1
|
Hutchinson AL, Liddle DM, Monk JM, Ma DWL, Robinson LE. n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Macrophage-Myocyte Inflammatory Crosstalk and Improve Myocyte Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:2086. [PMID: 38999834 PMCID: PMC11243049 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In obesity, circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and inflammatory cytokines interfere with skeletal muscle insulin signaling, leading to whole body insulin resistance. Further, obese skeletal muscle is characterized by macrophage infiltration and polarization to the inflammatory M1 phenotype, which is central to the development of local inflammation and insulin resistance. While skeletal muscle-infiltrated macrophage-myocyte crosstalk is exacerbated by SFA, the effects of other fatty acids, such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are less studied. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on macrophage M1 polarization and subsequent effects on myocyte inflammation and metabolic function compared to SFA. Using an in vitro model recapitulating obese skeletal muscle cells, differentiated L6 myocytes were cultured for 24 h with RAW 264.7 macrophage-conditioned media (MCM), followed by insulin stimulation (100 nM, 20 min). MCM was generated by pre-treating macrophages for 24 h with 100 μM palmitic acid (16:0, PA-control), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA), or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA). Next, macrophage cultures were stimulated with a physiological dose (10 ng/mL) of lipopolysaccharide for an additional 12 h to mimic in vivo obese endotoxin levels. Compared to PA, both AA and DHA reduced mRNA expression and/or secreted protein levels of markers for M1 (TNFα, IL-6, iNOS; p < 0.05) and increased those for M2 (IL-10, TGF-β; p < 0.05) macrophage polarization. In turn, AA- and DHA-derived MCM reduced L6 myocyte-secreted cytokines (TNFα, IL-6; p < 0.05) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1β; p < 0.05). Only AA-derived MCM increased L6-myocyte phosphorylation of Akt (p < 0.05), yet this was inconsistent with improved insulin signaling, as only DHA-derived MCM improved L6 myocyte glucose uptake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs may be a useful strategy to modulate macrophage-myocyte inflammatory crosstalk and improve myocyte insulin sensitivity in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lindsay E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (J.M.M.); (D.W.L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilhelmsen A, Stephens FB, Bennett AJ, Karagounis LG, Jones SW, Tsintzas K. Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is upregulated in aged human adults with excess adiposity but is not associated with insulin resistance and ageing. GeroScience 2024; 46:2033-2049. [PMID: 37801203 PMCID: PMC10828472 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth and appears upregulated in human obesity and associated with insulin resistance. However, observations are confounded by ageing, and the mechanisms responsible are unknown. The aim of this study was to delineate between the effects of excess adiposity, insulin resistance and ageing on myostatin mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle and to investigate causative factors using in vitro models. An in vivo cross-sectional analysis of human skeletal muscle was undertaken to isolate effects of excess adiposity and ageing per se on myostatin expression. In vitro studies employed human primary myotubes to investigate the potential involvement of cross-talk between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skeletal muscle, and lipid-induced insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression was greater in aged adults with excess adiposity than age-matched adults with normal adiposity (2.0-fold higher; P < 0.05) and occurred concurrently with altered expression of genes involved in the maintenance of muscle mass but did not differ between younger and aged adults with normal adiposity. Neither chronic exposure to obese SAT secretome nor acute elevation of fatty acid availability (which induced insulin resistance) replicated the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin mRNA expression in vitro. In conclusion, skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is uniquely upregulated in aged adults with excess adiposity and insulin resistance but not by ageing alone. This does not appear to be mediated by the SAT secretome or by lipid-induced insulin resistance. Thus, factors intrinsic to skeletal muscle may be responsible for the obesity-mediated upregulation of myostatin, and future work to establish causality is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wilhelmsen
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Bennett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research (MMIHR), Melbourne, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon W Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidaemia. Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) enriched in SFA leads to the accumulation of ceramide (Cer), the central molecule in sphingolipid metabolism. Elevations in plasma and tissue Cer are found in obese individuals, and there is evidence to suggest that Cer lipotoxicity contributes to the MetS. EPA and DHA have shown to improve MetS parameters including IR, inflammation and hypertriacylglycerolaemia; however, whether these improvements are related to Cer is currently unknown. This review examines the potential of EPA and DHA to improve Cer lipotoxicity and MetS parameters including IR, inflammation and dyslipidaemia in vitro and in vivo. Current evidence from cell culture and animal studies indicates that EPA and DHA attenuate palmitate- or HFD-induced Cer lipotoxicity and IR, whereas evidence in humans is greatly lacking. Overall, there is intriguing potential for EPA and DHA to improve Cer lipotoxicity and related MetS parameters, but more research is warranted.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramos PA, Lytle KA, Delivanis D, Nielsen S, LeBrasseur NK, Jensen MD. Insulin-Stimulated Muscle Glucose Uptake and Insulin Signaling in Lean and Obese Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1631-e1646. [PMID: 33382888 PMCID: PMC7993573 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle is the primary site for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, and muscle insulin resistance is central to abnormal glucose metabolism in obesity. Whether muscle insulin signaling to the level of Akt/AS160 is intact in insulin-resistant obese humans is controversial. METHODS We defined a linear range of insulin-stimulated systemic and leg glucose uptake in 14 obese and 14 nonobese volunteers using a 2-step insulin clamp (Protocol 1) and then examined the obesity-related defects in muscle insulin action in 16 nonobese and 25 obese male and female volunteers matched for fitness using a 1-step, hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp coupled with muscle biopsies (Protocol 2). RESULTS Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Si) was reduced by > 60% (P < 0.0001) in the obese group in Protocol 2; however, the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream effector AS160 were not different between nonobese and obese groups. The increase in phosphorylation of Akt2 in response to insulin was positively correlated with Si for both the nonobese (r = 0.53, P = 0.03) and the obese (r = 0.55, P = 0.01) groups. Total muscle GLUT4 protein was 17% less (P < 0.05) in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that reduced muscle glucose uptake in obesity is not due to defects in the insulin signaling pathway at the level of Akt/AS160, which suggests there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of muscle insulin resistance in obesity. Our data imply that models of acute lipotoxicity do not replicate the pathophysiology of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Ramos
