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Conrado AC, Lemes Jorge G, Rao RSP, Xu C, Xu D, Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ. Evolution of the regulatory subunits for the heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230353. [PMID: 39343023 PMCID: PMC11449227 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The committed step for de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis is the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-coenzyme A catalysed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). In most plants, ACCase is a multi-subunit complex orthologous to prokaryotes. However, unlike prokaryotes, the plant and algal orthologues are comprised both catalytic and additional dedicated regulatory subunits. Novel regulatory subunits, biotin lipoyl attachment domain-containing proteins (BADC) and carboxyltransferase interactors (CTI) (both three-gene families in Arabidopsis) represent new effectors specific to plants and certain algal species. The evolutionary history of these genes in autotrophic eukaryotes remains elusive, making it an ongoing area of research. Analyses of potential protein-protein and co-occurrence interactions, informed by gene network patterns using the STRING database, in Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii unveil intricate gene associations with ACCase, suggesting a complex interplay between FA synthesis and other cellular processes. Among both species, a higher number of co-expressed genes was identified in Arabidopsis, indicating a wider potential regulatory network of ACCase in plants. This review investigates the extent to which these genes arose in autotrophic eukaryotes and provides insights into their evolutionary trajectory. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Conrado
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Grou, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211, USA
| | - Gabriel Lemes Jorge
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Grou, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211, USA
| | - R. S. P. Rao
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE University Centre, Mangaluru575018, India
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute for Data Science and Informatics, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211, USA
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille,Aix Marseille Univ, CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance13108, France
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Grou, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211, USA
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2
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Wang J, Singer SD, Chen G. Biotechnological advances in the production of unusual fatty acids in transgenic plants and recombinant microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 76:108435. [PMID: 39214484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Certain plants and microorganisms can produce high amounts of unusual fatty acids (UFAs) such as hydroxy, conjugated, cyclic, and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have distinct physicochemical properties and significant applications in the food, feed, and oleochemical industries. Since many natural sources of UFAs are not ideal for large-scale agricultural production or fermentation, it is attractive to produce them through synthetic biology. Although several UFAs have been commercially or pre-commercially produced in transgenic plants and microorganisms, their contents in transgenic hosts are generally much lower than in natural sources. Moreover, reproducing this success for a wider spectrum of UFAs has remained challenging. This review discusses recent advancements in our understanding of the biosynthesis, accumulation, and heterologous production of UFAs, and addresses the challenges and potential strategies for achieving high UFA content in engineered plants and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St and 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Wu X, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Zhan Y, Li Y, Teng W, Han Y, Zhao X. Bioinformatics Identification and Expression Analysis of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Reveal Its Role in Isoflavone Accumulation during Soybean Seed Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10221. [PMID: 39337707 PMCID: PMC11432495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones belong to the class of flavonoid compounds, which are important secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant development and defense. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Acetyl-CoA into Malonyl-CoA in plants. It is a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis and also catalyzes the production of various secondary metabolites. However, information on the ACC gene family in the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genome and the specific members involved in isoflavone biosynthesis is still lacking. In this study, we identified 20 ACC family genes (GmACCs) from the soybean genome and further characterized their evolutionary relationships and expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GmACCs could be divided into five groups, and the gene structures within the same groups were highly conserved, indicating that they had similar functions. The GmACCs were randomly distributed across 12 chromosomes, and collinearity analysis suggested that many GmACCs originated from tandem and segmental duplications, with these genes being under purifying selection. In addition, gene expression pattern analysis indicated that there was functional divergence among GmACCs in different tissues. The GmACCs reached their peak expression levels during the early or middle stages of seed development. Based on the transcriptome and isoflavone content data, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and three candidate genes (Glyma.06G105900, Glyma.13G363500, and Glyma.13G057400) that may positively regulate isoflavone content were identified. These results provide valuable information for the further functional characterization and application of GmACCs in isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhenhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yina Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuhang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Weili Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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4
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Fan J, Sah SK, Lemes Jorge G, Blanford J, Xie D, Yu L, Thelen J, Shanklin J, Xu C. Arabidopsis trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 mutants reveal a critical role for phosphtidylcholine remodeling in lipid homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39276345 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Lipid remodeling plays a critical role in plant response to abiotic stress and metabolic perturbations. Key steps in this process involve modifications of phosphatidylcholine (PC) acyl chains mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine: acyl-CoA acyltransferases (LPCATs) and phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (ROD1). To assess their importance in lipid homeostasis, we took advantage of the trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 (tgd1) mutant that exhibits marked increases in fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid flux through PC due to a block in inter-organelle lipid trafficking. Here, we showed that the increased fatty acid synthesis in tgd1 is due to posttranslational activation of the plastidic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Genetic analysis showed that knockout of LPCAT1 and 2 resulted in a lethal phenotype in tgd1. In addition, plants homozygous for lpcat2 and heterozygous for lpcat1 in the tgd1 background showed reduced levels of PC and triacylglycerols (TAG) and alterations in their fatty acid profiles. We further showed that disruption of ROD1 in tgd1 resulted in changes in fatty acid composition of PC and TAG, decreased leaf TAG content and reduced seedling growth. Together, our results reveal a critical role of LPCATs and ROD1 in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis under conditions, in which fatty acid production largely exceeds the cellular demand for membrane lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Saroj Kumar Sah
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Gabriel Lemes Jorge
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1201 E Rollins, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Jantana Blanford
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Dongling Xie
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Jay Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1201 E Rollins, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
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5
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Su J, Tian X, Cheng H, Liu D, Wang Z, Sun S, Wang HW, Sui SF. Structural insight into synergistic activation of human 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01379-3. [PMID: 39223421 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The enzymes 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (MCC), pyruvate carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase belong to the biotin-dependent carboxylase family located in mitochondria. They participate in various metabolic pathways in human such as amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Many human diseases are caused by mutations in those enzymes but their structures have not been fully resolved so far. Here we report an optimized purification strategy to obtain high-resolution structures of intact human endogenous MCC, propionyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase in different conformational states. We also determine the structures of MCC bound to different substrates. Analysis of MCC structures in different states reveals the mechanism of the substrate-induced, multi-element synergistic activation of MCC. These results provide important insights into the catalytic mechanism of the biotin-dependent carboxylase family and are of great value for the development of new drugs for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- The California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California campuses at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Desheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sen-Fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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6
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Clews AC, Ulch BA, Jesionowska M, Hong J, Mullen RT, Xu Y. Variety of Plant Oils: Species-Specific Lipid Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:845-862. [PMID: 37971406 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of triacylglycerol within seeds and their surrounding tissues, which comprises three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Different plant species accumulate unique fatty acids in their oils, serving a range of applications in pharmaceuticals and oleochemicals. To enable the production of these distinctive oils, select plant species have adapted specialized oil metabolism pathways, involving differential gene co-expression networks and structurally divergent enzymes/proteins. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances in our understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants. We compare expression patterns of oil metabolism genes from representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) to showcase the co-expression networks of relevant genes for acyl metabolism. We also review several divergent enzymes/proteins associated with key catalytic steps of unique oil accumulation, including fatty acid desaturases, diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins, highlighting their structural features and preference toward unique lipid substrates. Lastly, we briefly discuss protein interactomes and substrate channeling for oil biosynthesis and the complex regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Clews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon A Ulch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Monika Jesionowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jun Hong
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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7
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Xu X, de Sousa AS, Boram TJ, Jiang W, Lohman JR. Active E. coli heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase forms polymorphic helical tubular filaments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596234. [PMID: 38854064 PMCID: PMC11160672 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) has four subunits assumed to form an elusive catalytic complex and are involved in allosteric and transcriptional regulation. The E. coli ACC represents almost all ACCs from pathogenic bacteria making it a key antibiotic development target to fight growing antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, it is a model for cyanobacterial and plant plastid ACCs as biofuel engineering targets. Here we report the catalytic E. coli ACC complex surprisingly forms tubes rather than dispersed particles. The cryo-EM structure reveals key protein-protein interactions underpinning efficient catalysis and how transcriptional regulatory roles are masked during catalysis. Discovering the protein-protein interaction interfaces that facilitate catalysis, allosteric and transcriptional regulation provides new routes to engineering catalytic activity and new targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Amanda Silva de Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Trevor J. Boram
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jeremy R. Lohman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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8
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Liao W, Guo R, Qian K, Shi W, Whelan J, Shou H. The acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases GmFATA1 and GmFATA2 are essential for fatty acid accumulation and growth in soybean. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:823-838. [PMID: 38224529 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (FAT) hydrolyze acyl-ACP complexes to release FA in plastids, which ultimately affects FA biosynthesis and profiles. Soybean GmFATA1 and GmFATA2 are homoeologous genes encoding oleoyl-ACP thioesterases whose role in seed oil accumulation and plant growth has not been defined. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mutation of Gmfata1 or 2 led to reduced leaf FA content and growth defect at the early seedling stage. In contrast, no homozygous double mutants were obtained. Combined this indicates that GmFATA1 and GmFATA2 display overlapping, but not complete functional redundancy. Combined transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis revealed a large number of genes involved in FA synthesis and FA chain elongation are expressed at reduced level in the Gmfata1 mutant, accompanied by a lower triacylglycerol abundance at the early seedling stage. Further analysis showed that the Gmfata1 or 2 mutants had increased composition of the beneficial FA, oleic acid. The growth defect of Gmfata1 could be at least partially attributed to reduced acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, reduced abundance of five unsaturated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol lipids, and altered chloroplast morphology. On the other hand, overexpression of GmFATA in soybean led to significant increases in leaf FA content by 5.7%, vegetative growth, and seed yield by 26.9%, and seed FA content by 23.2%. Thus, overexpression of GmFATA is an effective strategy to enhance soybean oil content and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liao
