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Hamel Z, Sanchez S, Standing D, Anant S. Role of STAT3 in pancreatic cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:20-34. [PMID: 38464736 PMCID: PMC10918236 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a serious and deadly disease, impacting people globally. There remain prominent gaps in the current understanding of the disease, specifically regarding the role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins in pancreatic tumors. STAT proteins, particularly STAT3, play important roles in pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is the most prevalent histotype. The role of STAT3 across a continuum of molecular processes, such as PDAC tumorigenesis and progression, immune escape, drug resistance and stemness, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are only a tip of the iceberg. In some ways, the role of STAT3 in PDAC may hold greater importance than that of oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS). This makes STAT3 a highly attractive target for developing targeted therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In this review, the current knowledge of STAT3 in pancreatic cancer has been summarized, particularly relating to STAT3 activation in cancer cells, cells of the TME, and the state of targeting STAT3 in pre-clinical and clinical trials of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hamel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sierra Sanchez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David Standing
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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2
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Park MN. Therapeutic Strategies for Pancreatic-Cancer-Related Type 2 Diabetes Centered around Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15906. [PMID: 37958889 PMCID: PMC10648679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a highly malignant neoplasm, is classified as one of the most severe and devastating types of cancer. PDAC is a notable malignancy that exhibits a discouraging prognosis and a rising occurrence. The interplay between diabetes and pancreatic cancer exhibits a reciprocal causation. The identified metabolic disorder has been observed to possess noteworthy consequences on health outcomes, resulting in elevated rates of morbidity. The principal mechanisms involve the suppression of the immune system, the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and the onset of systemic metabolic disease caused by dysfunction of the islets. From this point forward, it is important to recognize that pancreatic-cancer-related diabetes (PCRD) has the ability to increase the likelihood of developing pancreatic cancer. This highlights the complex relationship that exists between these two physiological states. Therefore, we investigated into the complex domain of PSCs, elucidating their intricate signaling pathways and the profound influence of chemokines on their behavior and final outcome. In order to surmount the obstacle of drug resistance and eliminate PDAC, researchers have undertaken extensive efforts to explore and cultivate novel natural compounds of the next generation. Additional investigation is necessary in order to comprehensively comprehend the effect of PCRD-mediated apoptosis on the progression and onset of PDAC through the utilization of natural compounds. This study aims to examine the potential anticancer properties of natural compounds in individuals with diabetes who are undergoing chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. It is anticipated that these compounds will exhibit increased potency and possess enhanced pharmacological benefits. According to our research findings, it is indicated that naturally derived chemical compounds hold potential in the development of PDAC therapies that are both safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kuo YC, Kou HW, Hsu CP, Lo CH, Hwang TL. Identification and Clinical Significance of Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells and Their Chemotherapeutic Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087331. [PMID: 37108495 PMCID: PMC10138402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer ranks in the 10th-11th position among cancers affecting men in Taiwan, besides being a rather difficult-to-treat disease. The overall 5-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer is only 5-10%, while that of resectable pancreatic cancer is still approximately 15-20%. Cancer stem cells possess intrinsic detoxifying mechanisms that allow them to survive against conventional therapy by developing multidrug resistance. This study was conducted to investigate how to overcome chemoresistance and its mechanisms in pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) using gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. Pancreatic CSCs were identified from human pancreatic cancer lines. To determine whether CSCs possess a chemoresistant phenotype, the sensitivity of unselected tumor cells, sorted CSCs, and tumor spheroid cells to fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine (GEM), and cisplatin was analyzed under stem cell conditions or differentiating conditions. Although the mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance in CSCs are poorly understood, ABC transporters such as ABCG2, ABCB1, and ABCC1 are believed to be responsible. Therefore, we measured the mRNA expression levels of ABCG2, ABCB1, and ABCC1 by real-time RT-PCR. Our results showed that no significant differences were found in the effects of different concentrations of gemcitabine on CSCs CD44+/EpCAM+ of various PDAC cell line cultures (BxPC-3, Capan-1, and PANC-1). There was also no difference between CSCs and non-CSCs. Gemcitabine-resistant cells exhibited distinct morphological changes, including a spindle-shaped morphology, the appearance of pseudopodia, and reduced adhesion characteristics of transformed fibroblasts. These cells were found to be more invasive and migratory, and showed increased vimentin expression and decreased E-cadherin expression. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting experiments demonstrated increased nuclear localization of total β-catenin. These alterations are hallmarks of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Resistant cells showed activation of the receptor protein tyrosine kinase c-Met and increased expression of the stem cell marker cluster of differentiation (CD) 24, CD44, and epithelial specific antigen (ESA). We concluded that the expression of the ABCG2 transporter protein was significantly higher in CD44+ and EpCAM+ CSCs of PDAC cell lines. Cancer stem-like cells exhibited chemoresistance. Gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic tumor cells were associated with EMT, a more aggressive and invasive phenotype of numerous solid tumors. Increased phosphorylation of c-Met may also be related to chemoresistance, and EMT and could be used as an attractive adjunctive chemotherapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Lin-Kou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Kou
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Lin-Kou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Po Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Lin-Kou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Lo
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Lin-Kou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsann-Long Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Lin-Kou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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4
