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Otto-Dobos LD, Santos JC, Strehle LD, Grant CV, Simon LA, Oliver B, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF, Barrientos RM, Glasper ER, Pyter LM. The role of microglia in 67NR mammary tumor-induced suppression of brain responses to immune challenges in female mice. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3482-3499. [PMID: 37084026 PMCID: PMC10589388 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
It is poorly understood how solid peripheral tumors affect brain neuroimmune responses despite the various brain-mediated side effects and higher rates of infection reported in cancer patients. We hypothesized that chronic low-grade peripheral tumor-induced inflammation conditions microglia to drive suppression of neuroinflammatory responses to a subsequent peripheral immune challenge. Here, Balb/c murine mammary tumors attenuated the microglial inflammatory gene expression responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and live Escherichia coli (E. coli) challenges and the fatigue response to an E. coli infection. In contrast, the inflammatory gene expression in response to LPS or a toll-like receptor 2 agonist of Percoll-enriched primary microglia cultures was comparable between tumor-bearing and -free mice, as were the neuroinflammatory and sickness behavioral responses to an intracerebroventricular interleukin (IL)-1β injection. These data led to the hypothesis that Balb/c mammary tumors blunt the neuroinflammatory responses to an immune challenge via a mechanism involving tumor suppression of the peripheral humoral response. Balb/c mammary tumors modestly attenuated select circulating cytokine responses to LPS and E. coli challenges. Further, a second mammary tumor/mouse strain model (E0771 tumors in C57Bl/6 mice) displayed mildly elevated inflammatory responses to an immune challenge. Taken together, these data indicate that tumor-induced suppression of neuroinflammation and sickness behaviors may be driven by a blunted microglial phenotype, partly because of an attenuated peripheral signal to the brain, which may contribute to infection responses and behavioral side effects reported in cancer patients. Finally, these neuroimmune effects likely vary based on tumor type and/or host immune phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Otto-Dobos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J C Santos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - L D Strehle
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - C V Grant
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - L A Simon
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - B Oliver
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J P Godbout
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J F Sheridan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Biosciences College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - R M Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - E R Glasper
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - L M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Viola MF, Herrera M. LG, Cruz-Neto AP. Combined effects of ambient temperature and food availability on induced innate immune response of a fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301083. [PMID: 38787875 PMCID: PMC11125493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Resilience of mammals to anthropogenic climate and land-use changes is associated with the maintenance of adequate responses of several fitness-related traits such as those related to immune functions. Isolated and combined effects of decreased food availability and increased ambient temperature can lead to immunosuppression and greater susceptibility to disease. Our study tested the general hypothesis that decreased food availability, increased ambient temperature and the combined effect of both factors would affect selected physiological and behavioral components associated with the innate immune system of fruit-eating bats (Carollia perspicillata). Physiological (fever, leukocytosis and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and behavioral (food intake) components of the acute phase response, as well as bacterial killing ability of the plasma were assessed after immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 10 mg/kg) in experimental groups kept at different short-term conditions of food availability (ad libitum diet or 50% food-deprived) and ambient temperature (27 and 33°C). Our results indicate that magnitude of increase in body temperature was not affected by food availability, ambient temperature or the interaction of both factors, but the time to reach the highest increase took longer in LPS-injected bats that were kept under food restriction. The magnitude of increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was affected by the interaction between food availability and ambient temperature, but food intake, total white blood cell count and bacterial killing ability were not affected by any factor or interaction. Overall, our results suggest that bacterial killing ability and most components of acute phase response examined are not affected by short-term changes in food availability and ambient temperature within the range evaluated in this study, and that the increase of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio when bats are exposed to low food availability and high ambient temperature might represent an enhancement of cellular response to deal with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F. Viola
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. Gerardo Herrera M.
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Duerwachter MA, Lewis EL, French SS, Husak JF. Sex-specific effects of immune challenges on green anole lizard metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:264-271. [PMID: 38213098 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses can increase survival, but they can also incur a variety of costs that may lead to phenotypic trade-offs. The nature of trade-offs between immune activity and other components of the phenotype can vary and depend on the type and magnitude of immune challenge, as well as the energetic costs of simultaneously expressing other traits. There may also be sex-specific differences in both immune activity and trade-offs, particularly with regard to energy expenditure that might differ between males and females during the breeding season. Females are generally expected to invest less in nonspecific immune responses compared to males due to differences in the allocation of resources to reproduction, which may lead to sex differences in the metabolic costs of immunity. We tested for sex-specific differences in metabolic costs of different types of immune challenges in Anolis carolinensis lizards, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and wounding. We also tested for differences in immune prioritization by measuring bacterial killing ability (BKA). We predicted males would show a greater increase in metabolism after immune challenges, with combined immune challenges eliciting the greatest response. Furthermore, we predicted that metabolic costs would result in decreased BKA. LPS injection increased the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of males but not females. Wounding did not affect RMR of either sex. However, there was an inverse relationship between BKA and wound healing in LPS-injected lizards, suggesting dynamic tradeoffs among metabolism and components of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin L Lewis
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | | | - Jerry F Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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4
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De Luca SN, Kivivali L, Chong K, Kirby A, Lawther AJ, Nguyen JCD, Hale MW, Kent S. Calorie restriction partially attenuates sickness behavior induced by viral mimetic poly I:C. Behav Brain Res 2024; 457:114715. [PMID: 37838243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to extend the mean and maximum lifespan in both preclinical and clinical settings. We have previously demonstrated that CR attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever and sickness behavior. CR also leads to reductions in pro-inflammatory and increases in anti-inflammatory profiles. LPS is a bacterial mimetic; however, few studies have explored this phenomenon utilizing a viral mimetic, such as polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Dose-dependently, poly I:C induced an increase in core body temperature (Tb), with the largest dose (5000 µg/kg) resulting in a 1.62 °C ( ± 0.23 °C) Tb increase at 7 h post-injection in ad libitum mice and was associated with reduced home-cage locomotor activity. We then investigated the effect of 50% CR for 28 days to attenuate fever and sickness behavior induced by a poly I:C (5000 µg/kg) viral immune challenge. CR resulted in the partial attenuation of fever and sickness behavior measures post-poly I:C. The freely fed, control mice demonstrated a 2.02 °C ( ± 0.22 °C) increase in Tb at 7 h post-injection compared to the CR poly I:C group which demonstrated an increase in Tb of 0.94 °C ( ± 0.27 °C). Locomotor patterns post-injection were different, CR mice displayed a reduction in activity during the light phase, and the control group displayed a reduction during the dark phase. CR moderately attenuated the neuroinflammatory response with a reduction in microglial density in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. The fever and sickness behavior attenuation seen after CR may be driven by similar anti-inflammatory processes as after LPS; however, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone N De Luca
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Respiratory Science & Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leah Kivivali
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Chong
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice Kirby
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J Lawther
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C D Nguyen