- State Key Lab of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Runze Guo
- State Key Lab of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Lab of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wanxuan Shi
- State Key Lab of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - James Whelan
- State Key Lab of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Lab of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
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9
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Madan K, Paliwal S, Sharma S, Kesar S, Chauhan N, Madan M. QSAR Studies and Scaffold Optimization of Predicted Novel ACC 2 Inhibitors to Treat Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e010923220643. [PMID: 37680153 DOI: 10.2174/1570163820666230901144003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is one of the major non-communicable global health hazards of the modern world owing to its amplifying prevalence. Acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase 2 (ACC 2) is one of the most crucial enzymes involved in the manifestation of this disease because of its regulatory role in fatty acid metabolism. OBJECTIVE To find novel potent ACC 2 inhibitors as therapeutic potential leads for combating metabolic syndrome. METHODS In the present study, a two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D QSAR) approach was executed on biologically relevant thiazolyl phenyl ether derivatives as ACC 2 inhibitors for structural optimization. The physiochemical descriptors were calculated and thus a correlation was derived between the observed and predicted activity by the regression equation. The significant descriptors i.e. log P (Whole Molecule) and Number of H-bond Donors (Substituent 1) obtained under study were considered for the design of new compounds and their predicted biological activity was calculated from the regression equation of the developed model. The compounds were further validated by docking studies with the prepared ACC 2 receptor. RESULTS The most promising predicted leads with the absence of an H-bond donor group at the substituted phenyl ether moiety yet increased overall lipophilicity exhibited excellent amino acid binding affinity with the receptor and showed predicted inhibitory activity of 0.0025 μM and 0.0027 μM. The newly designed compounds were checked for their novelty. Lipinski's rule of five was applied to check their druggability and no violation of this rule was observed. CONCLUSION The compounds designed in the present study have tremendous potential to yield orally active ACC 2 inhibitors to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtika Madan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Seema Kesar
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Mansi Madan
- Medical Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
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10
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Xu Y, Singer SD, Chen G. Protein interactomes for plant lipid biosynthesis and their biotechnological applications. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1734-1744. [PMID: 36762506 PMCID: PMC10440990 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipids have essential biological roles in plant development and stress responses through their functions in cell membrane formation, energy storage and signalling. Vegetable oil, which is composed mainly of the storage lipid triacylglycerol, also has important applications in food, biofuel and oleochemical industries. Lipid biosynthesis occurs in multiple subcellular compartments and involves the coordinated action of various pathways. Although biochemical and molecular biology research over the last few decades has identified many proteins associated with lipid metabolism, our current understanding of the dynamic protein interactomes involved in lipid biosynthesis, modification and channelling is limited. This review examines advances in the identification and characterization of protein interactomes involved in plant lipid biosynthesis, with a focus on protein complexes consisting of different subunits for sequential reactions such as those in fatty acid biosynthesis and modification, as well as transient or dynamic interactomes formed from enzymes in cooperative pathways such as assemblies of membrane-bound enzymes for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. We also showcase a selection of representative protein interactome structures predicted using AlphaFold2, and discuss current and prospective strategies involving the use of interactome knowledge in plant lipid biotechnology. Finally, unresolved questions in this research area and possible approaches to address them are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Stacy D. Singer
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeAlbertaCanada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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11
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Lan HN, Liu RY, Liu ZH, Li X, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Biological valorization of lignin to flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108107. [PMID: 36758651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most affluent natural aromatic biopolymer on the earth, which is the promising renewable source for valuable products to promote the sustainability of biorefinery. Flavonoids are a class of plant polyphenolic secondary metabolites containing the benzene ring structure with various biological activities, which are largely applied in health food, pharmaceutical, and medical fields. Due to the aromatic similarity, microbial conversion of lignin derived aromatics to flavonoids could facilitate flavonoid biosynthesis and promote the lignin valorization. This review thereby prospects a novel valorization route of lignin to high-value natural products and demonstrates the potential advantages of microbial bioconversion of lignin to flavonoids. The biodegradation of lignin polymers is summarized to identify aromatic monomers as momentous precursors for flavonoid synthesis. The biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids in both plants and strains are introduced and compared. After that, the key branch points and important intermediates are clearly discussed in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids. Moreover, the most significant enzyme reactions including Claisen condensation, cyclization and hydroxylation are demonstrated in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids. Finally, current challenges and potential future strategies are also discussed for transforming lignin into various flavonoids. The holistic microbial conversion routes of lignin to flavonoids could make a sustainable production of flavonoids and improve the feasibility of lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Na Lan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ruo-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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12
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Zhou X, Zhu X, Zeng H. Fatty acid metabolism in adaptive immunity. FEBS J 2023; 290:584-599. [PMID: 34822226 PMCID: PMC9130345 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) not only are a key component of cellular membrane structure, but also have diverse functions in biological processes. Recent years have seen great advances in understanding of how FA metabolism contributes to adaptive immune response. Here, we review three key processes, FA biosynthesis, FA oxidation and FA uptake, and how they direct T and B cell functions during immune challenges. Then, we will focus on the relationship between microbiota derived FAs, short-chain FAs, and adaptive immunity. Along the way, we will also discuss the outstanding controversies and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Mi C, Sun C, Yuan Y, Li F, Wang Q, Zhu H, Hua S, Lin L. Effects of Low Nighttime Temperature on Fatty Acid Content in Developing Seeds from Brassica napus L. Based on RNA-Seq and Metabolome. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12020325. [PMID: 36679038 PMCID: PMC9862530 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus L. is a vital plant oil resource worldwide. The fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in its seeds are controlled by several genetic and environmental factors, including daytime and nighttime temperatures. We analyzed changes in oleic and erucic acid content in two double haploid (DH) lines, DH0729, a weakly temperature-sensitive line, and DH0815, a strongly temperature-sensitive line, derived from B. napus plants grown at different altitudes (1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, and 2400 m a.s.l., 28.85° N, 112.35° E) and nighttime temperatures (20/18, 20/16, 20/13 and 20/10 °C, daytime/nighttime temperature). Based on medium- and long-chain fatty acid metabolites, the total oleic acid content 35 and 43 days after flowering was significantly lower in low nighttime temperature (LNT, 20/13 °C) plants than in high nighttime temperature (HNT, 20/18 °C) plants (HNT: 58-62%; LNT: 49-54%; an average decrease of 9%), and the total erucic acid content was significantly lower in HNT than in LNT plants (HNT: 1-2%; LNT: 8-13%; an average increase of 10%). An RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression levels of SAD (LOC106366808), ECR (LOC106396280), KCS (LOC106419344), KAR (LOC106367337), HB1(LOC106430193), and DOF5 (LOC111211868) in STSL seeds increased under LNT conditions. In STSL seeds, a base mutation in the cis-acting element involved in low-temperature responsiveness (LTR), the HB1 and KCS promoter caused loss of sensitivity to low temperatures, whereas that of the KCS promoter caused increased sensitivity to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Mi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yuting Yuan
- Agricultural Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, China
| | - Fei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Haiping Zhu
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 17, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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14
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Sloan DB, Warren JM, Williams AM, Kuster SA, Forsythe ES. Incompatibility and Interchangeability in Molecular Evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evac184. [PMID: 36583227 PMCID: PMC9839398 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is remarkable variation in the rate at which genetic incompatibilities in molecular interactions accumulate. In some cases, minor changes-even single-nucleotide substitutions-create major incompatibilities when hybridization forces new variants to function in a novel genetic background from an isolated population. In other cases, genes or even entire functional pathways can be horizontally transferred between anciently divergent evolutionary lineages that span the tree of life with little evidence of incompatibilities. In this review, we explore whether there are general principles that can explain why certain genes are prone to incompatibilities while others maintain interchangeability. We summarize evidence pointing to four genetic features that may contribute to greater resistance to functional replacement: (1) function in multisubunit enzyme complexes and protein-protein interactions, (2) sensitivity to changes in gene dosage, (3) rapid rate of sequence evolution, and (4) overall importance to cell viability, which creates sensitivity to small perturbations in molecular function. We discuss the relative levels of support for these different hypotheses and lay out future directions that may help explain the striking contrasts in patterns of incompatibility and interchangeability throughout the history of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessica M Warren
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Alissa M Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shady A Kuster
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Evan S Forsythe
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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15
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Chu H, Du C, Yang Y, Feng X, Zhu L, Chen J, Yang F. MC-LR Aggravates Liver Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet via PI3K/AKT/mTOR/SREBP1 Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120833. [PMID: 36548730 PMCID: PMC9784346 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a metabolic disease caused by excessive fat accumulation in the body, has attracted worldwide attention. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin which has been reportedly to cause lipid metabolism disorder. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks to build obese an animal model, and subsequently, the obese mice were fed MC-LR for another eight weeks, and we aimed to determine how MC-LR exposure affects the liver lipid metabolism in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. The results show that MC-LR increased the obese mice serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), indicating damaged liver function. The lipid parameters include serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and liver TG, which were all increased, whilst the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was decreased. Furthermore, after MC-LR treatment, histopathological observation revealed that the number of red lipid droplets increased, and that steatosis was more severe in the obese mice. In addition, the lipid synthesis-related genes were increased and the fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes were decreased in the obese mice after MC-LR exposure. Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of phosphorylation phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), phosphorylation protein kinase B (p-AKT), phosphorylation mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1-c) were increased; similarly, the p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, p-mTOR/mTOR, and SREBP1/β-actin were significantly up-regulated in obese mice after being exposed to MC-LR, and the activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR/SREBP1 signaling pathway. In addition, MC-LR exposure reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the obese mice's serum. In summary, the MC-LR could aggravate the HFD-induced obese mice liver lipid metabolism disorder by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/SREBP1 signaling pathway to hepatocytes, increasing the SREBP1-c-regulated key enzymes for lipid synthesis, and blocking fatty acid β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Chu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Can Du
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Lemei Zhu
- School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province, Department of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (F.Y.)
