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Wu X, Liu H, Wang J, Zhang S, Hu Q, Wang T, Cui W, Shi Y, Bai H, Zhou J, Han L, Li L, Zhao T, Wu Y, Luo J, Feng D, Guo W, Ge S, Qu Y. The m 6A methyltransferase METTL3 drives neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity through stabilizing BATF mRNA in microglia. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01329-y. [PMID: 38902548 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent neuroinflammation and progressive neuronal loss are defining features of acute brain injury including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebral stroke. Microglia, the most abundant type of brain-resident immune cells, continuously surveil the environment and play a central role in shaping the inflammatory state of the central nervous system (CNS). In the study, we discovered that the protein expression of METTL3 (a m6A methyltransferase) was upregulated in inflammatory microglia independent of increased Mettl3 gene transcription following TBI in both human and mouse subjects. Subsequently, we identified TRIP12, a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a negative regulator of METTL3 protein expression by facilitating METTL3 K48-linked polyubiquitination. Importantly, selective ablation of Mettl3 inhibited microglial pathogenic activities, diminished neutrophil infiltration, rescued neuronal loss and facilitated functional recovery post-TBI. Using MeRIP-seq and CUT&Tag sequencing, we identified that METTL3 promoted the expression of Basic Leucine Zipper Transcriptional Factor ATF-Like (BATF), which in turn directly bound to a cohort of characteristic inflammatory cytokines and chemokine genes. Enhanced activities of BATF in microglia elicited TNF-dependent neurotoxicity and can also promote neutrophil recruitment through releasing CXCL2. Pharmacological inhibition of METTL3 using a BBB-penetrating drug-loaded nano-system showed satisfactory therapeutic effects in both TBI and stroke mouse models. Collectively, our findings identified METTL3-m6A-BATF axis as a potential therapeutic target for terminating detrimental neuroinflammation and progressive neuronal loss following acute brain injury. METTL3 protein is significantly up-regulated in inflammatory microglia due to the decreased proteasomal degradation mediated by TRIP12 and ERK-USP5 pathways. METTL3 stabilized BATF mRNA stability and promoted BATF expression through the m6A-IGF2BP2-dependent mechanism. Elevated expression of BATF elicits a pro-inflammatory gene program in microglia, and aggravates neuroinflammatory response including local immune responses and peripheral immune cell infiltration. Genetic deletion or pharmaceutically targeting METTL3-BATF axis suppressed microglial pro-inflammatory activities and promoted neurological recovery following TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tinghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxing Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingwu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leiyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianzhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianing Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Nitta Y, Kurioka T, Mogi S, Sano H, Yamashita T. Suppression of the TGF-β signaling exacerbates degeneration of auditory neurons in kanamycin-induced ototoxicity in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10910. [PMID: 38740884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a significant role in multiple biological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cell death. However, its specific impact on the cochlea remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of TGF-β signaling suppression on auditory function and cochlear pathology in mice with kanamycin-induced ototoxicity. Kanamycin and furosemide (KM-FS) were systemically administered to 8-week-old C57/BL6 mice, followed by immediate topical application of a TGF-β receptor inhibitor (TGF-βRI) onto the round window membrane. Results showed significant TGF-β receptor upregulation in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) after KM-FA ototoxicity, whereas expression levels in the TGF-βRI treated group remained unchanged. Interestingly, despite no significant change in cochlear TGF-β expression after KM-FS ototoxicity, TGF-βRI treatment resulted in a significant decrease in TGF-β signaling. Regarding auditory function, TGF-βRI treatment offered no therapeutic effects on hearing thresholds and hair cell survival following KM-FS ototoxicity. However, SGN loss and macrophage infiltration were significantly increased with TGF-βRI treatment. These results imply that inhibition of TGF-β signaling after KM-FS ototoxicity promotes cochlear inflammation and SGN degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nitta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Takaomi Kurioka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Sachiyo Mogi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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Lepiarz-Raba I, Hidayat T, Hannan AJ, Jawaid A. Potential Alzheimer's disease drug targets identified through microglial biology research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:587-602. [PMID: 38590098 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2335210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microglia, the primary immune cells in the brain, play multifaceted roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia can potentially mitigate the pathological progression of AD by clearing amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits in the brain and through neurotrophic support. In contrast, disproportionate activation of microglial pro-inflammatory pathways, as well as excessive elimination of healthy synapses, can exacerbate neurodegeneration in AD. The challenge, therefore, lies in discerning the precise regulation of the contrasting microglial properties to harness their therapeutic potential in AD. AREAS COVERED This review examines the evidence relevant to the disease-modifying effects of microglial manipulators in AD preclinical models. The deleterious pro-inflammatory effects of microglia in AD can be ameliorated via direct suppression or indirectly through metabolic manipulation, epigenetic targeting, and modulation of the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, microglial clearance of Aβ deposits in AD can be enhanced via strategically targeting microglial membrane receptors, lysosomal functions, and metabolism. EXPERT OPINION Given the intricate and diverse nature of microglial responses throughout the course of AD, therapeutic interventions directed at microglia warrant a tactical approach. This could entail employing therapeutic regimens, which concomitantly suppress pro-inflammatory microglial responses while selectively enhancing Aβ phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lepiarz-Raba
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Exposures and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), Braincity: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Taufik Hidayat
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Exposures and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), Braincity: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ali Jawaid
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Exposures and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), Braincity: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Tanaka K, Choudhury ME, Kikuchi S, Takeda I, Umakoshi K, Miyaue N, Mikami K, Takenaga A, Yagi H, Shinabe R, Matsumoto H, Yano H, Nagai M, Takeba J, Tanaka J. A dopamine D1-like receptor-specific agonist improves the survival of septic mice. iScience 2024; 27:109587. [PMID: 38623339 PMCID: PMC11016908 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a murine sepsis model was developed using the cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) technique. The expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the brain increased 6 h after CLP but decreased 24 h later when elevated endogenous dopamine levels in the brain were sustained. Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride reduced dopamine levels in the striatum and increased mortality in septic mice. Dopamine D1-like receptors were significantly expressed in the brain, but not in the lungs. Intraperitoneally administered SKF-81297 (SKF), a blood-brain barrier-permeable D1-like receptor agonist, prevented CLP-induced death of septic mice with ameliorated acute lung injury and cognitive dysfunction and suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β expression. The D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of SKF. These data suggest that D1-like receptor-mediated signals in the brain prevent CLP-induced inflammation in both the brain and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tanaka
- Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasugamachi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0024, Japan
- Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mohammed E. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
- Division of Multicellular Circuit Dynamics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Umakoshi
- Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasugamachi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0024, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyaue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ayane Takenaga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Harumichi Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Rintaro Shinabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsumoto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jun Takeba
- Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Xu JC, Chen ZY, Huang XJ, Wu J, Huang H, Niu LF, Wang HL, Li JH, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Lu SH, Fan XY. Multi-omics analysis reveals that linoleic acid metabolism is associated with variations of trained immunity induced by distinct BCG strains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8093. [PMID: 38578989 PMCID: PMC10997199 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Trained immunity is one of the mechanisms by which BCG vaccination confers persistent nonspecific protection against diverse diseases. Genomic differences between the different BCG vaccine strains that are in global use could result in variable protection against tuberculosis and therapeutic effects on bladder cancer. In this study, we found that four representative BCG strains (BCG-Russia, BCG-Sweden, BCG-China, and BCG-Pasteur) covering all four genetic clusters differed in their ability to induce trained immunity and nonspecific protection. The trained immunity induced by BCG was associated with the Akt-mTOR-HIF1α axis, glycolysis, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Multi-omics analysis (epigenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics) showed that linoleic acid metabolism was correlated with the trained immunity-inducing capacity of different BCG strains. Linoleic acid participated in the induction of trained immunity and could act as adjuvants to enhance BCG-induced trained immunity, revealing a trained immunity-inducing signaling pathway that could be used in the adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang-Fei Niu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shui-hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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He Q, Wang Y, Fang C, Feng Z, Yin M, Huang J, Ma Y, Mo Z. Advancing stroke therapy: A deep dive into early phase of ischemic stroke and recanalization. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14634. [PMID: 38379112 PMCID: PMC10879038 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, accounting for the majority of stroke events, significantly contributes to global morbidity and mortality. Vascular recanalization therapies, namely intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, have emerged as critical interventions, yet their success hinges on timely application and patient-specific factors. This review focuses on the early phase pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke and the nuances of recanalization. It highlights the dual role of neutrophils in tissue damage and repair, and the critical involvement of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in stroke outcomes. Special emphasis is placed on ischemia-reperfusion injury, characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which paradoxically exacerbates cerebral damage post-revascularization. The review also explores the potential of targeting molecular pathways involved in BBB integrity and inflammation to enhance the efficacy of recanalization therapies. By synthesizing current research, this paper aims to provide insights into optimizing treatment protocols and developing adjuvant neuroprotective strategies, thereby advancing stroke therapy and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan He
