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Chesworth R, Yim HCH, Watt G, El-Omar E, Karl T. Cannabidiol (CBD) facilitates cocaine extinction and ameliorates cocaine-induced changes to the gut microbiome in male C57BL/6JArc mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111014. [PMID: 38649130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a global health problem with no approved medications. One potential treatment target is the gut microbiome, but it is unknown if cocaine induces long-lasting effects on gut microbes. A novel therapeutic candidate for CUD, cannabidiol (CBD), can improve gut function in rodent models. It is possible that protective effects of CBD against cocaine use are mediated by improving gut health. We examined this question in this experiment. Cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) was conducted in adult male C57BL/6JArc mice. Mice were treated with vehicle or 20 mg/kg CBD prior to all cocaine CPP sessions (N = 11-13/group). Mice were tested drug free 1, 14 and 28 days after cessation of cocaine and CBD treatment. Fecal samples were collected prior to drug treatment and after each test session. Gut microbiome analyses were conducted using 16 s rRNA sequencing and correlated with behavioural parameters. We found a persistent preference for a cocaine-environment in mice, and long-lasting changes to gut microbe alpha diversity. Cocaine caused persistent changes to beta diversity which lasted for 4 weeks. CBD treatment reduced cocaine-environment preference during abstinence from cocaine and returned gut beta diversity measures to control levels. CBD treatment increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phyla and Oscillospira genus, but decreased Bacteroidetes phyla and Bacteroides acidifaciens species. Preference score in cocaine-treated mice was positively correlated with abundance of Actinobacteria, whereas in mice treated with CBD and cocaine, the preference score was negatively correlated with Tenericutes abundance. Here we show that CBD facilitates cocaine extinction memory and reverses persistent cocaine-induced changes to gut microbe diversity. Furthermore, CBD increases the abundance of gut microbes which have anti-inflammatory properties. This suggests that CBD may act via the gut to reduce the memory of cocaine reward. Our data suggest that improving gut health and using CBD could limit cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Howard Chi-Ho Yim
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgia Watt
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emad El-Omar
- St George and Sutherland Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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Zhang W, Wang Y, Zhu M, Liu K, Zhang HL. Gut flora in multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1480-1488. [PMID: 38051890 PMCID: PMC10883522 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. Although current first-line therapies can help manage symptoms and slow down disease progression, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis. The gut-brain axis refers to complex communications between the gut flora and the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems, which bridges the functions of the gut and the brain. Disruptions in the gut flora, termed dysbiosis, can lead to systemic inflammation, leaky gut syndrome, and increased susceptibility to infections. The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and gut flora may play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses related to multiple sclerosis. To develop more effective therapies for multiple sclerosis, we should further uncover the disease processes involved in multiple sclerosis and gain a better understanding of the gut-brain axis. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut flora in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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Barker H, Ferraro MJ. Exploring the versatile roles of the endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in modulating bacterial infections. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0002024. [PMID: 38775488 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00020-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), initially identified for its role in maintaining homeostasis, particularly in regulating brain function, has evolved into a complex orchestrator influencing various physiological processes beyond its original association with the nervous system. Notably, an expanding body of evidence emphasizes the ECS's crucial involvement in regulating immune responses. While the specific role of the ECS in bacterial infections remains under ongoing investigation, compelling indications suggest its active participation in host-pathogen interactions. Incorporating the ECS into the framework of bacterial pathogen infections introduces a layer of complexity to our understanding of its functions. While some studies propose the potential of cannabinoids to modulate bacterial function and immune responses, the outcomes inherently hinge on the specific infection and cannabinoid under consideration. Moreover, the bidirectional relationship between the ECS and the gut microbiota underscores the intricate interplay among diverse physiological processes. The ECS extends its influence far beyond its initial discovery, emerging as a promising therapeutic target across a spectrum of medical conditions, encompassing bacterial infections, dysbiosis, and sepsis. This review comprehensively explores the complex roles of the ECS in the modulation of bacteria, the host's response to bacterial infections, and the dynamics of the microbiome. Special emphasis is placed on the roles of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2, whose signaling intricately influences immune cell function in microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Barker
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariola J Ferraro
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Vitarelli da Silva T, Bernardes D, Oliveira-Lima OC, Fernandes Pinto B, Limborço Filho M, Fraga Faraco CC, Juliano MA, Esteves Arantes RM, A Moreira F, Carvalho-Tavares J. Cannabidiol Attenuates In Vivo Leukocyte Recruitment to the Spinal Cord Microvasculature at Peak Disease of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:537-546. [PMID: 36745386 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation leading to demyelination. The associated symptoms lead to a devastating decrease in quality of life. The cannabinoids and their derivatives have emerged as an encouraging alternative due to their management of symptom in MS. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanism of action of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, on molecular and cellular events associated with leukocyte recruitment induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups: C (control group), CBD (cannabidiol-treated group, 5 mg/kg i.p.; 14 days), EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced group), and EAE+CBD (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced plus cannabidiol-treated group). Results: The results indicated that 5 mg/kg of CBD injected intraperitoneally between the 1st and 14th days of EAE could reduce the leukocyte rolling and adhesion into the spinal cord microvasculature as well cellular tissue infiltration. These results were supported by a decreased mRNA expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the spinal cord. Conclusion: Purified CBD reduces in vivo VCAM and ICAM-mediated leukocyte recruitment to the spinal cord microvasculature at EAE peak disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vitarelli da Silva
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Onésia Cristina Oliveira-Lima
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Fernandes Pinto
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Limborço Filho
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Fraga Faraco
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Enzimas proteolíticas e Síntese de peptídeos, Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Neuroimunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Núcleo de Educação e Comunicação em Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (NEDUCOM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Ignacio-Mejía I, Correa-Basurto J, Carrasco-Vargas H, Vargas-Hernández MA, Albores-Méndez EM, Mayen-Quinto RD, De La Paz-Valente R, Bandala C. Possible Role of Cannabis in the Management of Neuroinflammation in Patients with Post-COVID Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3805. [PMID: 38612615 PMCID: PMC11012123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The post-COVID condition (PCC) is a pathology stemming from COVID-19, and studying its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment is crucial. Neuroinflammation causes the most common manifestations of this disease including headaches, fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety, among others. Currently, there are no specific management proposals; however, given that the inflammatory component involves cytokines and free radicals, these conditions must be treated to reduce the current symptoms and provide neuroprotection to reduce the risk of a long-term neurodegenerative disease. It has been shown that cannabis has compounds with immunomodulatory and antioxidant functions in other pathologies. Therefore, exploring this approach could provide a viable therapeutic option for PCC, which is the purpose of this review. This review involved an exhaustive search in specialized databases including PubMed, PubChem, ProQuest, EBSCO, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials. Phytocannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), and Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), exhibit significant antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to be an effective treatment for neuroinflammatory conditions. These compounds could be promising adjuvants for PCC alone or in combination with other antioxidants or therapies. PCC presents significant challenges to neurological health, and neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play central roles in its pathogenesis. Antioxidant therapy and cannabinoid-based approaches represent promising areas of research and treatment for mitigating adverse effects, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Ignacio-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City 11200, Mexico;
| | - Jose Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | | | - Marco Antonio Vargas-Hernández
- Subdirección de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados en Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City 11200, Mexico; (M.A.V.-H.); (E.M.A.-M.)
