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Panov AV, Mayorov VI, Dikalov SI. Role of Fatty Acids β-Oxidation in the Metabolic Interactions Between Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:12740. [PMID: 39684455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252312740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, several discoveries have been made that force us to reconsider old ideas about mitochondria and energy metabolism in the light of these discoveries. In this review, we discuss metabolic interaction between various organs, the metabolic significance of the primary substrates and their metabolic pathways, namely aerobic glycolysis, lactate shuttling, and fatty acids β-oxidation. We rely on the new ideas about the supramolecular structure of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (respirasome), the necessity of supporting substrates for fatty acids β-oxidation, and the reverse electron transfer via succinate dehydrogenase during β-oxidation. We conclude that ATP production during fatty acid β-oxidation has its upper limits and thus cannot support high energy demands alone. Meanwhile, β-oxidation creates conditions that significantly accelerate the cycle: glucose-aerobic glycolysis-lactate-gluconeogenesis-glucose. Therefore, glycolytic ATP production becomes an important energy source in high energy demand. In addition, lactate serves as a mitochondrial substrate after converting to pyruvate + H+ by the mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase. All coupled metabolic pathways are irreversible, and the enzymes are organized into multienzyme structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Panov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA
| | - Vladimir I Mayorov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA
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Liu J, Sebastià C, Jové-Juncà T, Quintanilla R, González-Rodríguez O, Passols M, Castelló A, Sánchez A, Ballester M, Folch JM. Identification of genomic regions associated with fatty acid metabolism across blood, liver, backfat and muscle in pigs. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:66. [PMID: 39327557 PMCID: PMC11426007 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition and distribution of fatty acids (FA) are important factors determining the quality, flavor, and nutrient value of meat. In addition, FAs synthesized in the body participate in energy metabolism and are involved in different regulatory pathways in the form of signaling molecules or by acting as agonist or antagonist ligands of different nuclear receptors. Finally, synthesis and catabolism of FAs affect adaptive immunity by regulating lymphocyte metabolism. The present study performed genome-wide association studies using FA profiles of blood, liver, backfat and muscle from 432 commercial Duroc pigs. RESULTS Twenty-five genomic regions located on 15 Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) were detected. Annotation of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions identified 49 lipid metabolism-related candidate genes. Among these QTLs, four were identified in more than one tissue. The ratio of C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6 was associated with the region on SSC2 at 7.56-14.26 Mb for backfat, liver, and muscle. Members of the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster (FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3) are the most promising candidate genes in this region. Two QTL regions on SSC14 (103.81-115.64 Mb and 100.91-128.14 Mb) were identified for FA desaturation in backfat and muscle. In addition, two separate regions on SSC9 at 0 - 14.55 Mb and on SSC12 at 0-1.91 Mb were both associated with the same multiple FA traits for backfat, with candidate genes involved in de novo FA synthesis and triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism, such as DGAT2 and FASN. The ratio C20:0/C18:0 was associated with the region on SSC5 at 64.84-78.32 Mb for backfat. Furthermore, the association of the C16:0 content with the region at 118.92-123.95 Mb on SSC4 was blood specific. Finally, candidate genes involved in de novo lipogenesis regulate T cell differentiation and promote the generation of palmitoleate, an adipokine that alleviates inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several SNPs and candidate genes were associated with lipid metabolism in blood, liver, backfat, and muscle. These results contribute to elucidating the molecular mechanisms implicated in the determination of the FA profile in different pig tissues and can be useful in selection programs that aim to improve health and energy metabolism in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Liu
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sebastià
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teodor Jové-Juncà
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Olga González-Rodríguez
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Magí Passols
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Castelló
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Armand Sánchez
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Ballester
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Josep M Folch