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Saber S, Alamri MMS, Alfaifi J, Saleh LA, Abdel-Ghany S, Aboregela AM, Farrag AA, Almaeen AH, Adam MIE, AlQahtani AAJ, Eleragi AMS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Ramadan HA, Mohammed OA. (R,R)-BD-AcAc2 Mitigates Chronic Colitis in Rats: A Promising Multi-Pronged Approach Modulating Inflammasome Activity, Autophagy, and Pyroptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:953. [PMID: 37513865 PMCID: PMC10384734 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic and incurable form of inflammatory bowel disease that can increase the risk of colitis-associated cancer and mortality. Limited treatment options are available for this condition, and the existing ones often come with non-tolerable adverse effects. This study is the first to examine the potential benefits of consuming (R,R)-BD-AcAc2, a type of ketone ester (KE), and intermittent fasting in treating chronic colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in rats. We selected both protocols to enhance the levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, mimicking a state of nutritional ketosis and early ketosis, respectively. Our findings revealed that only the former protocol, consuming the KE, improved disease activity and the macroscopic and microscopic features of the colon while reducing inflammation scores. Additionally, the KE counteracted the DSS-induced decrease in the percentage of weight change, reduced the colonic weight-to-length ratio, and increased the survival rate of DSS-insulted rats. KE also showed potential antioxidant activities and improved the gut microbiome composition. Moreover, consuming KE increased the levels of tight junction proteins that protect against leaky gut and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production. These effects were attributed to inhibiting NFκB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and restraining pyroptosis and apoptosis while enhancing autophagy as revealed by reduced p62 and increased BECN1. Furthermore, the KE may have a positive impact on maintaining a healthy microbiome. To conclude, the potential clinical implications of our findings are promising, as (R,R)-BD-AcAc2 has a greater safety profile and can be easily translated to human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | | | - Jaber Alfaifi
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sameh Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adel Mohamed Aboregela
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshaimaa A Farrag
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman H Almaeen
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud I E Adam
- Department of Medical Education and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdulElah Al Jarallah AlQahtani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M S Eleragi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Heba A Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
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Jantsch J, Rodrigues FDS, Fraga GDF, Eller S, Silveira AK, Moreira JCF, Giovernardi M, Guedes RP. Calorie restriction mitigates metabolic, behavioral and neurochemical effects of cafeteria diet in aged male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109371. [PMID: 37169228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Besides metabolic dysfunctions, elderly individuals with obesity are at special risk of developing cognitive decline and psychiatric disturbances. Restricted calorie consumption could be an efficient strategy to improve metabolic function after obesity. However, its effects on anxiety-like behaviors in aged rats submitted to an obesogenic diet are unknown. For this purpose, 42 Wistar rats (18-months old) were divided into four groups: Control (CT), calorie restriction (CR), cafeteria diet (CAF), and CAF+CR (CAF/CR). CT, CR, and CAF groups received the diets for 8 weeks. CAF/CR group was submitted to the CAF menu for 7 weeks and then switched to a standard diet on a CR regimen, receiving 30% lower calories than consumed by the CT, for another 5 weeks. CAF's menu consisted of ultra-processed foods such as cookies, chocolate, sausage, and bologna. Body weight, visceral adiposity, and biochemical blood analysis were evaluated for obesity diagnosis. The profile of gut microbiota was investigated, along with circulating levels of LPS. Neurochemical parameters, such as neurotransmitter levels, were dosed. Anxiety-like behaviors were accessed using open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. As expected, CR reduced weight gain and improved glucose homeostasis. Gut microbiome disturbance was found in CAF-fed animals accompanied by increased levels of LPS. However, CR after CAF mitigated several harmful responses. The obesogenic diet triggered anxiety-like manifestations in the OF and EPM tests that were not evidenced in the CAF/CR group. These findings indicate that CR can be a promising strategy for the neurological effects of obesity in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Jantsch
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da Silva Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Farias Fraga
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kleber Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Márcia Giovernardi
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil.
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7
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Zhang L, Zhang T, Sun J, Huang Y, Liu T, Ye Z, Hu J, Zhang G, Chen H, Ye Z, He Y, Qin J. Calorie restriction ameliorates hyperglycemia, modulates the disordered gut microbiota, and mitigates metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation in type 2 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:699-711. [PMID: 36219316 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of calorie restriction (CR) on gut microbiota and the mechanism of CR ameliorating hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM model rats were explored. METHODS High-fat diet and STZ injection were applied to induce T2DM model rats. Rats were divided into the following three groups: the control-diet ad libitum group, the T2DM model group fed with ad libitum diet, and the T2DM group fed with 30% restriction diet. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to determine the bacterial communities. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. RESULTS Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were improved by CR, as well as the levels of fasting and random plasma glucose. Besides, CR not only modulated the overall structure of gut microbiota but also had selective enrichment in anti-inflammatory bacteria such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcaceae_9, Allobaculum, Alistipes, and Oscillibacter, and decreased pro-inflammatory pathogenic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, and Bifidobacterium. Tax4Fun indicated that CR could regulate related functional pathways such as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and the plasma levels of LBP, IL-6, and TNF-α were markedly reduced by CR, suggesting the mechanism of CR ameliorating hyperglycemia may associate with the modulation of disordered gut microbiota and the reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation. CONCLUSION CR could ameliorate hyperglycemia, the mechanism of which may associate with the alteration of the overall structure of gut microbiota, restoration of disordered microbiota function, and the downregulation of metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - T Zhang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - J Sun
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Y Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - T Liu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Z Ye
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - J Hu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - G Zhang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - H Chen
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Z Ye
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Y He
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - J Qin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Govic A, Nasser H, Levay EA, Zelko M, Ebrahimie E, Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh M, Kent S, Penman J, Hazi A. Long-Term Calorie Restriction Alters Anxiety-like Behaviour and the Brain and Adrenal Gland Transcriptomes of the Ageing Male Rat. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214670. [PMID: 36364936 PMCID: PMC9654051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Further examination of the molecular regulators of long-term calorie restriction (CR), reported to have an anxiolytic effect, may highlight novel therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders. Here, adult male Hooded Wistar rats were exposed to a 25% CR whilst anxiety-like behaviour was assessed at 6-, 12-, and 18-months of age via the elevated plus maze, open field, and acoustic startle tests. Next-generation sequencing was then used to measure transcriptome-wide gene expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Results showed an anxiolytic behavioural profile across early, middle, and late adulthood by CR, with the strongest effects noted at 6-months. Transcriptomic analysis by seven attribute weighting algorithms, including Info Gain Ratio, Rule, Chi Squared, Gini Index, Uncertainty, Relief, and Info Gain, led to the development of a signature of long-term CR, independent of region. Complement C1q A chain (C1qa), an extracellular protein, expression was significantly decreased by CR in most regions examined. Furthermore, text mining highlighted the positive involvement of C1qa in anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, stress, and ageing, collectively identifying a suitable biomarker candidate for CR. Overall, the current study identified anxiety-related phenotypic changes and a novel transcriptome signature of long-term CR, indicating potential therapeutic targets for anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Govic
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +61-3-9780-9996
| | - Helen Nasser
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Levay
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matt Zelko
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Manijeh Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jim Penman
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Agnes Hazi
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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9