- Department of Neurology, Stroke CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityJilinChina
- Institute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Cheng Fang
- Institute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Ziying Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Meifang Yin
- Institute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Juyang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine and BiotechnologyShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zhizhun Mo
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalThe Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhenGuangdongChina
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Wei W, Zhang L, Xin W, Pan Y, Tatenhorst L, Hao Z, Gerner ST, Huber S, Juenemann M, Butz M, Huttner HB, Bähr M, Fitzner D, Jia F, Doeppner TR. TREM2 regulates microglial lipid droplet formation and represses post-ischemic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115962. [PMID: 38042110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor protein predominantly expressed in microglia within the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 regulates multiple microglial functions, including lipid metabolism, immune reaction, inflammation, and microglial phagocytosis. Recent studies have found that TREM2 is highly expressed in activated microglia after ischemic stroke. However, the role of TREM2 in the pathologic response after stroke remains unclear. Herein, TREM2-deficient microglia exhibit an impaired phagocytosis rate and cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation, leading to lipid droplet formation and upregulation of Perilipin-2 (PLIN2) expression after hypoxia. Knockdown of TREM2 results in increased lipid synthesis (PLIN2, SOAT1) and decreased cholesterol clearance and lipid hydrolysis (LIPA, ApoE, ABCA1, NECH1, and NPC2), further impacting microglial phenotypes. In these lipid droplet-rich microglia, the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway is downregulated, driving microglia towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Meanwhile, in a neuron-microglia co-culture system under hypoxic conditions, we found that microglia lost their protective effect against neuronal injury and apoptosis when TREM2 was knocked down. Under in vivo conditions, TREM2 knockdown mice express lower TGF-β1 expression levels and a lower number of anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype microglia, resulting in increased cerebral infarct size, exacerbated neuronal apoptosis, and aggravated neuronal impairment. Our work suggests that TREM2 attenuates stroke-induced neuroinflammation by modulating the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. TREM2 may play a direct role in the regulation of inflammation and also exert an influence on the post-ischemic inflammation and the stroke pathology progression via regulation of lipid metabolism processes. Thus, underscoring the therapeutic potential of TREM2 agonists in ischemic stroke and making TREM2 an attractive new clinical target for the treatment of ischemic stroke and other inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhongnan Hao
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Juenemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marius Butz
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Feng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Nantong First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Izquierdo-Altarejos P, Moreno-Manzano V, Felipo V. Pathological and therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:55-61. [PMID: 37488844 PMCID: PMC10479838 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins, microRNAs, mRNAs, and other bioactive molecules. Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulation of the immune system and neuroinflammation. The cargo of extracellular vesicles (e.g., proteins and microRNAs) is altered in pathological situations. Extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of many pathologies associated with sustained inflammation and neuroinflammation, including cancer, diabetes, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy, and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier and transfer pathological signals from the periphery to the brain. This contributes to inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive and motor impairment in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy and in neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms involved are beginning to be understood. For example, increased tumor necrosis factor α in extracellular vesicles from plasma of hyperammonemic rats induces neuroinflammation and motor impairment when injected into normal rats. Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases will help to develop new treatments and diagnostic tools for their easy and early detection. In contrast, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic utility in many of the above pathologies, by reducing inflammation and neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor function. These extracellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and have advantages as therapeutic tools: they are less immunogenic, may not differentiate to malignant cells, cross the blood-brain barrier, and may reach more easily target organs. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have beneficial effects in models of ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, hyperammonemia, and hepatic encephalopathy. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the immune system, promoting the shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. For example, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the Th17/Treg balance, promoting the anti-inflammatory Treg. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells may also act directly in the brain to modulate microglia activation, promoting a shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function. Two main components of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells which contribute to these beneficial effects are transforming growth factor-β and miR-124. Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells induce the beneficial effects and the main molecules (e.g., proteins and mRNAs) involved may help to improve their therapeutic utility. The aims of this review are to summarize the knowledge of the pathological effects of extracellular vesicles in different pathologies, the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells to recover cognitive and motor function and the molecular mechanisms for these beneficial effects on neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Lin D, Sun Y, Wang Y, Yang D, Shui M, Wang Y, Xue Z, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wu A, Wei C. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Ameliorates Microglial Activation in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3512-3524. [PMID: 37470907 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a common complication of surgery and anesthesia, especially among older patients. Microglial activation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of PND and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) can regulate microglial homeostasis. In the present study, abdominal surgery was performed on 12-14 months-old C57BL/6 mice to establish a PND model. The expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β receptor 1, TGF-β receptor 2, and phosphor-smad2/smad3 (psmad2/smad3) was assessed after anesthesia and surgery. Additionally, we examined changes in microglial activation, morphology, and polarization, as well as neuroinflammation and dendritic spine density in the hippocampus. Behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze and open field tests, were used to examine cognitive function, exploratory locomotion, and emotions. We observed decreased TGF-β1 expression after surgery and anesthesia. Intranasally administered exogenous TGF-β1 increased psmad2/smad3 colocalization with microglia positive for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1. TGF-β1 treatment attenuated microglial activation, reduced microglial phagocytosis, and reduced surgery- and anesthesia-induced changes in microglial morphology. Compared with the surgery group, TGF-β1 treatment decreased M1 microglial polarization and increased M2 microglial polarization. Additionally, surgery- and anesthesia-induced increase in interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels was ameliorated by TGF-β1 treatment at postoperative day 3. TGF-β1 also ameliorated cognitive function after surgery and anesthesia as well as rescue dendritic spine loss. In conclusion, surgery and anesthesia induced decrease in TGF-β1 levels in older mice, which may contribute to PND development; however, TGF-β1 ameliorated microglial activation and cognitive dysfunction in PND mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Min Shui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ziyi Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Anshi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Changwei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti Nanlu, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Chen X, Yang G, Zhan J, Li S, He F, Fan G. Mesoporous silica-based nanocarriers with dual response to pH and ROS for enhanced anti-inflammation therapy of 5-demethylnobiletin against psoriasis-like lesions. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123373. [PMID: 37673281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease accompanied with chronic papulosquamous lesions and multiple comorbidities that considerably affect patients' quality of life. In order to develop an enhanced therapeutic strategy for psoriasis, 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DN), a kind of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) with high anti-inflammatory activity, was delivered in vitro and in vivo by the nanocarrier of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) both in the human keratinocytes HaCaT cell line and the mouse model with psoriasis-like lesions. The drug-loaded nanocarrier system (MSNs@5-DN) significantly improved the biocompatibility and bioavailability of 5-DN. Investigations at cell biological, histopathological, and molecular levels revealed the pharmacological mechanism of the drug delivery system, including the inhibition of inflammatory responses by downregulating the proinflammatory cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The upregulation of anti‑inflammatory cytokine of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and microRNA-17-5p, a critical regulator of the PTEN/AKT pathway, was also observed. The psoriasis-like lesions were markedly ameliorated in the mouse models treated with MSNs@5-DN. The designed drug-loading system shows an enhanced therapeutic outcome for psoriasis-like lesion compared with free 5-DN. This study revealed the synergistic effect of functionalized MSNs loaded with PMFs on the clinical treatment of human psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Guliang Yang
- National Research Center of Rice Deep Process and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Feng He
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, PR China.
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, PR China.