| | - Exal Manuel Albores-Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados en Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City 11200, Mexico; (M.A.V.-H.); (E.M.A.-M.)
| | | | - Reynita De La Paz-Valente
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional Aplicada a Neurociencias, Enfermedades Crónicas y Emergentes, Escuela superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional Aplicada a Neurociencias, Enfermedades Crónicas y Emergentes, Escuela superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
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Chu FX, Wang X, Li B, Xu LL, Di B. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a vital player in inflammation and mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:227-242. [PMID: 38191853 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital player in the emergence of inflammation. The priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a major trigger for inflammation which is a defense response against adverse stimuli. However, the excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can lead to the development of various inflammatory diseases. Cannabidiol, as the second-most abundant component in cannabis, has a variety of pharmacological properties, particularly anti-inflammation. Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol has a lower affinity for cannabinoid receptors, which may be the reason why it is not psychoactive. Notably, the mechanism by which cannabidiol exerts its anti-inflammatory effect is still unclear. METHODS We have performed a literature review based on published original and review articles encompassing the NLRP3 inflammasome and cannabidiol in inflammation from central databases, including PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In this review, we first summarize the composition and activation process of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Then, we list possible molecular mechanisms of action of cannabidiol. Next, we explain the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the anti-inflammatory effect of cannabidiol in inflammatory disorders. Finally, we emphasize the capacity of cannabidiol to suppress inflammation by blocking the NLRP3 signaling pathway, which indicates that cannabidiol is a quite promising anti-inflammatory compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xin Chu
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Bin Di
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Yuan J, Tao Y, Wang M, Huang F, Wu X. Natural compounds as potential therapeutic candidates for multiple sclerosis: Emerging preclinical evidence. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155248. [PMID: 38096716 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with main characteristics of pathological inflammation, neural damage and axonal demyelination. Current mainstream treatments demonstrate more or less side effects, which limit their extensive use. PURPOSE Increasing studies indicate that natural compounds benefit multiple sclerosis without remarkable side effects. Given the needs to explore the potential effects of natural compounds of plant origin on multiple sclerosis and their mechanisms, we review publications involving the role of natural compounds in animal models of multiple sclerosis, excluding controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Articles were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords ``multiple sclerosis'' and ``natural compounds'' published from January 1, 2008, to September 1, 2023. RESULTS This review summarized the effects of natural ingredients (flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, and others) from three aspects: immune regulation, oxidative stress suppression, and myelin protection and regeneration in multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION Overall, we concluded 80 studies to show the preclinical evidence that natural compounds may attenuate multiple sclerosis progression via suppressing immune attacks and/or promoting myelin protection or endogenous repair processes. It would pave the roads for the future development of effective therapeutic regiments of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanlin Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Moniruzzaman M, Janjua TI, Martin JH, Begun J, Popat A. Cannabidiol - Help and hype in targeting mucosal diseases. J Control Release 2024; 365:530-543. [PMID: 37952828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most commonly utilised phytocannabinoids due to its non-psychoactive and multiple potential therapeutic properties and its non-selective pharmacology. Recent studies have demonstrated efficacy of CBD in some types of drug resistant epilepsies in combination with other therapies; comparative efficacy to other agents or placebo has been hoped for anxiety, chronic pain, and inflammatory disorders based on animal data. Although CBD products are generally treated as a restricted substance, these are being eased, partially in response to significant growth in CBD product usage and increased production but more due to emerging evidence about its safety and pharmacological properties. Currently, only one CBD product (Epidiolex®) has been approved by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration and US Food and Drug Administration. CBD has demonstrated promise in alleviating gut and lung diseases in vitro; however, its physicochemical properties pose a significant barrier to achieving pharmacological effects in in vivo and clinical trials. Improving CBD formulations and delivery methods using technologies including self-emulsifying emulsion, nano and micro particles could overcome these shortfalls and improve its efficacy. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of CBD in gastrointestinal and lung diseases from the available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research. We report on identified research gaps and obstacles in the development of CBD-based therapeutics, including novel delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moniruzzaman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Taskeen Iqbal Janjua
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Martin
- Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, Australia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Ellermann M. Emerging mechanisms by which endocannabinoids and their derivatives modulate bacterial populations within the gut microbiome. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11359. [PMID: 38389811 PMCID: PMC10880783 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids such as endocannabinoids serve as important modulators of host health and disease through their effects on various host functions including central metabolism, gut physiology, and immunity. Furthermore, changes to the gut microbiome caused by external factors such as diet or by disease development have been associated with altered endocannabinoid tone and disease outcomes. These observations suggest the existence of reciprocal relationships between host lipid signaling networks and bacterial populations that reside within the gut. Indeed, endocannabinoids and their congeners such as N-acylethanolamides have been recently shown to alter bacterial growth, functions, physiology, and behaviors, therefore introducing putative mechanisms by which these bioactive lipids directly modulate the gut microbiome. Moreover, these potential interactions add another layer of complexity to the regulation of host health and disease pathogenesis that may be mediated by endocannabinoids and their derivatives. This mini review will summarize recent literature that exemplifies how N-acylethanolamides and monoacylglycerols including endocannabinoids can impact bacterial populations in vitro and within the gut microbiome. We also highlight exciting preclinical studies that have engineered gut bacteria to synthesize host N-acylethanolamides or their precursors as potential strategies to treat diseases that are in part driven by aberrant lipid signaling, including obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ellermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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10
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Alghetaa H, Mohammed A, Singh NP, Bloomquist RF, Chatzistamou I, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. Estrobolome dysregulation is associated with altered immunometabolism in a mouse model of endometriosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1261781. [PMID: 38144564 PMCID: PMC10748389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1261781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endometriosis is a painful disease that affects around 5% of women of reproductive age. In endometriosis, ectopic endometrial cells or seeded endometrial debris grow in abnormal locations including the peritoneal cavity. Common manifestations of endometriosis include dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain and often infertility and symptomatic relief or surgical removal are mainstays of treatment. Endometriosis both promotes and responds to estrogen imbalance, leading to intestinal bacterial estrobolome dysregulation and a subsequent induction of inflammation. Methods In the current study, we investigated the linkage between gut dysbiosis and immune metabolic response in endometriotic mice. Ovariectomized BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal transplantation of endometrial tissue from OVX donors (OVX+END). Control groups included naïve mice (Naïve), naïve mice that received endometrial transplants (Naive+END) and OVX mice that received the vehicle (OVX+VEH). Colonic content was collected 2 weeks post-transplantation for 16s rRNA pyrosequencing and peritoneal fluid was collected to determine the phenotype of inflammatory cells by flow cytometry. Results We noted a significant increase in the number of peritoneal fluid cells, specifically, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells in OVX+END mice. Phylogenetic taxonomy analysis showed significant dysbiosis in OVX+END mice, with an increase in abundance of Phylum Tenericutes, Class Mollicutes, Order Aneroplasmatales, and Genus Aneroplasma, and a decrease in Order Clostridiales, and Genus Dehalobacterium, when compared to OVX+VEH controls. The metabolomic profile showed an increase in some tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)-related metabolites accompanied by a reduction in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyric acid in OVX+END mice. Additionally, the mitochondrial and ATP production of immune cells was enforced to a maximal rate in OVX+END mice when compared to OVX+VEH mice. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that endometriosis alters the gut microbiota and associated immune metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Fleisher-Berkovich S, Battaglia V, Baratta F, Brusa P, Ventura Y, Sharon N, Dahan A, Collino M, Ben-Shabat S. An Emerging Strategy for Neuroinflammation Treatment: Combined Cannabidiol and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Treatments Effectively Inhibit Glial Nitric Oxide Release. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16254. [PMID: 38003444 PMCID: PMC10671332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in cannabis, has anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Despite the increasing use of CBD, little is known about its effect in combination with other substances. Combination therapy has been gaining attention recently, aiming to produce more efficient effects. Angiotensin II activates the angiotensin 1 receptor and regulates neuroinflammation and cognition. Angiotensin receptor 1 blockers (ARBs) were shown to be neuroprotective and prevent cognitive decline. The present study aimed to elucidate the combined role of CBD and ARBs in the modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glial inflammation. While LPS significantly enhanced nitric oxide synthesis vs. the control, telmisartan and CBD, when administered alone, attenuated this effect by 60% and 36%, respectively. Exposure of LPS-stimulated cells to both compounds resulted in the 95% inhibition of glial nitric oxide release (additive effect). A synergistic inhibitory effect on nitric oxide release was observed when cells were co-treated with losartan (5 μM) and CBD (5 μM) (by 80%) compared to exposure to each compound alone (by 22% and 26%, respectively). Telmisartan and CBD given alone increased TNFα levels by 60% and 40%, respectively. CBD and telmisartan, when given together, attenuated the LPS-induced increase in TNFα levels without statistical significance. LPS-induced IL-17 release was attenuated by CBD with or without telmisartan (by 75%) or telmisartan alone (by 60%). LPS-induced Interferon-γ release was attenuated by 80% when telmisartan was administered in the absence or presence of CBD. Anti-inflammatory effects were recorded when CBD was combined with the known anti-inflammatory agent dimethyl fumarate (DMF)/monomethyl fumarate (MMF). A synergistic inhibitory effect of CBD and MMF on glial release of nitric oxide (by 77%) was observed compared to cells exposed to MMF (by 35%) or CBD (by 12%) alone. Overall, this study highlights the potential of new combinations of CBD (5 μM) with losartan (5 μM) or MMF (1 μM) to synergistically attenuate glial NO synthesis. Additive effects on NO production were observed when telmisartan (5 μM) and CBD (5 μM) were administered together to glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Veronica Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Francesca Baratta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Brusa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Yvonne Ventura
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Nitzan Sharon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
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Kundu S, Nayak S, Rakshit D, Singh T, Shukla R, Khatri DK, Mishra A. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in epilepsy: pharmacotherapeutic target from bench evidence for potential bedside applications. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3557-3567. [PMID: 36880679 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis augments the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain and modulates gut homeostasis and the central nervous system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, enteroendocrine system, neuroendocrine system, inflammatory and immune pathways. Preclinical and clinical reports showed that gut dysbiosis might play a major regulatory role in neurological diseases such as epilepsy, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that causes recurrent and unprovoked seizures, and numerous risk factors are implicated in developing epilepsy. Advanced consideration of the gut-microbiota-brain axis can reduce ambiguity about epilepsy pathology, antiepileptic drugs, and effective therapeutic targets. Gut microbiota sequencing analysis reported that the level of Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes was increased and the level of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes was decreased in epilepsy patients. Clinical and preclinical studies also indicated that probiotics, ketogenic diet, faecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotics can improve gut dysbiosis and alleviate seizure by enhancing the abundance of healthy biota. This study aims to give an overview of the connection between gut microbiota, and epilepsy, how gut microbiome changes may cause epilepsy, and whether gut microbiome restoration could be used as a treatment for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehashis Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Sudipta Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Debarati Rakshit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
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13
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Zhu Y, Zhu J, Song G. The impact of aerobic exercise training on cognitive function and gut microbiota in methamphetamine-dependent individuals in the community. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114302. [PMID: 37474085 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact and mechanism of gut microbiota on the enhancement of cognitive function in methamphetamine (MA)-dependent individuals during aerobic exercise training. METHODS A total of sixty-four MA-dependent individuals were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise training group (DK, n = 32) or a conventional rehabilitation group (CK, n = 32). After an eight-week intervention, the participants' working memory and inhibition ability were assessed using the Stroop paradigm and Go/NoGo paradigm, respectively. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS 1) Eight weeks of aerobic exercise training significantly improved the working memory and inhibition ability of MA-dependent individuals (P < 0.05). 2) Following the intervention, the DK group exhibited significantly higher levels of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus lactis, Prevotellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae compared to the CK group. Conversely, the DK group demonstrated significantly lower levels of Desulfovibrio and Akkermansia compared to the CK group. Furthermore, the DK group showed significantly increased metabolic pathways associated with d-Glutaralate and d-Galactate Degradation, as well as the Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway, compared to the control group. 3) Cognitive function related to MA addiction positively correlated with Bifidobacterium, Dialister, and Adlercreutzia, while negatively correlated with Enterobacteria, Bacillus cereus, Catabacter, and Akkermansia. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise training enhances working memory and inhibition ability in MA-dependent individuals, thereby mitigating the detrimental effects of MA addiction on cognitive function. Additionally, analysis of gut microbiota suggests that the modulation of gut microbiota and associated metabolic pathways play a role in regulating the improvement of cognitive function in MA-dependent individuals through exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Gang Song
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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14
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Pedroza Matute S, Iyavoo S. Exploring the gut microbiota: lifestyle choices, disease associations, and personal genomics. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1225120. [PMID: 37867494 PMCID: PMC10585655 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a rich and dynamic ecosystem that actively interacts with the human body, playing a significant role in the state of health and disease of the host. Diet, exercise, mental health, and other factors have exhibited the ability to influence the gut bacterial composition, leading to changes that can prevent and improve, or favor and worsen, both intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions. Altered gut microbial states, or 'dysbiosis', associated with conditions and diseases are often characterized by shifts in bacterial abundance and diversity, including an impaired Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. By understanding the effect of lifestyle on the gut microbiota, personalized advice can be generated to suit each individual profile and foster the adoption of lifestyle changes that can both prevent and ameliorate dysbiosis. The delivery of effective and reliable advice, however, depends not only on the available research and current understanding of the topic, but also on the methods used to assess individuals and to discover the associations, which can introduce bias at multiple stages. The aim of this review is to summarize how human gut microbial variability is defined and what lifestyle choices and diseases have shown association with gut bacterial composition. Furthermore, popular methods to investigate the human gut microbiota are outlined, with a focus on the possible bias caused by the lack of use of standardized methods. Finally, an overview of the current state of personalized advice based on gut microbiota testing is presented, underlining its power and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasitaran Iyavoo
- Nkaarco Diagnostics Limited, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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15