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Teofilović A, Vratarić M, Veličković N, Vojnović Milutinović D, Mladenovic A, Prvulovic M, Djordjevic A. Late-Onset Calorie Restriction Improves Lipid Metabolism and Aggravates Inflammation in the Liver of Old Wistar Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:899255. [PMID: 35677539 PMCID: PMC9168317 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.899255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a progressive process that could disturb metabolic homeostasis in the liver via ectopic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and deterioration of inflammatory response. Although calorie restriction (CR) is recognized as beneficial for life span and health span prolongation, it is still unclear how late-onset CR, characterized by late beginning and short duration, affects age-related processes. The aim of this study was to examine how late-onset CR-induced metabolic adjustments impact lipid status and inflammation in the liver of old rats. The experiments were conducted on aging male Wistar rats fed ad libitum (AL) or exposed to late-onset CR (60% of AL daily intake) from 21st to 24th month. The results showed that late-onset CR reduces body weight, visceral adipose tissue and liver mass, and triglyceride levels when compared to old animals on AL diet. The ameliorating effects of CR on lipid metabolism include increased activity of AMP-activated protein kinase, suppressed de novo fatty acid synthesis, stimulated β-oxidation, decreased lipotoxicity, and limited triglyceride synthesis and packaging in the liver. Restricted diet regime, however, does not improve expression of antioxidant enzymes, although it leads to progression of age-related inflammation in the liver, partially through lower corticosterone concentration and decreased activation of glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, late-onset CR is able to restore age-related imbalance of lipid metabolism in the liver, but has a negative impact on hepatic inflammatory status, implying that the type of diet for older individuals must be balanced and chosen carefully with appropriate duration and start point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teofilović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Ana Teofilović,
| | - Miloš Vratarić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prvulovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Abstract
β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body metabolite, has been shown to suppress depression-like behavior in rodents. In this study, we examined its antidepressive property in acute and chronic administration modes in mice by using forced swim test and tail suspension test. Results showed that the decrease effect of β-hydroxybutyrate (300 mg/kg) on immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swim test in stress-naive mice began to be significant at day 11. In a dose-dependent experiment, β-hydroxybutyrate treatment (11 days) showed significant antidepressant activities at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg. Unlike fluoxetine, β-hydroxybutyrate treatment (300 mg/kg) showed no antidepressant activities in the acute (1 hour before the test) and three times administration mode within 24 hours (1, 5, and 24 hours before the test). But in a co-administration mode, β-hydroxybutyrate (100 mg/kg) -fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg) co-administration exhibited an obvious antidepressant activity in the tail suspension test and forced swim test. Further analysis showed that the antidepressant effects of β-hydroxybutyrate and fluoxetine were not associated with the change in mouse locomotor activity. Furthermore, both chronic β-hydroxybutyrate treatment and β-hydroxybutyrate-fluoxetine co-treatment suppressed chronic unpredictable stress-induced increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swim test as well as chronic unpredictable stress-induced decrease in mouse body weight. Taken together, these results indicate that β-hydroxybutyrate (1) needs a relatively long time to show comparable behavioral activity to that of fluoxetine in assays that are sensitive to the behavioral effects of established antidepressant compounds and (2) can augment the antidepressant action of a sub-therapeutic dose of fluoxetine.
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11
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Li W, Luo S, Wan C. Characterization of fever and sickness behavior regulated by cytokines during infection. BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In response to invasion of pathogens, hosts present fever and a series of behavioural changes including reduced grooming, reduction of foraging, decreased locomotion, withdrawing from social activities and reproductive process, which are collectively termed sickness behaviour. Fever as well as sickness behaviour are adaptive and benefit the host to reduce pathology caused by infections and opportunity costs for time away from foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Antipathogenic fever and sickness behaviour are mediated proximately by cytokines including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammation cytokines trigger these sickness responses, while anti-inflammatory cytokines constrain these responses and prevent damage to host from exaggerated responses. The present study reviews the characterization of fever and sickness behaviour regulated by cytokines during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Li
- aDepartment of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- bKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghong Luo
- aDepartment of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- bKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chaomin Wan
- aDepartment of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- bKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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12
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Correa CR, Schena C, Lopes SC, Prediger RD, Silva EL, Venske DKR, Ribeiro LC, Moreira JD. Combined effects of caloric restriction and fish oil attenuated anti-depressant and anxiolytic-like effects of fish oil: association with hippocampal BDNF concentrations. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112770. [PMID: 32561388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3-enriched fish oil (FO) and caloric restriction (CR) are nutritional therapeutic approaches that exert an important impact on brain function, behavior, memory, and neuroprotection. Here, we investigate the synergic effects of both therapeutic approaches combined (CR + FO) on behavior (memory, anxiety-like behavior, antidepressant-like behavior), as well as its association with hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four dietary groups: Control group (C) - chow ad libitum; CR group - 30 % CR, considering C group food intake; FO group - FO-enriched chow ad libitum; and CR + FO group - FO-enriched 30 % CR chow. After 12 weeks of dietary treatment, behavioural analysis set was conducted, and hippocampal BDNF concentrations were measured. FO group presented anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like behaviors as well as improved memory in the Morris' water maze. These effects were attenuated by the combined CR + FO treatment. FO group also presented higher BDNF concentrations. There was a positive association between the number of entries in the platform quadrant in the MWM and hippocampal BDNF concentrations (β = 0.39; R² = 0.15; p = 0.042) and an inverse association between forced swim immobility time and BDNF concentrations (β = -0.39; R² = 0.15; p = 0.041). Taken together, our data showed that the 12-week FO dietary treatment promoted anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like behaviors as well as memory improvement, and these effects were associated with BDNF concentrations. Synergic effects of interventions attenuated FO-related behavioral responses and BDNF concentrations and probably reduced hippocampal neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia R Correa
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - Claudia Schena
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - Samantha C Lopes
- Post Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil; Medical Science Research Group - Biomedical and Clinical Investigation, Medicine Graduation Course, Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí. Brazil
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Post Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - E L Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - Débora K R Venske
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - L C Ribeiro
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - J D Moreira
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil.
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13
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Calorie restriction protects neural stem cells from age-related deficits in the subventricular zone. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:115-126. [PMID: 30622221 PMCID: PMC6339798 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain can generate new neurons from neural stem cells throughout life. However, the capacity for neurogenesis declines with age, reducing the potential for learning and repair. We explored the effects of calorie restriction, an established anti-aging intervention, on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of young and aged mice. Calorie restriction transiently enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in young, but not aged mice. However, calorie restriction prevented the age-related loss of neurogenesis in the aged brain. Calorie-restricted mice showed enhanced olfactory memory compared with ad libitum-fed controls, suggesting that calorie restriction can produce functional improvements in the aged brain. Calorie restriction also mitigated the age-related activation of microglia and subsequent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Likewise, calorie restriction prevented increases in senescent cells normally observed in the subventricular zone in aged mice, further protecting this neurogenic niche from pro-inflammatory signals. Together, these data suggest that calorie restriction protects the subventricular zone microenvironment from age-related inflammation, thereby preserving neurogenesis into old age.