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11
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Takeda H, Nakajima Y, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe I, Miyoshi S, Nagashio K, Sekine H, Motohashi H, Yano H, Tanaka J. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effect of a classical hypnotic bromovalerylurea mediated by the activation of NRF2. J Biochem 2023; 174:131-142. [PMID: 37039781 PMCID: PMC10372716 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (KEAP1-NRF2) system plays a central role in redox homeostasis and inflammation control. Oxidative stress or electrophilic compounds promote NRF2 stabilization and transcriptional activity by negatively regulating its inhibitor, KEAP1. We have previously reported that bromovalerylurea (BU), originally developed as a hypnotic, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory disease models. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its effect remains uncertain. Herein, we found that by real-time multicolor luciferase assay using stable luciferase red3 (SLR3) and green-emitting emerald luciferase (ELuc), BU potentiates NRF2-dependent transcription in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 cells, which lasted for more than 60 h. Further analysis revealed that BU promotes NRF2 accumulation and the transcription of its downstream cytoprotective genes in the HepG2 and the murine microglial cell line BV2. Keap1 knockdown did not further enhance NRF2 activity, suggesting that BU upregulates NRF2 by targeting KEAP1. Knockdown of Nfe2l2 in BV2 cells diminished the suppressive effects of BU on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, like nitric oxide (NO) and its synthase NOS2, indicating the involvement of NRF2 in the anti-inflammatory effects of BU. These data collectively suggest that BU could be repurposed as a novel NRF2 activator to control inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- Abbreviations: ARE, antioxidant responsive element; BU, bromovalerylurea; CCL2, C-C motif chemokine 2; DMF, dimethyl fumarate; GCLC, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GCLM, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit; GSS, glutathione synthetase; GSH, glutathione; Hmox-1, heme oxygenase-1; IL-1β, interluekin-1β; IL-6, interluekin-6; JAK, Janus kinase; KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein; NO, nitric oxide; NOS2, NO synthase 2; NRE, NF-κB responsive element; NQO-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2; TXNRD, thioredoxin–disulfide reductase; ROS, reactive oxygen species
- KEAP1–NRF2
- anti-inflammation
- anti-oxidant oxygen
- bromovalerylurea
- drug action toxins/drugs/xenobiotics
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2 217-14, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0301, Japan
| | - Teruaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Itaru Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shoko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kodai Nagashio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sekine
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, 454, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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12
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Abd Elmaaboud MA, Awad MM, El-Shaer RAA, Kabel AM. The immunomodulatory effects of ethosuximide and sodium butyrate on experimentally induced fibromyalgia: The interaction between IL-4, synaptophysin, and TGF-β1/NF-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110061. [PMID: 36989891 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fibromyalgia is a widespread chronic pain syndrome associated with several comorbid conditions that affect the quality of patients' life. Its pathogenesis is complex, and the treatment strategies are limited by partial efficacy and potential adverse effects. So, our aim was to investigate the possible ameliorative effects of ethosuximide and sodium butyrate on fibromyalgia and compare their effects to pregabalin. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a mouse model of reserpine induced fibromyalgia, the effect of ethosuximide, sodium butyrate, and pregabalin was investigated. Evaluation of mechanical allodynia, cold hypersensitivity, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and depression was performed. Also, the brain and spinal cord tissue serotonin, dopamine and glutamate in addition to the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were assayed. Moreover, the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) synaptophysin was immunoassayed in the hippocampal tissues. KEY FINDINGS Ethosuximide and sodium butyrate restored the behavioral tests to the normal values except for the antidepressant effect which was evident only with ethosuximide. Both drugs elevated the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β1, reduced the hippocampal NF-κB, and increased synaptophysin expression with superiority of sodium butyrate. Ethosuximide reduced only spinal cord and brain glutamate while improved brain dopamine while sodium butyrate elevated spinal cord dopamine and serotonin with no effect on glutamate. Also, sodium butyrate elevated brain serotonin and reduced glutamate with no effect on brain dopamine. SIGNIFICANCE Each of sodium butyrate and ethosuximide would serve as a promising therapeutic modality for management of fibromyalgia and its comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa M Awad
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rehab A A El-Shaer
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Kabel
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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13
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Kuffler DP. Evolving techniques for reducing phantom limb pain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:561-572. [PMID: 37158119 PMCID: PMC10350801 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231168150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
At least two million people in the United States of America live with lost limbs, and the number is expected to double by 2050, although the incidence of amputations is significantly greater in other parts of the world. Within days to weeks of the amputation, up to 90% of these individuals develop neuropathic pain, presenting as phantom limb pain (PLP). The pain level increases significantly within one year and remains chronic and severe for about 10%. Amputation-induced changes are considered to underlie the causation of PLP. Techniques applied to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are designed to reverse amputation-induced changes, thereby reducing/eliminating PLP. The primary treatment for PLP is the administration of pharmacological agents, some of which are considered but provide no more than short-term pain relief. Alternative techniques are also discussed, which provide only short-term pain relief. Changes induced by various cells and the factors they release are required to change neurons and their environment to reduce/eliminate PLP. It is concluded that novel techniques that utilize autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may provide long-term PLP reduction/elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00901, Puerto Rico
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14
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Hernandez-Espinosa DR, Gale JR, Scrabis MG, Aizenman E. Microglial reprogramming by Hv1 antagonism protects neurons from inflammatory and glutamate toxicity. J Neurochem 2023; 165:29-54. [PMID: 36625847 PMCID: PMC10106429 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the precise mechanisms determining the neurotoxic or neuroprotective activation phenotypes in microglia remain poorly characterized, metabolic changes in these cells appear critical for these processes. As cellular metabolism can be tightly regulated by changes in intracellular pH, we tested whether pharmacological targeting of the microglial voltage-gated proton channel 1 (Hv1), an important regulator of intracellular pH, is critical for activated microglial reprogramming. Using a mouse microglial cell line and mouse primary microglia cultures, either alone, or co-cultured with rat cerebrocortical neurons, we characterized in detail the microglial activation profile in the absence and presence of Hv1 inhibition. We observed that activated microglia neurotoxicity was mainly attributable to the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, reactive oxygen species, and zinc. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of Hv1 largely abrogated inflammatory neurotoxicity not only by reducing the production of cytotoxic mediators but also by promoting neurotrophic molecule production and restraining excessive phagocytic activity. Importantly, the Hv1-sensitive change from a pro-inflammatory to a neuroprotective phenotype was associated with metabolic reprogramming, particularly via a boost in NADH availability and a reduction in lactate. Most critically, Hv1 antagonism not only reduced inflammatory neurotoxicity but also promoted microglia-dependent neuroprotection against a separate excitotoxic injury. Our results strongly suggest that Hv1 blockers may provide an important therapeutic tool against a wide range of inflammatory neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hernandez-Espinosa
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna R Gale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mia G Scrabis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Possemato E, La Barbera L, Nobili A, Krashia P, D'Amelio M. The role of dopamine in NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101907. [PMID: 36893920 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Central Nervous System (CNS), neuroinflammation orchestrated by microglia and astrocytes is an innate immune response to counteract stressful and dangerous insults. One of the most important and best characterized players in the neuroinflammatory response is the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiproteic complex composed by NOD-like receptor family Pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and pro-caspase-1. Different stimuli mediate NLRP3 activation, resulting in the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-18) maturation and secretion. The persistent and uncontrolled NLRP3 inflammasome activation has a leading role during the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD). The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is one of the players that negatively modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation through DA receptors expressed in both microglia and astrocytes. This review summarizes recent findings linking the role of DA in the modulation of NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in PD and AD, where early deficits of the dopaminergic system are well characterized. Highlighting the relationship between DA, its glial receptors and the NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation can provide insights to novel diagnostic strategies in early disease phases and new pharmacological tools to delay the progression of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Possemato
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia La Barbera
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Paraskevi Krashia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Li G, Li M, Yu D, Sun W. Effect of high-pathogenicity island (HPI) on TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in mouse model of E. coli strains causing diarrhea in calf. Res Vet Sci 2023; 156:1-6. [PMID: 36706696 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated pathogenic effect of TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in mouse model after infecting them with HPI+ and HPI- strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) which were isolated from diarrhea in calves. METHODS Kunming mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group, HPI+-infection group and HPI--infection group. After intraperitoneal injection of HPI strains of E. coli (concentration: 3 × 108 cfu/mL) in mice, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents were detected at 12 h post infection. The sections of liver and kidney were obtained for histopathological observations. Propidium iodide and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining was used to analyze the cell apoptosis. The immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative real time PCR (q-PCR) were performed for evaluating the protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β1, Collagen I and Smad3. The histological change and PI staining of liver and kidney showed significant injuries. Compared with the control group, the serum ALT and AST activities and TNF-α and IL-6 contents of mice in the HPI+ and HPI- groups were increased, number of apoptotic cells and expression of TGF-β1, Collagen Iand Smad3 were up-regulated after E. coli infection in liver and kidney, which was significantly increased in HPI+-infected compared to HPI-. CONCLUSION The study concludes that E. coli HPI induced and enhanced the over expression of TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway and ultimately caused pathological anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Maohui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Changchun Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changchun, Jilin 130118,China
| | - Wuwen Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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17
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Caruso G, Privitera A, Saab MW, Musso N, Maugeri S, Fidilio A, Privitera AP, Pittalà A, Jolivet RB, Lanzanò L, Lazzarino G, Caraci F, Amorini AM. Characterization of Carnosine Effect on Human Microglial Cells under Basal Conditions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020474. [PMID: 36831010 PMCID: PMC9953171 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of microglia is fundamental for the regulation of numerous physiological processes including brain development, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis, and its deviation from homeostasis can lead to pathological conditions, including numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Carnosine is a naturally occurring molecule with well-characterized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, able to modulate the response and polarization of immune cells and ameliorate their cellular energy metabolism. The better understanding of microglia characteristics under basal physiological conditions, as well as the possible modulation of the mechanisms related to its response to environmental challenges and/or pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant stimuli, are of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we assessed the activity of carnosine on human HMC3 microglial cells, first investigating the effects of increasing concentrations of carnosine on cell viability. When used at a concentration of 20 mM, carnosine led to a decrease of cell viability, paralleled by gene expression increase and decrease, respectively, of interleukin 6 and heme oxygenase 1. When using the maximal non-toxic concentration (10 mM), carnosine decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, with no changes in the intracellular levels of superoxide ion. The characterization of energy metabolism of HMC3 microglial cells under basal conditions, never reported before, demonstrated that it is mainly based on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, paralleled by a high rate of biosynthetic reactions. The exposure of HMC3 cells to carnosine seems to ameliorate microglia energy state, as indicated by the increase in the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio and energy charge potential. The improvement of cell energy metabolism mediated by 10 mM carnosine could represent a useful protective weapon in the case of human microglia undergoing stressing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957385036
| | - Anna Privitera
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Miriam Wissam Saab
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maugeri
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Pittalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Renaud Blaise Jolivet
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2 Promotes Microglial Invasion: A Link to Microgliosis in the Parkinson's Disease Brain. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010055. [PMID: 36672037 PMCID: PMC9857073 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia potentially cause neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD, but the modulator of microglial release of MMP-9 remains obscure. Given the modulatory effect of chloride intracellular channel protein 2 (CLIC2) on MMPs, we aimed to determine the role of CLIC2 in regulating microglial MMP expression and activation. We found that CLIC2 is expressed in microglia and neurons in rat brain tissue and focused on the function of CLIC2 in primary cultured microglia. Exposure to recombinant CLIC2 protein enhanced microglial invasion activity, and its knockdown abolished this activity. Moreover, increased activation of MMP-9 was confirmed by the addition of the CLIC2 protein, and CLIC2 knockdown eliminated this activation. Additionally, increased expression of CLIC2 was observed in PD-modeled tissue. In conclusion, CLIC2 increases MMP-9 activity in the microglia, which are involved in PD pathogenesis.