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Story G, Briere CE, McClements DJ, Sela DA. Cannabidiol and Intestinal Motility: a Systematic Review. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:101972. [PMID: 37786751 PMCID: PMC10541995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid extracted from the cannabis plant that is used for medicinal purposes. Ingestion of CBD is claimed to address several pathologies, including gastrointestinal disorders, although limited evidence has been generated thus far to substantiate many of its health claims. Nevertheless, CBD usage as an over-the-counter treatment for gastrointestinal disorders is likely to expand in response to increasing commercial availability, permissive legal status, and acceptance by consumers. This systematic review critically evaluates the knowledge boundaries of the published research on CBD, intestinal motility, and intestinal motility disorders. Research on CBD and intestinal motility is currently limited but does support the safety and efficacy of CBD for several therapeutic applications, including seizure disorders, inflammatory responses, and upper gastrointestinal dysfunction (i.e., nausea and vomiting). CBD, therefore, may have therapeutic potential for addressing functional gastrointestinal disorders. The results of this review show promising in vitro and preclinical data supporting a role of CBD in intestinal motility. This includes improved gastrointestinal-related outcomes in murine models of colitis. These studies, however, vary by dose, delivery method, and CBD-extract composition. Clinical trials have yet to find a conclusive benefit of CBD on intestinal motility disorders, but these trials have been limited in scope. In addition, critical factors such as CBD dosing parameters have not yet been established. Further research will establish the efficacy of CBD in applications to address intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galaxie Story
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Carrie-Ellen Briere
- Elaine Marieb College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - D. Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - David A. Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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16
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Sharifa M, Ghosh T, Daher OA, Bhusal P, Alaameri YA, Naz J, Ekhator C, Bellegarde SB, Bisharat P, Vaghani V, Hussain A. Unraveling the Gut-Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis: Exploring Dysbiosis, Oxidative Stress, and Therapeutic Insights. Cureus 2023; 15:e47058. [PMID: 38022314 PMCID: PMC10644699 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis (MS), shedding light on the potential therapeutic avenues for this complex autoimmune disease. It emphasizes the multifactorial nature of MS, including genetic, environmental, and gender-related factors. Furthermore, the article highlights the emerging role of gut microbiota in MS pathophysiology, particularly in terms of gut dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and inflammasome activation within the gut-brain axis. This interplay raises intriguing questions about how the gut microbiota influences the onset and progression of MS. Environmental factors, such as diet and pollutants, add further layers of complexity to the connection between gut health and MS risk. This review also discusses promising therapeutic interventions, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, dietary adjustments, and gut-derived metabolites that offer potential avenues for managing MS. It underscores the need for ongoing research to fully unravel the complexities of the role of the gut-brain axis in MS. Ultimately, this article provides a comprehensive exploration of the topic, offering hope for novel preventive and therapeutic strategies that could significantly improve the lives of individuals affected by this challenging autoimmune condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanmay Ghosh
- Medical Education, Dinabandhu Andrews College, West Bengal, IND
| | - Omar A Daher
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli, LBN
| | - Pramod Bhusal
- Internal Medicine, College Of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, NPL
| | | | - Javeria Naz
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Chukwuyem Ekhator
- Neuro-Oncology, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Sophia B Bellegarde
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Antigua, St. John's, ATG
| | | | - Viralkumar Vaghani
- Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
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17
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Reece AS, Hulse GK. Perturbation of 3D nuclear architecture, epigenomic dysregulation and aging, and cannabinoid synaptopathy reconfigures conceptualization of cannabinoid pathophysiology: part 1-aging and epigenomics. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1182535. [PMID: 37732074 PMCID: PMC10507876 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1182535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Much recent attention has been directed toward the spatial organization of the cell nucleus and the manner in which three-dimensional topologically associated domains and transcription factories are epigenetically coordinated to precisely bring enhancers into close proximity with promoters to control gene expression. Twenty lines of evidence robustly implicate cannabinoid exposure with accelerated organismal and cellular aging. Aging has recently been shown to be caused by increased DNA breaks. These breaks rearrange and maldistribute the epigenomic machinery to weaken and reverse cellular differentiation, cause genome-wide DNA demethylation, reduce gene transcription, and lead to the inhibition of developmental pathways, which contribute to the progressive loss of function and chronic immune stimulation that characterize cellular aging. Both cell lineage-defining superenhancers and the superanchors that control them are weakened. Cannabis exposure phenocopies the elements of this process and reproduces DNA and chromatin breakages, reduces the DNA, RNA protein and histone synthesis, interferes with the epigenomic machinery controlling both DNA and histone modifications, induces general DNA hypomethylation, and epigenomically disrupts both the critical boundary elements and the cohesin motors that create chromatin loops. This pattern of widespread interference with developmental programs and relative cellular dedifferentiation (which is pro-oncogenic) is reinforced by cannabinoid impairment of intermediate metabolism (which locks in the stem cell-like hyper-replicative state) and cannabinoid immune stimulation (which perpetuates and increases aging and senescence programs, DNA damage, DNA hypomethylation, genomic instability, and oncogenesis), which together account for the diverse pattern of teratologic and carcinogenic outcomes reported in recent large epidemiologic studies in Europe, the USA, and elsewhere. It also accounts for the prominent aging phenotype observed clinically in long-term cannabis use disorder and the 20 characteristics of aging that it manifests. Increasing daily cannabis use, increasing use in pregnancy, and exponential dose-response effects heighten the epidemiologic and clinical urgency of these findings. Together, these findings indicate that cannabinoid genotoxicity and epigenotoxicity are prominent features of cannabis dependence and strongly indicate coordinated multiomics investigations of cannabinoid genome-epigenome-transcriptome-metabolome, chromatin conformation, and 3D nuclear architecture. Considering the well-established exponential dose-response relationships, the diversity of cannabinoids, and the multigenerational nature of the implications, great caution is warranted in community cannabinoid penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Gary Kenneth Hulse
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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18
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Ni B, Liu Y, Dai M, Zhao J, Liang Y, Yang X, Han B, Jiang M. The role of cannabidiol in aging. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115074. [PMID: 37418976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is usually considered a key risk factor associated with multiple diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Furthermore, the burden of age-related diseases has become a global challenge. It is of great significance to search for drugs to extend lifespan and healthspan. Cannabidiol (CBD), a natural nontoxic phytocannabinoid, has been regarded as a potential candidate drug for antiaging. An increasing number of studies have suggested that CBD could benefit healthy longevity. Herein, we summarized the effect of CBD on aging and analyzed the possible mechanism. All these conclusions may provide a perspective for further study of CBD on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanying Liu
- Department of Basic Medical, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China
| | - Meng Dai
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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19
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Bell JD. Informing the Cannabis Conjecture: From Life's Beginnings to Mitochondria, Membranes and the Electrome-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13070. [PMID: 37685877 PMCID: PMC10488084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the late 1980s, ideas around how the lipophilic phytocannabinoids might be working involved membranes and bioenergetics as these disciplines were "in vogue". However, as interest in genetics and pharmacology grew, interest in mitochondria (and membranes) waned. The discovery of the cognate receptor for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) led to the classification of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the conjecture that phytocannabinoids might be "working" through this system. However, the how and the "why" they might be beneficial, especially for compounds like CBD, remains unclear. Given the centrality of membranes and mitochondria in complex organisms, and their evolutionary heritage from the beginnings of life, revisiting phytocannabinoid action in this light could be enlightening. For example, life can be described as a self-organising and replicating far from equilibrium dissipating system, which is defined by the movement of charge across a membrane. Hence the building evidence, at least in animals, that THC and CBD modulate mitochondrial function could be highly informative. In this paper, we offer a unique perspective to the question, why and how do compounds like CBD potentially work as medicines in so many different conditions? The answer, we suggest, is that they can modulate membrane fluidity in a number of ways and thus dissipation and engender homeostasis, particularly under stress. To understand this, we need to embrace origins of life theories, the role of mitochondria in plants and explanations of disease and ageing from an adaptive thermodynamic perspective, as well as quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V. W. Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (G.W.G.); (J.D.B.)