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Zambrano C, González E, Salmeron D, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Luján J, Scheer FA, Garaulet M. Time-restricted eating affects human adipose tissue fat mobilization. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1680-1688. [PMID: 39073251 PMCID: PMC11357894 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Time-restricted eating (TRE), a dietary approach that confines food intake to specific time windows, has shown metabolic benefits. However, its impact on body weight loss remains inconclusive. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of early TRE (eTRE) and delayed TRE (dTRE) on fat mobilization using human adipose tissue (AT) cultures. METHODS Subcutaneous AT was collected from 21 participants with severe obesity. We assessed fat mobilization by measuring glycerol release in AT culture across four treatment conditions: control, eTRE, dTRE, and 24-h fasting. RESULTS TRE had a significant impact on lipolysis (glycerol release [mean (SD)] in micromoles per hour per gram: control, 0.05 [0.003]; eTRE, 0.10 [0.006]; dTRE, 0.08 [0.005]; and fasting, 0.17 [0.008]; p < 0.0001). Both eTRE and dTRE increased lipolysis compared with the control group, with eTRE showing higher glycerol mobilization than dTRE during the overall 24-h time window, especially at the nighttime/habitual sleep episode (p < 0.0001). Further analysis of TRE based on fasting duration revealed that, independently of the time window, glycerol release increased with fasting duration (in micromoles per hour per gram: 8 h = 0.08 [0.001]; 12 h = 0.09 [0.008]; and 16 h of fasting = 0.12 [0.011]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the potential benefits of TRE on fat mobilization and may guide the design of future dietary strategies for weight management and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zambrano
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena González
- Department of Nutrition and integrative physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Diego Salmeron
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital 30120, Murcia, Spain
- Health and Social Sciences Department, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Luján
- General Surgery Service, Hospital Quiron salud Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank A.J.L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital 30120, Murcia, Spain
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Surugiu R, Iancu MA, Vintilescu ȘB, Stepan MD, Burdusel D, Genunche-Dumitrescu AV, Dogaru CA, Dumitra GG. Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet-A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2878. [PMID: 39275194 PMCID: PMC11397047 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promote overall health and well-being throughout the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Adela Iancu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Rheumatology, Geriatrics), Family Medicine, Labor Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefănița Bianca Vintilescu
- Department of Infant Care-Pediatrics-Neonatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mioara Desdemona Stepan
- Department of Infant Care-Pediatrics-Neonatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daiana Burdusel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Carmen-Adriana Dogaru
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rareș, No. 2-4, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Gindrovel Dumitra
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rareș, No. 2-4, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Lim L, Park SJ, Kang C, Oh SY, Ryu HG, Lee H. Perioperative urinary ketosis and metabolic acidosis in patients fasted for undergoing gynecologic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2024; 68:913-922. [PMID: 38581223 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our bodies have adaptive mechanisms to fasting, in which glycogen stored in the liver and muscle protein are broken down, but also lipid mobilisation is triggered. As a result, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream, increasing the production of ketone bodies in liver. However, there are limited studies on the incidence of perioperative urinary ketosis, the intraoperative blood glucose changes and metabolic acidosis after fasting for surgery in non-diabetic adult patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 1831 patients undergoing gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia from January to December 2022. Ketosis was assessed using a postoperative urine test, while blood glucose levels and acid-base status were collected from intraoperative arterial blood gas analyses. RESULTS Of 1535 patients who underwent postoperative urinalysis, 912 (59.4%) patients had ketonuria. Patients with ketonuria were younger, had lower body mass index, and had fewer comorbidities than those without ketonuria. After adjustments, younger age, higher body mass index and surgery starting late afternoon were significant risk factors for postoperative ketonuria. Of the 929 patients assessed with intraoperative arterial blood gas analyses, 29.0% showed metabolic acidosis. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that perioperative ketonuria and prolonged surgery significantly increased the risk for moderate-to-severe metabolic acidosis. CONCLUSION Perioperative urinary ketosis and intraoperative metabolic acidosis are common in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery, even with short-term preoperative fasting. The risks are notably higher in younger patients with lower body mass index. Optimization of preoperative fasting strategies including implementation of oral carbohydrate loading should be considered for reducing perioperative metabolic derangement due to ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leerang Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Young Oh
