively related to body adiposity and metabolic disorders in obese adults and children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between baseline circulating leptin, insulin and adiponectin levels and future overweight and metabolic risks in a paediatric population-based cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS First-grade students, who entered elementary school at age 7 years in Gwacheon, a Korean city, were enrolled in this cohort study, and followed from 1st grade to 5th grade. Annual physical examinations from 2005 to 2009 were performed. In 2006, the levels of serum glucose, insulin, leptin and adiponectin and lipid profiles were examined. In 2008, the above parameters, except for adiponectin, were measured again in 381 children (202 boys and 179 girls) who participated. In 2006, 10.2% of the children were overweight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile), and after 2 years, an additional 3% became overweight. Compared with insulin and adiponectin, leptin was most highly associated with current and future BMI, and percent body fat. Boys in the highest tertile for initial leptin (T3) showed the highest prevalence of overweight and metabolic risk scores among three leptin tertile groups. Girls showed the same trends as boys. High initial leptin levels could be predictive of greater future BMI and metabolic risk score (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that elevated serum leptin concentrations among the childhood population could be a marker for future BMI and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Park
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, 194 Tongillo, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 122-701, Republic of Korea
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Kadiiska MB, Bonini MG, Ruggiero C, Cleland E, Wicks S, Stadler K. Thiazolidinedione treatment decreases oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats through attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated lipid radical formation. Diabetes 2012; 61:586-96. [PMID: 22315311 PMCID: PMC3282814 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated lipid free radical overproduction exists in an insulin-resistant rat model and that reducing the accumulation of toxic metabolites is associated with improved insulin signaling and metabolic response. Lipid radical formation was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with in vivo spin trapping in an obese rat model, with or without thiazolidinedione treatment. Lipid radical formation was accompanied by accumulation of toxic end products in the liver, such as 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine, and was inhibited by the administration of the selective iNOS inhibitor 1400 W. The model showed impaired phosphorylation of the insulin signaling pathway. Ten-day rosiglitazone injection not only improved the response to an oral glucose tolerance test and corrected insulin signaling but also decreased iNOS levels. Similar to the results with specific iNOS inhibition, thiazolidinedione dramatically decreased lipid radical formation. We demonstrate a novel mechanism where a thiazolidinedione treatment can reduce oxidative stress in this model through reducing iNOS-derived lipid radical formation. Our results suggest that hepatic iNOS expression may underlie the accumulation of lipid end products and that reducing the accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites contributes to a better redox status in insulin-sensitive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Kadiiska
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine Ruggiero
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Gene-Nutrient Interaction Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ellen Cleland
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Gene-Nutrient Interaction Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Shawna Wicks
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Gene-Nutrient Interaction Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Gene-Nutrient Interaction Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Corresponding author: Krisztian Stadler,
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Song YB, An YR, Kim SJ, Park HW, Jung JW, Kyung JS, Hwang SY, Kim YS. Lipid metabolic effect of Korean red ginseng extract in mice fed on a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:388-396. [PMID: 21918993 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng saponin and ginsenosides exert anti-obesity effects via the modulation of physiological lipid metabolism in vivo or intracellular signalling in cell culture systems. However, the complicated relationship between the anti-obesity effects of ginseng and gene expression has yet to be defined under in vivo conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between the anti-obesity effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) and