- The Guy Foundation, Beaminster DT8 3HY, UK
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (G.W.G.); (J.D.B.)
- The Guy Foundation, Beaminster DT8 3HY, UK
| | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (G.W.G.); (J.D.B.)
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20
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Duan F, Ju T, Song C, Liu M, Xiong Y, Han X, Lu W. Synergetic effect of β-asarone and cannabidiol against Aβ aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:3875-3884. [PMID: 37602231 PMCID: PMC10432915 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, and it is unlikely that any single drug or intervention will be very successful. The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease involves a range of complicated biological processes, including the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein and tau protein. Given the complexity of AD and amyloid accumulation, a combination of interventions remains to be further explored. Here, we investigated the potential of combining β-asarone and cannabidiol (CBD) as a treatment for AD. The study analyzed the combined effects of these two phytochemicals on beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein aggregation and toxicity in bulk solution, in cells as well as in C.elegans. We detailed the morphological and size changes of Aβ40 aggregates in the presence of β-asarone and cannabidiol. More importantly, the presence of both compounds synergistically inhibited apoptosis and downregulated relative gene expression in cells, and that it may also slow aging, decrease the rate of paralysis, enhance learning capacity, and boost autophagy activity in C.elegans. Our studies suggest that multiple drugs, like β-asarone and CBD, may be potentially developed as a medicinal adjunct in the treatment of AD, although further clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of this combination treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ting Ju
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chen Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
- The Intelligent Equipment Research Center for the Development of Special Medicine and Food Resources, Chongqing Research Institute of HIT. Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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21
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Lei W, Cheng Y, Gao J, Liu X, Shao L, Kong Q, Zheng N, Ling Z, Hu W. Akkermansia muciniphila in neuropsychiatric disorders: friend or foe? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1224155. [PMID: 37492530 PMCID: PMC10363720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila exhibits positive systemic effects on host health, mainly by improving immunological and metabolic functions, and it is therefore regarded as a promising potential probiotic. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have shown that A. muciniphila plays a vital role in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders by influencing the host brain through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Numerous studies observed that A. muciniphila and its metabolic substances can effectively improve the symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders by restoring the gut microbiota, reestablishing the integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, regulating host immunity, and modulating gut and neuroinflammation. However, A. muciniphila was also reported to participate in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders by aggravating inflammation and influencing mucus production. Therefore, the exact mechanism of action of A. muciniphila remains much controversial. This review summarizes the proposed roles and mechanisms of A. muciniphila in various neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, strokes, and autism spectrum disorders, and provides insights into the potential therapeutic application of A. muciniphila for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Lei
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Shao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingming Kong
- School of Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nengneng Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiming Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Quzhou Third Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Zhang F, Wang D. Potential of Akkermansia muciniphila and its outer membrane proteins as therapeutic targets for neuropsychological diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191445. [PMID: 37440890 PMCID: PMC10333588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota varies dramatically among individuals, and changes over time within the same individual, due to diversities in genetic backgrounds, diet, nutrient supplementations and use of antibiotics. Up until now, studies on dysbiosis of microbiota have expanded to a wider range of diseases, with Akkermansia muciniphila at the cross spot of many of these diseases. A. muciniphila is a Gram-negative bacterium that produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and Amuc_1100 is one of its most highly expressed outer membrane proteins. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on correlations between A. muciniphila and involved neuropsychological diseases published in the last decade, with a focus on the potential of this bacterium and its outer membrane proteins as therapeutic targets for these diseases, on the basis of evidence accumulated from animal and clinical studies, as well as mechanisms of action from peripheral to central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dali Wang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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23
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Gerace E, Baldi S, Salimova M, Di Gloria L, Curini L, Cimino V, Nannini G, Russo E, Pallecchi M, Ramazzotti M, Bartolucci G, Occupati B, Lanzi C, Scarpino M, Lanzo G, Grippo A, Lolli F, Mannaioni G, Amedei A. Oral and fecal microbiota perturbance in cocaine users: Can rTMS-induced cocaine abstinence support eubiosis restoration? iScience 2023; 26:106627. [PMID: 37250301 PMCID: PMC10214473 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of cocaine on microbiota have been scarcely explored. Here, we investigated the gut (GM) and oral (OM) microbiota composition of cocaine use disorder (CUD) patients and the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize GM and OM, whereas PICRUST2 assessed functional changes in microbial communities, and gas-chromatography was used to evaluate fecal short and medium chain fatty acids. CUD patients reported a significant decrease in alpha diversity and modification of the abundances of several taxa in both GM and OM. Furthermore, many predicted metabolic pathways were differentially expressed in CUD patients' stool and saliva samples, as well as reduced levels of butyric acid that appear restored to normal amounts after rTMS treatment. In conclusion, CUD patients showed a profound dysbiotic fecal and oral microbiota composition and function and rTMS-induced cocaine abstinence determined the restoration of eubiotic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maya Salimova
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Leandro Di Gloria
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lavinia Curini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Virginia Cimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Brunella Occupati
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maenia Scarpino
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Neurophysiology Unit, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanzo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Neurophysiology Unit, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonello Grippo
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Neurophysiology Unit, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Lolli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Careggi, Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
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24
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Yndart Arias A, Kolishetti N, Vashist A, Madepalli L, Llaguno L, Nair M. Anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in human microglial cell line infected with HIV-1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7376. [PMID: 37147420 PMCID: PMC10162654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a chronic inflammatory stage and continuous activation of inflammasome pathway. We studied the anti-inflammatory effects of the compound cannabidiol (CBD) in comparison with Δ (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ(9)-THC] in human microglial cells (HC69.5) infected with HIV. Our results showed that CBD reduced the production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as MIF, SERPIN E1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, MCP-1, CXCL1, CXCL10, and IL-1 β compared to Δ(9)-THC treatment. In addition, CBD led to the deactivation of caspase 1, reduced NLRP3 gene expression which play a crucial role in the inflammasome cascade. Furthermore, CBD significantly reduced the expression of HIV. Our study demonstrated that CBD has anti-inflammatory properties and exhibits significant therapeutic potential against HIV-1 infections and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lakshmana Madepalli
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lorgeleys Llaguno
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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25
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Salazar-Bermeo J, Moreno-Chamba B, Martínez-Madrid MC, Valero M, Rodrigo-García J, Hosseinian F, Martín-Bermudo F, Aguado M, de la Torre R, Martí N, Saura D. Preventing Mislabeling: A Comparative Chromatographic Analysis for Classifying Medical and Industrial Cannabis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083552. [PMID: 37110787 PMCID: PMC10143857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) techniques for analyzing and determining the cannabinoid profile in cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) are widely used in standard laboratories; however, these methods may mislabel the profile when used under rapid conditions. Our study aimed to highlight this problem and optimize GC column conditions and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters to accurately identify cannabinoids in both standards and forensic samples. The method was validated for linearity, selectivity, and precision. It was observed that when tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A) were examined using rapid GC conditions, the resulting derivatives generated identical retention times. Wider chromatographic conditions were applied. The linear range for each compound ranged from 0.02 μg/mL to 37.50 μg/mL. The R2 values ranged from 0.996 to 0.999. The LOQ values ranged from 0.33 μg/mL to 5.83 μg/mL, and the LOD values ranged from 0.11 μg/mL to 1.92 μg/mL. The precision values ranged from 0.20% to 8.10% RSD. In addition, forensic samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) in an interlaboratory comparison test, with higher CBD and THC content than GC-MS determination (p < 0.05) in samples. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing GC techniques to avoid mislabeling cannabinoids in cannabis samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Salazar-Bermeo
- IDiBE, Institute for R&D in Health Biotechnology of Elche, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Mitra Sol Technologies S.L. Parque Científico y Empresarial UMH, Edificio Quorum III, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Fausto Elio s/n, Edificio 8E, Acceso F Planta 0, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bryan Moreno-Chamba