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Zhang X, Xu Z, Dai X, Zhang X, Wang X. Research progress of neoantigen-based dendritic cell vaccines in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104860. [PMID: 36761724 PMCID: PMC9905145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutation of the crucial genes such as tumor suppressors or oncogenes plays an important role in the initiation and development of tumors. The non-synonymous mutations in the tumor cell genome will produce non-autologous proteins (neoantigen) to activate the immune system by activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Neoantigen-based peptide vaccines have exhibited exciting therapeutic effects in treating various cancers alone or in combination with other therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, antigen-loaded DC vaccines are more powerful in inducing stronger immune responses than vaccines generated by antigens and adjuvants. Therefore, neoantigen-based dendritic cell (DC) vaccines could achieve promising effects in combating some malignant tumors. In this review, we summarized and discussed the recent research progresses of the neoantigen, neoantigen-based vaccines, and DC-based vaccine in pancreatic cancers (PCs). The combination of the neoantigen and DC-based vaccine in PC was also highlighted. Therefore, our work will provide more detailed evidence and novel opinions to promote the development of a personalized neoantigen-based DC vaccine for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Xueju Wang,
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5
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Ye Z, Yang Y, Wei Y, Li L, Wang X, Zhang J. PCDH1 promotes progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via activation of NF-κB signalling by interacting with KPNB1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:633. [PMID: 35864095 PMCID: PMC9304345 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled growth, distant metastasis and chemoresistance are critical characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and they result in high mortality; however, the mechanisms triggering these effects have not been fully investigated. In this study, we analysed a dataset in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified PCDH1, a rarely studied transmembrane protein, as a novel prognostic marker in PDAC patients. We demonstrated that PCDH1 expression was upregulated in PDAC tissues, and its expression levels were associated with the depth of tumour invasion and lymph node metastasis. Patients with high PCDH1 levels showed poor overall survival (OS). We also investigated the biological significance of PCDH1 in PDAC cell growth, metastasis, and side population (SP) phenotype acquisition and explored the internal molecular mechanisms of PCDH1 action. Our results demonstrated that PCDH1 enhanced p65 nuclear localization by interacting with KPNB1, a well-characterized nuclear transporter, thereby activating the NF-κB signalling pathway and increasing its functional effects during PDAC progression. Hence, our results indicate that PCDH1 can be used as a negative prognostic marker and may be a potential therapeutic target for PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, 528403, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yingyu Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, 528403, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, 528403, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Lamei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, 528403, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, 528403, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Junkai Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, 528403, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.
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6
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Zhang Z, Xu Y, Zhao C. Fzd7/Wnt7b signaling contributes to stemness and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:3332-3345. [PMID: 33934523 PMCID: PMC8124113 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mining databases and data obtained from assays on human specimens had shown that Fzd7 is closely associated with Wnt7b, that Fzd7/Wnt7b expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, and its expression is negatively correlated with survival. Fzd7/Wnt7b knockdown in Capan‐2 and Panc‐1 cells reduced the proliferative capacity of pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs), reduced drug resistance, decreased the percentage of CD24+CD44+ subset of cells and the levels of ABCG2, inhibited cell‐sphere formation, and reduced gemcitabine (GEM) resistance. In contrast, Fzd7/Wnt7b overexpression increased the percentage of the CD24+CD44+ subset of cells, and increased the levels of ABCG2 detected in cell spheroids. The gem‐resistant cells exhibited higher levels of Fzd7/Wnt7b expression, an increased percentage of CD24+CD44+ cells, and higher levels of ABCG2 compared with the parental cells. Taken together, Fzd7/Wnt7b knockdown can reduce PDAC cell stemness and chemoresistance by reducing the percentage of CSCs. Mechanistically, Fzd7 binds with Wnt7b and modulates the levels of β‐catenin, and they may exert their role via modulation of the canonical Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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7
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AYDEMİR ÇOBAN E, TECİMEL D, KAŞIKCI E, BAYRAK ÖF, ŞAHİN F. E-cadherin might be a stage-dependent modulator in aggressiveness in pancreatic cancer cells. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:230-237. [PMID: 33110361 PMCID: PMC7585161 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1912-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) pathology is known for its uncontrollable progress due to highly invasive characteristics and refractory behavior against existing chemotherapies. The aberrant expression of CDH1 (expresses the protein E-cadherin) is associated with increased overall survival in various cancers, however, E-cadherin expression in PDAC progression has remained elusive. We investigated the impact of exogenously elevated E-cadherin levels on the tumorigenicity of transduced low grade and metastatic PDAC cell lines, Panc-1 and AsPC-1, respectively. Constitutive expression of E-cadherin promoted a more hybrid E/M state in AsPC-1 cells, while it was associated with the acquisition of a more epithelial-like state in Panc1 cells. Our study suggests that E-cadherin may play differential roles in determining the metastatic characteristics of primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra AYDEMİR ÇOBAN
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Didem TECİMEL
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Yeditepe University Hospital, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Ezgi KAŞIKCI
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NYUSA
| | - Ömer Faruk BAYRAK
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Yeditepe University Hospital, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Fikrettin ŞAHİN
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
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8
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Adult Pancreatic Acinar Progenitor-like Populations in Regeneration and Cancer. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:758-767. [PMID: 32362534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of the pancreas primarily comprises long-lived acinar cells that are not considered a bona fide source for stem cells. However, certain acinar subpopulations have a repopulating capacity during regeneration, raising the hypothesis as to the presence of regenerative progenitor-like populations in the adult pancreas. Here, we describe recent discoveries based on fate-mapping techniques that support the existence of progenitor-like acinar subpopulations, including active progenitor-like cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and facultative progenitor-like cells that drive tissue regeneration. A possible link between progenitor-like acinar cells and cancer initiators is proposed. Further analysis of these cellular components is needed, because it would help uncover possible cellular sources for regeneration and cancer, as well as potential targets for therapy.