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Correspondence: Michael D. Jensen, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Joseph Rm 5–194, Rochester MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Katsnelson G, Ceddia RB. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids differentially regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C1120-C1129. [PMID: 32966124 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00304.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects. To accomplish this, L6 skeletal muscle cells were treated with 50 µM of either DHA or EPA for 1, 3, and 5 days. Here, we report that basal and insulin-stimulated rates of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylation were not affected by DHA or EPA. However, glucose and palmitate oxidation were consistently elevated by DHA treatment, whereas EPA only increased this variable transiently. Similarly, only DHA caused significant and sustained increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and protein levels of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in skeletal muscle cells. DHA also caused a larger anti-inflammatory effect than EPA in these cells. In conclusion, besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects, DHA and EPA directly regulated glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle cells, although DHA was more effective in doing so than EPA. Thus, by directly enhancing glucose and fat oxidation, DHA may increase glucose disposal and reduce intramyocellular lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Katsnelson
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goedeke L, Perry RJ, Shulman GI. Emerging Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 59:65-87. [PMID: 30625285 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia despite hyperinsulinemia, affects more than 400 million people worldwide, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Insulin resistance, of which ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver [nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)] and skeletal muscle is the root cause, plays a major role in the development of T2D. Although lifestyle interventions and weight loss are highly effective at reversing NAFLD and T2D, weight loss is difficult to sustain, and newer approaches aimed at treating the root cause of T2D are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight emerging pharmacological strategies aimed at improving insulin sensitivity and T2D by altering hepatic energy balance or inhibiting key enzymes involved in hepatic lipid synthesis. We also summarize recent research suggesting that liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling may be an attractive therapeutic approach to treat NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; , ,
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; , , .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; , , .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Prevent Altered-Muc2 Secretion Induced by Palmitic Acid by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in LS174T Goblet Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092179. [PMID: 31514316 PMCID: PMC6770956 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) represent a risk factor for the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, partly through their impact on the epithelial cell barrier integrity. We hypothesized that unsaturated FA could alleviate saturated FA-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in intestinal secretory goblet cells, and consequently the reduced synthesis and secretion of mucins that form the protective mucus barrier. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated well-differentiated human colonic LS174T goblet cells with palmitic acid (PAL)—the most commonly used inducer of lipotoxicity in in vitro systems—or n-9, n-6, or n-3 unsaturated fatty acids alone or in co-treatment with PAL, and measured the impact of such treatments on ER stress and Muc2 production. Our results showed that only eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids protect goblet cells against ER stress-mediated altered Muc2 secretion induced by PAL, whereas neither linolenic acid nor n-9 and n-6 FA are able to provide such protection. We conclude that EPA and DHA could represent potential therapeutic nutrients against the detrimental lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids, associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity or inflammatory bowel disease. These in vitro data remain to be explored in vivo in a context of dietary obesity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids Associated with Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092022. [PMID: 31466350 PMCID: PMC6770316 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact mechanisms by which the plasma FFA profile of subjects with T2DM changes is unclear, but it is thought that dietary fats and changes to lipid metabolism are likely to contribute. Therefore, establishing the changes in concentrations of specific FFAs in an individual’s plasma is important. Each type of FFA has different effects on physiological processes, including the regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, inflammation, endocrine signalling and the composition and properties of cellular membranes. Alterations in such processes due to altered plasma FFA concentrations/profiles can potentially result in the development of insulin resistance and coagulatory defects. Finally, fibrates and statins, lipid-regulating drugs prescribed to subjects with T2DM, are also thought to exert part of their beneficial effects by impacting on plasma FFA concentrations. Thus, it is also interesting to consider their effects on the concentration of FFAs in plasma. Collectively, we review how FFAs are altered in T2DM and explore the likely downstream physiological and pathological implications of such changes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Descorbeth M, Figueroa K, Serrano-Illán M, De León M. Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipotoxicity-mediated cell death in Schwann cells: Implication of PI3K/AKT and mTORC2 pathways. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01123. [PMID: 30264903 PMCID: PMC6236228 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exhibits neuroprotective properties and has been shown to preserve nerve cells following trauma and ischemic injury. Recently, we showed that DHA pretreatment improved locomotion and reduced neuropathic pain after acute spinal cord injury in adult rats. These improvements were associated with an increase in the levels of AKT in spinal cord injury neurons. In this study, we investigate the implication of PI3K/AKT and mTOR pathway in DHA-mediated protection of primary cultured Schwann cells (pSC) undergoing palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity (PA-LTx). METHODS Primary cultured Schwann cells were treated with PA (PA:BSA, 2:1) in the presence or absence of DHA (1-200 µM) for 24-48 hr. Cell viability was determined by crystal violet staining and nuclear morphology was examined using Hoechst staining. RESULTS We found that pSC cultures exposed to palmitic acid (PA) overload showed chromatin condensation, a decrease in cell viability and an inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Next, pSC exposed to PA overload were treated with DHA. The data show that co-treatment with DHA inhibited the loss of cell viability and apoptosis caused by PA. Moreover, treatment with DHA inhibited chromatin condensation, significantly stimulated p-AKT phosphorylation under PA-LTx condition, and DHA alone increased AKT phosphorylation. Additionally, when these pSC cultures were treated with PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and, BKM120 and mTOR inhibitors Torin 1 (mTORC1/mTORC2), but not rapamycin (mTORC1), the protective effects of DHA were not observed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest PI3K/AKT and mTORC2 kinase pathways are involved in the protective function (s) of DHA in PA-induced Schwann cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Descorbeth
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Karen Figueroa
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Miguel Serrano-Illán