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Geol Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kazeminasab F, Behzadnejad N, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Rosenkranz SK. Effects of intermittent fasting combined with exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in adults with or without obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1362731. [PMID: 38933888 PMCID: PMC11199738 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1362731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Intermittent fasting (IF) and exercise training (Exe) have been evaluated in several studies for improving cardiometabolic biomarkers related to weight loss. However, further investigation is required to understand the potential effects on leptin and adiponectin concentrations. IF protocols have been shown to be efficient in improving adipokines, but further research is required to determine whether or not IF regimens combined with Exe are superior to Exe alone. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether or not interventions combining IF plus Exe are more effective than Exe only for improving serum leptin and adiponectin in adults with and without obesity. Data extraction A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to August 2023 for randomized clinical trials that determined the effects of IF plus Exe vs. Exe alone (control) on body weight, serum leptin, and serum adiponectin. Analyses were conducted for IF plus Exe vs. Exe alone to calculate weighted mean differences (WMD) and standardized mean differences (SMD). Analysis The current meta-analysis included 6 studies with a total sample of 153 participants, with intervention durations ranging from three days to 52 weeks. IF plus Exe elicited significantly larger decreases in leptin levels [SMD = -0.47, p = 0.03], which were accompanied by weight loss [WMD = -1.25 kg, p = 0.05], as compared with exercise-only interventions, but adiponectin did not differ between the two [SMD = 0.02, p = 0.9]. Conclusion IF combined with Exe reduced leptin significantly, but did not change adiponectin levels, when compared to exercise only. Perhaps these reductions in leptin levels may have been associated with weight loss; however, due to the small number of included studies and the high heterogeneity in the weight loss outcomes, this result is uncertain. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023460735.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nasim Behzadnejad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Sara K. Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Petridi F, Geurts JMW, Nyakayiru J, Schaafsma A, Schaafsma D, Meex RCR, Singh-Povel CM. Effects of Early and Late Time-Restricted Feeding on Parameters of Metabolic Health: An Explorative Literature Assessment. Nutrients 2024; 16:1721. [PMID: 38892654 PMCID: PMC11175017 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chrono-nutrition (meal timing) aligns food consumption with one's circadian rhythm. The first meal (e.g., breakfast) likely promotes synchronization of peripheral circadian clocks, thereby supporting metabolic health. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has been shown to reduce body weight (BW) and/or improve cardiovascular biomarkers. In this explorative literature assessment, 13 TRF randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected from PubMed and Scopus to evaluate the effects of early (eTRF: first meal before 10:30 a.m.) and late TRF (lTRF: first meal after 11:30 a.m.) on parameters of metabolic health. Although distinct variations in study design were evident between reports, TRF consistently decreased energy intake (EI) and BW, and improved insulin resistance as well as systolic blood pressure. eTRF seemed to have a greater beneficial effect than lTRF on insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Importantly, most studies did not appear to consider chronotype in their evaluation, which may have underestimated TRF effects. TRF intervention may be a promising approach for risk reduction of human metabolic diseases. To conclusively determine benefits of TRF and identify clear differences between eTRF and lTRF, future studies should be longer-term (≥8 weeks) with well-defined (differences in) feeding windows, include participants chronotypically matching the intervention, and compare outcomes to those of control groups without any dietary limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froso Petridi
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth C. R. Meex
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bosch de Basea L, Boguñà M, Sánchez A, Esteve M, Grasa M, Romero MDM. Sex-Dependent Metabolic Effects in Diet-Induced Obese Rats following Intermittent Fasting Compared with Continuous Food Restriction. Nutrients 2024; 16:1009. [PMID: 38613042 PMCID: PMC11013430 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, intermittent fasting has gained relevance as a strategy to lose weight and improve health as an alternative to continuous caloric restriction. However, the metabolic impact and the sex-related differences are not fully understood. The study aimed to compare the response to a continuous or intermittent caloric restriction in male and female rats following a previous induction of obesity through a cafeteria diet by assessing changes in body weight, energy intake, metabolic parameters, and gene expression in liver hepatic and adipose tissue. The continuous restriction reduced the energy available by 30% and the intermittent restriction consisted of a 75% energy reduction on two non-consecutive days per week. The interventions reduced body weight and body fat in both sexes, but the loss of WAT in females was more marked in both models of caloric restriction, continuous and intermittent. Both caloric restrictions improved insulin sensitivity, but more markedly in females, which showed a more pronounced decrease in HOMA-IR score and an upregulation of hepatic IRS2 and Sirt1 gene expression that was not observed in males. These findings suggest the fact that females are more sensitive than males to reduced caloric content in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bosch de Basea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.d.B.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Marina Boguñà