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9
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Ishiwata T, Matsuda Y, Yoshimura H, Sasaki N, Ishiwata S, Ishikawa N, Takubo K, Arai T, Aida J. Pancreatic cancer stem cells: features and detection methods. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 24:797-805. [PMID: 29948612 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high incidence of distant metastasis and recurrence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are pluripotent, self-renewable, and capable of forming tumors, contribute to PDAC initiation and metastasis and are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Three types of experimental methods are commonly used to identify CSCs: CSC-specific marker detection, a sphere-formation assay that reveals cell proliferation under non-adherent conditions, and detection of side-population (SP) cells that possess high intracellular-to-extracellular pump functions. Several CSC-specific markers have been reported in PDACs, including CD133, CD24, CD44, CXCR4, EpCAM, ABCG2, c-Met, ALDH-1, and nestin. There remains controversy regarding which markers are specific to PDAC CSCs and which are expressed alone or in combination in CSCs. Examining characteristics of isolated CSCs and discovering CSC-specific treatment options are important to improve the prognosis of PDAC cases. This review summarizes CSC-detection methods for PDAC, including CSC-marker detection, the sphere-formation assay, and detection of SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-0022, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shunji Ishiwata
- Division of Medical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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10
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Ishiwata T, Hasegawa F, Michishita M, Sasaki N, Ishikawa N, Takubo K, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Aida J. Electron microscopic analysis of different cell types in human pancreatic cancer spheres. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2485-2490. [PMID: 29434962 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are pluripotent and self-renewable, contribute to the initiation and metastasis of cancer, and are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive type of cancer that is associated with a high incidence of distant metastasis and recurrence. Sphere formation reveals cell proliferation under nonadherent conditions and is commonly used to identify CSCs; measurements of the number, area and volume of the spheres are used to estimate stemness of PDAC cells. However, detailed morphological analysis of such spheres has not been performed. The aim of the present study was to examine the morphology of spheres isolated from PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PANC-1 cells formed round to irregular oblong spheres within 1 week following seeding in ultra-low-attachment plates. These spheres exhibited higher levels of expression of CSC markers, including nestin, sex determining region Y-box 2, and CD44 containing variant exon 9, compared with adherent cells. SEM analysis revealed that the spheres exhibited a grape-like appearance, harboring cancer cells with smooth or rough surfaces. Similarly, TEM analysis detected cancer cells with varying surface types within the spheres: Those with smooth surfaces, irregular large protrusions, protrusions and a small number of microvilli, and those with many microvilli throughout the entire cell surface. These morphological differences among cancer cells may be indicative of different stages in the differentiation process, from CSCs to non-CSCs, within the spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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11
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Cai J, Fang L, Huang Y, Li R, Xu X, Hu Z, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zhu X, Zhang H, Wu J, Huang Y, Li J, Zeng M, Song E, He Y, Zhang L, Li M. Simultaneous overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin and TGFβ signalling by miR-128-3p confers chemoresistance-associated metastasis in NSCLC. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28627514 PMCID: PMC5481840 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemoresistance and metastasis are tightly associated features. However, whether they share common molecular mechanisms and thus can be targeted with one common strategy remain unclear in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we report that high levels of microRNA-128-3p (miR-128-3p) is key to concomitant development of chemoresistance and metastasis in residual NSCLC cells having survived repeated chemotherapy and correlates with chemoresistance, aggressiveness and poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Mechanistically, miR-128-3p induces mesenchymal and stemness-like properties through downregulating multiple inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β pathways, leading to their overactivation. Importantly, antagonism of miR-128-3p potently reverses metastasis and chemoresistance of highly malignant NSCLC cells, which could be completely reversed by restoring Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β activities. Notably, correlations among miR-128-3p levels, activated β-catenin and TGF-β signalling, and pro-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition/pro-metastatic protein levels are validated in NSCLC patient specimens. These findings suggest that miR-128-3p might be a potential target against both metastasis and chemoresistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Disease-Model Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishan Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Central Laboratory of The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yongbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhihuang Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jueheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yukai He
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengfeng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
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12