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Wang Z, Wang X, Liao Y, Chen G, Xu K. Immune response treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells after stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:991379. [PMID: 36203971 PMCID: PMC9530191 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.991379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is an effective treatment for ischemic stroke. However, only a small part of patients could benefit from it. Therefore, finding a new treatment is necessary. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) provide a novel strategy for stroke patients. Now, many patients take stem cells to treat stroke. However, the researches of the precise inflammatory mechanism of cell replacement treatment are still rare. In this review, we summarize the immune response of BMSCs treated to stroke and may provide a new perspective for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yidong Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guangtang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Kaya Xu
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20
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Matsumoto S, Choudhury ME, Takeda H, Sato A, Kihara N, Mikami K, Inoue A, Yano H, Watanabe H, Kumon Y, Kunieda T, Tanaka J. Microglial re-modeling contributes to recovery from ischemic injury of rat brain: A study using a cytokine mixture containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:941363. [PMID: 35968363 PMCID: PMC9366522 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.941363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and permanent disability. Chronic stroke lesions increase gradually due to the secondary neuroinflammation that occurs following acute ischemic neuronal degeneration. In this study, the ameliorating effect of a cytokine mixture consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 was evaluated on ischemic brain injury using a rat stroke model prepared by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The mixture reduced infarct volume and ameliorated ischemia-induced motor and cognitive dysfunctions. Sorted microglia cells from the ischemic hemisphere of rats administered the mixture showed reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β at 3 days post-reperfusion. On flow cytometric analysis, the expression of CD86, a marker of pro-inflammatory type microglia, was suppressed, and the expression of CD163, a marker of tissue-repairing type microglia, was increased by the cytokine treatment. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry data showed that the cytokines increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in neurons in the ischemic lesion. Thus, the present study demonstrated that cytokine treatment markedly suppressed neurodegeneration during the chronic phase in the rat stroke model. The neuroprotective effects may be mediated by phenotypic changes of microglia that presumably lead to increased expression of Bcl-xL in ischemic lesions, while enhancing neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirabe Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shirabe Matsumoto,
| | - Mohammed E. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
- Mohammed E. Choudhury,
| | - Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Arisa Sato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Nanako Kihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Akihiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kumon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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21
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Neag MA, Mitre AO, Burlacu CC, Inceu AI, Mihu C, Melincovici CS, Bichescu M, Buzoianu AD. miRNA Involvement in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:901360. [PMID: 35757539 PMCID: PMC9226476 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.901360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is a debilitating medical condition, currently with only a limited amount of therapies aimed at protecting the cerebral parenchyma. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that via the RNA-induced silencing complex either degrade or prevent target messenger RNAs from being translated and thus, can modulate the synthesis of target proteins. In the neurological field, miRNAs have been evaluated as potential regulators in brain development processes and pathological events. Following ischemic hypoxic stress, the cellular and molecular events initiated dysregulate different miRNAs, responsible for long-terming progression and extension of neuronal damage. Because of their ability to regulate the synthesis of target proteins, miRNAs emerge as a possible therapeutic strategy in limiting the neuronal damage following a cerebral ischemic event. This review aims to summarize the recent literature evidence of the miRNAs involved in signaling and modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries, thus pointing their potential in limiting neuronal damage and repair mechanisms. An in-depth overview of the molecular pathways involved in ischemia reperfusion injury and the involvement of specific miRNAs, could provide future perspectives in the development of neuroprotective agents targeting these specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Adriana Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei-Otto Mitre
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Andreea-Ioana Inceu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carina Mihu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen-Stanca Melincovici
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius Bichescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca-Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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22
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Mostajeran M, Edvinsson L, Ahnstedt H, Arkelius K, Ansar S. Repair-related molecular changes during recovery phase of ischemic stroke in female rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:23. [PMID: 35413803 PMCID: PMC9004052 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some degree of spontaneous recovery is usually observed after stroke. Experimental studies have provided information about molecular mechanisms underlying this recovery. However, the majority of pre-clinical stroke studies are performed in male rodents, and females are not well studied. This is a clear discrepancy when considering the clinical situation. Thus, it is important to include females in the evaluation of recovery mechanisms for future therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate spontaneous recovery and molecular mechanisms involved in the recovery phase two weeks after stroke in female rats. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in female Wistar rats using a filament model. Neurological functions were assessed up to day 14 after stroke. Protein expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, neuronal specific nuclei protein (NeuN), nestin, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Tie-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and Akt were evaluated in the peri-infarct and ischemic core compared to contralateral side of the brain at day 14 by western blot. Expression of TGF-β in middle cerebral arteries was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Spontaneous recovery after stroke was observed from day 2 to day 14 and was accompanied by a significantly higher expression of nestin, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2 and TGF-β in ischemic regions compared to contralateral side at day 14. In addition, a significantly higher expression of TGF-β was observed in occluded versus non-occluded middle cerebral arteries. The expression of Tie-2 and IL-10 did not differ between the ischemic and contralateral sides. CONCLUSION Spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke in female rats was coincided by a difference observed in the expression of molecular markers. The alteration of these markers might be of importance to address future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mostajeran
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kajsa Arkelius
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Saema Ansar
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Tada S, Choudhury ME, Kubo M, Ando R, Tanaka J, Nagai M. Zonisamide Ameliorates Microglial Mitochondriopathy in Parkinson’s Disease Models. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020268. [PMID: 35204031 PMCID: PMC8870529 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and exacerbated neuroinflammation are critical factors in the pathogenesis of both familial and non-familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aims to understand the possible ameliorative effects of zonisamide on microglial mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. We prepared 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) co-treated mouse models of PD to investigate the effects of zonisamide on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in microglial cells. Consequently, we utilised a mouse BV2 cell line that is commonly used for microglial studies to determine whether zonisamide could ameliorate LPS-treated mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia. Flow cytometry assay indicated that zonisamide abolished microglial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in PD models. Extracellular flux assays showed that LPS exposure to BV2 cells at 1 μg/mL drastically reduced the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Zonisamide overcame the inhibitory effects of LPS on mitochondrial OCR. Our present data provide novel evidence on the ameliorative effect of zonisamide against microglial mitochondrial dysfunction and support its clinical use as an antiparkinsonian drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan; (S.T.); (M.K.); (R.A.)
| | - Mohammed E. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan; (M.E.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Madoka Kubo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan; (S.T.); (M.K.); (R.A.)
| | - Rina Ando
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan; (S.T.); (M.K.); (R.A.)