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Marino De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pillon NJ, Frendo-Cumbo S, Jacobson MR, Liu Z, Milligan PL, Hoang Bui H, Zierath JR, Bilan PJ, Brozinick JT, Klip A. Sphingolipid changes do not underlie fatty acid-evoked GLUT4 insulin resistance nor inflammation signals in muscle cells. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1148-1163. [PMID: 29794037 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides contribute to obesity-linked insulin resistance and inflammation in vivo, but whether this is a cell-autonomous phenomenon is debated, particularly in muscle, which dictates whole-body glucose uptake. We comprehensively analyzed lipid species produced in response to fatty acids and examined the consequence to insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory pathways. L6 myotubes were incubated with BSA-adsorbed palmitate or palmitoleate in the presence of myriocin, fenretinide, or fumonisin B1. Lipid species were determined by lipidomic analysis. Insulin sensitivity was scored by Akt phosphorylation and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation, while pro-inflammatory indices were estimated by IκBα degradation and cytokine expression. Palmitate, but not palmitoleate, had mild effects on Akt phosphorylation but significantly inhibited insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines Il6 and Ccl2 Ceramides, hexosylceramides, and sphingosine-1-phosphate significantly heightened by palmitate correlated negatively with insulin sensitivity and positively with pro-inflammatory indices. Inhibition of sphingolipid pathways led to marked changes in cellular lipids, but did not prevent palmitate-induced impairment of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, suggesting that palmitate-induced accumulation of deleterious lipids and insulin resistance are correlated but independent events in myotubes. We propose that muscle cell-endogenous ceramide production does not evoke insulin resistance and that deleterious effects of ceramides in vivo may arise through ancillary cell communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Pillon
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott Frendo-Cumbo
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maya R Jacobson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhi Liu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Juleen R Zierath
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Molecular Medicine and Surgery Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amira Klip
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oh SL, Lee SR, Kim JS. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid/n-3 and resistance training on muscle quality and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases in middle-aged mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:11-18. [PMID: 29036761 PMCID: PMC5643205 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)/n-3 supplements and resistance exercise training (RT) for 20 weeks on muscle quality and genes related to protein synthesis/degradation in middle-aged mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. METHODS Nine-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to five groups: 1) normal diet (C), 2) high-fat diet (H), 3) H+RT (HRT), 4) H+CLA/n-3 (H-CN), and 5) H+RT+CLA/n-3 (H-RTCN). HFD groups were given a diet containing 60% fat for 20 weeks, and exercised groups underwent progressive RT using weighted ladder climbing. The CLA/n-3 mixed diet contained 1% CLA and 1% n-3. Grip strength was assessed, and triceps were removed. RT-PCR was used to analyze transcript levels. RESULTS Grip strength of the H group was significantly lower than that of the C group; however, those in the H-CN, H-RT, and H-RTN groups were significantly greater than that in the H group. However, the muscle quality was significantly greater only in the H-RT group compared with the H and H-CN groups. Akt expression decreased in the H-CN, H-RT, and H-RTCN groups compared with those in the C and H groups, whereas mammalian target of rapamycin expression increased in the H, H-CN, H-RT, and H-RTCN groups compared with that in the C group. However, atrogin1 was significantly downregulated in the H-RTCN group compared with that in the H and H-CN groups, and MuRF1 expression was also decreased in the H-RT and H-RTCN groups. Interestingly, atrogin1 and MuRF1 were downregulated in the H-RTCN group compared with that in the H-CN group. CONCLUSION HFD-mediated gene expression involved in protein degradation was attenuated following 20-week RT with CLA/n-3. Furthermore, RT with or without CLA/n-3 improved grip strength and muscle quality in middle-aged mice during HFD. Therefore, RT with CLA/n-3 during HFD may improve muscle strength and quality by suppressing protein degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Lyul Oh
- Aging & Mobility Biophysics Lab, Dept. of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rok Lee
- Department of Kinesiology and Dance, New Mexico State University, NM United States, USA
| | - Jeong-Su Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, FL United States, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Enlarged fat cells in obese adipose tissue diminish capacity to store fat and are resistant to the anti-lipolytic effect of insulin. Insulin resistance (IR)-associated S-nitrosylation of insulin-signaling proteins increases in obesity. In accordance with the inhibition of insulin-mediated anti-lipolytic action, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels increase. Additionally, endoplasmic reticulum stress stimuli induce lipolysis by activating cyclic adenosine monophosphate/Protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (ERK1/2) signaling in adipocytes. Failure of packaging of excess lipid into lipid droplets causes chronic elevation of circulating fatty acids, which can reach to toxic levels within non-adipose tissues. Deleterious effects of lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues are known as lipotoxicity. In fact, triglycerides may also serve a storage function for long-chain non-esterified fatty acids and their products such as ceramides and diacylglycerols (DAGs). Thus, excess DAG, ceramide and saturated fatty acids in obesity can induce chronic inflammation and have harmful effect on multiple organs and systems. In this context, chronic adipose tissue inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and IR have been discussed within the scope of lipotoxicity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Oleate Prevents Palmitate-Induced Atrophy via Modulation of Mitochondrial ROS Production in Skeletal Myotubes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2739721. [PMID: 28947926 PMCID: PMC5602654 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2739721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of saturated fatty acids contributes to lipotoxicity-related insulin resistance and atrophy in skeletal muscle. Conversely, unsaturated fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid were proven to preserve muscle mass. However, it is not known if the most common unsaturated oleate will protect skeletal myotubes against palmitate-mediated atrophy, and its specific mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of oleate on atrophy-related factors in palmitate-conditioned myotubes. Exposure of myotubes to palmitate, but not to oleate, led to an induction of fragmented nuclei, myotube loss, atrophy, and mitochondrial superoxide in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of oleate to myotubes attenuated production of palmitate-induced mitochondrial superoxide in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of oleate or MitoTEMPO to palmitate-conditioned myotubes led to inhibition of palmitate-induced mRNA expression of proinflammatory (TNF-α and IL6), mitochondrial fission (Drp1 and Fis1), and atrophy markers (myostatin and atrogin1). In accordance with the gene expression data, our immunocytochemistry experiment demonstrated that oleate and MitoTEMPO prevented or attenuated palmitate-mediated myotube shrinkage. These results provide a mechanism indicating that oleate prevents palmitate-mediated atrophy via at least partial modulation of mitochondrial superoxide production.
Collapse
|
14
|
Da Boit M, Hunter AM, Gray SR. Fit with good fat? The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exercise performance. Metabolism 2017; 66:45-54. [PMID: 27923448 PMCID: PMC5155640 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-3 PUFA (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are a family of fatty acids mainly found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. The effects of n-3 PUFA on health are mainly derived from its anti-inflammatory proprieties and its influence on immune function. Lately an increased interest in n-3 PUFA supplementation has reached the world of sport nutrition, where the majority of athletes rely on nutrition strategies to improve their training and performance. A vast amount of attention is paid in increasing metabolic capacity, delaying the onset of fatigue, and improving muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function. Nutritional strategies are also frequently considered for enhancing recovery, improving immune function and decreasing oxidative stress. The current review of the literature shows that data regarding the effects of n-3PUFA supplementation are conflicting and we conclude that there is, therefore, not enough evidence supporting a beneficial role on the aforementioned aspects of exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Da Boit
- Department of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, England, DE22 1GB, UK.