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells expressing the surface markers CD133 have been widely reported as cancer stem cells and mainly responsible for tumor recurrence and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. In spite of its role as a stem cell marker in pancreatic cancer, its function remains elusive. CD133 (also known as prominin-1) is a pentaspan glycoprotein predominantly localized in lipid rafts, specialized membrane microdomains enriched in crucial signaling proteins. Coexistence of CD133 with these signaling proteins can modulate various signaling pathways that might be responsible for aggressive phenotype of CD133+ cells. This chapter describes a detailed protocol to isolate lipid rafts from CD133+ tumor initiating cells. Purified lipid rafts can be investigated further for protein or lipid composition by mass spectrometry that can shed some light on functional role of CD133 protein in these cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Gupta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, 1475 NW 12th Ave., Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, 1475 NW 12th Ave., Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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13
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García-Santos EP, Padilla-Valverde D, Villarejo-Campos P, Murillo-Lázaro C, Fernández-Grande E, Palomino-Muñoz T, Rodríguez-Martínez M, Amo-Salas M, Nuñez-Guerrero P, Sánchez-García S, Puerto-Puerto A, Martín-Fernández J. The utility of hyperthermic intra-abdominal chemotherapy with gemcitabine for the inhibition of tumor progression in an experimental model of pancreatic peritoneal carcinomatosis, in relation to their behavior with pancreatic cancer stem cells CD133+ CXCR4. Pancreatology 2016; 16:632-9. [PMID: 27289344 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The origin of pancreatic cancer has been identified as a population of malignant pancreatic stem cells CD133+ CXCR4+ immunophenotype. These cells have high capacity for early locoregional invasion, being responsible for early recurrence and high mortality rates of pancreatic cancer. We propose a study for decreasing tumor progression of pancreatic cancer by reducing the volume and neoplastic subpopulation of pancreatic cancer stem cells CD133+ CXCR4+. Therefore, we develop a new therapeutic model, characterized by the application of HIPEC (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy) with gemcitabine. DESIGN Pancreatic tumor cell line: human cell line BxPC-3. The animal model involved 18 immunosuppressed rats 5 weeks weighing 150-200 gr. The implantation of 13 × 10(6) cells/mL was performed with homogeneous distribution in the 13 abdominopelvic quadrants according to the peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) and were randomized into three treatment groups. Group I (4 rats) received intravenous saline. Group II (6 rats) received intravenous gemcitabine. Group III (8 rats) received HIPEC at 41 °C for 30 min with gemcitabine + gemcitabine IV. A histological study confirmed pancreatic cancer and immunohistochemical quantification of pancreatic cancer stem cells CD133+ CXCR4+ tumor cells. RESULTS There was a population decline of pancreatic cancer stem cells CD133+ CXCR4+ in the HIPEC group with respect to the other two groups (p < 0.001). There was a decrease in PCI between treatment groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The initial results are encouraging since there is a declining population of cancer stem cells CD133+ CXCR4+ in the HIPEC group and decreased tumor volume compared to the other two treatment groups. All the conclusions are only valid for BxPC3 cell line, and the effects HIPEC on Kras-driven pancreatic tumors remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Pilar García-Santos
- Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - David Padilla-Valverde
- Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pedro Villarejo-Campos
- Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Murillo-Lázaro
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández-Grande
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Teodoro Palomino-Muñoz
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Amo-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Spain
| | - Paloma Nuñez-Guerrero
- Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Susana Sánchez-García
- Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Puerto-Puerto
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Alcázar de San Juan, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín-Fernández
- Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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14
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The Metastatic Potential and Chemoresistance of Human Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148807. [PMID: 26859746 PMCID: PMC4747523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) typically have the capacity to evade chemotherapy and may be the principal source of metastases. CSCs for human pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) have been identified, but neither the metastatic potential nor the chemoresistance of these cells has been adequately evaluated. We have addressed these issues by examining side-population (SP) cells isolated from the Panc-1 and BxPC3 lines of human PDAC cells, the oncogenotypes of which differ. SP cells could be isolated from monolayers of Panc-1, but only from spheroids of BxPC3. Using orthotopic xenografts into the severely immunocompromised NSG mouse, we found that SP cells isolated from both cell lines produced tumors that were highly metastatic, in contrast to previous experience with PDAC cell lines. SP cells derived from both cell lines expressed the ABCG2 transporter, which was demonstrably responsible for the SP phenotype. SP cells gave rise to non-SP (NSP) cells in vitro and in vivo, a transition that was apparently due to posttranslational inhibition of the ABCG2 transporter. Twenty-two other lines of PDAC cells also expressed ABCG2. The sensitivity of PDAC SP cells to the vinca alkaloid vincristine could be greatly increased by verapamil, a general inhibitor of transporters. In contrast, verapamil had no effect on the killing of PDAC cells by gemcitabine, the current first-line therapeutic for PDAC. We conclude that the isolation of SP cells can be a convenient and effective tool for the study of PDAC CSCs; that CSCs may be the principal progenitors of metastasis by human PDAC; that the ABCG2 transporter is responsible for the SP phenotype in human PDAC cells, and may be a ubiquitous source of drug-resistance in PDAC, but does not confer resistance to gemcitabine; and that inhibition of ABCG2 might offer a useful adjunct in a therapeutic attack on the CSCs of PDAC.