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan; (M.E.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan; (S.T.); (M.K.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-960-5095; Fax: +81-89-960-5938
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24
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Liu YC, Hsiao HT, Wang JCF, Wen TC, Chen SL. TGF-β1 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid can be used as a biological indicator of chronic pain in patients with osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262074. [PMID: 35061744 PMCID: PMC8782532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can impact the intensity of pain in rodents. However, the roles of cytokines, TGF-β1 and BDNF in humans with chronic pain in osteoarthritis remains unclear, and no comparison between plasma and central cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) has been conducted. Methods Patients with osteoarthritis who were scheduled to receive spinal anesthesia were enrolled. The intensity of pain was evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, patients with genitourinary system (GU) diseases and without obvious pain (VAS 0–1) were included as a comparison (control) group. The levels of TGF-β1, BDNF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-8 within the CSF and plasma were collected and evaluated before surgery. Results The plasma and CSF TGF-β1 levels were significantly lower in the osteoarthritis patients with pain (VAS ≥ 3) than in the GU control patients. Downregulation of plasma BDNF was also found in osteoarthritis patients with pain. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that the VAS pain scores were significantly negatively correlated with the levels of TGF-β1 in the CSF of patients with osteoarthritis. However, there was no significant correlations between the pain scores and the levels of BDNF, TNF-α, and IL-8 in either the CSF or plasma. Conclusions TGF-β1 but not BDNF, TNF-α, or IL-8 may be an important biological indicator in the CSF of osteoarthritis patients with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKU), College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Hsiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKU), College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey Chi-Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKU), College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Cheng Wen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine & M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Huang W, Tao Y, Zhang X, Zhang X. TGF-β1/SMADs signaling involved in alleviating inflammation induced by nanoparticulate titanium dioxide in BV2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 80:105303. [PMID: 34990773 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing safety concerns accompanying the widespread use of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2). It has been demonstrated that nano-TiO2 can cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain, causing damage to the nervous system, consisting mainly of neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Several studies have linked the TGF-β1/SMADs signaling to the development of inflammatory response in various organs. However, no studies have connected the induction of microglial inflammation by nano-TiO2 to this signaling. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of TGF-β1/SMADs signaling in microglia inflammatory response induced by nano-TiO2. The results showed that nano-TiO2 increased the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α) and decreased the expressions of TGF-β1 and SMAD1/2/3 proteins in BV2 cells. When TGF-β1/SMADs signaling was inhibited, the inflammatory effect induced by nano-TiO2 increased, suggesting a suppressive effect of this signaling on the inflammation. In addition, exogenous TGF-β1 upregulated the expressions of TGF-β1 and SMADs1/2/3 proteins as well as decreased the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α) compared to BV2 cells treated with only nano-TiO2. Our results suggest that nano-TiO2 may inhibit the TGF-β1/SMADs signaling by suppressing the intracellular secretion of active TGF-β1, leading to microglial activation and the induction or exacerbation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Huang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Tao
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Zhang L, Wei W, Ai X, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Extracellular vesicles from hypoxia-preconditioned microglia promote angiogenesis and repress apoptosis in stroke mice via the TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1068. [PMID: 34753919 PMCID: PMC8578653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic transplantation of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-preconditioned primary microglia enhances neurological recovery in rodent stroke models, albeit the underlying mechanisms have not been sufficiently addressed. Herein, we analyzed whether or not extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from such microglia are the biological mediators of these observations and which signaling pathways are involved in the process. Exposing bEnd.3 endothelial cells (ECs) and primary cortical neurons to OGD, the impact of EVs from OGD-preconditioned microglia on angiogenesis and neuronal apoptosis by the tube formation assay and TUNEL staining was assessed. Under these conditions, EV treatment stimulated both angiogenesis and tube formation in ECs and repressed neuronal cell injury. Characterizing microglia EVs by means of Western blot analysis and other techniques revealed these EVs to be rich in TGF-β1. The latter turned out to be a key compound for the therapeutic potential of microglia EVs, affecting the Smad2/3 pathway in both ECs and neurons. EV infusion in stroke mice confirmed the aforementioned in vitro results, demonstrating an activation of the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway within the ischemic brain. Furthermore, enriched TGF-β1 in EVs secreted from OGD-preconditioned microglia stimulated M2 polarization of residing microglia within the ischemic cerebral environment, which may contribute to a regulation of an early inflammatory response in postischemic hemispheres. These observations are not only interesting from the mechanistic point of view but have an immediate therapeutic implication as well, since stroke mice treated with such EVs displayed a better functional recovery in the behavioral test analyses. Hence, the present findings suggest a new way of action of EVs derived from OGD-preconditioned microglia by regulating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway in order to promote tissue regeneration and neurological recovery in stroke mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Ai
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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27
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Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanistic Insight on Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1725-1742. [PMID: 33956297 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes brain damage, which involves primary and secondary injury mechanisms. Primary injury causes local brain damage, while secondary damage begins with inflammatory activity followed by disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), peripheral blood cells infiltration, brain edema, and the discharge of numerous immune mediators including chemotactic factors and interleukins. TBI alters molecular signaling, cell structures, and functions. Besides tissue damage such as axonal damage, contusions, and hemorrhage, TBI in general interrupts brain physiology including cognition, decision-making, memory, attention, and speech capability. Regardless of the deep understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms still need to be assessed with a desired therapeutic agent to control the consequences of TBI. The current review gives a brief outline of the pathophysiological mechanism of TBI and various biochemical pathways involved in brain injury, pharmacological treatment approaches, and novel targets for therapy.
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28
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Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083907. [PMID: 33918947 PMCID: PMC8070536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing age of the population, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has increased exponentially. The development of novel therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of the involvement of senescent brain cells in the pathogenesis of PD. In this review, we highlight the roles played by microglia in the basal ganglia in the pathophysiological processes of PD. In PD, dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activates the microglia, which then promote DAergic neuronal degeneration by releasing potentially neurotoxic factors, including nitric oxide, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, microglia are also activated in the basal ganglia outputs (the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the globus pallidus) in response to excess glutamate released from hyperactive subthalamic nuclei-derived synapses. The activated microglia then eliminate the hyperactive glutamatergic synapses. Synapse elimination may be the mechanism underlying the compensation that masks the appearance of PD symptoms despite substantial DAergic neuronal loss. Microglial senescence may correlate with their enhanced neurotoxicity in the SNc and the reduced compensatory actions in the basal ganglia outputs. The dual roles of microglia in different basal ganglia regions make it difficult to develop interventions targeting microglia for PD treatment.