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Health & Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Stuart R Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thota RN, Acharya SH, Abbott KA, Garg ML. Curcumin and long-chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for Prevention of type 2 Diabetes (COP-D): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:565. [PMID: 27894336 PMCID: PMC5126844 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle interventions, including increase in physical activity and dietary counselling, have shown the ability to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D) in high-risk state individuals, but the prevalence is still skyrocketing in Australia, in line with global prevalence. Currently, no medicines are approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia for the management of prediabetes. Therefore, there is a need of developing a safer, biologically efficacious and cost-effective alternative for delaying the transition of individual health state from prediabetes into T2D. In the current trial we propose to evaluate the effects of curcumin and/or long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on improving glycosylated haemoglobin as a primary outcome, along with secondary outcomes of glycaemic indices, lipid profile and inflammatory parameters. Methods/design Eighty individuals diagnosed with prediabetes, aged between 30 and 70 years, will be randomly assigned to double placebo, curcumin alone, fish oil alone or double active groups according to a computer-generated randomisation sequence for 12 weeks. At baseline and post-intervention visits participants will be asked to provide blood samples and undergo body composition measurements. A blood sample is used for estimating glycaemic profiles, lipid profiles and inflammatory parameters (C-reactive protein, whole blood cell count, adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6). The interim visit includes review on compliance with supplements based on capsule log and capsule count, adverse events and anthropometric measurements. In addition to these procedures, participants provide self-reported questionnaires on dietary intake (using a 3-day food record), a physical activity questionnaire and medical history. Discussion This trial aims to determine whether curcumin and/or long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect surrogate markers of glycaemic control which is relevant to delaying T2D. To date 38 participants completed the trial. No changes have been made to the clinical protocol post recruitment. If successful, this trial will provide considerable evidence for performing a larger trial to investigate whether this combination can be administered for preventing or delaying the onset of T2D in high-risk individuals. Trial registration ACTRN12615000559516, registered on 29 May 2015). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1702-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Shamasunder H Acharya
- Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Kylie A Abbott
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kitessa SM, Abeywardena MY. Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle: The Chase for the Culprit Goes from Total Intramuscular Fat to Lipid Intermediates, and Finally to Species of Lipid Intermediates. Nutrients 2016; 8:E466. [PMID: 27483311 PMCID: PMC4997379 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. It plays a particularly pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, as it can account for up to 40% of the body and for up to 80%-90% of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Hence, insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle has been a focus of much research and review. The fact that skeletal muscle IR precedes β-cell dysfunction makes it an ideal target for countering the diabetes epidemic. It is generally accepted that the accumulation of lipids in the skeletal muscle, due to dietary lipid oversupply, is closely linked with IR. Our understanding of this link between intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) and glycemic control has changed over the years. Initially, skeletal muscle IR was related to total IMCL. The inconsistencies in this explanation led to the discovery that particular lipid intermediates are more important than total IMCL. The two most commonly cited lipid intermediates for causing skeletal muscle IR are ceramides and diacylglycerol (DAG) in IMCL. Still, not all cases of IR and dysfunction in glycemic control have shown an increase in either or both of these lipids. In this review, we will summarise the latest research results that, using the lipidomics approach, have elucidated DAG and ceramide species that are involved in skeletal muscle IR in animal models and human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soressa M Kitessa
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia.
- Division of Livestock and Farming Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute, J S Davies Bldg, Roseworthy Campus, GPO Box 397, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pinel A, Rigaudière JP, Laillet B, Pouyet C, Malpuech-Brugère C, Prip-Buus C, Morio B, Capel F. N-3PUFA differentially modulate palmitate-induced lipotoxicity through alterations of its metabolism in C2C12 muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:12-20. [PMID: 26477381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive energy intake leads to fat overload and the formation of lipotoxic compounds mainly derived from the saturated fatty acid palmitate (PAL), thus promoting insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) may prevent lipotoxicity and IR. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential effects of n-3PUFA on fatty acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in muscle cells. C2C12 myotubes were treated with 500 μM of PAL without or with 50 μM of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 16 h. PAL decreased insulin-dependent AKT activation and glucose uptake and increased the synthesis of ceramides and diglycerides (DG) derivatives, leading to protein kinase Cθ activation. EPA and DHA, but not ALA, prevented PAL-decreased AKT activation but glucose uptake was restored to control values by all n-3PUFA vs. PAL. Total DG and ceramide contents were decreased by all n-3PUFA, but only EPA and DHA increased PAL β-oxidation, decreased PAL incorporation into DG and reduced protein kinase Cθ activation. EPA and DHA emerge as better candidates than ALA to improve fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle cells, notably via their ability to increase mitochondrial β-oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pinel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH, 58 rue Montalembert BP321, 63009 Clermont Ferrand CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Rigaudière
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH, 58 rue Montalembert BP321, 63009 Clermont Ferrand CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Brigitte Laillet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH, 58 rue Montalembert BP321, 63009 Clermont Ferrand CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Corinne Pouyet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH, 58 rue Montalembert BP321, 63009 Clermont Ferrand CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Carina Prip-Buus
- Institut Cochin, Département d'Endocrinologie, Métabolisme and Diabète, U1016 Inserm/UMR8104 CNRS/UMR-S8104, bâtiment Faculté, 3(ème) étage, Salle 3012A, 24 rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH, 58 rue Montalembert BP321, 63009 Clermont Ferrand CEDEX 1, France; INRA, UMR 1397, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, Université Lyon-Sud Rockefeller et Charles Merieux, Lyon, France.
| | - Frédéric Capel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, CRNH, 58 rue Montalembert BP321, 63009 Clermont Ferrand CEDEX 1, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tumova J, Andel M, Trnka J. Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Physiol Res 2015; 65:193-207. [PMID: 26447514 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with metabolic impairments in peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests an excess of free fatty acids (FFA) as one factor linking obesity and related pathological conditions and the impact of FFA overload on skeletal muscle metabolism is described herein. Obesity is associated with dysfunctional adipose tissue unable to buffer the flux of dietary lipids. Resulting increased levels and fluxes of plasma FFA lead to ectopic lipid deposition and lipotoxicity. FFA accumulated in skeletal muscle are associated with insulin resistance and overall cellular dysfunction. Mechanisms supposed to be involved in these conditions include the Randle cycle, intracellular accumulation of lipid metabolites, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial stress. These mechanisms are described and discussed in the view of current experimental evidence with an emphasis on conflicting theories of decreased vs. increased mitochondrial fat oxidation associated with lipid overload. Since different types of FFA may induce diverse metabolic responses in skeletal muscle cells, this review also focuses on cellular mechanisms underlying the different action of saturated and unsaturated FFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tumova
- Department of Nutrition and Centre for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tumova J, Malisova L, Andel M, Trnka J. Protective Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Palmitic Acid-Induced Toxicity in Skeletal Muscle Cells is not Mediated by PPARδ Activation. Lipids 2015; 50:955-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Barberini L, Noto A, Fattuoni C, Grapov D, Casanova A, Fenu G, Gaviano M, Carboni R, Ottonello G, Crisafulli M, Fanos V, Dessì A. Urinary metabolomics (GC-MS) reveals that low and high birth weight infants share elevated inositol concentrations at birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 27 Suppl 2:20-6. [PMID: 25284173 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.954786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolomics is a new "omics" platform aimed at high-throughput identification, quantification and characterization of small-molecule metabolites. The metabolomics approach has been successfully applied to the classification different physiological states and identification of perturbed biochemical pathways. The purpose of the current investigation is the application of metabolomics to explore biological mechanisms which may lead to the onset of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. METHODS We evaluated differences in metabolites in the urine collected within 12 h from 23 infants with IUGR (IntraUterine Growth Restriction), or LGA (Large for Gestational Age), compared to control infants (10 patients defined AGA: Appropriate for Gestational Age). Urinary metabolites were quantified by GC-MS and used to highlight similarities between the two metabolic diseases and identify metabolic markers for their predisposition. Quantified metabolites were analyzed using a multivariate statistics coupled with receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis of identified biomarkers. RESULTS Urinary myo-inositol was the most important discriminant between LGA + IUGR and control infants, and displayed an area under the ROC curve = 1. CONCLUSION We postulate that the increase in plasma and consequently urinary inositol may constitute a marker of altered glucose metabolism during fetal development in both IUGR and LGA newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barberini
- Department of Public Health Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Park JM, Lee JS, Song JE, Sim YC, Ha SJ, Hong EK. Cytoprotective effect of hispidin against palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in C2C12 myotubes. Molecules 2015; 20:5456-67. [PMID: 25826786 PMCID: PMC6272252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that Phellinus linteus, which produces hispidin and its derivatives, possesses antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated whether hispidin has protective effects on palmitate-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Our results showed that palmitate treatment in C2C12 myotubes increased ROS generation and cell death as compared with the control. However, pretreatment of hispidin for 8 h improved the survival of C2C12 myotubes against palmitate-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of intracellular ROS production. Hispidin also inhibited palmitate-induced apoptotic nuclear condensation in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, we found that hispidin can suppress cleavage of caspase-3, expression of Bax, and NF-κB translocation. Therefore, these results suggest that hispidin is capable of protecting C2C12 myotubes against palmitate-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Myoung Park
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-708, Korea.