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.d.B.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.d.B.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Montserrat Esteve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.d.B.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 08028 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Grasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.d.B.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 08028 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Romero
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 08028 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 02028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Keshvari S, Masson JJR, Ferrari-Cestari M, Bodea LG, Nooru-Mohamed F, Tse BWC, Sokolowski KA, Batoon L, Patkar OL, Sullivan MA, Ebersbach H, Stutz C, Parton RG, Summers KM, Pettit AR, Hume DA, Irvine KM. Reversible expansion of tissue macrophages in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) transforms systemic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E149-E165. [PMID: 38117267 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00347.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages regulate metabolic homeostasis in health and disease. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1)-dependent macrophages contribute to homeostatic control of the size of the liver. This study aimed to determine the systemic metabolic consequences of elevating circulating CSF1. Acute administration of a CSF1-Fc fusion protein to mice led to monocytosis, increased resident tissue macrophages in the liver and all major organs, and liver growth. These effects were associated with increased hepatic glucose uptake and extensive mobilization of body fat. The impacts of CSF1 on macrophage abundance, liver size, and body composition were rapidly reversed to restore homeostasis. The effects of CSF1 on metabolism were independent of several known endocrine regulators and did not impact the physiological fasting response. Analysis using implantable telemetry in metabolic cages revealed progressively reduced body temperature and physical activity with no change in diurnal food intake. These results demonstrate the existence of a dynamic equilibrium between CSF1, the mononuclear phagocyte system, and control of liver-to-body weight ratio, which in turn controls systemic metabolic homeostasis. This novel macrophage regulatory axis has the potential to promote fat mobilization, without changes in appetence, which may have novel implications for managing metabolic syndrome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CSF1 administration expands tissue macrophages, which transforms systemic metabolism. CSF1 drives fat mobilization and glucose uptake to support liver growth. The effects of CSF1 are independent of normal hormonal metabolic regulation. The effects of CSF1 are rapidly reversible, restoring homeostatic body composition. CSF1-dependent macrophages and liver size are coupled in a dynamic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesse J R Masson
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle Ferrari-Cestari
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liviu-Gabriel Bodea
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fathima Nooru-Mohamed
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian W C Tse
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kamil A Sokolowski
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lena Batoon
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hilmar Ebersbach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cian Stutz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Sato T, Oishi K. Time-restricted feeding has a limited effect on hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis in a choline-deficient high-fat diet-induced murine NASH model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296950. [PMID: 38285666 PMCID: PMC10824409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) occurs worldwide and is characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and an increased risk of cirrhosis. Although a major proportion of NASH patients exhibit obesity and insulin resistance, 20% lack a high body mass and are categorized as "non-obese NASH". Time-restricted feeding (TRF), limiting daily food intake within certain hours, improves obesity, lipid metabolism, and liver inflammation. Here, we determined whether TRF affects NASH pathology induced by a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDAHFD), which does not involve obesity. TRF ameliorated the increase in epididymal white adipose tissue and plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels after 8 weeks of a CDAHFD. Although gene expression of TNF alpha in the liver was suppressed by TRF, it did not exhibit a suppressive effect on hepatic lipid accumulation, gene expression of cytokines and macrophage markers (Mcp1, IL1b, F4/80), or fibrosis, as evaluated by Sirius red staining and western blot analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin. A CDAHFD-induced increase in gene expression related to fibrogenesis (Collagen 1a1 and TGFβ) was neither suppressed by TRF nor that of alpha-smooth muscle actin but was increased by TRF. Our results indicated that TRF has a limited suppressive effect on CDAHFD-induced NASH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sato