- IDiBE, Institute for R&D in Health Biotechnology of Elche, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Mitra Sol Technologies S.L. Parque Científico y Empresarial UMH, Edificio Quorum III, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Fausto Elio s/n, Edificio 8E, Acceso F Planta 0, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Concepción Martínez-Madrid
- IDiBE, Institute for R&D in Health Biotechnology of Elche, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Valero
- IDiBE, Institute for R&D in Health Biotechnology of Elche, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodrigo-García
- Departament of Health Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Francisco Martín-Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Aguado
- Mitra Sol Technologies S.L. Parque Científico y Empresarial UMH, Edificio Quorum III, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Rosa de la Torre
- CTAEX, National AgriFood Technological Center "Extremadura", Carretera Villafranco-Balboa, Km 1.2, 06195 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Nuria Martí
- IDiBE, Institute for R&D in Health Biotechnology of Elche, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Domingo Saura
- IDiBE, Institute for R&D in Health Biotechnology of Elche, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
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26
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Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Role of Akkermansia in Human Diseases: From Causation to Therapeutic Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081815. [PMID: 37111034 PMCID: PMC10142179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating the host immune response, and improving several metabolic pathways, making it a key element in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this scenario, A. muciniphila is the most promising next-generation probiotic and one of the first microbial species suitable for specific clinical use when compared with traditional probiotics. Further studies are needed to provide more accurate insight into its mechanisms of action and to better elucidate its properties in several major areas, paving the way for a more integrated and personalized therapeutic approach that finally makes the most of our knowledge of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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27
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Rodrigues FDS, Jantsch J, Fraga GDF, Dias VS, Eller S, De Oliveira TF, Giovenardi M, Guedes RP. Cannabidiol treatment improves metabolic profile and decreases hypothalamic inflammation caused by maternal obesity. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1150189. [PMID: 36969815 PMCID: PMC10033544 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1150189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe implications of maternal overnutrition on offspring metabolic and neuroimmune development are well-known. Increasing evidence now suggests that maternal obesity and poor dietary habits during pregnancy and lactation can increase the risk of central and peripheral metabolic dysregulation in the offspring, but the mechanisms are not sufficiently established. Furthermore, despite many studies addressing preventive measures targeted at the mother, very few propose practical approaches to treat the damages when they are already installed.MethodsHere we investigated the potential of cannabidiol (CBD) treatment to attenuate the effects of maternal obesity induced by a cafeteria diet on hypothalamic inflammation and the peripheral metabolic profile of the offspring in Wistar rats.ResultsWe have observed that maternal obesity induced a range of metabolic imbalances in the offspring in a sex-dependant manner, with higher deposition of visceral white adipose tissue, increased plasma fasting glucose and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) levels in both sexes, but the increase in serum cholesterol and triglycerides only occurred in females, while the increase in plasma insulin and the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR) was only observed in male offspring. We also found an overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 6, and interleukin (IL) 1β in the hypothalamus, a trademark of neuroinflammation. Interestingly, the expression of GFAP, a marker for astrogliosis, was reduced in the offspring of obese mothers, indicating an adaptive mechanism to in utero neuroinflammation. Treatment with 50 mg/kg CBD oil by oral gavage was able to reduce white adipose tissue and revert insulin resistance in males, reduce plasma triglycerides in females, and attenuate plasma LPS levels and overexpression of TNFα and IL6 in the hypothalamus of both sexes.DiscussionTogether, these results indicate an intricate interplay between peripheral and central counterparts in both the pathogenicity of maternal obesity and the therapeutic effects of CBD. In this context, the impairment of internal hypothalamic circuitry caused by neuroinflammation runs in tandem with the disruptions of important metabolic processes, which can be attenuated by CBD treatment in both ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda da Silva Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Farias Fraga
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victor Silva Dias
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco De Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia Giovenardi
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renata Padilha Guedes,
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28
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Pintori N, Caria F, De Luca MA, Miliano C. THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065251. [PMID: 36982327 PMCID: PMC10048857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used drug of abuse worldwide. It is well established that the most abundant phytocannabinoids in this plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These two compounds have remarkably similar chemical structures yet vastly different effects in the brain. By binding to the same receptors, THC is psychoactive, while CBD has anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. Lately, a variety of hemp-based products, including CBD and THC, have become widely available in the food and health industry, and medical and recreational use of cannabis has been legalized in many states/countries. As a result, people, including youths, are consuming CBD because it is considered “safe”. An extensive literature exists evaluating the harmful effects of THC in both adults and adolescents, but little is known about the long-term effects of CBD exposure, especially in adolescence. The aim of this review is to collect preclinical and clinical evidence about the effects of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6758633
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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29
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Dumbraveanu C, Strommer K, Wonnemann M, Choconta JL, Neumann A, Kress M, Kalpachidou T, Kummer KK. Pharmacokinetics of Orally Applied Cannabinoids and Medical Marijuana Extracts in Mouse Nervous Tissue and Plasma: Relevance for Pain Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:853. [PMID: 36986714 PMCID: PMC10057980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa plants contain a multitude of bioactive substances, which show broad variability between different plant strains. Of the more than a hundred naturally occurring phytocannabinoids, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have been the most extensively studied, but whether and how the lesser investigated compounds in plant extracts affect bioavailability or biological effects of Δ9-THC or CBD is not known. We therefore performed a first pilot study to assess THC concentrations in plasma, spinal cord and brain after oral administration of THC compared to medical marijuana extracts rich in THC or depleted of THC. Δ9-THC levels were higher in mice receiving the THC-rich extract. Surprisingly, only orally applied CBD but not THC alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity in the mouse spared nerve injury model, favoring CBD as an analgesic compound for which fewer unwanted psychoactive effects are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Dumbraveanu
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Bionorica Research GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Jeiny Luna Choconta
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theodora Kalpachidou
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K. Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Xu R, Zhang Y, Chen S, Zeng Y, Fu X, Chen T, Luo S, Zhang X. The role of the probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila in brain functions: insights underpinning therapeutic potential. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:151-176. [PMID: 35272549 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2044286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of Akkermansia muciniphila, one of the most abundant microorganisms of the intestinal microbiota, has been studied extensively in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. It is considered a next-generation probiotic microorganism. Although its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, accumulating evidence indicates the important role of A. muciniphila in brain functions via the gut-brain axis and its potential as a therapeutic target in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, only a limited number of studies, particularly clinical studies, have directly assessed the therapeutic effects of A. muciniphila interventions in these disorders. This is the first review to discuss the comprehensive mechanism of A. muciniphila in the gut-brain axis via the protection of the intestinal mucosal barrier and modulation of the immune system and metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and amino acid derivatives. Additionally, the role of A. muciniphila and its therapeutic potential in various neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and cognitive deficit, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, have been discussed. The review suggests the potential role of A. muciniphila in healthy brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinic Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinic Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinic Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaohui Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinic Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinic Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ti Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shilin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinic Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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31
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Immunity orchestrates a bridge in gut-brain axis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101857. [PMID: 36669690 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS), are a category of diseases with progressive loss of neuronal structure or function (encompassing neuronal death) leading to neuronal dysfunction, whereas the underlying pathogenesis remains to be clarified. As the microbiological ecosystem of the intestinal microbiome serves as the second genome of the human body, it is strongly implicated as an essential element in the initiation and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the precise underlying principles of how the intestinal microflora impact on neurodegenerative diseases via gut-brain axis by modulating the immune function are still poorly characterized. Consequently, an overview of initiating the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the contribution of intestinal microflora on immune function is discussed in this review.