hepatic gene expression profiles in mice fed long-term on a high-fat diet (HFD) in this study. RESULTS KRGE reduces the levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), serum triglycerides, and atherogenic indices. Levels of leptin, adiponectin and insulin, which regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, were impaired profoundly by HFD. However, KRGE treatment brought these levels back to normal. KRGE was found to down-regulate genes associated with lipid metabolism or cholesterol metabolism (Lipa, Cyp7a1, Il1rn, Acot2, Mogat1, Osbpl3, Asah3l, Insig1, Anxa2, Vldlr, Hmgcs1, Sytl4, Plscr4, Pla2g4e, Slc27a3, Enpp6), all of which were up-regulated by HFD. CONCLUSION KRGE regulated the expression of genes associated with abnormal physiology via HFD. Leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which carry out critical functions in energy and lipid metabolism, were shown to be modulated by KRGE. These results show that KRGE is effective in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bum Song
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Ginseng Research Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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Pandit R, Mercer JG, Overduin J, la Fleur SE, Adan RAH. Dietary factors affect food reward and motivation to eat. Obes Facts 2012; 5:221-42. [PMID: 22647304 DOI: 10.1159/000338073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity to indulge in unhealthy eating and overconsumption of palatable food is a crucial determinant in the rising prevalence of obesity in today's society. The tendency to consume palatable foods in quantities that exceed energy requirements has been linked to an addiction-like process. Although the existence of 'food addiction' has not been conclusively proven, evidence points to alterations in the brain reward circuitry induced by overconsumption of palatable foods that are similar to those seen in drug addiction. The diet-induced obesity paradigm is a common procedure to replicate features of human obesity in rodents. Here we review data on the effect of various obesogenic diets (high-fat, Ensure™, cafeteria type, sucrose) on the extent of leptin resistance, hypothalamic-neuropeptidergic adaptations and changes in feeding behavior. We also discuss to what extent such diets and properties such as macronutrient composition, physical structure, sensory stimuli, and post-ingestive effects influence the brain-reward pathways. Understanding the interaction between individual components of diets, feeding patterns, and brain reward pathways could facilitate the design of diets that limit overconsumption and prevent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandit
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Ryu HJ, Um MY, Ahn JY, Jung CH, Huh D, Kim TW, Ha TY. Anti-obesity Effect of Hypsizigus marmoreus in High Fat-fed Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.12.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Finger B, Dinan T, Cryan J. High-fat diet selectively protects against the effects of chronic social stress in the mouse. Neuroscience 2011; 192:351-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Anti-visceral obesity and antioxidant effects of powdered sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf tea in diet-induced obese mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guerra B, Olmedillas H, Guadalupe-Grau A, Ponce-González JG, Morales-Alamo D, Fuentes T, Chapinal E, Fernández-Pérez L, De Pablos-Velasco P, Santana A, Calbet JAL. Is sprint exercise a leptin signaling mimetic in human skeletal muscle? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:715-25. [PMID: 21659488 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00805.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether sprint exercise activates signaling cascades linked to leptin actions in human skeletal muscle and how this pattern of activation may be interfered by glucose ingestion. Muscle biopsies were obtained in 15 young healthy men in response to a 30-s sprint exercise (Wingate test) randomly distributed into two groups: the fasting (n = 7, C) and the glucose group (n = 8, G), who ingested 75 g of glucose 1 h before the Wingate test. Exercise elicited different patterns of JAK2, STAT3, STAT5, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and SOCS3 protein expression during the recovery period after glucose ingestion. Thirty minutes after the control sprint, STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels were augmented (both, P < 0.05). SOCS3 protein expression was increased 120 min after the control sprint but PTP1B protein expression was unaffected. Thirty and 120 min after the control sprint, STAT5 phosphorylation was augmented (P < 0.05). Glucose abolished the 30 min STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the 120 min SOCS3 protein expression increase while retarding the STAT5 phosphorylation response to sprint. Activation of these signaling cascades occurred despite a reduction of circulating leptin concentration after the sprint. Basal JAK2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation levels were reduced and increased (both P < 0.05), respectively, by glucose ingestion prior to exercise. During recovery, JAK2 phosphorylation was unchanged and p38 MAPK phosphorylation was transiently reduced when the exercise was preceded by glucose ingestion. In conclusion, sprint exercise performed under fasting conditions is a leptin signaling mimetic in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Guerra