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29
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Wang J, Yue B, Zhang X, Guo X, Sun Z, Niu R. Effect of exercise on microglial activation and transcriptome of hippocampus in fluorosis mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143376. [PMID: 33172640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis is a widespread endemic disease. Reports have shown that high fluoride causes the dysfunction of central nervous system (CNS) in animals. The neurotoxicity of fluoride may be related to the activation of microglia. Moreover, numerous studies have found that exercise facilitates the plasticity of structure and function in CNS, partly owing to the regulation of microglia activation. The present study was conducted to explore the effect of exercise on the microglial activation of hippocampus in fluorosis mice. One hundred adult female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (group C, distilled water by gavage); exercise group (group E, distilled water by gavage and treadmill exercise); fluoride group [group F, 24 mg/kg sodium fluoride (NaF) by gavage]; fluoride plus exercise group (group F + E, 24 mg/kg NaF by gavage and treadmill exercise). After 8 weeks, hippocampal morphological structure, microglial activation and RNA transcriptome of mice in each group were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR) and transcriptome sequencing. We discovered that the number of M1-type microglia in fluorosis-mice hippocampus was significantly increased when compared to group C; group F + E showed a decrease in the number of M1-type microglia with the comparison to group F. In addition, the hippocampal transcriptome analysis showed that 576 differential expression genes (DEG) were confirmed in group F, compared to group C, and 670 DEG were differently expressed in group F + E when compared to group F. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that changed genes were implicated in regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, integral component of membrane and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of 670 DEG was helpful to find neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. In conclusion, these results indicate that treadmill running inhibits the excessive activation of microglia in hippocampus of the fluoride-toxic mice, accompanied with the alteration of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Baijuan Yue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xuhua Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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Nakajima T, Kunieda Y, Takahashi Y, Tanaka Y, Kondo T, Takenaka S. Changes in Smad1/5/9 expression and phosphorylation in astrocytes of the rat hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 113:101941. [PMID: 33711423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Smad proteins are known to transduce the actions of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family including TGF-βs, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We previously reported that Smad1/5/9 immunoreactivity was observed in astrocytes of various rat brain regions including the hippocampus, suggesting that Smad1/5/9 may be associated with the physiology of astrocytes. However, the Smad1/5/9 expression and activation in the hippocampal astrocytes after global cerebral ischemia has not been yet elucidated. In this study, we examined temporal changes in the expression and phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 in the hippocampus using a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, we examined the candidate ligand involved in the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 in the hippocampus after ischemia. Pyramidal neuronal cell death in the CA1 regions was visible at 3 days, and maximum death occurred within 7 days after ischemia. At 7 days after ischemia, astrocytes that showed strong immunoreactivity for Smad1/5/9 were frequently observed in the CA1 region. Additionally, there was an increase in phosphorylated Smad1/5/9 (phospho-Smad1/5/9) -immunopositive astrocytes in the CA1 region 7 days after ischemia. Real-time PCR analysis showed an increase in the expression level of TGF-β1 mRNA in the hippocampus after ischemia. Intracerebroventricular injection of SB525334, an inhibitor of TGF-β/Smad signaling, reduced immunoreactivity for phospho-Smad1/5/9 in astrocytes. These results suggest that TGF-β1 may be a key molecule for ischemia-induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation in astrocytes, and TGF-β1-Smad1/5/9 signaling may play a role in post-ischemic events, including brain inflammation or tissue repair rather than neuroprotection of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakajima
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kunieda
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kondo
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, 7-30 Habikino, Osaka, 583-8555, Japan
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Takeda H, Yamaguchi T, Yano H, Tanaka J. Microglial metabolic disturbances and neuroinflammation in cerebral infarction. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 145:130-139. [PMID: 33357771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury activates microglia, resident immune cells in the brain, and allows the infiltration of circulating immune cells into the ischemic lesions. Microglia play both exacerbating and protective roles in pathological processes and are thus often referred to as "double-edged swords." In ischemic brains, blood-borne macrophages play a role that is distinct from that of resident activated microglia. Recently, the metabolic alteration of immune cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders including cerebral infarction has become a critical target for investigation. We begin this review by describing the multifaceted functions of microglia in cerebral infarction. Next, we focus on the metabolic alterations that occur in microglia during pathological processes. We also discuss morphological changes that take place in the mitochondria, leading to functional disturbances, accompanied by alterations in microglial function. Moreover, we describe the involvement of the reactive oxygen species that are produced during aberrant metabolic activity. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies to ameliorate aggravative changes in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teruaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
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Hall-Roberts H, Agarwal D, Obst J, Smith TB, Monzón-Sandoval J, Di Daniel E, Webber C, James WS, Mead E, Davis JB, Cowley SA. TREM2 Alzheimer's variant R47H causes similar transcriptional dysregulation to knockout, yet only subtle functional phenotypes in human iPSC-derived macrophages. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:151. [PMID: 33198789 PMCID: PMC7667762 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TREM2 is a microglial cell surface receptor, with risk mutations linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), including R47H. TREM2 signalling via SYK aids phagocytosis, chemotaxis, survival, and changes to microglial activation state. In AD mouse models, knockout (KO) of TREM2 impairs microglial clustering around amyloid and prevents microglial activation. The R47H mutation is proposed to reduce TREM2 ligand binding. We investigated cell phenotypes of the R47H mutant and TREM2 KO in a model of human microglia, and compared their transcriptional signatures, to determine the mechanism by which R47H TREM2 disrupts function. METHODS We generated human microglia-like iPSC-macrophages (pMac) from isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines, with homozygous R47H mutation or TREM2 knockout (KO). We firstly validated the effect of the R47H mutant on TREM2 surface and subcellular localization in pMac. To assess microglial phenotypic function, we measured phagocytosis of dead neurons, cell morphology, directed migration, survival, and LPS-induced inflammation. We performed bulk RNA-seq, comparing significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs; p < 0.05) between the R47H and KO versus WT, and bioinformatically predicted potential upstream regulators of TREM2-mediated gene expression. RESULTS R47H modified surface expression and shedding of TREM2, but did not impair TREM2-mediated signalling, or gross phenotypes that were dysregulated in the TREM2 KO (phagocytosis, motility, survival). However, altered gene expression in the R47H TREM2 pMac overlapped by 90% with the TREM2 KO and was characterised by dysregulation of genes involved with immunity, proliferation, activation, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Downregulated mediators of ECM adhesion included the vitronectin receptor αVβ3, and consequently, R47H TREM2 pMac adhered weakly to vitronectin compared with WT pMac. To counteract these transcriptional defects, we investigated TGFβ1, as a candidate upstream regulator. TGFβ1 failed to rescue vitronectin adhesion of pMac, although it improved αVβ3 expression. CONCLUSIONS The R47H mutation is not sufficient to cause gross phenotypic defects of human pMac under standard culture conditions. However, overlapping transcriptional defects with TREM2 KO supports the hypothesised partial loss-of-function effects of the R47H mutation. Furthermore, transcriptomics can guide us to more subtle phenotypic defects in the R47H cells, such as reduced cell adhesion, and can be used to predict targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Hall-Roberts
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS UK
| | - Juliane Obst
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Thomas B. Smith
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | | | - Elena Di Daniel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - William S. James
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
| | - Emma Mead
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - John B. Davis
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
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Abe N, Nishihara T, Yorozuya T, Tanaka J. Microglia and Macrophages in the Pathological Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092132. [PMID: 32967118 PMCID: PMC7563796 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have long been studied as pathologically deteriorating players in various CNS diseases. However, microglia exert ameliorating neuroprotective effects, which prompted us to reconsider their roles in CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) pathophysiology. Moreover, recent findings showed that microglia play critical roles even in the healthy CNS. The microglial functions that normally contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS are modified by other cells, such as astrocytes and infiltrated myeloid cells; thus, the microglial actions on neurons are extremely complex. For a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases, including those of the PNS, it is important to understand microglial functioning. In this review, we discuss both the favorable and unfavorable roles of microglia in neuronal survival in various CNS and PNS disorders. We also discuss the roles of blood-borne macrophages in the pathogenesis of CNS and PNS injuries because they cooperatively modify the pathological processes of resident microglia. Finally, metabolic changes in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, with special reference to the pro-/anti-inflammatory activation of microglia, are intensively addressed, because they are profoundly correlated with the generation of reactive oxygen species and changes in pro-/anti-inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Abe
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; (N.A.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tasuku Nishihara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; (N.A.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-960-5383; Fax: +81-89-960-5386
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; (N.A.); (T.Y.)
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan;
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Zhao J, Wang B, Wu X, Yang Z, Huang T, Guo X, Guo D, Liu Z, Song J. TGFβ1 alleviates axonal injury by regulating microglia/macrophages alternative activation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2020; 161:21-32. [PMID: 32389801 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial mortality and long-term disability worldwide. TGFβ1 is a unique molecular and functional signature in microglia, but the role of TGFβ1 in TBI is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TGFβ1 in TBI. The weight dropping device was used to establish TBI model of rats. Hematoxylin eosin staining and Bielschowsky silver staining were used to assess tissue loss. Beam walking and muscle strength tests were used to assess neurological deficits. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess axonal injures. Western blotting was used to detect expression of related proteins. RT-PCR was used to detect expression of cytokines. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the microglia/macrophages activation. We observed obvious axonal injury and microglia/macrophages activation in the peri-lesion cortex. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was markedly high after TBI. The expression of TGFβ1 and TGFβRI were significantly reduced after TBI. TGFβ1 promoted the functional recovery and alleviated axonal injury 1 day after TBI. TGFβ1 promoted microglia/macrophages polarizing to alternative activation and alleviated neuroinflammation. These effects of TGFβ1 could be inhibited by LY2109761, the inhibitor of TGFRI/II. These results suggested that TGFβ1 played a protective role in axonal injury and could be a potential therapeutic target in early stages following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Tingqin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xiaoye Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Science and Technology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Zunwei Liu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Effect of nitric oxide inhibition in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin bladder cancer treatment. Nitric Oxide 2020; 98:50-59. [PMID: 32147582 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the standard treatment for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (BC). Despite its success, about 30-50% of patients are refractory. It was reported that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) tumor expression is presented in 50% of human BC, associated with bad prognosis and BCG failure. OBJECTIVE to evaluate in human bladder tumors the association between iNOS expression and the tumor microenvironment focusing on the immunosuppressive protein S100A9. Also, investigate in a preclinical murine MB49-BC model the tumor immunoresponse induced by BCG in combination with the nitric oxide production inhibitor l-NAME. RESULTS In human bladder tumors, we detected a positive association between iNOS and S100A9 tumor expression, suggesting a relationship between both immunomodulatory proteins. We also found a positive correlation between iNOS tumor expression and the presence of S100A9+ tumor-infiltrating cells, suggesting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment induced by the nitric oxide production. Using the subcutaneous murine BC model, we show that similarly to the human pathology, MB49 tumors constitutively expressed iNOS and S100A9 protein. MB49 tumor-bearing mice presented an immunosuppressive systemic profile characterized by fewer cytotoxic cells (CD8+ and NK) and higher suppressor cells (Treg and myeloid-derived suppressor cells -MDSC-) compared to normal mice. BCG treatment reduced tumor growth, increasing local CD8+-infiltrating cells and induced a systemic increase in CD8+ and a reduction in Treg. BCG combined with l-NAME, significantly reduced tumor growth compared to BCG alone, diminishing iNOS and S100A9 tumor expression and increasing CD8+-infiltrating cells in tumor microenvironment. This local response was accompanied by the systemic increase in CD8+ and NK cells, and the reduction in Treg and MDSC, even more than BCG alone. Similar results were obtained using the orthotopic BC model, where an increase in specific cytotoxicity against MB49 tumor cells was detected. CONCLUSION The present study provides preclinical information where NO inhibition in iNOS-expressing bladder tumors could contribute to improve BCG antitumor immune response. The association between iNOS and S100A9 in human BC supports the hypothesis that iNOS expression is a negative prognostic factor and a promising therapeutic target.