| | - Jeong Eun Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
| | - Ye Chan Sim
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
| | - Suk-Jin Ha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
| | - Eock Kee Hong
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis Signaling by the Upregulation of PPARγ Coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) in C2C12 Cells. Lipids 2015; 50:329-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
23
|
Philp LK, Heilbronn LK, Janovska A, Wittert GA. Dietary enrichment with fish oil prevents high fat-induced metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117494. [PMID: 25658742 PMCID: PMC4320112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High saturated fat (HF-S) diets increase intramyocellular lipid, an effect ameliorated by omega-3 fatty acids in vitro and in vivo, though little is known about sex- and muscle fiber type-specific effects. We compared effects of standard chow, HF-S, and 7.5% HF-S replaced with fish oil (HF-FO) diets on the metabolic profile and lipid metabolism gene and protein content in red (soleus) and white (extensor digitorum longus) muscles of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 9-12/group). Weight gain was similar in HF-S- and HF-FO-fed groups. HF-S feeding increased mesenteric fat mass and lipid marker, Oil Red O, in red and mixed muscle; HF-FO increased interscapular brown fat mass. Compared to chow, HF-S and HF-FO increased expression of genes regulating triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid transport, HF-S suppressed genes and proteins regulating fatty acid oxidation, whereas HF-FO increased oxidative genes, proteins and enzymes and lipolytic gene content, whilst suppressing lipogenic genes. In comparison to HF-S, HF-FO further increased fat transporters, markers of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial content, and reduced lipogenic genes. No diet-by-sex interactions were observed. Neither diet influenced fiber type composition. However, some interactions between muscle type and diet were observed. HF-S induced changes in triacylglycerol synthesis and lipogenic genes in red, but not white, muscle, and mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative genes were suppressed by HF-S and increased by HF-FO in red muscle only. In conclusion, HF-S feeding promotes lipid storage in red muscle, an effect abrogated by the fish oil, which increases mediators of lipolysis, oxidation and thermogenesis while inhibiting lipogenic genes. Greater storage and synthesis, and lower oxidative genes in red, but not white, muscle likely contribute to lipid accretion encountered in red muscle. Despite several gender-dimorphic genes, both sexes exhibited a similar HF-S-induced metabolic and gene expression profile; likewise fish oil was similarly protective in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Philp
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alena Janovska
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A. Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Inositol is a cyclic sugar alcohol which occurs naturally in a variety of stereoisomers, the most common of which is myo-inositol. Inositol phosphoglycan molecules have been isolated from mammalian tissues and are a major component of the intracellular mediators of insulin action. The fetus with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) activates a series of adaptive mechanisms to increase the chances for survival, such as a saving of glucose to ensure nutrition of the vital organs, with a consequent reduction in insulin secretion. It can be hypothesized that the reduced production of fetal insulin leads to an excretion of inositol from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment, with a consequent increase of the metabolite in plasma and urine and a decrease inside the cells. Recently, reports suggesting that the increase in extracellular myo-inositol may be a valid marker of an altered glucose metabolism during fetal development in IUGR have been published.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dessì
- Department of Surgery Science, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari , Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang H, Blumberg JB, Chen CYO, Choi SW, Corcoran MP, Harris SS, Jacques PF, Kristo AS, Lai CQ, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, McKay DL, Meydani M, Parnell LD, Prokopy MP, Scott TM, Lichtenstein AH. Dietary modulators of statin efficacy in cardiovascular disease and cognition. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 38:1-53. [PMID: 24813475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other developed countries, and is fast growing in developing countries, particularly as life expectancy in all parts of the world increases. Current recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease issued jointly from the American Academy of Cardiology and American Heart Association emphasize that lifestyle modification should be incorporated into any treatment plan, including those on statin drugs. However, there is a dearth of data on the interaction between diet and statins with respect to additive, complementary or antagonistic effects. This review collates the available data on the interaction of statins and dietary patterns, cognition, genetics and individual nutrients, including vitamin D, niacin, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, phytochemicals (polyphenols and stanols) and alcohol. Of note, although the available data is summarized, the scope is limited, conflicting and disparate. In some cases it is likely there is unrecognized synergism. Virtually no data are available describing the interactions of statins with dietary components or dietary pattern in subgroups of the population, particularly those who may benefit most were positive effects identified. Hence, it is virtually impossible to draw any firm conclusions at this time. Nevertheless, this area is important because were the effects of statins and diet additive or synergistic harnessing the effect could potentially lead to the use of a lower intensity statin or dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Wang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael P Corcoran
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan S Harris
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleksandra S Kristo
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane L McKay
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsen Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max P Prokopy
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Woodworth-Hobbs ME, Hudson MB, Rahnert JA, Zheng B, Franch HA, Price SR. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents palmitate-induced activation of proteolytic systems in C2C12 myotubes. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:868-74. [PMID: 24835079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids like palmitate contribute to muscle atrophy in a number of conditions (e.g., type II diabetes) by altering insulin signaling. Akt is a key modulator of protein balance that inhibits the FoxO transcription factors (e.g., FoxO3) which selectively induce the expression of atrophy-inducing genes (atrogenes) in the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems. Conversely, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on insulin signaling and may preserve muscle mass. In an earlier report, the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protected myotubes from palmitate-induced atrophy; the mechanisms underlying the alterations in protein metabolism were not identified. This study investigated whether DHA prevents a palmitate-induced increase in proteolysis by restoring Akt/FoxO signaling. Palmitate increased the rate of protein degradation, while cotreatment with DHA prevented the response. Palmitate reduced the activation state of Akt and increased nuclear FoxO3 protein while decreasing its cytosolic level. Palmitate also increased the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of two FoxO3 atrogene targets, the E3 ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx and the autophagy mediator Bnip3. DHA attenuated the effects of palmitate on Akt activation, FoxO3 localization and atrogene mRNAs. DHA, alone or in combination with palmitate and decreased the ratio of LC3B-II:LC3B-I protein as well as the rate of autophagosome formation, as indicated by reduced LC3B-II protein in the presence of 10 mmol/L methylamine, suggesting an independent effect of DHA on the macroautophagy pathway. These data indicate that palmitate induces myotube atrophy, at least in part, by activating multiple proteolytic systems and that DHA counters the catabolic effects of palmitate by restoring Akt/FoxO signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myra E Woodworth-Hobbs
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Matthew B Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jill A Rahnert