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16
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Zhang X, Wu Q, Zheng W, Liu C, Huang L, Zuo X, Xiao W, Han X, Ye H, Wang W, Yang L, Zhu Y. Developmental changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism and the inhibition by in ovo feeding oleic acid in Muscovy duck embryogenesis. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:321-333. [PMID: 36733781 PMCID: PMC9873582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic lipid and fatty acid (FA) metabolism are critical for regulating energetic homeostasis during embryogenesis. At present, it remains unclear how an exogenous FA intervention affects embryonic development in an avian embryo model. In Exp. 1, 30 fertilized eggs were sampled on embryonic days (E) 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 and the day of hatch (DOH) to determine the critical period of lipid metabolism. In Exp. 2, a total of 120 fertilized eggs were divided into two groups (60 eggs/group) for in ovo feeding (IOF) procedures on E25. Eggs were injected into the yolk sac with PBS as the control group and with oleic acid (OA) as the IOF-OA treatment group. Samples were collected on E28 and E31. In Exp. 1, hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) contents increased while serum TG content decreased from E16 to DOH (P < 0.05). Both serum and liver displayed an increase in unsaturated FA and a decrease in saturated FA (P < 0.05). There was a quadratic increase in the target gene and protein expression related to hepatic FA de novo synthesis and oxidation (P < 0.05), whose inflection period was between E22 and E28. In Exp. 2, compared with the control embryos, IOF-OA embryos had an increased yolk sac TG content on E28 and E31, and a decreased serum TG and CHO content on E28 (P < 0.05). The IOF-OA embryos had less OA in the yolk sac and liver on E28, and less unsaturated FA in the serum and liver on E31 than did the control embryos (P < 0.05). Hepatic gene mRNA expression related to FA uptake, synthesis, and oxidation on E28 was lower in IOF-OA than in control embryos (P < 0.05), not on E31 (P > 0.05). Maximal metabolic changes in lipid and FA metabolism occurred on E22-E28 in Muscovy duck embryogenesis, along with the altered target gene and protein expression related to lipogenesis and lipolysis. IOF-OA intervention on E25 could inhibit the target gene expression related to FA uptake, synthesis, and oxidation, which may influence the normal FA metabolism on E28 during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qilin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Wen's Food Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu 52740, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- Wen's Food Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu 52740, China
| | | | | | - Hui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China,Corresponding authors.
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17
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Xu W, Wang Q, Zhang W, Zhang H, Liu X, Song Q, Zhu Y, Cui X, Chen X, Chen H. Using transcriptomic and metabolomic data to investigate the molecular mechanisms that determine protein and oil contents during seed development in soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1012394. [PMID: 36247601 PMCID: PMC9557928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merri.] is one of the most valuable global crops. And vegetable soybean, as a special type of soybean, provides rich nutrition in people's life. In order to investigate the gene expression networks and molecular regulatory mechanisms that regulate soybean seed oil and protein contents during seed development, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of soybean seeds during development in two soybean varieties that differ in protein and oil contents. We identified a total of 41,036 genes and 392 metabolites, of which 12,712 DEGs and 315 DAMs were identified. Analysis of KEGG enrichment demonstrated that DEGs were primarily enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, carbon metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of amino acids and secondary metabolites. K-means analysis divided the DEGs into 12 distinct clusters. We identified candidate gene sets that regulate the biosynthesis of protein and oil in soybean seeds, and present potential regulatory patterns that high seed-protein varieties may be more sensitive to desiccation, show earlier photomorphogenesis and delayed leaf senescence, and thus accumulate higher protein contents than high-oil varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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18
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Ceriotti LF, Gatica-Soria L, Sanchez-Puerta MV. Cytonuclear coevolution in a holoparasitic plant with highly disparate organellar genomes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:673-688. [PMID: 35359176 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contrasting substitution rates in the organellar genomes of Lophophytum agree with the DNA repair, replication, and recombination gene content. Plastid and nuclear genes whose products form multisubunit complexes co-evolve. The organellar genomes of the holoparasitic plant Lophophytum (Balanophoraceae) show disparate evolution. In the plastid, the genome has been severely reduced and presents a > 85% AT content, while in the mitochondria most protein-coding genes have been replaced by homologs acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from their hosts (Fabaceae). Both genomes carry genes whose products form multisubunit complexes with those of nuclear genes, creating a possible hotspot of cytonuclear coevolution. In this study, we assessed the evolutionary rates of plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and their impact on cytonuclear evolution of genes involved in multisubunit complexes related to lipid biosynthesis and proteolysis in the plastid and those in charge of the oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Genes from the plastid and the mitochondria (both native and foreign) of Lophophytum showed extremely high and ordinary substitution rates, respectively. These results agree with the biased loss of plastid-targeted proteins involved in angiosperm organellar repair, replication, and recombination machinery. Consistent with the high rate of evolution of plastid genes, nuclear-encoded subunits of plastid complexes showed disproportionate increases in non-synonymous substitution rates, while those of the mitochondrial complexes did not show different rates than the control (i.e. non-organellar nuclear genes). Moreover, the increases in the nuclear-encoded subunits of plastid complexes were positively correlated with the level of physical interaction they possess with the plastid-encoded ones. Overall, these results suggest that a structurally-mediated compensatory factor may be driving plastid-nuclear coevolution in Lophophytum, and that mito-nuclear coevolution was not altered by HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Ceriotti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Gatica-Soria
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M Virginia Sanchez-Puerta
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, IBAM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
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19
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Du C, Zheng S, Yang Y, Feng X, Chen J, Tang Y, Wang H, Yang F. Chronic exposure to low concentration of MC-LR caused hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113649. [PMID: 35605325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent hepatotoxin can cause liver damages. However, research on hepatic lipid metabolism caused by long-term exposure to environmental concentrations MC-LR is limited. In the current study, mice were exposed to various low concentrations of MC-LR (0, 1, 30, 60, 90, 120 μg/L in the drinking water) for 9 months. The general parameters, serum and liver lipids, liver tissue pathology, lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins of liver were investigated. The results show that chronic MC-LR exposure had increased the levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum and liver. In addition, histological observation revealed that hepatic lobules were disordered with obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and lipid droplets. More importantly, the mRNA and proteins expression levels of lipid synthesis-related nuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (nSREBP-1c), SREBP-1c, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA-carboxylase1 (ACC1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were increased in MC-LR treated groups, the expression levels of fatty acids β-oxidation related genes peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) was decreased after exposure to 60-120 μg/L MC-LR. Furthermore, the inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were higher than that in the control group. All the findings indicated that mice were exposed to chronic low concentrations MC-LR caused liver inflammation and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder .