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Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb) Induces Neuroinflammation in the Forebrain Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rat Pups. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031083. [PMID: 32041252 PMCID: PMC7037720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal with a proven neurotoxic effect. Exposure is particularly dangerous to the developing brain in the pre- and neonatal periods. One postulated mechanism of its neurotoxicity is induction of inflammation. This study analyzed the effect of exposure of rat pups to Pb during periods of brain development on the concentrations of selected cytokines and prostanoids in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Methods: Administration of 0.1% lead acetate (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum, from the first day of gestation to postnatal day 21, resulted in blood Pb in rat pups reaching levels below the threshold considered safe for humans by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10 µg/dL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the expression levels of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2. Finally, Western blot was used to determine the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Results: In all studied brain structures (forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum), the administration of Pb caused a significant increase in all studied cytokines and prostanoids (IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, PGE2 and TXB2). The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 increased in all studied brain structures, as did NF-κB expression. Conclusions: Chronic pre- and neonatal exposure to Pb induces neuroinflammation in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat pups.
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Nishihara T, Tanaka J, Sekiya K, Nishikawa Y, Abe N, Hamada T, Kitamura S, Ikemune K, Ochi S, Choudhury ME, Yano H, Yorozuya T. Chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats causes different activation modes of microglia between the anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord. Neurochem Int 2020; 134:104672. [PMID: 31926989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve is frequently considered as a cause of chronic neuropathic pain. Marked activation of microglia in the posterior horn (PH) has been well established with regard to this pain. However, microglial activation in the anterior horn (AH) is also strongly induced in this process. Therefore, in this study, we compared the differential activation modes of microglia in the AH and PH of the lumbar cord 7 days after chronic constriction injury of the left sciatic nerve in Wistar rats. Microglia in both the ipsilateral AH and PH demonstrated increased immunoreactivity of the microglial markers Iba1 and CD11b. Moreover, abundant CD68+ phagosomes were observed in the cytoplasm. Microglia in the AH displayed elongated somata with tightly surrounding motoneurons, whereas cells in the PH displayed a rather ameboid morphology and were attached to myelin sheaths rather than to neurons. Microglia in the AH strongly expressed NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Despite the tight attachment to neurons in the AH, a reduction in synaptic proteins was not evident, suggesting engagement of the activated microglia in synaptic stripping. Myelin basic protein immunoreactivity was observed in the phagosomes of activated microglia in the PH, suggesting the phagocytic removal of myelin. CCI caused both motor deficit and hyperalgesia that were evaluated by applying BBB locomotor rating scale and von Frey test, respectively. Motor defict was the most evident at postoperative day1, and that became less significant thereafter. By contrast, hyperalgesia was not severe at day 1 but it became worse at least by day 7. Collectively, the activation modes of microglia were different between the AH and PH, which may be associated with the difference in the course of motor and sensory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nishihara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Sekiya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nishikawa
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Hamada
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Sakiko Kitamura
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Keizo Ikemune
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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Ma Z, Zhang Z, Bai F, Jiang T, Yan C, Wang Q. Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemic Injury Through α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Phenotypic Conversion of Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:537. [PMID: 31866829 PMCID: PMC6908971 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). We attempted to investigate whether the phenotypic conversion of microglia was involved in the therapeutic effect of EA pretreatment in cerebral ischemia through α7nAChR. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) after EA or α7nAChR agonist N-(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide hydrochloride (PHA-543,613 hydrochloride) and antagonist α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT) pretreatment. Primary microglia were subjected to drug pretreatment and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expressions of the classical activated phenotype (M1) microglia markers induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86); the alternative activated phenotype (M2) microglia markers arginase-1 (Arg-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206); and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the ischemic penumbra or in the supernatant of primary microglia were analyzed. The infarction volume and neurological scores were assessed 72 h after reperfusion. The cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of neurons co-cultured with microglia were analyzed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and LDH release assays. EA pretreatment decreased the expressions of M1 markers (iNOS, IL-1β, and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), whereas it increased the expressions of M2 markers (Arg-1, TGF-β1, and CD206) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) by activating α7nAChR. EA pretreatment also significantly reduced the infarction volume and improved the neurological deficit. The activation of α7nAChR in microglia relieved the inflammatory response of primary microglia subjected to OGD and attenuated the injury of neurons co-cultured with microglia. In conclusion, EA pretreatment alleviates cerebral ischemic injury through α7nAChR-mediated phenotypic conversion of microglia, which may be a new mechanism for the EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuhai Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoying Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Taguchi S, Choudhury ME, Miyanishi K, Nakanishi Y, Kameda K, Abe N, Yano H, Yorozuya T, Tanaka J. Aggravating effects of treadmill exercises during the early-onset period in a rat traumatic brain injury model: When should rehabilitation exercises be initiated? IBRO Rep 2019; 7:82-89. [PMID: 31720487 PMCID: PMC6838542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A traumatic brain injury model was prepared in rats by stab wounding. Rats were forced to walk slowly on a treadmill once for 10 min at 24 h or 48 h after wounding. Exercise, particularly at 24 h, aggravated motor impairment while increasing the expression of proinflammatory factors. Exercise for rehabilitation should be initiated after 48 h of severe brain injury onset.