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Harold A Franch
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Russ Price
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pinel A, Morio-Liondore B, Capel F. n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate metabolism of insulin-sensitive tissues: implication for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:647-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
28
|
Mikłosz A, Łukaszuk B, Baranowski M, Górski J, Chabowski A. Effects of inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) on palmitate induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85547. [PMID: 24376889 PMCID: PMC3871603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to examine the effects of short (2 h) and prolonged (18 h) inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) on palmitate (PA) induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes. Methods L6 myotubes were treated simultaneously with either PA and myriocin (SPT inhibitor) or PA and Ski II (SphK1inhibitor) for different time periods (2 h and 18 h). Insulin stimulated glucose uptake was measured using radioactive isotope. Expression of insulin signaling proteins was determined using Western blot analyses. Intracellular sphingolipids content [sphinganine (SFA), ceramide (CER), sphingosine (SFO), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)] were estimated by HPLC. Results Our results revealed that both short and prolonged time of inhibition of SPT by myriocin was sufficient to prevent ceramide accumulation and simultaneously reverse palmitate induced inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In contrast, prolonged inhibition of SphK1 intensified the effect of PA on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and attenuated further the activity of insulin signaling proteins (pGSK3β/GSK3β ratio) in L6 myotubes. These effects were related to the accumulation of sphingosine in palmitate treated myotubes. Conclusion Myriocin is more effective in restoration of palmitate induced insulin resistance in L6 myocytes, despite of the time of SPT inhibition, comparing to SKII (a specific SphK1 inhibitor). Observed changes in insulin signaling proteins were related to the content of specific sphingolipids, namely to the reduction of ceramide. Interestingly, inactivation of SphK1 augmented the effect of PA induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes, which was associated with further inhibition of insulin stimulated PKB and GSK3β phosphorylation, glucose uptake and the accumulation of sphingosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mikłosz
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Bartłomiej Łukaszuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Górski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abed HS, Wittert GA. Obesity and atrial fibrillation. Obes Rev 2013; 14:929-38. [PMID: 23879190 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasing public health problem, often described as the epidemic of the new millennium. The rising health economic impact of AF, its association with poor quality of life and independent probability of increased mortality, has recently been highlighted. Although population ageing is regarded as an important contributor to this epidemic, obesity and its associated cardiometabolic comorbidities may represent the principal driving factor behind the current and projected AF epidemic. Obesity-related risk factors, such as hypertension, vascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea and pericardial fat, are thought to result in atrial electro-structural dysfunction. In addition, insulin resistance, its associated abnormalities in nutrient utilization and intermediary metabolic by-products are associated with structural and functional abnormalities, ultimately promoting AF. Recent elucidation of molecular pathways, including those responsible for atrial fibrosis, have provided mechanistic insights and the potential for targeted pharmacotherapy. In this article, we review the evidence for an obesity-related atrial electromechanical dysfunction, the mechanisms behind this and its impact on AF therapeutic outcomes. In light of the recently described mechanisms, we illustrate proposed management approaches and avenues for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Abed
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dessì A, Puddu M, Ottonello G, Fanos V. Metabolomics and fetal-neonatal nutrition: between "not enough" and "too much". Molecules 2013; 18:11724-32. [PMID: 24071981 PMCID: PMC6270346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a new analytical technique defined as the study of the complex system of metabolites that is capable of describing the biochemical phenotype of a biological system. In recent years the literature has shown an increasing interest in paediatric obesity and the onset of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Some studies show that fetal malnutrition, both excessive and insufficient, may permanently alter the metabolic processes of the fetus and increase the risk of future chronic pathologies. At present then, attention is being focused mainly on the formulation of new hypotheses, by means of metabolomics, concerning the biological mechanisms to departure from fetal-neonatal life that may predispose to the development of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Cagliari 09124, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Weir JM, Wong G, Barlow CK, Greeve MA, Kowalczyk A, Almasy L, Comuzzie AG, Mahaney MC, Jowett JBM, Shaw J, Curran JE, Blangero J, Meikle PJ. Plasma lipid profiling in a large population-based cohort. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2898-908. [PMID: 23868910 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p035808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed plasma lipid profiling using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry on a population cohort of more than 1,000 individuals. From 10 μl of plasma we were able to acquire comparative measures of 312 lipids across 23 lipid classes and subclasses including sphingolipids, phospholipids, glycerolipids, and cholesterol esters (CEs) in 20 min. Using linear and logistic regression, we identified statistically significant associations of lipid classes, subclasses, and individual lipid species with anthropometric and physiological measures. In addition to the expected associations of CEs and triacylglycerol with age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), ceramide was significantly higher in males and was independently associated with age and BMI. Associations were also observed for sphingomyelin with age but this lipid subclass was lower in males. Lysophospholipids were associated with age and higher in males, but showed a strong negative association with BMI. Many of these lipids have previously been associated with chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and may mediate the interactions of age, sex, and obesity with disease risk.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tishinsky JM, De Boer AA, Dyck DJ, Robinson LE. Modulation of visceral fat adipokine secretion by dietary fatty acids and ensuing changes in skeletal muscle inflammation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:28-37. [PMID: 24383504 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the link between obesity and insulin resistance, the role of adipose-derived factors in communicating with skeletal muscle to affect its function is important. We sought to determine if high fat diets modulate visceral adipose tissue (VAT) adipokines with subsequent effects on skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin sensitivity. Rats were fed (i) low fat (LF), (ii) high saturated fatty acid (SFA), or (iii) high SFA with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (SFA/n-3 PUFA) diets for 4 weeks. VAT-derived adipokines were measured in adipose conditioned medium (ACM) after 72 h. Next, skeletal muscles from LF-fed rats were incubated for 8 h in (i) control buffer (CON), (ii) CON with 2 mmol·L(-1) palmitate (PALM, positive control), (iii) ACM from LF, (iv) ACM from SFA, or (v) ACM from SFA/n-3 PUFA. ACM from rats fed SFA and SFA/n-3 PUFA had increased (P ≤ 0.05) interleukin-6 (IL-6) (+31%) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (+30%). Adiponectin was decreased (-29%, P ≤ 0.05) in ACM from SFA, and this was prevented in SFA/n-3 PUFA ACM. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene expression was increased (P ≤ 0.05) in PALM soleus muscle (+356%) and all ACM groups (+175%-191%). MCP-1 gene expression was elevated (P ≤ 0.05) in PALM soleus muscle (+163%) and soleus muscle incubated in ACM from animals fed SFA (+159%) and SFA/n-3 PUFA (+151%). Glucose transport was impaired (P ≤ 0.05) in PALM muscles but preserved in ACM groups. Acute exposure of muscle to fatty acid modulated adipokines affects skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression but not insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Tishinsky