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Du
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shuilin Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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20
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Cay SB, Cinar YU, Kuralay SC, Inal B, Zararsiz G, Ciftci A, Mollman R, Obut O, Eldem V, Bakir Y, Erol O. Genome skimming approach reveals the gene arrangements in the chloroplast genomes of the highly endangered Crocus L. species: Crocus istanbulensis (B.Mathew) Rukšāns. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269747. [PMID: 35704623 PMCID: PMC9200356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocus istanbulensis (B.Mathew) Rukšāns is one of the most endangered Crocus species in the world and has an extremely limited distribution range in Istanbul. Our recent field work indicates that no more than one hundred individuals remain in the wild. In the present study, we used genome skimming to determine the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of six C. istanbulensis individuals collected from the locus classicus. The cp genome of C. istanbulensis has 151,199 base pairs (bp), with a large single-copy (LSC) (81,197 bp), small single copy (SSC) (17,524 bp) and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,236 bp each. The cp genome contains 132 genes, of which 86 are protein-coding (PCGs), 8 are rRNA and 38 are tRNA genes. Most of the repeats are found in intergenic spacers of Crocus species. Mononucleotide repeats were most abundant, accounting for over 80% of total repeats. The cp genome contained four palindrome repeats and one forward repeat. Comparative analyses among other Iridaceae species identified one inversion in the terminal positions of LSC region and three different gene (psbA, rps3 and rpl22) arrangements in C. istanbulensis that were not reported previously. To measure selective pressure in the exons of chloroplast coding sequences, we performed a sequence analysis of plastome-encoded genes. A total of seven genes (accD, rpoC2, psbK, rps12, ccsA, clpP and ycf2) were detected under positive selection in the cp genome. Alignment-free sequence comparison showed an extremely low sequence diversity across naturally occurring C. istanbulensis specimens. All six sequenced individuals shared the same cp haplotype. In summary, this study will aid further research on the molecular evolution and development of ex situ conservation strategies of C. istanbulensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selahattin Baris Cay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ulas Cinar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selim Can Kuralay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Behcet Inal
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Zararsiz
- Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Drug Application and Research Center (ERFARMA), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Almila Ciftci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rachel Mollman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Obut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vahap Eldem
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Yakup Bakir
- Department of Plant Bioactive Metabolites, ACTV Biotechnology, Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Erol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang M, Garneau MG, Poudel AN, Lamm D, Koo AJ, Bates PD, Thelen JJ. Overexpression of pea α-carboxyltransferase in Arabidopsis and camelina increases fatty acid synthesis leading to improved seed oil content. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1035-1046. [PMID: 35220631 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYHeteromeric acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (htACCase) catalyzes the committed step of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in most plant plastids. Plant htACCase is comprised of four subunits: α‐ and β‐carboxyltransferase (α‐ and β‐CT), biotin carboxylase, and biotin carboxyl carrier protein. Based on in vivo absolute quantification of htACCase subunits, α‐CT is 3‐ to 10‐fold less abundant than its partner subunit β‐CT in developing Arabidopsis seeds [Wilson and Thelen, J. Proteome Res., 2018, 17 (5)]. To test the hypothesis that low expression of α‐CT limits htACCase activity and flux through fatty acid synthesis in planta, we overexpressed Pisum sativum α‐CT, either with or without its C‐terminal non‐catalytic domain, in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa. First‐generation Arabidopsis seed of 35S::Ps α‐CT (n = 25) and 35S::Ps α‐CTΔ406‐875 (n = 47) were on average 14% higher in oil content (% dry weight) than wild type co‐cultivated in a growth chamber. First‐generation camelina seed showed an average 8% increase compared to co‐cultivated wild type. Biochemical analyses confirmed the accumulation of Ps α‐CT and Ps α‐CTΔ406‐875 protein and higher htACCase activity in overexpression lines during early seed development. Overexpressed Ps α‐CT co‐migrated with native At β‐CT during anion exchange chromatography, indicating co‐association. By successfully increasing seed oil content upon heterologous overexpression of α‐CT, we demonstrate how absolute quantitation of in vivo protein complex stoichiometry can be used to guide rational metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Matthew G Garneau
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, DC, 99164, USA
| | - Arati N Poudel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Daniel Lamm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Philip D Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, DC, 99164, USA
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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22
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Ali I, Khan A, Fa Z, Khan T, Wei DQ, Zheng J. Crystal structure of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (AccB) from Streptomyces antibioticus and insights into the substrate-binding through in silico mutagenesis and biophysical investigations. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105439. [PMID: 35344865 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is crucial for polyketides biosynthesis and acts as an essential metabolic checkpoint. It is also an attractive drug target against obesity, cancer, microbial infections, and diabetes. However, the lack of knowledge, particularly sequence-structure function relationship to narrate ligand-enzyme binding, has hindered the progress of ACC-specific therapeutics and unnatural "natural" polyketides. Structural characterization of such enzymes will boost the opportunity to understand the substrate binding, designing new inhibitors and information regarding the molecular rules which control the substrate specificity of ACCs. To understand the substrate specificity, we determined the crystal structure of AccB (Carboxyl-transferase, CT) from Streptomyces antibioticus with a resolution of 2.3 Å and molecular modeling approaches were employed to unveil the molecular mechanism of acetyl-CoA recognition and processing. The CT domain of S. antibioticus shares a similar structural organization with the previous structures and the two steps reaction was confirmed by enzymatic assay. Furthermore, to reveal the key hotspots required for the substrate recognition and processing, in silico mutagenesis validated only three key residues (V223, Q346, and Q514) that help in the fixation of the substrate. Moreover, we also presented atomic level knowledge on the mechanism of the substrate binding, which unveiled the terminal loop (500-514) function as an opening and closing switch and pushes the substrate inside the cavity for stable binding. A significant decline in the hydrogen bonding half-life was observed upon the alanine substitution. Consequently, the presented structural data highlighted the potential key interacting residues for substrate recognition and will also help to re-design ACCs active site for proficient substrate specificity to produce diverse polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Zhang Fa
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Taimoor Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Jianting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.
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23
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Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zheng M, Wang G, Zhao H. Exposed to Sulfamethoxazole induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder and intestinal microbiota changes on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 253:109245. [PMID: 34801728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used around the world. Pollution of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water poses a great threat to aquatic life. In this study, the toxic effects of SMX on the liver were assessed through RNA sequencing analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was conducted to determine the influence of SMX on gut microbiota of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult male zebrafish were exposed to 0, 5, 90 and 450 μg/L of environmentally relevant concentrations of SMX for 21 days respectively. The results showed that the liver had severe histopathological damages including pyknotic nuclei, cytoplasmic hyalinization and vacuolization and deformed hepatocytes with loose cell-to-cell contact. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that liver function was seriously affected by SMX exposure. Meanwhile, SMX exposure significantly inhibited the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis, oxidation and transport. Besides, exfoliated and dissolved epithelial cells were observed in the gut after SMX treatment. Although there was no significant change on richness and species diversity of intestinal microbial community, the relative abundance of phylum and genus of SMX treatments were significantly different from that of control group. The present study implied that SMX may cause potential health risks to fish through inducing histopathological damages, genetic expression alterations, disorder of fatty acid metabolism and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- AP Center Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, China
| | - Mutang Zheng
- AP Center Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- AP Center Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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24
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Dalla Costa TP, Silva MC, de Santana Lopes A, Gomes Pacheco T, de Oliveira JD, de Baura VA, Balsanelli E, Maltempi de Souza E, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Rogalski M. The plastome of Melocactus glaucescens Buining & Brederoo reveals unique evolutionary features and loss of essential tRNA genes. PLANTA 2022; 255:57. [PMID: 35113261 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plastome of Melocactus glaucescens shows unique rearrangements, IR expansion, and unprecedented gene losses in Cactaceae. Our data indicate tRNA import from the cytosol to the plastids in this species. Cactaceae represents one of the richest families in keystone species of arid and semiarid biomes. This family shows various specific features comprehending morphology, anatomy, and metabolism, which allow them to grow under unfavorable environmental conditions. The subfamily Cactoideae contains the most divergence of species, which are highly variable in growth habit and morphology. This subfamily includes the endangered species Melocactus glaucescens (tribe Cereeae), which is a cactus endemic to the biome Caatinga in Brazil. Aiming to analyze the plastid evolution and develop molecular markers, we sequenced and analyzed in detail the plastome of M. glaucescens. Our analyses revealed that the M. glaucescens plastome is the most divergent among the species of the family Cactaceae sequenced so far. We characterized here unique rearrangements, expanded IRs containing an unusual set of genes, and several gene losses. Some genes related to the ndh complex were lost during the plastome evolution, while others have lost their functionality. Additionally, the loss of three tRNA genes (trnA-UGC, trnV-UAC, and trnV-GAC) suggests tRNA import from the cytosol to the plastids in M. glaucescens. Moreover, we identified high gene divergence, several putative positive signatures, and possible unique RNA-editing sites. Furthermore, we mapped 169 SSRs in the plastome of M. glaucescens, which are helpful to access the genetic diversity of natural populations and conservation strategies. Finally, our data provide new insights into the evolution of plastids in Cactaceae, which is an outstanding lineage adapted to extreme environmental conditions and a notorious example of the atypical evolution of plastomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanara P Dalla Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria C Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Santana Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Túlio Gomes Pacheco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - José D de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Valter A de Baura
- Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rogalski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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25
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Wang Y, Ye X, Takano T, Liu S, Bu Y. Biotinylated subunit of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase encoding gene (AtMCCA) participating in Arabidopsis resistance to carbonate Stress by transcriptome analysis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111130. [PMID: 35067300 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization is a major factor impacting modern agricultural production, and alkaline soils contain large amounts of NaHCO3. Therefore, understanding plant tolerance to high levels of NaHCO3 is essential. In this study, a transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissues of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana was conducted at 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h after exposure to a 3 mM NaHCO3 stress. We focused on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots identified in the early stages (4 h and 12 h) of the NaHCO3 stress response that were enriched in GO term, carboxylic acid metabolic process, and utilize HCO3-. Six genes were identified that exhibited similar expression patterns in both the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data. We also characterized the phenotypic response of AtMCCA-overexpressing plants to carbonate stress, and found that the ability of AtMCCA-overexpressing plants to tolerate carbonate stress was enhanced by the addition of biotin to the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Department of Silviculture, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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26
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Turquetti-Moraes DK, Moharana KC, Almeida-Silva F, Pedrosa-Silva F, Venancio TM. Integrating omics approaches to discover and prioritize candidate genes involved in oil biosynthesis in soybean. Gene 2022; 808:145976. [PMID: 34592351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is a major source of edible protein and oil. Oil content is a quantitative trait that is significantly determined by genetic and environmental factors. Over the past 30 years, a large volume of soybean genetic, genomic, and transcriptomic data have been accumulated. Nevertheless, integrative analyses of such data remain scarce, in spite of their importance for crop improvement. We hypothesized that the co-occurrence of genomic regions for oil-related traits in different studies may reveal more stable regions encompassing important genetic determinants of oil content and quality in soybean. We integrated publicly available data, obtained with distinct techniques, to discover and prioritize candidate genes involved in oil biosynthesis and regulation in soybean. We detected key fatty acid biosynthesis genes (e.g., BCCP2 and ACCase, FADs, KAS family proteins) and several transcription factors, which are likely regulators of oil biosynthesis. In addition, we identified new candidates for seed oil accumulation and quality, such as Glyma.03G213300 and Glyma.19G160700, which encode a translocator protein homolog and a histone acetyltransferase, respectively. Further, oil and protein genomic hotspots are strongly associated with breeding and not with domestication, suggesting that soybean domestication prioritized other traits. The genes identified here are promising targets for breeding programs and for the development of soybean lines with increased oil content and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana K Turquetti-Moraes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kanhu C Moharana
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Almeida-Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisnei Pedrosa-Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
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27
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Pereira H, Azevedo F, Domingues L, Johansson B. Expression of Yarrowia lipolytica acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its effect on in-vivo accumulation of Malonyl-CoA. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:779-787. [PMID: 36284710 PMCID: PMC9582701 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel S. cerevisiae strain with tetracycline repressible ACC1 promoter. Functional expression of Y. lipolytica ACC1 in S. cerevisiae. Higher malonyl-CoA concentration achieved with Y. lipolytica ACC1 gene. S. cerevisiae Acc1p seems to interact with the heterologous Y. lipolytica Acc1p.