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Williams DL, Hyvarinen N, Lilly N, Kay K, Dossat A, Parise E, Torregrossa AM. Maintenance on a high-fat diet impairs the anorexic response to glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor activation. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:557-64. [PMID: 21515295 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous data suggests that the adiposity signal leptin reduces food intake in part by enhancing sensitivity to short-term signals that promote meal termination, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). We hypothesized that maintenance on a high-fat (HF) diet, which causes resistance to leptin, would impair GLP-1's ability to reduce food intake. To test this hypothesis, we examined the anorexic responses to intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg/kg GLP-1 and 1 μg/kg exendin-4 (Ex-4), the potent, degradation resistant GLP-1 receptor agonist, in Wistar rats maintained on a low-fat (10%; LF) or HF (60%) diet for 4-6 weeks. Rats maintained on each of these diets were tested twice, once while consuming LF food and once while consuming HF food, to distinguish between effects of acute vs. chronic consumption of HF food. LF-maintained rats tested on LF diet reduced 60-min dark phase intake in response to GLP-1, but HF-maintained rats failed to respond to GLP-1 whether they were tested on HF or LF diet. LF-maintained rats tested on HF diet also showed no response, suggesting that even brief exposure to HF diet can impair sensitivity to GLP-1 receptor activation. Both LF- and HF-maintained rats showed significant anorexic responses to Ex4 at 4h post-treatment, but only LF-maintained rats had significantly reduced intake and body weight 24h after injections. To determine whether the ability of endogenous GLP-1 to promote satiation is impaired by HF maintenance, we examined the response to exendin 3 (9-39) (Ex9), a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. In LF-maintained rats, Ex9 increased intake significantly, but HF-maintained rats reduced food intake in response to Ex9. These data support the suggestion that maintenance on HF diet reduces the anorexic effects of GLP-1 receptor activation, and this phenomenon may contribute to overconsumption of high-fat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA.
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Bioactives from bitter melon enhance insulin signaling and modulate acyl carnitine content in skeletal muscle in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:1064-73. [PMID: 21277185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive components from bitter melon (BM) have been reported to improve glucose metabolism in vivo, but definitive studies on efficacy and mechanism of action are lacking. We sought to investigate the effects of BM bioactives on body weight, muscle lipid content and insulin signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet and on insulin signaling in L6 myotubes. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into low-fat diet control (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD plus BM (BM) groups. Body weight, body composition, plasma glucose, leptin, insulin and muscle lipid profile were determined over 12 weeks. Insulin signaling was determined in the mouse muscle taken at end of study and in L6 myotubes exposed to the extract. Body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin levels and HOMA-IR values were significantly lower in the BM-fed HFD group when compared to the HFD group. BM supplementation significantly increased IRS-2, IR β, PI 3K and GLUT4 protein abundance in skeletal muscle, as well as phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt1 and Akt2 when compared with HFD (P<.05 and P<.01). BM also significantly reduced muscle lipid content in the HFD mice. BM extract greatly increased glucose uptake and enhanced insulin signaling in L6 myotubes. This study shows that BM bioactives reduced body weight, improved glucose metabolism and enhanced skeletal muscle insulin signaling. A contributing mechanism to the enhanced insulin signaling may be associated with the reduction in skeletal muscle lipid content. Nutritional supplementation with this extract, if validated for human studies, may offer an adjunctive therapy for diabetes.