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dessì A, Ottonello G, Fanos V. Physiopathology of intrauterine growth retardation: from classic data to metabolomics. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 25:13-8. [PMID: 23025763 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.714639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adverse conditions during intrauterine life, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), can result in permanent changes in the physiology and metabolism of the newborn, which in turn leads to an increased risk of disease in adulthood (fetal origin of adult disease hypothesis). In the first part of this review the epidemiological studies in which a correlation between low birth weight and chronic pathologies in adulthood was observed are reported. The second part of the review is focused on metabolomics studies that have revealed an altered metabolism in IUGR patients compared to controls. Together with more classic biomarkers of IUGR, such as endothelin-1, leptin, protein S100B and visfatin, the new holistic metabolomics approach has assumed a crescent role in the identification of disorders in the neonatal metabolic profile, determined by the interconnection of the different processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, AOU Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
High-fat fish oil diet prevents hypothalamic inflammatory profile in rats. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:419823. [PMID: 24049658 PMCID: PMC3767199 DOI: 10.1155/2013/419823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether PUFA diets affect inflammatory mediators in central and peripheral sites is not clear. We investigated the effect of high-fat PUFA diets on the expression of proteins involved in inflammatory pathways in hypothalamus, muscle, and liver. Male rats were fed for 2 months with either chow or high-fat diets enriched with either soy (n-6 PUFAs) or fish oil (n-3 PUFAs). The fish group had normal body weight, low serum NEFA, reduced hypothalamic levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and TRAF6, and increased levels of IL-10 receptor. In contrast, the soy group had increased body weight and hypothalamic levels of TRAF6 and NFκBp65. In muscle, the fish diet reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Both PUFA diets increased muscle IL-10 levels and reduced liver TNF-α and IL-6 levels. The data showed that the high-fat soy diet induced activation of the hypothalamic NFκB inflammatory pathway, a feature predisposing to feeding and energy expenditure disturbances associated with the development of obesity. On the other hand, the high-fat fish diet improved the central and the peripheral inflammatory profile via reduction of intracellular inflammatory mediators, suggesting a protection against obesity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Russo SB, Ross JS, Cowart LA. Sphingolipids in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:373-401. [PMID: 23563667 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1511-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disease, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, constitutes a major emerging health crisis in Western nations. Although the symptoms and clinical pathology and physiology of these conditions are well understood, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease process have largely remained obscure. Sphingolipids, a lipid class with both signaling and structural properties, have recently emerged as key players in most major tissues affected by diabetes and are required components in the molecular etiology of this disease. Indeed, sphingolipids have been shown to mediate loss of insulin sensitivity, to promote the characteristic diabetic proinflammatory state, and to induce cell death and dysfunction in important organs such as the pancreas and heart. Furthermore, plasma sphingolipid levels are emerging as potential biomarkers for the decompensation of insulin resistance to frank type 2 diabetes. Despite these discoveries, the roles of specific sphingolipid species and sphingolipid metabolic pathways remain obscure, and newly developed experimental approaches must be employed to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms necessary for rational drug development and other clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Russo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hirabara SM, Folador A, Fiamoncini J, Lambertucci RH, Rodrigues CF, Rocha MS, Aikawa J, Yamazaki RK, Martins AR, Rodrigues AC, Carpinelli AR, Pithon-Curi TC, Fernandes LC, Gorjão R, Curi R. Fish oil supplementation for two generations increases insulin sensitivity in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:1136-45. [PMID: 23246156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation for two consecutive generations on insulin sensitivity in rats. After the nursing period (21 days), female rats from the same prole were divided into two groups: (a) control group and (b) fish oil group. Female rats were supplemented with water (control) or fish oil at 1 g/kg body weight as a single bolus for 3 months. After this period, female rats were mated with male Wistar rats fed on a balanced chow diet (not supplemented). Female rats continued to receive supplementation throughout gestation and lactation periods. The same treatment was performed for the next two generations (G1 and G2). At 75 days of age, male offspring from G1 and G2 generations from both groups were used in the experiments. G1 rats did not present any difference with control rats. However, G2 rats presented reduction in glycemia and lipidemia and improvement in in vivo insulin sensitivity (model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin tolerance test) as well as in vitro insulin sensitivity in soleus muscle (glucose uptake and metabolism). This effect was associated with increased insulin-stimulated p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and lower n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio, but not with activation of proteins from insulin signaling (IR, IRS-1 and Akt). Global DNA methylation was decreased in liver but not in soleus muscle. These results suggest that long-term fish oil supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in association with increased insulin-stimulated p38 activation and decreased n-6:n-3 ratio in skeletal muscle and decreased global DNA methylation in liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sport, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Bisoffi M, Conn CA, Trujillo KA. Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:142. [PMID: 23107305 PMCID: PMC3515476 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyunsaturated fatty acids are popular dietary supplements advertised to contribute to weight loss by increasing fat metabolism in liver, but the effects on overall muscle metabolism are less established. We evaluated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or combination omega 3 on metabolic characteristics in muscle cells. Methods Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with either DMSO control, or CLA or combination omega 3 for 24 or 48 hours. RNA was determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was determined using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates. Results Omega 3 significantly induced metabolic genes as well as oxidative metabolism (oxygen consumption), glycolytic capacity (extracellular acidification), and metabolic rate compared with control. Both treatments significantly increased mitochondrial content. Conclusion Omega 3 fatty acids appear to enhance glycolytic, oxidative, and total metabolism. Moreover, both omega 3 and CLA treatment significantly increase mitochondrial content compared with control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rivas DA, Morris EP, Haran PH, Pasha EP, Morais MDS, Dolnikowski GG, Phillips EM, Fielding RA. Increased ceramide content and NFκB signaling may contribute to the attenuation of anabolic signaling after resistance exercise in aged males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1727-36. [PMID: 23042913 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00412.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fundamental adaptive physiological events is the response of skeletal muscle to high-intensity resistance exercise, resulting in increased protein synthesis and ultimately larger muscle mass. However, muscle growth in response to contraction is attenuated in older humans. Impaired contractile-induced muscle growth may contribute to sarcopenia: the age-associated loss of muscle mass and function that is manifested by loss of strength, contractile capacity, and endurance. We hypothesized that the storage of ceramide would be increased in older individuals and this would be associated with increases in NFκB signaling and a decreased anabolic response to exercise. To test this hypothesis we measured ceramides at rest and anabolic and NFκB signaling after an acute bout of high-intensity resistance exercise in young and older males. Using lipidomics analysis we show there was a 156% increase in the accumulation of C16:0-ceramide (P < 0.05) and a 30% increase in C20:0-ceramide (P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle with aging, although there was no observable difference in total ceramide. C16:0-ceramide content was negatively correlated (P = 0.008) with lower leg lean mass. Aging was associated with a ~60% increase in the phosphorylation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NFκB in the total and nuclear cell fractions (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was an attenuated activation of anabolic signaling molecules such as Akt (P < 0.05), FOXO1 (P < 0.05), and S6K1 (P < 0.05) after an acute bout of high-intensity resistance exercise in older males. We conclude that ceramide may have a significant role in the attenuation of contractile-induced skeletal muscle adaptations and atrophy that is observed with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donato A Rivas