Malonyl-CoA is an energy-rich molecule formed by the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. This molecule is an important precursor for many biotechnologically interesting compounds such as flavonoids, polyketides, and fatty acids. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains one of the preferred cell factories, but has a limited capacity to produce malonyl-CoA compared to oleaginous organisms. We developed a new S. cerevisiae strain with a conditional allele of ACC1, the essential acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) gene, as a tool to test heterologous genes for complementation. Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with a higher capacity for lipid production than S. cerevisiae, possibly due to a higher capacity to produce malonyl-CoA. Measuring relative intracellular malonyl-CoA levels with an in-vivo biosensor confirmed that expression of Y. lipolytica ACC in S. cerevisiae leads to a higher accumulation of malonyl-CoA compared with overexpression of the native gene from an otherwise identical vector. The higher accumulation was generally accompanied by a decreased growth rate. Concomitant expression of both the homologous and heterologous ACC1 genes eliminated the growth defect, with a marginal reduction of malonyl-CoA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Pereira
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering
| | - Flávio Azevedo
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Björn Johansson
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering
- Corresponding author.
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28
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Ji S, Xu F, Zhang N, Wu Y, Ju X, Wang L. Dietary a novel structured lipid synthesized by soybean oil and coconut oil alter fatty acid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Li L, Tang W, Zhao M, Gong B, Cao M, Li J. Study on the regulation mechanism of lipopolysaccharide on oxidative stress and lipid metabolism of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Physiol Res 2021; 70:777-785. [PMID: 34505530 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet (the concentrate ratio is greater than 60 %) leads to mammary gland inflammatory response in ruminants and decreased quality in dairy cows and affects the robust development of the dairy industry. The main reason is closely related to elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the body. In this experiment, a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) was used as a model, and LPS at different concentrations (0 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml, 10000 ng/ml) was added to the cells. The cell survival rate, oxidative stress indicators, total lipid droplet area, triglyceride content and key genes regulating lipid metabolism were detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT), assay kit, microscope observation and RT-PCR methods to explore the regulatory mechanism of mammary health and milk fat synthesis. The results showed that compared with those of the control group, the survival rates of cells were significantly decreased after 9 h of stimulation with 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS (P<0.01). The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with that of the control group, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cells was significantly increased (P<0.05) after stimulation with 10000 ng/ml LPS for 9 h. After 9 h of stimulation with 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS, the total lipid drop area and triglyceride (TG) content of MAC-T cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The expression levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) were significantly decreased after 9 h of stimulation with 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS (P<0.05), while the expression levels of Fatty Acid synthetase (FAS) were significantly decreased after stimulation with 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS (P<0.05). TG synthesis by the related gene Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) was significantly lower than that of the control group after stimulation with 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS for 9 h (P<0.05), and Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2) also showed a significant decrease after 10000 ng/ml LPS stimulation (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding different concentrations of LPS to MAC-T cells not only led to a decrease in cell activity, resulting in oxidative damage, but also affected fatty acid and TG synthesis, which may ultimately be closely related to the decrease in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China.
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30
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LI L, TANG W, ZHAO M, GONG B, CAO M, LI J. Study on the Regulation Mechanism of Lipopolysaccharide on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549//physiolres.934682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet (the concentrate ratio is greater than 60 %) leads to mammary gland inflammatory response in ruminants and decreased quality in dairy cows and affects the robust development of the dairy industry. The main reason is closely related to elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the body. In this experiment, a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) was used as a model, and LPS at different concentrations (0 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml, 10000 ng/ml) was added to the cells. The cell survival rate, oxidative stress indicators, total lipid droplet area, triglyceride content and key genes regulating lipid metabolism were detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT), assay kit, microscope observation and RT-PCR methods to explore the regulatory mechanism of mammary health and milk fat synthesis. The results showed that compared with those of the control group, the survival rates of cells were significantly decreased after 9 h of stimulation with 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS (P<0.01). The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with that of the control group, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cells was significantly increased (P<0.05) after stimulation with 10000 ng/ml LPS for 9 h. After 9 h of stimulation with 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS, the total lipid drop area and triglyceride (TG) content of MAC-T cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The expression levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) were significantly decreased after 9 h of stimulation with 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS (P<0.05), while the expression levels of Fatty Acid synthetase (FAS) were significantly decreased after stimulation with 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS (P<0.05). TG synthesis by the related gene Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) was significantly lower than that of the control group after stimulation with 1000 ng/ml and 10000 ng/ml LPS for 9 h (P<0.05), and Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2) also showed a significant decrease after 10000 ng/ml LPS stimulation (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding different concentrations of LPS to MAC-T cells not only led to a decrease in cell activity, resulting in oxidative damage, but also affected fatty acid and TG synthesis, which may ultimately be closely related to the decrease in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L LI
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
| | - W TANG
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
| | - M ZHAO
- Department of Pathology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - B GONG
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
| | - M CAO
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
| | - J LI
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
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31
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The Classical, Yet Controversial, First Enzyme of Lipid Synthesis: Escherichia coli Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e0003221. [PMID: 34132100 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00032-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the enzyme responsible for synthesis of malonyl-CoA, the building block of fatty acid synthesis, is the paradigm bacterial ACC. Many reports on the structures and stoichiometry of the four subunits comprising the active enzyme as well as on regulation of ACC activity and expression have appeared in the almost 20 years since this subject was last reviewed. This review seeks to update and expand on these reports.