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15
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Deng W, Vanderbilt DB, Lin CC, Martin KH, Brundage KM, Ruppert JM. SOX9 inhibits β-TrCP-mediated protein degradation to promote nuclear GLI1 expression and cancer stem cell properties. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1123-38. [PMID: 25632159 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group box protein SOX9 and the GLI1 transcription factor play protumorigenic roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). In Kras transgenic mice, each of these factors are crucial for the development of PDA precursor lesions. SOX9 transcription is directly regulated by GLI1, but how SOX9 functions downstream of GLI1 is unclear. We observed positive feedback, such that SOX9-deficient PDA cells have severely repressed levels of endogenous GLI1, attributed to loss of GLI1 protein stability. SOX9 associated with the F-box domain of the SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase component, β-TrCP (also known as F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A), and suppressed its association with SKP1 and GLI1, a substrate of SCF-β-TrCP. SOX9 also tethered β-TrCP within the nucleus and promoted its degradation. SOX9 bound to β-TrCP through the SOX9 C-terminal PQA/S domain that mediates transcriptional activation. Suppression of β-TrCP in SOX9-deficient PDA cells restored GLI1 levels and promoted SOX9-dependent cancer stem cell properties. These studies identify SOX9-GLI1 positive feedback as a major determinant of GLI1 protein stability and implicate β-TrCP as a latent SOX9-bound tumor suppressor with the potential to degrade oncogenic proteins in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Daniel B Vanderbilt
- Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Chen-Chung Lin
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Karen H Martin
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - Kathleen M Brundage
- The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506
| | - J Michael Ruppert
- The Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 The Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, West Virginia 26506 Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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16
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Niess H, Camaj P, Renner A, Ischenko I, Zhao Y, Krebs S, Mysliwietz J, Jäckel C, Nelson PJ, Blum H, Jauch KW, Ellwart JW, Bruns CJ. Side population cells of pancreatic cancer show characteristics of cancer stem cells responsible for resistance and metastasis. Target Oncol 2014; 10:215-27. [PMID: 24950733 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-014-0323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed to underlie the initiation and maintenance of tumor growth and the development of chemoresistance in solid tumors. The identification and role of these important cells in pancreatic cancer remains controversial. Here, we isolate side population (SP) cells from the highly aggressive and metastatic human pancreatic cancer cell line L3.6pl and evaluate their potential role as models for CSCs. SP cells were isolated following Hoechst 33342 staining of L3.6pl cells. SP, non-SP, and unsorted L3.6pl cells were orthotopically xenografted into the pancreas of nude mice and tumor growth observed. RNA was analyzed by whole genome array and pathway mapping was performed. Drug resistant variants of L3.6pl were developed and examined for SP proportions and evaluated for surface expression of known CSC markers. A distinct SP with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into non-SP cells was isolated from L3.6pl (0.9 % ± 0.22). SP cells showed highly tumorigenic and metastatic characteristics after orthotopic injection. Transcriptomic analysis identified modulation of gene networks linked to tumorigenesis, differentiation, and metastasization in SP cells relative to non-SP cells. Wnt, NOTCH, and EGFR signaling pathways associated with tumor stem cells were altered in SP cells. When cultured with increasing concentrations of gemcitabine, the proportion of SP cells, ABCG2(+), and CD24(+) cells were significantly enriched, whereas 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment lowered the percentage of SP cells. SP cells were distinct from cells positive for previously postulated pancreatic CSC markers. The Hoechst-induced side population in L3.6pl cells comprises a subset of tumor cells displaying aggressive growth and metastasization, increased gemcitabine-, but not 5-FU resistance. The cells may act as a partial model for CSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Niess
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, Munich, Germany
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17
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Gnoni A, Licchetta A, Scarpa A, Azzariti A, Brunetti AE, Simone G, Nardulli P, Santini D, Aieta M, Delcuratolo S, Silvestris N. Carcinogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: precursor lesions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19731-62. [PMID: 24084722 PMCID: PMC3821583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma displays a variety of molecular changes that evolve exponentially with time and lead cancer cells not only to survive, but also to invade the surrounding tissues and metastasise to distant sites. These changes include: genetic alterations in oncogenes and cancer suppressor genes; changes in the cell cycle and pathways leading to apoptosis; and also changes in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The most common alterations involve the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, the HER2 gene, and the K-ras gene. In particular, the loss of function of tumor-suppressor genes has been documented in this tumor, especially in CDKN2a, p53, DPC4 and BRCA2 genes. However, other molecular events involved in pancreatic adenocarcinoma pathogenesis contribute to its development and maintenance, specifically epigenetic events. In fact, key tumor suppressors that are well established to play a role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma may be altered through hypermethylation, and oncogenes can be upregulated secondary to permissive histone modifications. Indeed, factors involved in tumor invasiveness can be aberrantly expressed through dysregulated microRNAs. This review summarizes current knowledge of pancreatic carcinogenesis from its initiation within a normal cell until the time that it has disseminated to distant organs. In this scenario, highlighting these molecular alterations could provide new clinical tools for early diagnosis and new effective therapies for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gnoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Vito Fazzi, Lecce 73100, Italy; E-Mails: (A.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonella Licchetta
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Vito Fazzi, Lecce 73100, Italy; E-Mails: (A.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona 37121, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Clinical and Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Anna Elisabetta Brunetti
- Scientific Direction, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mail: (A.E.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Gianni Simone
- Histopathology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Patrizia Nardulli
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit - National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Daniele Santini
- Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome 00199, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Michele Aieta
- Medical Oncology Unit - CROB-IRCCS, 85028, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza 85100, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Sabina Delcuratolo
- Scientific Direction, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mail: (A.E.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, Bari 70124, Italy
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18
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Amsterdam A, Raanan C, Schreiber L, Polin N, Givol D. LGR5 and Nanog identify stem cell signature of pancreas beta cells which initiate pancreatic cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:157-62. [PMID: 23438436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas cancer, is the fourth leading cause of cancer death but its cell of origin is controversial. We compared the localization of stem cells in normal and cancerous pancreas using antibodies to the stem cell markers Nanog and LGR5. Here we show, for the first time, that LGR5 is expressed in normal pancreas, exclusively in the islets of Langerhans and it is co-localized, surprisingly, with Nanog and insulin in clusters of beta cells. In cancerous pancreas Nanog and LGR5 are expressed in the remaining islets and in all ductal cancer cells. We observed insulin staining among the ductal cancer cells, but not in metastases. This indicates that the islet's beta cells, expressing LGR5 and Nanog markers are the initiating cells of pancreas cancer, which migrated from the islets to form the ductal cancerous tissue, probably after mutation and de-differentiation. This discovery may facilitate treatment of this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Amsterdam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234, Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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19