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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11
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Kashiwabara L, Pirard L, Debier C, Crocker D, Khudyakov J. Effects of cortisol, epinephrine, and bisphenol contaminants on the transcriptional landscape of marine mammal blubber. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R504-R522. [PMID: 37602383 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00165.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Top ocean predators such as marine mammals are threatened by intensifying anthropogenic activity, and understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors on their physiology is critical for conservation efforts. We investigated potential interactions between stress hormones and bisphenol contaminants in a model marine mammal, the northern elephant seal (NES). We exposed precision-cut adipose tissue slices (PCATS) from blubber of weaned NES pups to cortisol (CORT), epinephrine (EPI), bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), or their combinations (CORT-EPI, BPA-EPI, and BPS-EPI) ex vivo and identified hundreds of genes that were differentially regulated in response to these treatments. CORT altered expression of genes associated with lipolysis and adipogenesis, whereas EPI and CORT-EPI-regulated genes were associated with responses to hormones, lipid and protein turnover, immune function, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of gene expression, suggesting that EPI has wide-ranging and prolonged impacts on the transcriptional landscape and function of blubber. Bisphenol treatments alone had a weak impact on gene expression compared with stress hormones. However, the combination of EPI with bisphenols altered expression of genes associated with inflammation, cell stress, DNA damage, regulation of nuclear hormone receptor activity, cell cycle, mitochondrial function, primary ciliogenesis, and lipid metabolism in blubber. Our results suggest that CORT, EPI, bisphenols, and their combinations impact cellular, immune, and metabolic homeostasis in marine mammal blubber, which may affect the ability of marine mammals to sustain prolonged fasting during reproduction and migration, renew tissues, and mount appropriate responses to immune challenges and additional stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kashiwabara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States
| | - Laura Pirard
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cathy Debier
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daniel Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, United States
| | - Jane Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States
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12
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Alorfi NM, Ashour AM. The Impact of Intermittent Fasting on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Older Adults: A Review of Clinicaltrials.gov Registry. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:3115-3121. [PMID: 37822800 PMCID: PMC10564080 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s430740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a predominant health condition across the world due to its rising prevalence and association with various metabolic disorders. Intermittent fasting (IF) has attracted increasing attention as a dietary approach to addressing weight management and enhancing metabolic well-being, and its potential effects on NAFLD have been a topic of growing research interest. Aim This review aims to critically evaluate the current evidence on IF's impact on NAFLD, including the mechanisms underlying the observed effects in older adults (65+). Methods A comprehensive search of Clinicaltrials.gov was conducted to identify relevant studies that investigated the effects of IF on NAFLD in older adults (65+). Data on study design, sample size, intervention details, and outcomes related to NAFLD were extracted and analyzed. Results As of April 12th, 2023, there were 1304 clinical trials on NAFLD. Most of these were interventional studies. The investigation focused on completed studies and found that limited clinical trials were identified with limited interventional measures. Only five out of the 1304 studies on NAFLD involved IF. Basic and advanced outcome measures were examined. Conclusion Although some studies suggest that IF may have potential benefits for NAFLD, the evidence is still limited and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Alorfi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Hong BV, Rhodes CH, Agus JK, Tang X, Zhu C, Zheng JJ, Zivkovic AM. A single 36-h water-only fast vastly remodels the plasma lipidome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1251122. [PMID: 37745091 PMCID: PMC10513913 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1251122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged fasting, characterized by restricting caloric intake for 24 h or more, has garnered attention as a nutritional approach to improve lifespan and support healthy aging. Previous research from our group showed that a single bout of 36-h water-only fasting in humans resulted in a distinct metabolomic signature in plasma and increased levels of bioactive metabolites, which improved macrophage function and lifespan in C. elegans. Objective This secondary outcome analysis aimed to investigate changes in the plasma lipidome associated with prolonged fasting and explore any potential links with markers of cardiometabolic health and aging. Method We