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Willdigg JR, Helmann JD. Mini Review: Bacterial Membrane Composition and Its Modulation in Response to Stress. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:634438. [PMID: 34046426 PMCID: PMC8144471 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.634438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and other agents that perturb the synthesis or integrity of the bacterial cell envelope trigger compensatory stress responses. Focusing on Bacillus subtilis as a model system, this mini-review summarizes current views of membrane structure and insights into how cell envelope stress responses remodel and protect the membrane. Altering the composition and properties of the membrane and its associated proteome can protect cells against detergents, antimicrobial peptides, and pore-forming compounds while also, indirectly, contributing to resistance against compounds that affect cell wall synthesis. Many of these regulatory responses are broadly conserved, even where the details of regulation may differ, and can be important in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Ünsaldı E, Kurt-Kızıldoğan A, Özcan S, Becher D, Voigt B, Aktaş C, Özcengiz G. Proteomic analysis of a hom-disrupted, cephamycin C overproducing Streptomyces clavuligerus. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:205-220. [PMID: 32707026 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200723163655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptomyces clavuligerus is prolific producer of cephamycin C, a medically important antibiotic. In our former study, cephamycin C titer was 2-fold improved by disrupting homoserine dehydrogenase (hom) gene of aspartate pahway in Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL 3585. OBJECTIVE In this article, we aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding at the proteome level on potential complex metabolic changes as a consequence of hom disruption in Streptomyces clavuligerus AK39. METHODS A comparative proteomics study was carried out between the wild type and its hom disrupted AK39 strain by 2 Dimensional Electrophoresis-Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (2DE MALDI-TOF/MS) and Nanoscale Liquid Chromatography- Tandem Mass Spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) analyses. Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) database was used to determine the functional categories of the proteins. The theoretical pI and Mw values of the proteins were calculated using Expasy pI/Mw tool. RESULTS "Hypothetical/Unknown" and "Secondary Metabolism" were the most prominent categories of the differentially expressed proteins. Upto 8.7-fold increased level of the positive regulator CcaR was a key finding since CcaR was shown to bind to cefF promoter thereby direcly controlling its expression. Consistently, CeaS2, the first enzyme of CA biosynthetic pathway, was 3.3- fold elevated. There were also many underrepresented proteins associated with the biosynthesis of several Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthases (NRPSs), clavams, hybrid NRPS/Polyketide synthases (PKSs) and tunicamycin. The most conspicuously underrepresented protein of amino acid metabolism was 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD) acting in tyrosine catabolism. The levels of a Two Component System (TCS) response regulator containing a CheY-like receiver domain and an HTH DNA-binding domain as well as DNA-binding protein HU were elevated while a TetR-family transcriptional regulator was underexpressed. CONCLUSION The results obtained herein will aid in finding out new targets for further improvement of cephamycin C production in Streptomyces clavuligerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eser Ünsaldı
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Servet Özcan
- Department of Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst- Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Birgit Voigt
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst- Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Caner Aktaş
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Gülay Özcengiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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Caroca R, Howell KA, Malinova I, Burgos A, Tiller N, Pellizzer T, Annunziata MG, Hasse C, Ruf S, Karcher D, Bock R. Knockdown of the plastid-encoded acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene uncovers functions in metabolism and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1091-1110. [PMID: 33793919 PMCID: PMC8133629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
De novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plants relies on a prokaryotic-type acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) that resides in the plastid compartment. The enzyme is composed of four subunits, one of which is encoded in the plastid genome, whereas the other three subunits are encoded by nuclear genes. The plastid gene (accD) encodes the β-carboxyltransferase subunit of ACCase and is essential for cell viability. To facilitate the functional analysis of accD, we pursued a transplastomic knockdown strategy in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). By introducing point mutations into the translational start codon of accD, we obtained stable transplastomic lines with altered ACCase activity. Replacement of the standard initiator codon AUG with UUG strongly reduced AccD expression, whereas replacement with GUG had no detectable effects. AccD knockdown mutants displayed reduced ACCase activity, which resulted in changes in the levels of many but not all species of cellular lipids. Limiting fatty acid availability caused a wide range of macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical phenotypes, including impaired chloroplast division, reduced seed set, and altered storage metabolism. Finally, while the mutants displayed reduced growth under photoautotrophic conditions, they showed exaggerated growth under heterotrophic conditions, thus uncovering an unexpected antagonistic role of AccD activity in autotrophic and heterotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Caroca
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Katharine A Howell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Irina Malinova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Asdrúbal Burgos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nadine Tiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tommaso Pellizzer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Zhang Y, Gu Z, Ren Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Liang C, Tong S, Wang Y, Xu D, Zhang X, Ye N. Integrating Transcriptomics and Metabolomics to Characterize Metabolic Regulation to Elevated CO 2 in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:255-275. [PMID: 33689052 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With atmospheric CO2 increasing, a large amount of CO2 is absorbed by oceans and lakes, which changes the carbonate system and affects the survival of aquatic plants, especially microalgae. The main aim of our study was to explore the responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae) to elevated CO2 by combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis under three different scenarios: control (CK, 400 ppm), short-term elevated CO2 (ST, 1000 ppm), and long-term elevated CO2 (LT, 1000 ppm). The transcriptomic data showed moderate changes between ST and CK. However, metabolic analysis indicated that fatty acids (FAs) and partial amino acids (AAs) were increased under ST. There was a global downregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism but increase in the TCA cycle and β-oxidation under LT. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses demonstrated that the nutritional constituents (FAs, AAs) under LT were poor compared with CK, and most genes and metabolites involved in C and N metabolism were significantly downregulated. However, the growth and photosynthesis of cells under LT increased significantly. Thus, C. reinhardtii could form a specific adaptive evolution to elevated CO2, affecting future biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zipeng Gu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Chengwei Liang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Shanying Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Tomás-Pejó E, Morales-Palomo S, González-Fernández C. Microbial lipids from organic wastes: Outlook and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124612. [PMID: 33418352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipids have recently drawn a lot of attention as renewable sources for biochemicals production. Strong research efforts have been addressed to efficiently use organic wastes as carbon source for microbial lipids, which would definitively increase the profitability of the production process and boost a bio-based economy. This review compiles interesting traits of oleaginous microorganisms and highlights current trends on microbial- and process-oriented approaches to maximize microbial oil production from inexpensive substrates like lignocellulosic sugars, volatile fatty acids and glycerol. Furthermore, downstream processes such as cell harvesting or lipid extraction, that are decisive for the cost-effectiveness of the process, are discussed. To underpin microbial oils within the so demanded circular economy, associated challenges, recent advances and possible industrial applications that are also identified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tomás-Pejó
- IMDEA Energy, Biotechnological Processes Unit, Av. Ramón de la Sagra, 29835 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Morales-Palomo
- IMDEA Energy, Biotechnological Processes Unit, Av. Ramón de la Sagra, 29835 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - C González-Fernández
- IMDEA Energy, Biotechnological Processes Unit, Av. Ramón de la Sagra, 29835 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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de Santana Lopes A, Gomes Pacheco T, Nascimento da Silva O, do Nascimento Vieira L, Guerra MP, Pacca Luna Mattar E, de Baura VA, Balsanelli E, Maltempi de Souza E, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Rogalski M. Plastid genome evolution in Amazonian açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and Atlantic forest açaí palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:559-574. [PMID: 33386578 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plastomes of E. edulis and E. oleracea revealed several molecular markers useful for genetic studies in natural populations and indicate specific evolutionary features determined by vicariant speciation. Arecaceae is a large and diverse family occurring in tropical and subtropical ecosystems worldwide. E. oleracea is a hyperdominant species of the Amazon forest, while E. edulis is a keystone species of the Atlantic forest. It has reported that E. edulis arose from vicariant speciation after the emergence of the belt barrier of dry environment (Cerrado and Caatinga biomes) between Amazon and Atlantic forests, isolating the E. edulis in the Atlantic forest. We sequenced the complete plastomes of E. edulis and E. oleracea and compared them concerning plastome structure, SSRs, tandem repeats, SNPs, indels, hotspots of nucleotide polymorphism, codon Ka/Ks ratios and RNA editing sites aiming to investigate evolutionary traits possibly affected by distinct environments. Our analyses revealed 303 SNPs, 91 indels, and 82 polymorphic SSRs among both species. Curiously, the narrow correlation among localization of repetitive sequences and indels strongly suggests that replication slippage is involved in plastid DNA mutations in Euterpe. Moreover, most non-synonymous substitutions represent amino acid variants in E. edulis that evolved specifically or in a convergent manner across the palm phylogeny. Amino acid variants observed in several plastid proteins in E. edulis were also identified as positive signatures across palm phylogeny. The higher incidence of specific amino acid changes in plastid genes of E. edulis in comparison with E. oleracea probably configures adaptive genetic variations determined by vicariant speciation. Our data indicate that the environment generates a selective pressure on the plastome making it more adapted to specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de Santana Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Túlio Gomes Pacheco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Odyone Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leila do Nascimento Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Valter Antonio de Baura
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rogalski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Yu L, Fan J, Zhou C, Xu C. Chloroplast lipid biosynthesis is fine-tuned to thylakoid membrane remodeling during light acclimation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:94-107. [PMID: 33631801 PMCID: PMC8133659 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming metabolism, in addition to modifying the structure and function of the photosynthetic machinery, is crucial for plant acclimation to changing light conditions. One of the key acclimatory responses involves reorganization of the photosynthetic membrane system including changes in thylakoid stacking. Glycerolipids are the main structural component of thylakoids and their synthesis involves two main pathways localized in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, the role of lipid metabolism in light acclimation remains poorly understood. We found that fatty acid synthesis, membrane lipid content, the plastid lipid biosynthetic pathway activity, and the degree of thylakoid stacking were significantly higher in plants grown under low light compared with plants grown under normal light. Plants grown under high light, on the other hand, showed a lower rate of fatty acid synthesis, a higher fatty acid flux through the ER pathway, higher triacylglycerol content, and thylakoid membrane unstacking. We additionally demonstrated that changes in rates of fatty acid synthesis under different growth light conditions are due to post-translational regulation of the plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutants defective in one of the two glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways displayed altered growth patterns and a severely reduced ability to remodel thylakoid architecture, particularly under high light. Overall, this study reveals how plants fine-tune fatty acid and glycerolipid biosynthesis to cellular metabolic needs in response to long-term changes in light conditions, highlighting the importance of lipid metabolism in light acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Chao Zhou
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Huang H, Liang J, Tan Q, Ou L, Li X, Zhong C, Huang H, Møller IM, Wu X, Song S. Insights into triterpene synthesis and unsaturated fatty-acid accumulation provided by chromosomal-level genome analysis of Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:33. [PMID: 33518712 PMCID: PMC7848005 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis is a well-known medicinal and potential woody oil plant in China. The limited genetic information available for A. trifoliata subsp. australis has hindered its exploitation. Here, a high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of A. trifoliata subsp. australis is reported. The de novo genome assembly of 682.14 Mb was generated with a scaffold N50 of 43.11 Mb. The genome includes 25,598 protein-coding genes, and 71.18% (485.55 Mb) of the assembled sequences were identified as repetitive sequences. An ongoing massive burst of long terminal repeat (LTR) insertions, which occurred ~1.0 million years ago, has contributed a large proportion of LTRs in the genome of A. trifoliata subsp. australis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that A. trifoliata subsp. australis is closely related to Aquilegia coerulea and forms a clade with Papaver somniferum and Nelumbo nucifera, which supports the well-established hypothesis of a close relationship between basal eudicot species. The expansion of UDP-glucoronosyl and UDP-glucosyl transferase gene families and β-amyrin synthase-like genes and the exclusive contraction of terpene synthase gene families may be responsible for the abundant oleanane-type triterpenoids in A. trifoliata subsp. australis. Furthermore, the acyl-ACP desaturase gene family, including 12 stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase (SAD) genes, has expanded exclusively. A combined transcriptome and fatty-acid analysis of seeds at five developmental stages revealed that homologs of SADs, acyl-lipid desaturase omega fatty acid desaturases (FADs), and oleosins were highly expressed, consistent with the rapid increase in the content of fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids. The genomic sequences of A. trifoliata subsp. australis will be a valuable resource for comparative genomic analyses and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Juan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Linfeng Ou
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Huilin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Xianjin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Songquan Song
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China.