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Fredebohm J, Boettcher M, Eisen C, Gaida MM, Heller A, Keleg S, Tost J, Greulich-Bode KM, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Lathrop M, Giese NA, Hoheisel JD. Establishment and characterization of a highly tumourigenic and cancer stem cell enriched pancreatic cancer cell line as a well defined model system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48503. [PMID: 23152778 PMCID: PMC3495919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard cancer cell lines do not model the intratumoural heterogeneity situation sufficiently. Clonal selection leads to a homogeneous population of cells by genetic drift. Heterogeneity of tumour cells, however, is particularly critical for therapeutically relevant studies, since it is a prerequisite for acquiring drug resistance and reoccurrence of tumours. Here, we report the isolation of a highly tumourigenic primary pancreatic cancer cell line, called JoPaca-1 and its detailed characterization at multiple levels. Implantation of as few as 100 JoPaca-1 cells into immunodeficient mice gave rise to tumours that were histologically very similar to the primary tumour. The high heterogeneity of JoPaca-1 was reflected by diverse cell morphology and a substantial number of chromosomal aberrations. Comparative whole-genome sequencing of JoPaca-1 and BxPC-3 revealed mutations in genes frequently altered in pancreatic cancer. Exceptionally high expression of cancer stem cell markers and a high clonogenic potential in vitro and in vivo was observed. All of these attributes make this cell line an extremely valuable model to study the biology of and pharmaceutical effects on pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Genomic Instability
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Keratins/genetics
- Keratins/metabolism
- Male
- Mesothelin
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Polyploidy
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fredebohm
- Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Matsuda Y, Kure S, Ishiwata T. Nestin and other putative cancer stem cell markers in pancreatic cancer. Med Mol Morphol 2012; 45:59-65. [PMID: 22718289 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-012-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high incidence of distant metastasis. Recent studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the potential to self-renew and are pluripotent, are crucially important in cancer cell growth, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. Recently, several CSC-specific markers for pancreatic cancer have been reported, including CD133, CD24, CD44, CXCR4, EpCAM, ABCG2, c-Met, ALDH-1, and nestin, but their use is controversial. Nestin is one of the class VI intermediate filament proteins and a marker of exocrine progenitors of normal pancreatic tissue. Activated mutations of K-ras in nestin-positive progenitors of pancreatic tissue have been reported to induce cell growth in vitro and induce the formation of precancerous pancreatic lesions. We have reported that downregulation of nestin in PDAC cells inhibits liver metastasis in vivo. Nestin may modulate the invasion and metastasis of nestin-positive progenitor cells during PDAC development and may serve as a novel target for suppressing invasion and metastasis in PDAC. In this review, we summarize what is known about the correlation between PDAC and CSC markers, including nestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuda
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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21
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Bhat K, Wang F, Ma Q, Li Q, Mallik S, Hsieh TC, Wu E. Advances in biomarker research for pancreatic cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2439-51. [PMID: 22372502 PMCID: PMC3408036 DOI: 10.2174/13816128112092439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer related deaths in United States. The lack of early symptoms results in latestage detection and a high mortality rate. Currently, the only potentially curative approach for PC is surgical resection, which is often unsuccessful because the invasive and metastatic nature of the tumor masses makes their complete removal difficult. Consequently, patients suffer relapses from remaining cancer stem cells or drug resistance that eventually lead to death. To improve the survival rate, the early detection of PC is critical. Current biomarker research in PC indicates that a serum carbohydrate antigen, CA 19-9, is the only available biomarker with approximately 90% specificity to PC. However, the efficacy of CA 19-9 for assessing prognosis and monitoring patients with PC remains contentious. Thus, advances in technology and the detection of new biomarkers with high specificity to PC are needed to reduce the mortality rate of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruttika Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Fengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qinyu Li
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Tze-chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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22
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Delpu Y, Hanoun N, Lulka H, Sicard F, Selves J, Buscail L, Torrisani J, Cordelier P. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:15-24. [PMID: 21886451 PMCID: PMC3129039 DOI: 10.2174/138920211794520132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Despite significant progresses in the last decades, the origin of this cancer remains unclear and no efficient therapy exists. PDAC does not arise de novo: three remarkable different types of pancreatic lesions can evolve towards pancreatic cancer. These precursor lesions include: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) that are microscopic lesions of the pancreas, Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (IPMN) and Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms (MCN) that are both macroscopic lesions. However, the cellular origin of these lesions is still a matter of debate. Classically, neoplasm initiation or progression is driven by several genetic and epigenetic alterations. The aim of this review is to assemble the current information on genetic mutations and epigenetic disorders that affect genes during pancreatic carcinogenesis. We will further discuss the interest of the genetic and epigenetic alterations for the diagnosis and prognosis of PDAC. Large genetic alterations (chromosomal deletion/amplification) and single point mutations are well described for carcinogenesis inducers. Mutations classically occur within key regions of the genome. Consequences are various and include activation of mitogenic pathways or silencing of apoptotic processes. Alterations of K-RAS, P16 and DPC4 genes are frequently observed in PDAC samples and have been described to arise gradually during carcinogenesis. DNA methylation is an epigenetic process involved in imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. Alteration of DNA methylation patterns leads to deregulation of gene expression, in the absence of mutation. Both genetic and epigenetic events influence genes and non-coding RNA expression, with dramatic effects on proliferation, survival and invasion. Besides improvement in our fundamental understanding of PDAC development, highlighting the molecular alterations that occur in pancreatic carcinogenesis could provide new clinical tools for early diagnosis of PDAC and the molecular basis for the development of new effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Delpu
- Inserm UMR 1037- University of Toulouse III, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), BP 84225, CHU Rangeuil, Toulouse 31432, Cedex 4, France
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23
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Pancreatic cancer stem cells: new insights and perspectives. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:966-73. [PMID: 21698355 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of self-renewing cells in the hematopoietic system several decades ago, stem cells have changed the way we study biology and medicine. Solid tumors contain a distinct subpopulation of cells that have stem cell characteristics and are exclusively responsible for tumorigenicity. This discovery has led to the development of the stem cell concept of cancer, which proposes that a subpopulation of self-renewing tumor cells, also termed cancer stem cells, is responsible for tumorigenesis and metastasis. This contrasts with the stochastic model of tumor development, which holds that all tumor cells are capable of tumor initiation. Different subpopulations of cancer stem cells have been identified in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, based on the use of combinations of surface markers that allow their isolation, propagation, and further characterization. Importantly, cancer stem cells are not only capable of self-renewal and differentiation, but may also confer virulence via immune system evasion and multidrug resistance, and potentially via vasculogenic mimicry and transition to migratory and metastasizing derivatives. Therapeutic targeting of this subset of cells and the pathways defining their virulence holds great promise for the development of more effective strategies for the amelioration and eradication of this most lethal form of cancer.