conducted a controlled pilot study with 20 male and female participants (mean age, 27.5 ± 4.4 years; mean BMI, 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2) in four metabolic states: (1) overnight fasted (baseline), (2) 2-h postprandial fed state (fed), (3) 36-h fasted state (fasted), and (4) 2-h postprandial refed state 12 h after the 36-h fast (refed). Plasma lipidomic profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Results Several lipid classes, including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylethanolamine, and triacylglycerol were significantly reduced in the 36-h fasted state, while free fatty acids, ceramides, and sphingomyelin were significantly increased compared to overnight fast and fed states (P < 0.05). After correction for multiple testing, 245 out of 832 lipid species were significantly altered in the fasted state compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Random forest models revealed that several lipid species, such as LPE(18:1), LPC(18:2), and FFA(20:1) were important features in discriminating the fasted state from both the overnight fasted and postprandial state. Conclusion Our findings indicate that prolonged fasting vastly remodels the plasma lipidome and markedly alters the concentrations of several lipid species, which may be sensitive biomarkers of prolonged fasting. These changes in lipid metabolism during prolonged fasting have important implications for the management of cardiometabolic health and healthy aging, and warrant further exploration and validation in larger cohorts and different population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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14
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Deng L, Wu SA, Qi L, Kersten S. HILPDA is a lipotoxic marker in adipocytes that mediates the autocrine negative feedback regulation of triglyceride hydrolysis by fatty acids and alleviates cellular lipotoxic stress. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101773. [PMID: 37422000 PMCID: PMC10391665 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipolysis is a key metabolic pathway in adipocytes that renders stored triglycerides available for use by other cells and tissues. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are known to exert feedback inhibition on adipocyte lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms have only partly been elucidated. An essential enzyme in adipocyte lipolysis is ATGL. Here, we examined the role of the ATGL inhibitor HILPDA in the negative feedback regulation of adipocyte lipolysis by fatty acids. METHODS We exposed wild-type, HILPDA-deficient and HILPDA-overexpressing adipocytes and mice to various treatments. HILPDA and ATGL protein levels were determined by Western blot. ER stress was assessed by measuring the expression of marker genes and proteins. Lipolysis was studied in vitro and in vivo by measuring NEFA and glycerol levels. RESULTS We show that HILPDA mediates a fatty acid-induced autocrine feedback loop in which elevated intra- or extracellular fatty acids levels upregulate HILPDA by activation of the ER stress response and the fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4). The increased HILPDA levels in turn downregulate ATGL protein levels to suppress intracellular lipolysis, thereby maintaining lipid homeostasis. The deficiency of HILPDA under conditions of excessive fatty acid load disrupts this chain of events, leading to elevated lipotoxic stress in adipocytes. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that HILPDA is a lipotoxic marker in adipocytes that mediates a negative feedback regulation of lipolysis by fatty acids via ATGL and alleviates cellular lipotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Shuangcheng Alivia Wu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Ramakrishnan S, Mooli RGR, Han Y, Fiorenza E, Kumar S, Bello F, Nallanagulagari A, Karra S, Teng L, Jurczak M. Hepatic ketogenesis regulates lipid homeostasis via ACSL1-mediated fatty acid partitioning. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3147009. [PMID: 37503004 PMCID: PMC10371136 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3147009/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Liver-derived ketone bodies play a crucial role in fasting energy homeostasis by fueling the brain and peripheral tissues. Ketogenesis also acts as a conduit to remove excess acetyl-CoA generated from fatty acid oxidation and protects against diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Surprisingly, no study has examined the role of ketogenesis in fasting-associated hepatocellular lipid metabolism. Ketogenesis is driven by the rate-limiting mitochondrial enzyme 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGCS2) abundantly expressed in the liver. Here, we show that ketogenic insufficiency via disruption of hepatic HMGCS2 exacerbates liver steatosis in fasted chow and high-fat-fed mice. We found that the hepatic steatosis is driven by increased fatty acid partitioning to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for re-esterification via acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1). Mechanistically, acetyl-CoA accumulation from impaired hepatic ketogenesis is responsible for the elevated translocation of ACSL1 to the ER. Moreover, we show increased ER-localized ACSL1 and re-esterification of lipids in human NASH displaying impaired hepatic ketogenesis. Finally, we show that L-carnitine, which buffers excess acetyl-CoA, decreases the ER-associated ACSL1 and alleviates hepatic steatosis. Thus, ketogenesis via controlling hepatocellular acetyl-CoA homeostasis regulates lipid partitioning and protects against hepatic steatosis.