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Shivaiah KK, Upton B, Nikolau BJ. Kinetic, Structural, and Mutational Analysis of Acyl-CoA Carboxylase From Thermobifida fusca YX. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:615614. [PMID: 33511159 PMCID: PMC7835884 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.615614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA carboxylases (AcCCase) are biotin-dependent enzymes that are capable of carboxylating more than one short chain acyl-CoA substrate. We have conducted structural and kinetic analyses of such an AcCCase from Thermobifida fusca YX, which exhibits promiscuity in carboxylating acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and butyryl-CoA. The enzyme consists of two catalytic subunits (TfAcCCA and TfAcCCB) and a non-catalytic subunit, TfAcCCE, and is organized in quaternary structure with a A6B6E6 stoichiometry. Moreover, this holoenzyme structure appears to be primarily assembled from two A3 and a B6E6 subcomplexes. The role of the TfAcCCE subunit is to facilitate the assembly of the holoenzyme complex, and thereby activate catalysis. Based on prior studies of an AcCCase from Streptomyces coelicolor, we explored whether a conserved Asp residue in the TfAcCCB subunit may have a role in determining the substrate selectivity of these types of enzymes. Mutating this D427 residue resulted in alterations in the substrate specificity of the TfAcCCase, increasing proficiency for carboxylating acetyl-CoA, while decreasing carboxylation proficiency with propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA. Collectively these results suggest that residue D427 of AcCCB subunits is an important, but not sole determinant of the substrate specificity of AcCCase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran-Kumar Shivaiah
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bryon Upton
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Basil J Nikolau
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Alleviation of the Adverse Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate by Supplementation of Myo-Inositol to the Diet of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112190. [PMID: 33238508 PMCID: PMC7700398 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on alleviating the adverse effect of the high carbohydrate diet in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Six diets contained either low carbohydrate (LC 30%) or high carbohydrate (HC 45%) with three levels of MI supplementation (0, 400 and 1200 mg/kg diet) to each level of the carbohydrate diet. After an 8-week trial, the fish fed 400 mg/kg MI under HC levels had the highest weight gain and fatness, but the fish fed 1200 mg/kg MI had the lowest hepatosomatic index, visceral index and crude lipid in the HC group. The diet of 1200 mg/kg MI significantly decreased triglyceride content in the serum and liver compared with those fed the MI supplemented diets regardless of carbohydrate levels. Dietary MI decreased triglyceride accumulation in the liver irrespective of carbohydrate levels. The content of malondialdehyde decreased with increasing dietary MI at both carbohydrate levels. Fish fed 1200 mg/kg MI had the highest glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities. The HC diet increased the mRNA expression of key genes involved in lipid synthesis (DGAT, SREBP, FAS) in the fish fed the diet without MI supplementation. Dietary MI significantly under expressed fatty acid synthetase in fish fed the HC diets. Moreover, the mRNA expression of genes related to lipid catabolism (CPT, ATGL, PPAR-α) was significantly up-regulated with the increase of dietary MI levels despite dietary carbohydrate levels. The gene expressions of gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and MI biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated, while the expression of the pentose phosphate pathway was up-regulated with the increase of MI levels. This study indicates that HC diets can interrupt normal lipid metabolism and tend to form a fatty liver in fish. Dietary MI supplement can alleviate lipid accumulation in the liver by diverging some glucose metabolism into the pentose phosphate pathway and enhance the antioxidant capacity in O. niloticus.
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A dietary anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside binds to PPARs to regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:514. [PMID: 32948821 PMCID: PMC7501857 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the mechanism by which C3G, a major dietary anthocyanin, regulates energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Oral administration of C3G reduced hepatic and plasma triglyceride levels, adiposity, and improved glucose tolerance in mice fed high-fat diet. Hepatic metabolomic analysis revealed that C3G shifted metabolite profiles towards fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. C3G increased glucose uptake in HepG2 cells and C2C12 myotubes and induced the rate of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. C3G directly interacted with and activated PPARs, with the highest affinity for PPARα. The ability of C3G to reduce plasma and hepatic triglycerides, glucose tolerance, and adiposity and to induce oxygen consumption and energy expenditure was abrogated in PPARα-deficient mice, suggesting that PPARα is the major target for C3G. These findings demonstrate that the dietary anthocyanin C3G activates PPARs, a master regulators of energy metabolism. C3G is an agonistic ligand of PPARs and stimulates fuel preference to fat.