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:248-254. [PMID: 22576583 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283543033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Dessì A, Atzori L, Noto A, Visser GHA, Gazzolo D, Zanardo V, Barberini L, Puddu M, Ottonello G, Atzei A, De Magistris A, Lussu M, Murgia F, Fanos V. Metabolomics in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): urine reveals markers of metabolic syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 24 Suppl 2:35-9. [PMID: 21767100 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.605868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To date, we have little knowledge on the overall metabolic status of neonates with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). In the last few years, the analysis of metabolomics has assumed an important clinical role in identifying "disorders" in the metabolic profile of patients. The aim of this work has been to analyze the urine metabolic profiles of neonates with IUGR and compare them with controls to define the metabolic patterns associated with this pathology. To our knowledge, this is the first study of metabolomics performed on neonates with IUGR. Recruited for the study were 26 neonates with IUGR diagnosed in the neonatal period and with weight at birth below the 10th percentile and 30 neonates of proper gestational weight at birth (controls). In the first 24 hours (prior to feeding) (T1) and about 4 days after birth (T2), a urine sample was taken non-invasively from each neonate. The samples were then frozen at -80°C up to the time of the analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The data contained in the NMR spectra obtained from the single samples were statistically analyzed using the Principal Components Analysis and the Partial Least Squares-Discriminate Analysis. By means of a multivariate analysis of the NMR spectra obtained, it was possible to highlight the differences between the two groups (IUGRs and controls) owing to the presence of different metabolic patterns. The discriminants in the urine metabolic profiles derived essentially from significant differences in certain metabolites such as: myo-inositol, sarcosine, creatine and creatinine. The metabolomic analysis showed different urine metabolic profiles between neonates with IUGR and controls and made it possible to identify the molecules responsible for such differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Amino-N is preserved because of the scarcity and nutritional importance of protein. Excretion requires its conversion to ammonia, later incorporated into urea. Under conditions of excess dietary energy, the body cannot easily dispose of the excess amino-N against the evolutively adapted schemes that prevent its wastage; thus ammonia and glutamine formation (and urea excretion) are decreased. High lipid (and energy) availability limits the utilisation of glucose, and high glucose spares the production of ammonium from amino acids, limiting the synthesis of glutamine and its utilisation by the intestine and kidney. The amino acid composition of the diet affects the production of ammonium depending on its composition and the individual amino acid catabolic pathways. Surplus amino acids enhance protein synthesis and growth, and the synthesis of non-protein-N-containing compounds. But these outlets are not enough; consequently, less-conventional mechanisms are activated, such as increased synthesis of NO∙ followed by higher nitrite (and nitrate) excretion and changes in the microbiota. There is also a significant production of N(2) gas, through unknown mechanisms. Health consequences of amino-N surplus are difficult to fathom because of the sparse data available, but it can be speculated that the effects may be negative, largely because the fundamental N homeostasis is stretched out of normalcy, forcing the N removal through pathways unprepared for that task. The unreliable results of hyperproteic diets, and part of the dysregulation found in the metabolic syndrome may be an unwanted consequence of this N disposal conflict.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lai MH, Chen YT, Chen YY, Chang JH, Cheng HH. Effects of rice bran oil on the blood lipids profiles and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 51:15-8. [PMID: 22798707 PMCID: PMC3391858 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of rice bran oil consumption on plasma lipids and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a placebo group or a rice bran oil group. The placebo group consumed 250 mL soybean oil-modified milk (18 g soybean oil) daily for 5 weeks, and the rice bran oil group consumed 250 mL rice bran oil modified milk (18 g rice bran oil) daily for 5 weeks. At week 0 and week 5, anthropometric measurements, hematology tests, and an oral-glucose-tolerance test were conducted. The results showed that the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance, the area under the curve for postprandial serum insulin, and serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in the placebo group. In the rice bran oil group, fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose concentrations and the area under the curve for postprandial plasma glucose increased significantly; however, total serum cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly. However, the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance was not significantly different. Consumption of 18 g rice bran oil modified milk daily for 5 weeks significantly decreased total serum cholesterol concentrations and tended to decrease low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, no significant influence on insulin resistance was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hoang Lai
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare and Management, Sindian District, New Taipei City, 23143, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shearer GC, Savinova OV, Harris WS. Fish oil -- how does it reduce plasma triglycerides? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:843-51. [PMID: 22041134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Long chain omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are effective for reducing plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. At the pharmaceutical dose, 3.4g/day, they reduce plasma TG by about 25-50% after one month of treatment, resulting primarily from the decline in hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG) production, and secondarily from the increase in VLDL clearance. Numerous mechanisms have been shown to contribute to the TG overproduction, but a key component is an increase in the availability of FAs in the liver. The liver derives FAs from three sources: diet (delivered via chylomicron remnants), de novo lipogenesis, and circulating non-esterified FAs (NEFAs). Of these, NEFAs contribute the largest fraction to VLDL-TG production in both normotriglyceridemic subjects and hypertriglyceridemic, insulin resistant patients. Thus reducing NEFA delivery to the liver would be a likely locus of action for fish oils (FO). The key regulator of plasma NEFA is intracellular adipocyte lipolysis via hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), which increases as insulin sensitivity worsens. FO counteracts intracellular lipolysis in adipocytes by suppressing adipose tissue inflammation. In addition, FO increases extracellular lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase (LpL) in adipose, heart and skeletal muscle and enhances hepatic and skeletal muscle β-oxidation which contributes to reduced FA delivery to the liver. FO could activate transcription factors which control metabolic pathways in a tissue specific manner regulating nutrient traffic and reducing plasma TG. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Shearer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, SD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|