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Gotzamani-Psarrakou A, Yovos JG, Karamitsos D. Effect of various treatments on leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and neuropeptide Y in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:401-20. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.553609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Foster M, Samman S. Zinc and redox signaling: perturbations associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1549-73. [PMID: 20568953 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signal transduction pathways are influenced by the zinc and redox status of the cell. Numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), have been associated with impaired zinc utilization and increased oxidative stress. In humans, mutations in the MT-1A and ZnT8 genes, both of which are involved in the maintenance of zinc homeostasis, have been linked with DM development. Changes in levels of intracellular free zinc may exacerbate oxidative stress in CVD and DM by impacting glutathione homeostasis, nitric oxide signaling, and nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent cellular processes. Zinc ions have been shown to influence insulin and leptin signaling via the phosphoinositide 3′-kinase/Akt pathway, potentially linking an imbalance of zinc at the cellular level to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The oxidative modification of cysteine residues in zinc coordination sites in proteins has been implicated in cellular signaling and regulatory pathways. Despite the many interactions between zinc and cellular stress responses, studies investigating the potential therapeutic benefit of zinc supplementation in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related chronic disease in humans are few and inconsistent. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation in populations at various stages of CVD and DM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meika Foster
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yepuru M, Eswaraka J, Kearbey JD, Barrett CM, Raghow S, Veverka KA, Miller DD, Dalton JT, Narayanan R. Estrogen receptor-{beta}-selective ligands alleviate high-fat diet- and ovariectomy-induced obesity in mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31292-303. [PMID: 20657011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic problem affecting millions of people in the Western hemisphere and costs the United States economy more than $200 billion annually. Currently, there are no effective treatments to combat obesity. Recent studies have implicated the constitutive activity of estrogen receptor (ER) β as an important regulator of metabolic diseases. However, the potential of ER-β-selective ligands to offset obesity is not clear. We evaluated the pharmacological effect of ER-β-selective ligands (β-LGNDs) in animal models of high-fat diet- and ovariectomy-induced obesity. Ligand binding, transactivation, and uterotrophic studies with β-LGNDs demonstrated selectivity for ER-β over ER-α. Animals fed a high-fat diet showed a significant increase in body weight, and this weight gain was attenuated by β-LGNDs. High-fat diet-mediated increases in serum cholesterol, leptin, glucose, and fat accumulation in organs were also reduced by β-LGNDs. In addition, MRI scanning indicated that β-LGNDs altered body composition by reducing fat mass and increasing lean body mass. Organ weights and gene expression analyses demonstrated that adipose tissue is the center of action for β-LGNDs, and the reduction in body weight is likely due to increased energy expenditure. In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies indicated that the anti-obesity effects of β-LGNDs were due to indirect peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ antagonistic actions requiring the ligand binding domain of ER-β and through abrogation of the ability of PGC-1 to coactivate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. In conclusion, these studies indicate that ligand-activated ER-β is a potential therapeutic target to combat obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralimohan Yepuru
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx Inc, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Deng ZB, Poliakov A, Hardy RW, Clements R, Liu C, Liu Y, Wang J, Xiang X, Zhang S, Zhuang X, Shah SV, Sun D, Michalek S, Grizzle WE, Garvey T, Mobley J, Zhang HG. Adipose tissue exosome-like vesicles mediate activation of macrophage-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 2009; 58:2498-505. [PMID: 19675137 PMCID: PMC2768161 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) released from adipose tissue play a role in activation of macrophages and subsequent development of insulin resistance in a mouse model. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ELVs released from adipose tissue were purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation and labeled with green fluorescent dye and then intravenously injected into B6 ob/ob mice (obese model) or B6 mice fed a high-fat diet. The effects of injected ELVs on the activation of macrophages were determined through analysis of activation markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and induction of inflammatory cytokines using an ELISA. Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were also evaluated. Similarly, B6 mice with different gene knockouts including TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) were also used for testing their responses to the injected ELVs. RESULTS ELVs are taken up by peripheral blood monocytes, which then differentiate into activated macrophages with increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Injection of obELVs into wild-type C57BL/6 mice results in the development of insulin resistance. When the obELVs were intravenously injected into TLR4 knockout B6 mice, the levels of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were much lower. RBP4 is enriched in the obELVs. Bone marrow-derived macrophages preincubated with recombinant RBP4 led to attenuation of obELV-mediated induction of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS ELVs released by adipose tissue can act as a mode of communication between adipose tissues and macrophages. The obELV-mediated induction of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages and insulin resistance requires the TLR4/TRIF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-bin Deng
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anton Poliakov
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert W. Hardy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Albama
| | - Ronald Clements
- Department of Nutrition, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cunren Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yuelong Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xiaoyu Xiang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuangqin Zhang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dongmei Sun
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sue Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Albama
| | - Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jim Mobley
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- Corresponding author: Huang-Ge Zhang,
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