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14
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15
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Yegla B, Foster T. Effect of Systemic Inflammation on Rat Attentional Function and Neuroinflammation: Possible Protective Role for Food Restriction. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:296. [PMID: 31708767 PMCID: PMC6823289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aging is characterized by subtle cognitive decline, which correlates with increased peripheral inflammation. Acute activation of the peripheral immune system, via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, elicits deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. Little is known concerning the effect of chronic inflammation on prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent vigilance. We examined the impact of repeated LPS injections in young and middle-age rats on the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), expecting repeated LPS treatment to induce attentional deficits with greater disruption in middle-age. Methods: Male Fischer-344 rats, 4- and 12-months-old, were food restricted and trained on the 5-CSRTT. Once rats reached criterion, they were injected with LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) weekly for 4 weeks and testing started 48 h after each injection. To examine the possibility that mild food restriction inherent to the behavioral task influenced inflammation markers, a second group of food-restricted or ad-lib-fed rats was assessed for cytokine changes 48 h after one injection. Results: Performing LPS-treated rats exhibited a sickness response, manifesting as reduced initiated and completed trials during the first week but recovered by the second week of testing. After the first week, LPS-treated rats continued to exhibit longer response latencies, despite no change in food retrieval latency, suggestive of LPS-induced cognitive slowing. Similarly, LPS-induced impairment of attention was observed as increased omissions with heightened cognitive demand and increased age. Repeated LPS-treatment increased the level of PFC IL-1α, and PFC IL-6 was marginally higher in middle-age rats. No effect of age or treatment was observed for plasma cytokines in performing rats. Histological examination of microglia indicated increased colocalization of Iba1+ and CD68+ cells from middle-age relative to young rats. Examination of food restriction demonstrated an attenuation of age- and LPS-related increases in plasma cytokine levels. Conclusions: Systemic inflammation, induced through LPS treatment, impaired attentional function, which was independent of sickness and exacerbated by increased cognitive demand and increased age. Additional studies revealed that food restriction, associated with the task, attenuated markers of neuroinflammation and plasma cytokines. The results emphasize the need for improved methods for modeling low-level chronic systemic inflammation to effectively examine its impact on attention during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Yegla
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Chaskiel L, Bristow AD, Bluthé RM, Dantzer R, Blomqvist A, Konsman JP. Interleukin-1 reduces food intake and body weight in rat by acting in the arcuate hypothalamus. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:560-573. [PMID: 31310797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in food intake is commonly observed after bacterial infection, a phenomenon that can be reproduced by peripheral administration of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by LPS-activated macrophages. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) plays a major role in food intake regulation and expresses IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) mRNA. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1R1 expressing cells in the ARH mediate IL-1β and/or LPS-induced hypophagia in the rat. To do so, we developed an IL-1β-saporin conjugate, which eliminated IL-R1-expressing neurons in the hippocampus, and micro-injected it into the ARH prior to systemic IL-1β and LPS administration. ARH IL-1β-saporin injection resulted in loss of neuropeptide Y-containing cells and attenuated hypophagia and weight loss after intraperitoneal IL-1β, but not LPS, administration. In conclusion, the present study shows that ARH NPY-containing neurons express functional IL-1R1s that mediate peripheral IL-1β-, but not LPS-, induced hypophagia. Our present and previous findings indicate that the reduction of food intake after IL-1β and LPS are mediated by different neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Chaskiel
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Nutrition and Genetics, UMR CNRS 5226-INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Adrian D Bristow
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Rose-Marie Bluthé
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Nutrition and Genetics, UMR CNRS 5226-INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 770030, USA
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- UMR CNRS 5287 Aquitaine Institute for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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17
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Maliković J, Vuyyuru H, Koefeler H, Smidak R, Höger H, Kalaba P, Hussein AM, Lubec G, Korz V. Moderate differences in common feeding diets change lipid composition in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and affect spatial cognitive flexibility in male rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 128:215-221. [PMID: 31051212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that lipids play a fundamental role in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory. Effects of nutrition on brain lipid composition and neuronal functioning are known, but the feeding interventions are often severe and may not reflect nutritional effects below clinical relevance. Therefore, we tested two commercially available rat feeding diets with only moderate differences in the food compositions, a standard diet (gross energy metabolizable 12.8 MJ/kg) and a energy reduced diet (gross energy metabolizable 8.9 MJ/kg) on possible effects upon dentate gyrus lipid composition, spatial learning and memory in a water maze and corticosterone release (blood serum concentrations) in adult male rats. Rats were fed with the standard diet up to an age of 8 weeks. One group was further fed with the standard and another with the energy reduced diet until an age of 5 months. We did not found differences in serum corticosterone levels. We found group differences in a variety of lipids in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.. Most of the lipid levels were lower in energy reduced diets, namely glycerophosphoethanolamines, sphingomyelins and hexosyceramides, whereas some ceramides (Cer18:0 and Cer24:1) and glycerophosphocholines (PC34:3 and PC36:2) were upregulated compared to the standard diet group. The performance in a common reference memory water maze task was not different between groups, however during reversal learning (platform in a different position) after the initial training, the standard diet fed rats learned better and spatial memory was improved compared to the energy reduced diet group. Thus, moderate differences in feeding diets have effects specifically upon spatial cognitive flexibility. Possible relations between differences in lipid composition and cognitive flexibility are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Maliković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harish Vuyyuru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Koefeler
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roman Smidak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Volker Korz
- Paracelsus Medical University, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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18
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Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Holzer P. Intermittent Fasting Exacerbates the Acute Immune and Behavioral Sickness Response to the Viral Mimic Poly(I:C) in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:359. [PMID: 31057355 PMCID: PMC6478699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermitted fasting and other forms of calorie restriction are increasingly demonstrated to exert potential health benefits. Interestingly, restricted feeding is also able to mitigate sickness in response to bacterial factors stimulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, little is known about how fasting modifies the activity of virus-associated molecular patterns. We therefore analyzed the impact of an intermittent fasting (IF) regimen on the immune and behavioral response to the TLR3 agonist and viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] in mice. The effects of intraperitoneally injected Poly(I:C) (12 mg/kg) on plasma and cerebral cytokine expression and behavior (locomotion, exploration, and ingestion) were examined in male C57BL/6N mice under control conditions and following a 9 days period of intermittent (alternate day) fasting (IF). Poly(I:C) increased the circulating levels of cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ), an effect amplified by IF. In addition, IF aggravated sickness behavior in response to Poly(I:C), while cerebral cytokine expression was enhanced by application of Poly(I:C) in the absence of a significant effect of IF. Furthermore, IF augmented the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in the hypothalamus and increased the plasma levels of corticosterone, while Poly(I:C) had little effect on these readouts. Our data show that IF does not abate, but exaggerates the immune and sickness response to the viral mimic Poly(I:C). This adverse effect of IF occurs despite increased hypothalamic NPY expression and enhanced plasma corticosterone. We therefore propose that the effects of IF on the immune and behavioral responses to viral and bacterial factors are subject to different neuronal and neuroendocrine control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Jačan
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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19
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Brain tumor necrosis factor-α mediates anxiety-like behavior in a mouse model of severe obesity. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:25-36. [PMID: 30508579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the high prevalence of anxiety in obesity increasingly emerges as significant risk factor for related severe health complications, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Considering that chronic inflammation is a key component of obesity and is well known to impact brain function and emotional behavior, we hypothesized that it may similarly contribute to the development of obesity-related anxiety. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by measuring whether chronic food restriction, a procedure known to reduce inflammation, or chronic anti-inflammatory treatment with ibuprofen improved anxiety-like behavior and concomitantly decreased peripheral and/or hippocampal inflammation characterizing a model of severe obesity, the db/db mice. In both experiments, reduced anxiety-like behaviors in the open-field and/or elevated plus-maze were selectively associated with decreased hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression. Highlighting the causality of both events, chronic central infusion of the TNF-α blocker etanercept was then shown to be sufficient to improve anxiety-like behavior in db/db mice. Lastly, by measuring the impact of ex-vivo etanercept on hippocampal synaptic processes underlying anxiety-like behaviors, we showed that the anxiolytic effect of central TNF-α blockade likely involved modulation of synaptic transmission within the ventral hippocampus. Altogether, these results uphold the role of brain TNF-α in mediating obesity-related anxiety and provide important clues about how it may modulate brain function and behavior. They may therefore help to introduce novel therapeutic strategies to reduce anxiety associated with inflammatory conditions.