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32
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Abd-Nikfarjam B, Dolati-Somarin A, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. Cannabinoids in neuroinflammatory disorders: Focusing on multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons, and Alzheimers diseases. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36637897 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal properties of cannabis and cannabinoid-derivative are entirely investigated and known. In addition, the identification of psychotropic plant cannabinoids has led to more studies regarding the cannabinoid system and its therapeutic features in the treatment and management of clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease (PD), and Alzheimers disease (AD). In fact, cannabinoid agonists are able to control and regulate inflammatory responses. In contrast to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and its unwanted adverse effects, the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) and its ligands hold promise for new and effective therapeutic approaches. So far, some successes have been achieved in this field. This review will discuss an outline of the endocannabinoid system's involvement in neuroinflammatory disorders. Moreover, the pharmacological efficacy of different natural and synthetic preparations of phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid receptors, particularly in MS, PD, and AD, will be updated. Also, the reasons for targeting CB2 for neurodegeneration will be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Abd-Nikfarjam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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33
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Brierley SM, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Sarnelli G, Sharkey KA, Storr M, Tack J. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:5-25. [PMID: 36168049 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The management of visceral pain in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction, notably irritable bowel syndrome, presents a considerable clinical challenge, with few available treatment options. Patients are increasingly using cannabis and cannabinoids to control abdominal pain. Cannabis acts on receptors of the endocannabinoid system, an endogenous system of lipid mediators that regulates gastrointestinal function and pain processing pathways in health and disease. The endocannabinoid system represents a logical molecular therapeutic target for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Here, we review the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system with a focus on the peripheral and central regulation of gastrointestinal function and visceral nociception. We address the use of cannabinoids in pain management, comparing them to other treatment modalities, including opioids and neuromodulators. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic candidates targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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34
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Ibrahim I, Syamala S, Ayariga JA, Xu J, Robertson BK, Meenakshisundaram S, Ajayi OS. Modulatory Effect of Gut Microbiota on the Gut-Brain, Gut-Bone Axes, and the Impact of Cannabinoids. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121247. [PMID: 36557285 PMCID: PMC9781427 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a collection of microorganisms and parasites in the gastrointestinal tract. Many factors can affect this community's composition, such as age, sex, diet, medications, and environmental triggers. The relationship between the human host and the gut microbiota is crucial for the organism's survival and development, whereas the disruption of this relationship can lead to various inflammatory diseases. Cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are used to treat muscle spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. It is now clear that these compounds also benefit patients with neuroinflammation. CBD and THC are used in the treatment of inflammation. The gut is a significant source of nutrients, including vitamins B and K, which are gut microbiota products. While these vitamins play a crucial role in brain and bone development and function, the influence of gut microbiota on the gut-brain and gut-bone axes extends further and continues to receive increasing scientific scrutiny. The gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be vital for optimal brain functions and stress suppression. Additionally, several studies have revealed the role of gut microbiota in developing and maintaining skeletal integrity and bone mineral density. It can also influence the development and maintenance of bone matrix. The presence of the gut microbiota can influence the actions of specific T regulatory cells, which can lead to the development of bone formation and proliferation. In addition, its metabolites can prevent bone loss. The gut microbiota can help maintain the bone's equilibrium and prevent the development of metabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis. In this review, the dual functions gut microbiota plays in regulating the gut-bone axis and gut-brain axis and the impact of CBD on these roles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iddrisu Ibrahim
- The Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Soumyakrishnan Syamala
- Departments of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joseph Atia Ayariga
- The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.A.); (O.S.A.)
| | - Junhuan Xu
- The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Boakai K. Robertson
- The Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Sreepriya Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, JB Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - Olufemi S. Ajayi
- The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.A.); (O.S.A.)
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35
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Oliveira BSAD, Milanezi DS, Gonzaga PDV, Detoni FR, Soriano RN. The gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases: revisiting possible therapeutic targets for cannabidiol. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12172. [PMID: 36544841 PMCID: PMC9761731 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential to improve the efficacy of treatments and, consequently, patients' lives. Unfortunately, traditional therapeutic strategies have not been effective. There is therefore an urgent need to discover or develop alternative treatment strategies. Recently, some pieces of the puzzle appear to emerge: on a hand, the gut microbiota (GM) has gained attention since intestinal dysbiosis aggravates and generates some of the pathological processes of AD; on the other hand, cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid, attenuates intestinal inflammation and possesses neuroprotective properties. Intestinal dysbiosis (increased population of proinflammatory bacteria) in AD increases plasma lipopolysaccharide and Aβ peptide levels, both responsible for increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A leaky BBB may facilitate the entry of peripheral inflammatory mediators into the central nervous system and ultimately aggravate neuroinflammation and neuronal death due to chronic activation of glial cells. Studies investigating the GM reported a strong relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and AD. In this review we conjecture that the GM is a promising therapeutic target for CBD in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debora Sandrini Milanezi
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Priscila do Val Gonzaga
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rabello Detoni
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Renato Nery Soriano
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, 35020-360, Brazil,Corresponding author.