Physical exercise is one of the best interventions for improving traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. However, an argument has been raised regarding the timing at which physical exercise should be initiated. In this study, male Wistar rats were subjected to stab wounding of the right hemisphere to develop a TBI model and were forced to walk once on a treadmill at a 5-m/min pace at 24 h or 48 h after TBI for 10 min. Injured brain tissue was dissected after TBI to evaluate the effects of exercise. Behavioral abnormalities and motor impairment were assessed by various behavioral tests between 2 and 3 weeks after TBI. Exercise did not affect the circulating corticosterone levels and the weight of the adrenal glands. Exercise particularly that at 24 h, worsened the motor impairment of the left forelimbs. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that exercise at 24 h increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines on the third day while suppressing the proinflammatory reactions on the fourth day. Exercise at both time points decreased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and its receptor TGFβR1. Exercise at 24 h increased phosphorylation of IκB kinase on the fourth day, which may be correlated with the decreased effects of TGFβ1. Even a low-intensity exercise activity could cause deleterious effects when it is initiated within 48 h after the onset of severe TBI, probably because of the resulting proinflammatory effects. Therefore, rehabilitation exercise programs should be initiated after 48 h of TBI onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Taguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuiko Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kenji Kameda
- Advanced Research Support Center, Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Choudhury ME, Miyanishi K, Takeda H, Islam A, Matsuoka N, Kubo M, Matsumoto S, Kunieda T, Nomoto M, Yano H, Tanaka J. Phagocytic elimination of synapses by microglia during sleep. Glia 2019; 68:44-59. [PMID: 31429116 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic strength reduces during sleep, but the underlying mechanisms of this process are unclear. This study showed reduction of synaptic proteins in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) at AM7 or Zeitgeber Time (ZT0), when the light phase or sleeping period for rats started. At this time point, microglia were weakly activated, displaying larger and more granular somata with increased CD11b expression compared with those at ZT12, as revealed by flow cytometry. Expression of opsonins, such as complements or MFG-E8, matrix metalloproteinases, and microglial markers at ZT0 were increased compared with that at ZT12. Microglia at ZT0 phagocytosed synapses, as revealed by immunohistochemical staining. Immunoblotting detected more synapsin I in the isolated microglia at ZT0 than at ZT12. Complement C3- or MFG-E8-bound synapses were the most abundant at ZT0, some of which were phagocytosed by microglia. Systemic administration of synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone reduced microglial size, granularity and CD11b expression at ZT0, resembling microglia at ZT12, and increased synaptic proteins and decreased the sleeping period. Noradrenaline (NA) suppressed glutamate-induced phagocytosis in primary cultured microglia. Systemic administration of the brain monoamine-depleting agent reserpine decreased NA content and synapsin I expression in PFC, and increased expression of microglia markers, C3 and MFG-E8, while increasing the sleeping period. A NA precursor l-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine abolished the reserpine-induced changes. These results suggest that microglia may eliminate presumably weak synapses during every sleep phase. The circadian changes in concentrations of circulating glucocorticoids and brain NA might be correlated with the circadian changes of microglial phenotypes and synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Afsana Islam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nayu Matsuoka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Madoka Kubo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shirabe Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Schipke CG, Günter O, Weinert C, Scotton P, Sigle JP, Kallarackal J, Kabelitz D, Finzen A, Feuerhelm-Heidl A. Definition and quantification of six immune- and neuroregulatory serum proteins in healthy and demented elderly. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2019; 9:193-203. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Blood-based biomarkers related to immune- and neuroregulatory processes may be indicative of dementia but lack standardization and proof-of-principle studies. Materials & methods: The blood serum collection protocol as well as the analytic procedure to quantify the markers BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β 1, MCP-1 and IL-18 in blood serum were standardized and their concentrations were compared between groups of 81 Alzheimer’s disease patients and 79 healthy controls. Results: Applying standardized methods, results for the quantification of the six markers in blood serum are stable and their concentrations significantly differ for all analytes except VEGF between patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. Conclusion: Analyzing a panel of six markers in blood serum under standardized conditions may serve as a diagnostic tool in primary dementia care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Schipke
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, & Berlin Institute of Health, Experimental & Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Predemtec AG, St. Gallerstrasse 99, 9200 Gossau SG, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Günter
- Department of Geriatry, MSZ Uckermark GmbH, Kreiskrankenhaus Prenzlau, Stettiner Straße 121, 17291 Prenzlau, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scotton
- Predemtec AG, St. Gallerstrasse 99, 9200 Gossau SG, Switzerland
| | - Jörg-Peter Sigle
- Blood Transfusion Center SRK Aarau-Solothurn, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Haus 40, Südallee 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Michaelisstraße 5 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Asmus Finzen
- Predemtec AG, St. Gallerstrasse 99, 9200 Gossau SG, Switzerland
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Microglial LOX-1/MAPKs/NF-κB positive loop promotes the vicious cycle of neuroinflammation and neural injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:187-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ueno Y, Ozaki S, Umakoshi A, Yano H, Choudhury ME, Abe N, Sumida Y, Kuwabara J, Uchida R, Islam A, Ogawa K, Ishimaru K, Yorozuya T, Kunieda T, Watanabe Y, Takada Y, Tanaka J. Chloride intracellular channel protein 2 in cancer and non-cancer human tissues: relationship with tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1593775. [PMID: 30929599 PMCID: PMC6592591 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1593775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel protein 2 (CLIC2) belongs to the CLIC family of conserved metazoan proteins. Although CLICs have been identified as chloride channels, they are currently considered multifunctional proteins. CLIC2 is the least studied family member. We investigated CLIC2 expression and localization in human hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver, and colorectal cancer. Significant expression of mRNAs encoding CLIC1, 2, 4, and 5 were found in the human tissues, but only CLIC2 was predominantly expressed in non-cancer tissues surrounding cancer masses. Fibrotic or dysfunctional (aspartate aminotransferase ≥40) non-cancer liver tissues and advanced stage HCC tissues expressed low levels of CLIC2. Endothelial cells lining blood vessels but not lymphatic vessels in non-cancer tissues expressed CLIC2 as well as high levels of the tight junction proteins claudins 1 and 5, occludin, and ZO-1. Most endothelial cells in blood vessels in cancer tissues had very low expressions of CLIC2 and tight junction proteins. CD31+/CD45− endothelial cells isolated from non-cancer tissues expressed mRNAs encoding CLIC2, claudin 1, occludin and ZO-1, while similar cell fractions from cancer tissues had very low expressions of these molecules. Knockdown of CLIC2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) allowed human cancer cells to transmigrate through a HUVEC monolayer. These results suggest that CLIC2 may be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of tight junctions and that cancer tissue vasculature lacks CLIC2 and tight junctions, which allows the intravasation of cancer cells necessary for hematogenous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Ueno
- a Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Saya Ozaki
- b Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Akihiro Umakoshi
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- d Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Yutaro Sumida
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Jun Kuwabara
- e Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Rina Uchida
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Afsana Islam
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- a Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Kei Ishimaru
- e Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- d Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- b Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Yuji Watanabe
- e Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Takada
- a Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- c Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime , Japan
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Miyanishi K, Choudhury ME, Watanabe M, Kubo M, Nomoto M, Yano H, Tanaka J. Behavioral tests predicting striatal dopamine level in a rat hemi-Parkinson's disease model. Neurochem Int 2018; 122:38-46. [PMID: 30419255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative disease causing bradykinesia, tremor, muscle rigidity and postural instability. Although its main pathology is progressive dopaminergic (DArgic) neuron loss in the substantia nigra, motor deficits are thought not to become apparent until most DArgic neurons are lost, probably due to compensatory mechanisms that overcome the decline of DA level in the striatum. Even in animal PD models, it is difficult to detect motor deficits when most DArgic neurons are functional. In this study, we performed various behavioral tests (apomorphine-induced rotation, cylinder, forepaw adjustment steps (FAS), beam walking, rota-rod, and open-field), using 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hemi-PD model rats with various striatal DA levels, to find the best way to predict the DA level from earlier disease stages. Different from the 6-OHDA-induced model, reduction in the striatal DA levels in the LPS-model was less significant. Among the behavioral tests, data from cylinder and FAS tests, which evaluate forelimb movements, best correlated with decline of the DA level. They also correlated well with decreased body weight gain. The beam and apomorphine tests showed less significant correlation than the cylinder and FAS tests. Open-field and rota-rod tests were not useful. Expressional levels of mRNA encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of DArgic neurons, correlated well with the DA level. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 mRNA expression correlated with the striatal DA level and may be related to compensatory mechanisms. These results suggest that motor impairments of PD should be evaluated by forelimb movements, or hands and forearms in clinical settings, rather than movement of the body or large joints. The combination of cylinder and FAS tests may be the best to evaluate the rat PD models, in which many DArgic neurons survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Minori Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Madoka Kubo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan.
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45
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Abe N, Choudhury ME, Watanabe M, Kawasaki S, Nishihara T, Yano H, Matsumoto S, Kunieda T, Kumon Y, Yorozuya T, Tanaka J. Comparison of the detrimental features of microglia and infiltrated macrophages in traumatic brain injury: A study using a hypnotic bromovalerylurea. Glia 2018; 66:2158-2173. [PMID: 30194744 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and blood-borne macrophages in injured or diseased brains are difficult to distinguish because they share many common characteristics. However, the identification of microglia-specific markers and the use of flow cytometry have recently made it easy to discriminate these types of cells. In this study, we analyzed the features of blood-borne macrophages, and activated and resting microglia in a rat traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Oxidative injury was indicated in macrophages and neurons in TBI lesions by the presence of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) was markedly observed in granulocytes and macrophages, but not in activated or resting microglia. Dihydroethidium staining supported microglia not being the major source of ROS in TBI lesions. Furthermore, macrophages expressed NADPH oxidase 2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and CD68 at higher levels than microglia. In contrast, microglia expressed transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α at higher levels than macrophages. A hypnotic, bromovalerylurea (BU), which has anti-inflammatory effects, reduced both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. BU administration inhibited chemokine CCL2 expression, accumulation of monocytes/macrophages, 8-OHdG generation, mitochondrial ROS generation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression, and markedly ameliorated the outcome of the TBI model. Yet, BU did not inhibit microglial activation or expression of TGFβ1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). These results indicate that macrophages are the major aggravating cell type in TBI lesions, in particular during the acute phase. Activated microglia may even play favorable roles. Reduction of cellular energy metabolism in macrophages and suppression of CCL2 expression in injured tissue may lead to amelioration of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Abe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Minori Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shun Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nishihara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shirabe Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kumon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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