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20
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Cabrera-Martinez LV, Herrera M LG, Cruz-Neto AP. Food restriction, but not seasonality, modulates the acute phase response of a Neotropical bat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 229:93-100. [PMID: 30553882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Season and food intake are known to affect immune response of vertebrates yet their effects on metabolic rate have been rarely explored. We tested the effect of season and acute food restriction and their interaction on the energetic cost of immune response activation of a tropical vertebrate, the Seba's short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata). We specifically stimulated the acute phase response (APR) with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to measure metabolic changes along with changes in body temperature (Tb), body mass (Mb), white blood cell counts and the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio (N/L). We found no effect of season on the different factors associated to the activation of the APR. In contrast to our expectations, unfed bats reached similar Tb increments and RMR peak values and had higher RMR scope values and higher caloric costs than fed bats after LPS injection. However, food deprivation led to delayed metabolic response indicated by longer time required to reach peak RMR values in unfed bats. Both food-deprived and fed bats did not present leukocytosis after APR activation and their WBC counts were similar, but unfed bats had a significant increase of N/L. APR activation represented a small fraction of the bat daily energy requirements which might explain why unfed bats were not limited to mount a metabolic response. Our study adds to recent evidence showing that activating the innate immune system is not an energetically expensive process for plant-eating bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía V Cabrera-Martinez
- Pós-graduação no programa de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julho de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio, Jalisco 48980, Mexico.
| | - Ariovaldo P Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Julho de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Yang R, Wang H, Wen J, Ma K, Chen D, Chen Z, Huang C. Regulation of microglial process elongation, a featured characteristic of microglial plasticity. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:286-297. [PMID: 30476531 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, a type of glia within the brain characterized by a ramified morphology, are essential for removing neuronal debris and restricting the expansion of a lesion site. Upon moderate activation, they undergo a transformation in morphology inducing beneficial responses. However, upon strong stimulation, they mediate neuronal damage via production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of this cascade is considered an effective strategy for neuroinflammation-associated disorder therapy. During this pathological activation microglia also undergo a shortening of process length which contributes to the pathogenesis of such disorders. Thus, microglial plasticity should be considered to have two components: one is the production of inflammatory mediators, and the other is the dynamic changes in their processes. The former role has been well-documented in previous studies, while the latter one remains largely unknown. Recently, we and others have reported that the elongation of microglial process is associated with the transformation of microglia from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state, suggesting that the shortening of process length would make the microglia lose their ability to restrict pathological injury, while the elongation of microglial process would help attenuate neuroinflammation. Compared with the traditional anti-neuroinflammatory strategy, stimulating elongation of microglial process not only reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but restores the ability of microglia to scan their surrounding environments, thus rendering their homeostasis regulation more effective. In this review, we provide a discussion of the factors that regulate microglial process elongation in vitro and in vivo, aiming to further drive the understanding of microglial process plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes lane, Piscataway, 08854, NJ, United States
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, B-607 Wanlin Technology Mansion, 8 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Probiotics Australia, 24-30 Blanck Street, Ormeau, QLD, 4208, Australia
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Maliković J, Feyissa DD, Hussein AM, Höger H, Lubec G, Korz V. Moderate Differences in Feeding Diets Largely Affect Motivation and Spatial Cognition in Adult and Aged but Less in Young Male Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:249. [PMID: 30158866 PMCID: PMC6104161 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition can have significant effects on behavior and cognitive processes. Most of the studies related to this use extremely modified diets, such as high fat contents or the exclusion of distinct components needed for normal development and bodily homeostasis. Here we report significant effects of diets with moderate differences in compositions on food rewarded spatial learning in young (3–4 months), adult (6–7 months), and aged (17–18 months) rats. Young rats fed with a lower energy diet showed better performance only during aquisition of the spatial task when compared to rats fed with a standard diet. Adult rats (6–7 months) fed with a standard diet performed less well in the spatial learning task, than rats fed with lower energy diet. Aged rats fed with a lower energy diet (from 13 to 18 months of age) performed better during all training phases, as in a previous test when they were adult and fed with a standard diet. This difference could only be partly explained by lower motivation to search for food in the first test. Correspondingly, the variability of individual performance was significantly higher and increased over trials in adult rats fed with the standard diet as compared to adult rats fed with lower energy diet. Thus, moderate changes in feeding diets have large effects on motivation and cognition in elderly and less in young rats in a food rewarded spatial learning task. Therefore, nutrition effects upon food rewarded spatial learning and memory should be considered especially in aging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Maliković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel D Feyissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Volker Korz
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Das UN. Ageing: Is there a role for arachidonic acid and other bioactive lipids? A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:67-79. [PMID: 30034877 PMCID: PMC6052661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is inevitable. Recent studies suggest that it could be delayed. Low-grade systemic inflammation is seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction that are common with increasing age. In all these conditions, an alteration in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is seen in the form of increased formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and decreased production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins and decreased activity of desaturases. Calorie restriction, exercise and parabiosis delay age-related changes that could be related to enhanced proliferation of stem cells, decrease in inflammation and transfer of GDF-11 (growth differentiation factor-11) and other related molecules from the young to the old, increase in the formation of lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO); inhibition of ageing-related hypothalamic or brain IKK-β and NF-kB activation, decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release resulting in increased neurogenesis and consequent decelerated ageing. This suggests that hypothalamus participates in ageing process. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and lipid-derived signalling molecules can be tuned favorably under dietary restriction to extend lifespan and/or prevent advanced age associated diseases in an mTOR dependent pathway manner. Sulfur amino acid (SAA) restriction increased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and protected tissues from hypoxia and tissue damage. Anti-inflammatory metabolites formed from AA such as LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins enhance production of NO, CO, H2S; suppress NF-kB expression and alter mTOR expression and thus, may aid in delaying ageing process. Dietary restriction and exercise enhance AA metabolism to form LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins that have anti-inflammatory actions. AA and their metabolites also influence stem cell biology, enhance neurogenesis to improve memory and augment autophagy to prolong life span. Thus, AA and other PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites inhibit inflammation, augment stem cell proliferation, restore to normal lipid-derived signaling molecules and NO and H2S production, enhance autophagy and prolong life span.