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Ye Y, Fulcher YG, Sliman DJ, Day MT, Schroeder MJ, Koppisetti RK, Bates PD, Thelen JJ, Van Doren SR. The BADC and BCCP subunits of chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase sense the pH changes of the light-dark cycle. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9901-9916. [PMID: 32467229 PMCID: PMC7380191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) catalyzes the first committed step in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. The multisubunit ACCase in the chloroplast is activated by a shift to pH 8 upon light adaptation and is inhibited by a shift to pH 7 upon dark adaptation. Here, titrations with the purified ACCase biotin attachment domain-containing (BADC) and biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) subunits from Arabidopsis indicated that they can competently and independently bind biotin carboxylase (BC) but differ in responses to pH changes representing those in the plastid stroma during light or dark conditions. At pH 7 in phosphate buffer, BADC1 and BADC2 gain an advantage over BCCP1 and BCCP2 in affinity for BC. At pH 8 in KCl solution, however, BCCP1 and BCCP2 had more than 10-fold higher affinity for BC than did BADC1. The pH-modulated shifts in BC preferences for BCCP and BADC partners suggest they contribute to light-dependent regulation of heteromeric ACCase. Using NMR spectroscopy, we found evidence for increased intrinsic disorder of the BADC and BCCP subunits at pH 7. We propose that this intrinsic disorder potentially promotes fast association with BC through a "fly-casting mechanism." We hypothesize that the pH effects on the BADC and BCCP subunits attenuate ACCase activity by night and enhance it by day. Consistent with this hypothesis, Arabidopsis badc1 badc3 mutant lines grown in a light-dark cycle synthesized more fatty acids in their seeds. In summary, our findings provide evidence that the BADC and BCCP subunits function as pH sensors required for light-dependent switching of heteromeric ACCase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajin Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan G Fulcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David J Sliman
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mizani T Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark J Schroeder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rama K Koppisetti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip D Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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To A, Joubès J, Thueux J, Kazaz S, Lepiniec L, Baud S. AtMYB92 enhances fatty acid synthesis and suberin deposition in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:660-676. [PMID: 32246506 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids are important constituents of the plant cell. Depending on the cell type, requirements in acyl lipids vary greatly, implying a tight regulation of fatty acid and lipid metabolism. The discovery of the WRINKLED1 (WRI1) transcription factors, members of the AP2-EREBP (APETALA2-ethylene-responsive element binding protein) family, has emphasized the importance of transcriptional regulation for adapting the rate of acyl chain production to cell requirements. Here, we describe the identification of another activator of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, the Arabidopsis MYB92 transcription factor. This MYB and all the members of the subgroups S10 and S24 of MYB transcription factors can directly activate the promoter of BCCP2 that encodes a component of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Two adjacent MYB cis-regulatory elements are essential for the binding and activation of the BCCP2 promoter by MYB92. Overexpression of MYB92 or WRI1 in Nicotiana benthamiana induces the expression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes but results in the accumulation of different types of acyl lipids. In the presence of WRI1, triacylglycerol biosynthetic enzymes coded by constitutively expressed genes efficiently channel the excess fatty acids toward reserve lipid accumulation. By contrast, MYB92 activates both fatty acid and suberin biosynthetic genes; hence, the remarkable increase in suberin monomers measured in leaves expressing MYB92. These results provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms that control the biosynthesis of an important cell wall-associated acylglycerol polymer playing critical roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra To
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Université de Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean Thueux
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Sami Kazaz
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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Tyagi S, Jung JA, Kim JS, Won SY. Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genome of Mainland Aster spathulifolius and Other Aster Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E568. [PMID: 32365609 PMCID: PMC7285121 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aster spathulifolius, a common ornamental and medicinal plant, is widely distributed in Korea and Japan, and is genetically classified into mainland and island types. Here, we sequenced the whole chloroplast genome of mainland A. spathulifolius and compared it with those of the island type and other Aster species. The chloroplast genome of mainland A. spathulifolius is 152,732 bp with a conserved quadripartite structure, has 37.28% guanine-cytosine (GC) content, and contains 114 non-redundant genes. Comparison of the chloroplast genomes between the two A. spathulifolius lines and the other Aster species revealed that their sequences, GC contents, gene contents and orders, and exon-intron structure were well conserved; however, differences were observed in their lengths, repeat sequences, and the contraction and expansion of the inverted repeats. The variations were mostly in the single-copy regions and non-coding regions, which, together with the detected simple sequence repeats, could be used for the development of molecular markers to distinguish between these plants. All Aster species clustered into a monophyletic group, but the chloroplast genome of mainland A. spathulifolius was more similar to the other Aster species than to that of the island A. spathulifolius. The accD and ndhF genes were detected to be under positive selection within the Aster lineage compared to other related taxa. The complete chloroplast genome of mainland A. spathulifolius presented in this study will be helpful for species identification and the analysis of the genetic diversity, evolution, and phylogenetic relationships in the Aster genus and the Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Tyagi
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.T.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Jae-A Jung
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.T.); (J.S.K.)
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (S.T.); (J.S.K.)
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Kou H, Ya J, Gao X, Zhao H. The effects of chronic lead exposure on the liver of female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): Histopathological damages, oxidative stress and AMP-activated protein kinase based lipid metabolism disorder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110055. [PMID: 31838232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic metals to human and wildlife. It also had multiple negative influences on birds with physical, neurological and hematological clinical signs. However, the impacts of lead on bird liver lipid metabolism are still unclear. In this study, female Japanese quails were used to examine the effects of chronic lead exposure on liver histology, oxidative stress and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) based lipid metabolism. Quails were randomly divided into 5 groups and each group was respectively fed with 0, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm lead solution for 49 days. The result showed that exposure to 250, 500 and 1000 ppm Pb induced severe histopathological damages characterized by liver lipid vacuoles and accumulation, hepatic cytoplasmic hyalinization and vacuolization, hepatocytes necrosis, hepatic sinusoid congestion, and it also caused ultrastructural alterations featured by swelling and vacuolar mitochondria, the depolymerization of polyribosome, and lipid droplets accumulation. Moreover, significant decrease of activities of GPx (glutathione peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and level of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) while significant increase of MDA (malondialdehyde) content were found in livers of all Pb groups. In addition, the expressions of genes related to fatty synthesis were significantly upregulated in livers of all Pb groups while the expressions of genes related to fatty β-oxidation were significantly downregulated in livers of 250 ppm Pb group. The present study indicated lead exposure does cause bird health damages through inducing liver microstructural and ultrastructural injury, oxidative damages and lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Kou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Ya
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuebin Gao
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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He M, Qin CX, Wang X, Ding NZ. Plant Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Biosynthesis and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:390. [PMID: 32425958 PMCID: PMC7212373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In most plants, major unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are three C18 species, namely, oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and α-linolenic (18:3) acids. These simple compounds play multiple crucial roles in planta and are also important economic traits of oil crops. The enzymatic steps of C18 UFA biosynthesis have been well established. However, the associated FA/lipid trafficking between the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum remains largely unclear, as does the regulation of the expression and activities of the involved enzymes. In this review, we will revisit the biosynthesis of C18 UFAs with an emphasis on the trafficking, and present an overview of the key enzymes and their regulation. Of particular interest is the emerging regulatory network composed of transcriptional factors and upstream signaling pathways. The review thereby provides the promise of using physical, biochemical and/or genetic means to manipulate FA composition and increase oil yield in crop improvement.
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Simoes IC, Janikiewicz J, Bauer J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Kalinowski P, Dobrzyń A, Wolski A, Pronicki M, Zieniewicz K, Dobrzyń P, Krawczyk M, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR, Potes Y. Fat and Sugar-A Dangerous Duet. A Comparative Review on Metabolic Remodeling in Rodent Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2871. [PMID: 31771244 PMCID: PMC6950566 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis to end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms that are involved in the progression of steatosis to more severe liver damage in patients are not fully understood. A deeper investigation of NAFLD pathogenesis is possible due to the many different animal models developed recently. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the most common dietary NAFLD rodent models with respect to their metabolic phenotype and morphological manifestation. Moreover, we describe similarities and controversies concerning the effect of NAFLD-inducing diets on mitochondria as well as mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C.M. Simoes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Judith Bauer
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Piotr Kalinowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Andrzej Wolski
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Paweł Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
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Wang X, Zheng R, Yao Q, Liang Z, Wu M, Wang H. Effects of fluoride on the histology, lipid metabolism, and bile acid secretion in liver of Bufo gargarizans larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113052. [PMID: 31465901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In our study, Bufo gargarizans (B. gargarizans) larvae were exposed to control, 0.5, 5, 10 and 50 mg/L of NaF from Gs 26 to 42. At Gs 42, we evaluated the changes of liver histology and the mRNA levels of target genes in liver. In addition, we also examined the composition and content of fatty acids. Histological analysis revealed that fluoride caused liver injury, such as the increase of number of melanomacrophage centres, atrophy of nucleus, dilation of bile canaliculus, and decrease of quantity, degradation and deposition of lipid droplets. The results of RT-qPCR indicated that exposure to 5, 10 and 50 mg/L of NaF significantly decreased the transcript levels of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (FASN, FAE, MECR, KAR and TECR) in liver. Besides, mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation (ECHS1, HADHA, SCP2, CPT2, ACAA1 and ACAA2) and oxidative stress (SOD, GPx, MICU1 and HSP90) was significantly downregulated in 0.5, 5, 10 and 50 mg/L of NaF treatment groups. Also, in the relative expression of genes associated with synthesis and secretion of bile acid, BSEP significantly increased at 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/L of NaF while HSD3B7 significantly reduced in 0.5, 5, 10 and 50 mg/L of NaF. Finally, the fatty acid extraction and GC-MS analysis showed that the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was decreased and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was increased in all fluoride treatment groups. Taken together, the present results indicated that fluoride-induced the histological alterations of liver might be linked to the disorder of lipid metabolism, oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Rui Zheng
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Qiong Yao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Zhijia Liang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Minyao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
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Burlacot A, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Subcellular Energetics and Carbon Storage in Chlamydomonas. Cells 2019; 8:E1154. [PMID: 31561610 PMCID: PMC6830334 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as a promising platform for production of carbon- and energy- rich molecules, notably starch and oil. Establishing an economically viable algal biotechnology sector requires a holistic understanding of algal photosynthesis, physiology, cell cycle and metabolism. Starch/oil productivity is a combined effect of their cellular content and cell division activities. Cell growth, starch and fatty acid synthesis all require carbon building blocks and a source of energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, but with a different requirement in ATP/NADPH ratio. Thus, several cellular mechanisms have been developed by microalgae to balance ATP and NADPH supply which are essentially produced by photosynthesis. Major energy management mechanisms include ATP production by the chloroplast-based cyclic electron flow and NADPH removal by water-water cycles. Furthermore, energetic coupling between chloroplast and other cellular compartments, mitochondria and peroxisome, is increasingly recognized as an important process involved in the chloroplast redox poise. Emerging literature suggests that alterations of energy management pathways affect not only cell fitness and survival, but also influence biomass content and composition. These emerging discoveries are important steps towards diverting algal photosynthetic energy to useful products for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Burlacot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache CEDEX, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache CEDEX, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache CEDEX, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
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