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Mathews LA, Cabarcas SM, Hurt EM, Zhang X, Jaffee EM, Farrar WL. Increased expression of DNA repair genes in invasive human pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreas 2011; 40:730-9. [PMID: 21633318 PMCID: PMC3116046 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31821ae25b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States in 2010. Recurrence of disease after resection occurs because of neoplastic cell survival. To better understand these highly aggressive cells, gene expression microarrays were performed. METHODS Using the established lines HPAC and PANC1 and a Matrigel assay, genome expression arrays were performed to analyze patterns between invasive and total cells. RESULTS Significant increases in the expression of genes related to DNA repair were observed. A number of the same genes also demonstrated an increase in expression when comparing bulk cells to a putative tumor-initiating cell (TIC) population. The TIC population was isolated using the spheroid technique, and compared with bulk cells, spheroid cells functionally repair breaks in DNA faster after challenge with the drug gemcitabine. Finally, using Oncomine, we observed a significant increase in DNA copy number of BRCA1 and RAD51 in tissue isolated from metastatic pancreatic cancer compared with tissue isolated from the primary site. CONCLUSIONS From these data, we conclude that the most invasive cells within a pancreatic tumor are able to thrive because of their increased genomic stability. These cells have also been linked to the TIC population in a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Mathews
- Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Suso EMI, Dueland S, Rasmussen AM, Vetrhus T, Aamdal S, Kvalheim G, Gaudernack G. hTERT mRNA dendritic cell vaccination: complete response in a pancreatic cancer patient associated with response against several hTERT epitopes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:809-18. [PMID: 21365467 PMCID: PMC3098983 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting the hTERT subunit of telomerase has been shown to induce robust immune responses in cancer patients after vaccination with single hTERT peptides. Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with hTERT mRNA has the potential to induce strong immune responses to multiple hTERT epitopes and is therefore an attractive approach to more potent immunotherapy. Blood samples from such patients provide an opportunity for identification of new, in vivo processed T-cell epitopes that may be clinically relevant. A 62-year-old female patient underwent radical surgery for a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. After relapse, she obtained stable disease on gemcitabine treatment. Due to severe neutropenia, the chemotherapy was terminated. The patient has subsequently been treated with autologous DCs loaded with hTERT mRNA for 3 years. Immunomonitoring was performed at regular intervals following start of vaccination and clinical outcome measured by CT and PET/CT evaluation. The patient developed an immune response against several hTERT-derived Th and CTL epitopes. She presently shows no evidence of active disease based on PET/CT scans. No serious adverse events were experienced and the patient continues to receive regular booster injections. We here provide evidence for the induction of hTERT-specific immune responses following vaccination of a pancreas cancer patient with DCs loaded with hTERT mRNA. These responses are associated with complete remission. A thorough analysis of this patient immune response has provided a unique opportunity to identify novel epitopes, associated with clinical effects. These will be included in future hTERT vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else M Inderberg Suso
- Section for Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
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du Potet E, Cameron L, Habib NA, Levicar N. Cancer Stem Cells in Solid Tumors. STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-860-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Takebe N, Harris PJ, Warren RQ, Ivy SP. Targeting cancer stem cells by inhibiting Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010; 8:97-106. [PMID: 21151206 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor relapse and metastasis remain major obstacles for improving overall cancer survival, which may be due at least in part to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are characterized by tumorigenic properties and the ability to self-renew, form differentiated progeny, and develop resistance to therapy. CSCs use many of the same signaling pathways that are found in normal stem cells, such as Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog (Hh). The origin of CSCs is not fully understood, but data suggest that they originate from normal stem or progenitor cells, or possibly other cancer cells. Therapeutic targeting of both CSCs and bulk tumor populations may provide a strategy to suppress tumor regrowth. Development of agents that target critical steps in the Wnt, Notch, and Hh pathways will be complicated by signaling cross-talk. The role that embryonic signaling pathways play in the function of CSCs, the development of new anti-CSC therapeutic agents, and the complexity of potential CSC signaling cross-talk are described in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takebe
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Investigational Drug Branch, EPN7131, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Tang L, Bergevoet SM, Gilissen C, de Witte T, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA, Raymakers RAP. Hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a specific ABC transporter gene expression profile clearly distinct from other stem cells. BMC Pharmacol 2010; 10:12. [PMID: 20836839 PMCID: PMC2945345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters protect cells against unrelated (toxic) substances by pumping them across cell membranes. Earlier we showed that many ABC transporters are highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compared to more committed progenitor cells. The ABC transporter expression signature may guarantee lifelong protection of HSCs but may also preserve stem cell integrity by extrusion of agents that trigger their differentiation. Here we have studied whether non-hematopoietic stem cells (non-HSCs) exhibit a similar ABC