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24
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Toaff-Rosenstein RL, Tucker CB. The sickness response at and before clinical diagnosis of spontaneous bovine respiratory disease. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Huang C, Wang P, Xu X, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Hu W, Gao M, Wu Y, Ling Y, Zhao X, Qin Y, Yang R, Zhang W. The ketone body metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate induces an antidepression-associated ramification of microglia via HDACs inhibition-triggered Akt-small RhoGTPase activation. Glia 2017; 66:256-278. [PMID: 29058362 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct induction of macrophage ramification has been shown to promote an alternative (M2) polarization, suggesting that the ramified morphology may determine the function of immune cells. The ketone body metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) elevated in conditions including fasting and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) can reduce neuroinflammation. However, how exactly BHB impacts microglia remains unclear. We report that BHB as well as its producing stimuli fasting and KD induced obvious ramifications of murine microglia in basal and inflammatory conditions in a reversible manner, and these ramifications were accompanied with microglial profile toward M2 polarization and phagocytosis. The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment. Incubation of microglia with other classical histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors, but not G protein-coupled receptor 109a (GPR109a) activators, also induced microglial ramification and Akt activation, suggesting that the BHB-induced ramification of microglia may be triggered by HDACs inhibition. Functionally, Akt inhibition was found to abrogate the effects of BHB on microglial polarization and phagocytosis. In neuroinflammatory models induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), BHB prevented the microglial process retraction and depressive-like behaviors, and these effects were abolished by Akt inhibition. Our findings for the first time showed that BHB exerts anti-inflammatory actions via promotion of microglial ramification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Minhui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yibin Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
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26
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Zmora N, Bashiardes S, Levy M, Elinav E. The Role of the Immune System in Metabolic Health and Disease. Cell Metab 2017; 25:506-521. [PMID: 28273474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the immune system's traditional roles of conferring anti-infectious and anti-neoplastic protection, it has been recently implicated in the regulation of systemic metabolic homeostasis. This cross-talk between the immune and the metabolic systems is pivotal in promoting "metabolic health" throughout the life of an organism and plays fundamental roles in its adaptation to ever-changing environmental makeups and nutritional availability. Perturbations in this intricate immune-metabolic cross-talk contribute to the tendency to develop altered metabolic states that may culminate in metabolic disorders such as malnutrition, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other features of the metabolic syndrome. Regulators of immune-metabolic interactions include host genetics, nutritional status, and the intestinal microbiome. In this Perspective, we highlight current understanding of immune-metabolism interactions, illustrate differences among individuals and between populations in this respect, and point toward future avenues of research possibly enabling immune harnessing as means of personalized treatment for common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Zmora
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Internal Medicine Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Stavros Bashiardes
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maayan Levy
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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27
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Sayapina NV, Batalova TA, Sergievich AA, Shtarberg MA, Borodin EA, Khoroshikh PP, Chaika VV, Kodintsev VV, Vedyagin AA, Mishakov IV, Vakis A, Henrich-Noack P, Tsatsakis AM, Engin AB, Golokhvast K. Oral application of carbon nanofibers in rats increases blood concentration of IL6 and IL10 and decreases locomotor activity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 50:183-191. [PMID: 28189064 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanofibers (CNF) are versatile nanomaterials that are widely used in various fields of science and technology. As a consequence, animals as well as humans may be exposed to such compounds via different routes. We hypothesized that oral intake of CNF will lead to an inflammatory reaction and consequently induce behavioral impairments. To address this issue, rats were fed with 500mg/kgCNF for 14days and their locomotor activity, emotional status and cognition were quantified by testing the animals in an open field set-up, elevated plus maze and in the universal problem solving box which provides information about motivation and cognition. The behavioral tests were performed 3 times within 10days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and the plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-18 were measured. Our results demonstrated an inflammatory reaction determined by a significantly elevated IL-6 concentration. This, however, was counteracted by an even more pronounced increase in IL-10. The behavioral effects were restricted mainly to a decrease in locomotor activity which was significant in the open field test, as well as the elevated plus maze. Other parameters indicative of cognitive performance were not influenced and also the emotional status was largely unaffected. In conclusion, our results revealed that oral intake of 500mg/kgCNF induced some adverse effects, which, however, can be still partially compensated by the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vitalievna Sayapina
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation; Amur State Medical Academy, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonis Vakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion University Hospital, Voutes, 71 021 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
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28
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Carlton ED, Demas GE. Glucose and insulin modulate sickness responses in male Siberian hamsters. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:83-91. [PMID: 26542473 PMCID: PMC4853293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mounting a sickness response is an energetically expensive task and requires precise balancing of energy allocation to ensure pathogen clearance while avoiding compromising energy reserves. Sickness intensity has previously been shown to be modulated by food restriction, body mass, and hormonal signals of energy. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that sickness intensity is modulated by glucose availability and an endocrine signal of glucose availability, insulin. We utilized male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) and predicted that pharmacological induction of glucoprivation with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a non-metabolizable glucose analog that disrupts glycolysis, would attenuate energetically expensive sickness symptoms. Alternatively, we predicted that treatment of animals with insulin would enhance energetically expensive sickness symptoms, as insulin would act as a signal of increased glucose availability. Upon experimental treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found that glucose deprivation resulted in increased sickness-induced hypothermia as compared to control- and insulin-treated animals; however, it did not have any effects on sickness-induced anorexia or body mass loss. Insulin treatment resulted in an unexpectedly exaggerated sickness response in animals of lesser body masses; however, in animals of greater body masses, insulin actually attenuated sickness-induced body mass loss and had no effects on hypothermia or anorexia. The effects of insulin on sickness severity may be modulated by sensitivity to sickness-induced hypoglycemia. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both glucose availability and signals of glucose availability can modulate the intensity of energetically expensive sickness symptoms, but their effects differ among different sickness symptoms and are sensitive to energetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Carlton
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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29
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The effect of short-term food restriction on the metabolic cost of the acute phase response in the fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi). Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Soto-Tinoco E, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Buijs RM. Interaction between the hypothalamus and the immune system. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1463-1471. [PMID: 27753158 DOI: 10.1113/ep085560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Both branches of the autonomic nervous system are involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response. We explore how the hypothalamus may influence this process. What advances does it highlight? We analyse how a lipopolysaccharide signal is transmitted to the brain and which areas participate in the response of the brain to lipopolysaccharide. Recent studies show that the hypothalamus can influence the inflammatory response by modifying the autonomic output. The biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is integrated into this circuit, putting a time stamp on the intensity of the inflammatory response. The brain is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the organism, constantly adjusting its output via hormones and the autonomic nervous system to reach an optimal setting in every compartment of the body. Also, the immune system is under strong control of the brain. Apart from the conventional systemic responses evoked by the brain during inflammation, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and the induction of sickness behaviour, the autonomic nervous system is now recognized to exert regulatory effects on the inflammatory response. Both branches of the autonomic nervous system are proposed to influence the inflammatory process. Here, we focus on those areas of the brain that might be involved in sensing inflammatory stimuli, followed by how that sensing could change the output of the autonomic nervous system in order to regulate the inflammatory response. Finally, we will discuss how the defenses of the body against a lipopolysaccharide challenge are organized by the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Soto-Tinoco
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instlituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instlituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instlituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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31