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16
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Zotti T, Giacco A, Cuomo A, Cerulo L, Petito G, Iervolino S, Senese R, Cioffi F, Vito P, Cardinale G, Silvestri E, Lombardi A, Moreno M, Lanni A, de Lange P. Exercise Equals the Mobilization of Visceral versus Subcutaneous Adipose Fatty Acid Molecules in Fasted Rats Associated with the Modulation of the AMPK/ATGL/HSL Axis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3095. [PMID: 37513513 PMCID: PMC10386727 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining exercise with fasting is known to boost fat mass-loss, but detailed analysis on the consequential mobilization of visceral and subcutaneous WAT-derived fatty acids has not been performed. In this study, a subset of fasted male rats (66 h) was submitted to daily bouts of mild exercise. Subsequently, by using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, the content of 22 fatty acids (FA) in visceral (v) versus subcutaneous (sc) white adipose tissue (WAT) depots was compared to those found in response to the separate events. Findings were related to those obtained in serum and liver samples, the latter taking up FA to increase gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Each separate intervention reduced scWAT FA content, associated with increased levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) protein despite unaltered AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) Thr172 phosphorylation, known to induce ATGL expression. The mobility of FAs from vWAT during fasting was absent with the exception of the MUFA 16:1 n-7 and only induced by combining fasting with exercise which was accompanied with reduced hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) Ser563 and increased Ser565 phosphorylation, whereas ATGL protein levels were elevated during fasting in association with the persistently increased phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172 both during fasting and in response to the combined intervention. As expected, liver FA content increased during fasting, and was not further affected by exercise, despite additional FA release from vWAT in this condition, underlining increased hepatic FA metabolism. Both fasting and its combination with exercise showed preferential hepatic metabolism of the prominent saturated FAs C:16 and C:18 compared to the unsaturated FAs 18:1 n-9 and 18:2 n-6:1. In conclusion, depot-specific differences in WAT fatty acid molecule release during fasting, irrelevant to their degree of saturation or chain length, are mitigated when combined with exercise, to provide fuel to surrounding organs such as the liver which is correlated with increased ATGL/ HSL ratios, involving AMPK only in vWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Zotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Genus Biotech Srls., Università degli Studi del Sannio, Apollosa, 82030 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Arianna Cuomo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81130 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Luigi Cerulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Petito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81130 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Stefania Iervolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81130 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Genus Biotech Srls., Università degli Studi del Sannio, Apollosa, 82030 Benevento, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cardinale
- Sannio Tech Consortium, s.s. Appia, Apollosa, 82030 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Assunta Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Moreno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (T.Z.); (A.G.); (L.C.); (S.I.); (F.C.); (P.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81130 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81130 Caserta, Italy; (A.C.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
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Oteng AB, Liu L. GPCR-mediated effects of fatty acids and bile acids on glucose homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1206063. [PMID: 37484954 PMCID: PMC10360933 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1206063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids and glucose are key biomolecules that share several commonalities including serving as energy substrates and as signaling molecules. Fatty acids can be synthesized endogenously from intermediates of glucose catabolism via de-novo lipogenesis. Bile acids are synthesized endogenously in the liver from the biologically important lipid molecule, cholesterol. Evidence abounds that fatty acids and bile acids play direct and indirect roles in systemic glucose homeostasis. The tight control of plasma glucose levels during postprandial and fasted states is principally mediated by two pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon. Here, we summarize experimental studies on the endocrine effects of fatty acids and bile acids, with emphasis on their ability to regulate the release of key hormones that regulate glucose metabolism. We categorize the heterogenous family of fatty acids into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), unsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, and highlight that along with bile acids, these biomolecules regulate glucose homeostasis by serving as endogenous ligands for specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Activation of these GPCRs affects the release of incretin hormones by enteroendocrine cells and/or the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by pancreatic islets, all of which regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. We deduce that signaling induced by fatty acids and bile acids is necessary to maintain euglycemia to prevent metabolic diseases such as type-2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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