transporter expression signature as HSCs. Results ABC transporter expression profiles were determined in non-hematopoietic stem cells (non-HSCs) from embryonic, neonatal and adult origin as well as in various mature blood cell types. Over 11,000 individual ABC transporter expression values were generated by Taqman Low Density Arrays (TLDA) to obtain a sensitivity comparable with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. We found that the vast majority of transporters are significantly higher expressed in HSCs compared to non-HSCs. Furthermore, regardless their origin, non-HSCs exhibited strikingly similar ABC transporter expression profiles that were distinct from those in HSCs. Yet, sets of transporters characteristic for different stem cell types could be identified, suggesting restricted functions in stem cell physiology. Remarkably, in HSCs we could not pinpoint any single transporter expressed at an evidently elevated level when compared to all the mature blood cell types studied. Conclusions These findings challenge the concept that individual ABC transporters are implicated in maintaining stem cell integrity. Instead, a distinct ABC transporter expression signature may be essential for stem cell function. The high expression of specific transporters in non-HSCs and mature blood cells suggests a specialized, cell type dependent function and warrants further functional experiments to determine their exact roles in cellular (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre/Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Falkowska-Hansen B, Kollar J, Grüner BM, Schanz M, Boukamp P, Siveke J, Rethwilm A, Kirschner M. An inducible Tet-Off-H2B-GFP lentiviral reporter vector for detection and in vivo isolation of label-retaining cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1885-95. [PMID: 20171964 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many regenerative cells are label-retaining cells (LRCs) due to their ability to keep a DNA label over a prolonged time. Until recently, isolation of vital LRCs was hampered due to the necessary use of fixation methods. To circumvent this, we generated a lentiviral-(HIV-1) based vector expressing a Tet-Off controlled histone 2B-GFP (Tet-Off-H2B-GFP) reporter gene for the detection and isolation of viable LRCs. In initial experiments, the vector was successfully used to infect 2- and 3-dimensional tissue culture models. Infected cultures from skin and pancreatic cells showed a very tight regulation of H2B-GFP, were sensitive to minimal amounts of doxycycline (Dox) and had a stable transgenic expression over the time of this study. Our lentiviral vector represents a reliable and easy to handle system for the successful infection, detection and isolation of LRCs from various tissues in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Falkowska-Hansen
- Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kong B, Michalski CW, Kleeff J. Tumor initiating cells in pancreatic cancer: A critical view. World J Stem Cells 2009; 1:8-10. [PMID: 21607102 PMCID: PMC3097907 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to the existence of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSC) as the culprit in the initiation, maintenance, metastasis, and treatment resistance of pancreatic cancer. The existence of such a cell population would have an important impact on the design of novel therapies against this devastating disease. However, no in vivo validation or rebuttal of the pancreatic CSC hypothesis exists. Major backlashes in the discussion on CSC are firstly, the confusion between the terms CSC and cell of origin of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), secondly the ambiguity of the cell of origin itself and thirdly, the fact that the CSC hypothesis is based on cell sorting and xenografting experiments; the latter of which often precludes solid conclusions because of the lack of a natural microenvironment and differences in drug delivery. Nonetheless, recent studies in other cancers partially support the CSC hypothesis by demonstrating a link between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation/transition (EMT) and CSC properties. Such a link is again open to dispute as EMT is a reversible process which is highly dependent on major oncogenic pathways in PDAC [e.g. K-Ras, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)] rather than on presumed cancer stem cell pathways. Hence, the available evidence does not robustly support the CSC concept in PDAC and a thorough validation of this hypothesis in well-defined genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kong
- Bo Kong, Christoph W Michalski, Jörg Kleeff, Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Roig AI, Wright WE, Shay JW. Is telomerase a novel target for metastatic colon cancer? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-009-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine, including cell-replacement strategies, may have an important role in the treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with decreased islet cell mass. To date, significant progress has been made in deriving insulin-secreting beta-like cells from human ES (embryonic stem) cells. However, the cells are not fully differentiated, and there is a long way to go before they could be used as a replenishable supply of insulin-secreting beta-cells for transplantation. For this reason, adult pancreatic stem cells are seen as an alternative source that could be expanded and differentiated ex vivo, or induced to form new islets in situ. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Mato et al. used drug selection to purify a population of stellate cells from explant cultures of pancreas from lactating rats. The selected cells express some stem-cell markers and can be grown for over 2 years as a fibroblast-like monolayer. When plated on extracellular matrix, along with a cocktail of growth factors that included insulin, transferrin, selenium and the GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) analogue exendin-4, the cells differentiated into cells that expressed many of the phenotypic markers characteristic of a beta-cell, and exhibited an insulin-secretory response, albeit weak, to glucose. The ability to purify this cell population opens up the possibility of unravelling the mechanisms that control self-renewal and differentiation of pancreatic cells that share some of the properties of stem cells.
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