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Mitchell SE, Delville C, Konstantopedos P, Derous D, Green CL, Chen L, Han JDJ, Wang Y, Promislow DEL, Douglas A, Lusseau D, Speakman JR. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: III. Impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on mean daily body temperature and torpor use in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18314-37. [PMID: 26286956 PMCID: PMC4621893 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A commonly observed response in mammals to calorie restriction (CR) is reduced body temperature (Tb). We explored how the Tb of male C57BL/6 mice responded to graded CR (10 to 40%), compared to the response to equivalent levels of protein restriction (PR) over 3 months. Under CR there was a dynamic change in daily Tb over the first 30–35 days, which stabilized thereafter until day 70 after which a further decline was noted. The time to reach stability was dependent on restriction level. Body mass negatively correlated with Tb under ad libitum feeding and positively correlated under CR. The average Tb over the last 20 days was significantly related to the levels of body fat, structural tissue, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1. Some mice, particularly those under higher levels of CR, showed periods of daily torpor later in the restriction period. None of the changes in Tb under CR were recapitulated by equivalent levels of PR. We conclude that changes in Tb under CR are a response only to the shortfall in calorie intake. The linear relationship between average Tb and the level of restriction supports the idea that Tb changes are an integral aspect of the lifespan effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Camille Delville
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Penelope Konstantopedos
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Cara L Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington at Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
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32
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Baumeister D, Ciufolini S, Mondelli V. Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: consequence or mediator of therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1575-89. [PMID: 26268146 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current psychotropic medications have been shown to modulate immune activation. However, the effects of individual psychotropic agents on the immune system and how these might contribute to their efficacy remain largely unclear. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to review previous literature on the effects of antidepressants and antipsychotics on the immune system, with a systematic review of in vitro findings, and discuss the relevance of these effects for the response to treatment and future drug development. RESULTS Inflammatory markers have been associated with fluctuations in clinical status and with treatment response both in depression and psychosis. The in vitro literature on antidepressants shows that some antidepressants, such as clomipramine and fluoxetine, more consistently decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α), whilst others (mirtazapine and venlafaxine) tend to increase their levels. However, any overall conclusion is challenged by several inconsistent findings, which appear partly dependent on different methodological approaches used. The in vitro studies on antipsychotics are even less clear-cut showing pro- and anti-inflammatory activity for the same antipsychotic agent (haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone) across different studies. We also noted inconsistencies between in vivo and in vitro literature, which could partly be attributed to the interaction in vivo with various biological systems or lifestyle factors that can modulate the immune system. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory markers seem to hold potential for developing more individualised treatment strategies in the future. In this context, further research disentangling the differential immunomodulatory effects of different drugs could be used for tailoring treatment to specific individuals, according to their immune endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baumeister
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RT, London, UK
- Department of Psychology London, King's College, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RT, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RT, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
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33
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Chaskiel L, Paul F, Gerstberger R, Hübschle T, Konsman JP. Brainstem metabotropic glutamate receptors reduce food intake and activate dorsal pontine and medullar structures after peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide administration. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:146-159. [PMID: 27016016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During infection-induced inflammation food intake is reduced. Vagal and brainstem pathways are important both in feeding regulation and immune-to-brain communication. Glutamate is released by vagal afferent terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract and by its neurons projecting to the parabrachial nuclei. We therefore studied the role of brainstem glutamate receptors in spontaneous food intake of healthy animals and during sickness-associated hypophagia after peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides or interleukin-1beta. Brainstem group I and II metabotropic, but not ionotropic, glutamate receptor antagonism increased food intake both in saline- and lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. In these animals, expression of the cellular activation marker c-Fos in the lateral parabrachial nuclei and lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the nucleus of the solitary tract rostral to the area postrema were suppressed. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors did not colocalize with c-Fos or neurons regulating gastric function in these structures. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors were, however, found on raphé magnus neurons that were part of the brainstem circuit innervating the stomach and on trigeminal and hypoglossal motor neurons. In conclusion, our findings show that brainstem metabotropic glutamate receptors reduce food intake and activate the lateral parabrachial nuclei as well as the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract after peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide administration. They also provide insight into potential group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent brainstem circuits mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Chaskiel
- CNRS, PsychoNeuroImmunologie, Nutrition et Génétique, UMR 5226, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, PsyNuGen, UMR 5226, Bordeaux, France
| | - Flora Paul
- CNRS, PsychoNeuroImmunologie, Nutrition et Génétique, UMR 5226, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, PsyNuGen, UMR 5226, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- CNRS, PsychoNeuroImmunologie, Nutrition et Génétique, UMR 5226, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, PsyNuGen, UMR 5226, Bordeaux, France.
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Savignac HM, Couch Y, Stratford M, Bannerman DM, Tzortzis G, Anthony DC, Burnet PW. Prebiotic administration normalizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anxiety and cortical 5-HT2A receptor and IL1-β levels in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:120-131. [PMID: 26476141 PMCID: PMC4927692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of the enteric microbiota with specific prebiotics and probiotics, has been shown to reduce the host's inflammatory response, alter brain chemistry, and modulate anxiety behaviour in both rodents and humans. However, the neuro-immune and behavioural effects of prebiotics on sickness behaviour have not been explored. Here, adult male CD1 mice were fed with a specific mix of non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides (Bimuno®, BGOS) for 3 weeks, before receiving a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces sickness behaviour and anxiety. Locomotor and marble burying activities were assessed 4h after LPS injection, and after 24h, anxiety in the light-dark box was assessed. Cytokine expression, and key components of the serotonergic (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and glutamatergic system were evaluated in the frontal cortex to determine the impact of BGOS administration at a molecular level. BGOS-fed mice were less anxious in the light-dark box compared to controls 24h after the LPS injection. Elevated cortical IL-1β concentrations in control mice 28 h after LPS were not observed in BGOS-fed animals. This significant BGOS×LPS interaction was also observed for 5HT2A receptors, but not for 5HT1A receptors, 5HT, 5HIAA, NMDA receptor subunits, or other cytokines. The intake of BGOS did not influence LPS-mediated reductions in marble burying behaviour, and its effect on locomotor activity was equivocal. Together, our data show that the prebiotic BGOS has an anxiolytic effect, which may be related to the modulation of cortical IL-1β and 5-HT2A receptor expression. Our data suggest a potential role for prebiotics in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders where anxiety and neuroinflammation are prominent clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1, UK
| | - Michael Stratford
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David M. Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1, UK
| | | | | | - Philip W.J. Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK,Corresponding author at: Neurosciences Building, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.Neurosciences BuildingDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordWarneford HospitalOxfordOX3 7JXUK
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Krishna S, Dodd CA, Filipov NM. Behavioral and monoamine perturbations in adult male mice with chronic inflammation induced by repeated peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:279-90. [PMID: 26802725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited information on the ability of chronic peripheral inflammation to induce behavioral alterations, including on their persistence after inflammatory stimuli termination and on associated neurochemical perturbations, this study assessed the effects of chronic (0.25 mg/kg; i.p.; twice weekly) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment on selected behavioral, neurochemical and molecular measures at different time points in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Behaviorally, LPS-treated mice were hypoactive after 6 weeks, whereas significant hyperactivity was observed after 12 weeks of LPS and 11 weeks after 13 week LPS treatment termination. Similar biphasic responses, i.e., early decrease followed by a delayed increase were observed in the open field test center time, suggestive of, respectively, increased and decreased anxiety. In a forced swim test, mice exhibited increased immobility (depressive behavior) at all times they were tested. Chronic LPS also produced persistent increase in splenic serotonin (5-HT) and time-dependent, brain region-specific alterations in striatal and prefrontocortical dopamine and 5-HT homeostasis. Microglia, but not astrocytes, were activated by LPS early and late, but their activation did not persist after LPS treatment termination. Above findings demonstrate that chronic peripheral inflammation initially causes hypoactivity and increased anxiety, followed by persistent hyperactivity and decreased anxiety. Notably, chronic LPS-induced depressive behavior appears early, persists long after LPS termination, and is associated with increased splenic 5-HT. Collectively, our data highlight the need for a greater focus on the peripheral/central monoamine alterations and lasting behavioral deficits induced by chronic peripheral inflammation as there are many pathological conditions where inflammation of a chronic nature is a hallmark feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Celia A Dodd
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Vasconcelos AR, Cabral-Costa JV, Mazucanti CH, Scavone C, Kawamoto EM. The Role of Steroid Hormones in the Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Dietary Interventions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:9. [PMID: 26869995 PMCID: PMC4740355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones, such as sex hormones and glucocorticoids, have been demonstrated to play a role in different cellular processes in the central nervous system, ranging from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration. Environmental factors, such as calorie intake or fasting frequency, may also impact on such processes, indicating the importance of external factors in the development and preservation of a healthy brain. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid activity play a role in neurodegenerative processes, including in disorders such as in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Sex hormones have also been shown to modulate cognitive functioning. Inflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative disorders, and sex hormones/glucocorticoids can act to regulate inflammatory processes. Intermittent fasting can protect the brain against cognitive decline that is induced by an inflammatory stimulus. On the other hand, obesity increases susceptibility to inflammation, while metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes, are associated with neurodegeneration. Consequently, given that gonadal and/or adrenal steroids may significantly impact the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, via their effect on inflammatory processes, this review focuses on how environmental factors, such as calorie intake and intermittent fasting, acting through their modulation of steroid hormones, impact on inflammation that contributes to cognitive and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Cabral-Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto,
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37
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Carlton ED, Demas GE. Body mass affects seasonal variation in sickness intensity in a seasonally breeding rodent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1667-76. [PMID: 25852068 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Species that display seasonal variation in sickness intensity show the most intense response in the season during which they have the highest body mass, suggesting that sickness intensity may be limited by an animal's energy stores. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) display lower body masses and less intense sickness when housed in short, winter-like days as opposed to long, summer-like days. To determine whether reduced sickness intensity displayed by short-day hamsters is a product of seasonal changes in body mass, we food restricted long-day hamsters so that they exhibited body mass loss that mimicked the natural photoperiod-induced loss of body mass in short-day hamsters. We then experimentally induced sickness with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and compared sickness responses among long-day food-restricted and long- and short-day ad libitum fed groups, predicting that long-day food-restricted hamsters would show sickness responses comparable to those of short-day ad libitum fed hamsters and attenuated in comparison to long-day ad libitum fed hamsters. We found that long-day food-restricted hamsters showed attenuated LPS-induced anorexia, loss of body mass and hypothermia compared with long-day ad libitum fed animals; however, anorexia remained elevated in long-day food-restricted animals compared with short-day ad libitum fed animals. Additionally, LPS-induced anhedonia and decreases in nest building were not influenced by body mass. Results of hormone assays suggest that cortisol levels could play a role in the attenuation of sickness in long-day food-restricted hamsters, indicating that future research should target the roles of glucocorticoids and natural variation in energy stores in seasonal sickness variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Carlton
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Farzi A, Reichmann F, Holzer P. The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:603-27. [PMID: 25545642 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant peptides in the nervous system, exerts its effects via five receptor types, termed Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 and Y6. NPY's pleiotropic functions comprise the regulation of brain activity, mood, stress coping, ingestion, digestion, metabolism, vascular and immune function. Nerve-derived NPY directly affects immune cells while NPY also acts as a paracrine and autocrine immune mediator, because immune cells themselves are capable of producing and releasing NPY. NPY is able to induce immune activation or suppression, depending on a myriad of factors such as the Y receptors activated and cell types involved. There is an intricate relationship between psychological stress, mood disorders and the immune system. While stress represents a risk factor for the development of mood disorders, it exhibits diverse actions on the immune system as well. Conversely, inflammation is regarded as an internal stressor and is increasingly recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of mood and metabolic disorders. Intriguingly, the cerebral NPY system has been found to protect against distinct disturbances in response to immune challenge, attenuating the sickness response and preventing the development of depression. Thus, NPY plays an important homeostatic role in balancing disturbances of physiological systems caused by peripheral immune challenge. This implication is particularly evident in the brain in which NPY counteracts the negative impact of immune challenge on mood, emotional processing and stress resilience. NPY thus acts as a unique signalling molecule in the interaction of the immune system with the brain in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - F. Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - P. Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
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Shattuck EC, Muehlenbein MP. Human sickness behavior: Ultimate and proximate explanations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:1-18. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Shattuck
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
| | - Michael P. Muehlenbein
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
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40
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Hale MW, Spencer SJ, Conti B, Jasoni CL, Kent S, Radler ME, Reyes TM, Sominsky L. Diet, behavior and immunity across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 58:46-62. [PMID: 25524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that perinatal events can set an organism on a life-long trajectory for either health or disease, resilience or risk. One early life variable that has proven critical for optimal development is the nutritional environment in which the organism develops. Extensive research has documented the effects of both undernutrition and overnutrition, with strong links evident for an increased risk for obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as adverse mental health outcomes. Recent work has highlighted a critical role of the immune system, in linking diet with long term health and behavioral outcomes. The present review will summarize the recent literature regarding the interactions of diet, immunity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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41
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Radler ME, Wright BJ, Walker FR, Hale MW, Kent S. Calorie restriction increases lipopolysaccharide-induced neuropeptide Y immunolabeling and reduces microglial cell area in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus. Neuroscience 2014; 285:236-47. [PMID: 25446356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) increases longevity and elicits many health promoting benefits including delaying immunosenescence and reducing the incidence of age-related diseases. Although the mechanisms underlying the health-enhancing effects of CR are not known, a likely contributing factor is alterations in immune system functioning. CR suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, blocks LPS-induced fever, and shifts hypothalamic signaling pathways to an anti-inflammatory bias. Furthermore, we have recently shown that CR attenuates LPS-stimulated microglial activation in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), a brain region containing neurons that synthesize neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic neuropeptide that is upregulated by a CR diet and has anti-inflammatory properties. To determine if increased NPY expression in the ARC following CR was associated with changes in microglial activation, a set of brain sections from mice that were exposed to 50% CR or ad libitum feeding for 28 days before being injected with LPS were immunostained for NPY. The density of NPY-immunolabeling was assessed across the rostrocaudal extent of the ARC and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). An adjacent set of sections were immunostained for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) and immunostained microglia in the ARC were digitally reconstructed to investigate the effects of CR on microglial morphology. We demonstrated that exposure to CR increased NPY expression in the ARC, but not the PVN. Digital reconstruction of microglia revealed that LPS increased Iba1 intensity in ad libitum fed mice but had no effect on Iba1 intensity in CR mice. CR also decreased the size of ARC microglial cells following LPS. Correlational analyses revealed strong associations between NPY and body temperature, and body temperature and microglia area. Together these results suggest that CR-induced changes in NPY are not directly involved in the suppression of LPS-induced microglial activation, however, NPY may indirectly affect microglial morphology through changes in body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B J Wright
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - F R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - M W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Reyes TM. Diet, inflammation and the brain: commentary on the 2014 named series. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:6-9. [PMID: 25317904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary will summarize the manuscripts in the 2014 Named Series, Diet, Inflammation, and the Brain. The series included studies that addressed the effect of dietary manipulations, including high fat diet, caloric restriction, or variations in dietary composition, on immune system endpoints in the brain, including microglial characterizations, changes in immune cell traffic into the brain, and markers of neuronal activation. Additionally, many of the studies assessed behavioral endpoints in parallel, including memory performance, social behavior and sickness behaviors (fever, decreased locomotion). Additionally, studies were included that focused on the converse relationship; the effect of immune system components (e.g., specific cytokines or chemokines) on metabolic and weight-related endpoints. The Named Series included both human and animal studies, as well as a review. Collectively, these studies highlight this growing area of research, which has great potential for identifying new ways to improve human health through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Reyes
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 10-131 Smilow Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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