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36
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Gong X, Liu L, Li X, Xiong J, Xu J, Mao D, Liu L. Neuroprotection of cannabidiol in epileptic rats: Gut microbiome and metabolome sequencing. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1028459. [PMID: 36466385 PMCID: PMC9709218 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1028459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Epilepsy is a neurological disease occurring worldwide. Alterations in the gut microbial composition may be involved in the development of Epilepsy. The study aimed to investigate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on gut microbiota and the metabolic profile of epileptic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS AND RESULTS A temporal lobe epilepsy rat model was established using Li-pilocarpine. CBD increased the incubation period and reduced the epileptic state in rats. Compared to epileptic rats, the M1/M2 ratio of microglia in the CBD group was significantly decreased. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the CBD group decreased, while IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β1 increased. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the ANOSIM index differed significantly between the groups. At the genus level, Helicobacter, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 were significantly reduced in the model group. CBD intervention attenuated the intervention effects of Li-pilocarpine. Roseburia, Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group, and Ruminococcus_2 were strongly positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokine levels. CBD reversed dysregulated metabolites, including glycerophosphocholine and 4-ethylbenzoic acid. CONCLUSION CBD could alleviate the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolic disorders of epileptic rats. CBD attenuated Epilepsy in rats might be related to gut microbial abundance and metabolite levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The study may provide a reliable scientific clue to explore the regulatory pathway of CBD in alleviating Epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingfang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dingan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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37
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Alka Ahuja, Saraswathy Mp, Nandakumar S, Prakash F A, Kn G, Um D. Role of the Gut Microbiome in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases Including Restoration and Targeting Approaches- A Review. DRUG METABOLISM AND BIOANALYSIS LETTERS 2022; 15:133-149. [PMID: 36508273 DOI: 10.2174/2949681015666220615120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes, have become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Gut microbiota appears to play a vital role in human disease and health, according to recent scientific reports. The gut microbiota plays an important role in sustaining host physiology and homeostasis by creating a cross-talk between the host and microbiome via metabolites obtained from the host's diet. Drug developers and clinicians rely heavily on therapies that target the microbiota in the management of metabolic diseases, and the gut microbiota is considered the biggest immune organ in the human body. They are highly associated with intestinal immunity and systemic metabolic disorders like CVD and diabetes and are reflected as potential therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic diseases. This review discusses the mechanism and interrelation between the gut microbiome and metabolic disorders. It also highlights the role of the gut microbiome and microbially derived metabolites in the pathophysiological effects related to CVD and diabetes. It also spotlights the reasons that lead to alterations of microbiota composition and the prominence of gut microbiota restoration and targeting approaches as effective treatment strategies in diabetes and CVD. Future research should focus onunderstanding the functional level of some specific microbial pathways that help maintain physiological homeostasis, multi-omics, and develop novel therapeutic strategies that intervene with the gut microbiome for the prevention of CVD and diabetes that contribute to a patient's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Ahuja
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saraswathy Mp
- Department of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Chennai-600078, India
| | - Nandakumar S
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Arul Prakash F
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMMAND), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai- 600077, India
| | - Gurpreet Kn
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Dhanalekshmi Um
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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38
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McGrail J, Martín-Banderas L, Durán-Lobato M. Cannabinoids as Emergent Therapy Against COVID-19. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:582-590. [PMID: 35512732 PMCID: PMC9587773 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), was identified for the first time in late 2019 in China, resulting in a global pandemic of massive impact. Despite a fast development and implementation of vaccination strategies, and the scouting of several pharmacological treatments, alternative effective treatments are still needed. In this regard, cannabinoids represent a promising approach because they have been proven to exhibit several immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties in COVID-19 disease models and related pathological conditions. This mini-review aims at providing a practical brief overview of the potential applications of cannabinoids so far identified for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19, finally considering key aspects related to their technological and clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McGrail
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lucía Martín-Banderas
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Matilde Durán-Lobato
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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39
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Jiang F, Xia M, Zhang Y, Chang J, Cao J, Zhang Z, Qian Z, Yang L. Cannabinoid receptor-2 attenuates neuroinflammation by promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of the NLRP3 inflammasome post spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993168. [PMID: 36238284 PMCID: PMC9553321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI) results in prolonged neurological damage and locomotor dysfunction. Polarization of microglia is vital to regulation of neuroinflammation, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Endocannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2R) is reported to ameliorate neurodegeneration via immunomodulation activities. However, the underlying machinery in the context of SCI remains unclear. Methods A lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia inflammation model and a mouse model of SCI were employed to investigate the regulatory role of CB2R in the polarization of microglia in response to excess neuroinflammation. Markers of inflammation and autophagy were measured by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and Luxol® fast blue was conducted using commercial kits. The locomotor function of the hindlimbs of the experimental mice was evaluated with the Basso Mouse Scale, Louisville Swim Scale, and footprint assay. Results The results showed that CB2R promoted M2 differentiation, increased interleukin (IL)-10 expression, and inhibited M1 differentiation with decreased expression of IL-1β and IL-6. CB2R activation also increased ubiquitination of the NLRP3 inflammasome and interacted with the autophagy-related proteins p62 and microtubule-associated proteins 1B light chain 3. Treatment with the CB2R activator JWH-133 reduced loss of myelin, apoptosis of neurons, and glial scarring, leading to improved functional recovery of the hindlimbs, while the CB2R antagonist AM630 produced opposite results. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggested that CB2R activation attenuated neuroinflammation targeting microglial polarization by promoting NLRP3 clearance, thereby facilitating functional recovery post-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Mingjie Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Zhanyang Qian, ; Zhongkai Zhang,
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Zhanyang Qian, ; Zhongkai Zhang,
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- School of Bioinformatics Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Zhanyang Qian, ; Zhongkai Zhang,
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40
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Ghadiri F, Ebadi Z, Asadollahzadeh E, Naser Moghadasi A. Gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis-related cognitive impairment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 67:104165. [PMID: 36152393 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognition is one of the most evaluated neurologic subjects with which the gut microbiome is supposed to be associated. Cognitive impairment is a prevalent finding in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we are about to study the current evidence on the effect of gut microbiota on cognition and MS. Although no direct evidence is in hand, putting all indirect research together, one could think of the hypothetical benefit of brain-gut axis interventions (possibly diet changes, probiotic administration, microbiota transplant) to solve the drastic problem of cognitive impairment in MS. Hence, researchers are encouraged to scan this horizon in order to fill the knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghadiri
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebadi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Asadollahzadeh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Neuroprotection of Cannabidiol, Its Synthetic Derivatives and Combination Preparations against Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Neurological Disorders. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154961. [PMID: 35956911 PMCID: PMC9370304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective treatment for neurological disorders has encouraged the search for novel therapeutic strategies. Remarkably, neuroinflammation provoked by the activated microglia is emerging as an important therapeutic target for neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system. In the pathological context, the hyperactivation of microglia leads to neuroinflammation through the release of neurotoxic molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, proteinases, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa L. CBD has promising therapeutic effects based on mounting clinical and preclinical studies of neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, ischemic brain injuries, neuropathic pain, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. A number of preclinical studies suggested that CBD exhibited potent inhibitory effects of neurotoxic molecules and inflammatory modulators, highlighting its remarkable therapeutic potential for the treatment of numerous neurological disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of action underpinning CBD’s effects on neuroinflammation appear to be complex and are poorly understood. This review summarises the anti-neuroinflammatory activities of CBD against various neurological disorders with a particular focus on their main molecular mechanisms of action, which were related to the downregulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS, TLR4-NFκB and IFN-β-JAK-STAT pathways. We also illustrate the pharmacological action of CBD’s derivatives focusing on their anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects for neurological disorders. We included the studies that demonstrated synergistic enhanced anti-neuroinflammatory activity using CBD and other biomolecules. The studies that are summarised in the review shed light on the development of CBD, including its derivatives and combination preparations as novel therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders where neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathological components.
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42
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Varsha KK, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. Role of Gut Microbiota in Cannabinoid-Mediated Suppression of Inflammation. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2022; 2:10550. [PMID: 36776218 PMCID: PMC9910956 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2022.10550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system have been well established to play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response. Also, emerging data from numerous investigations unravel the imperative role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and gut barrier integrity. In this review, we concisely report the immunosuppressive mechanisms triggered by cannabinoids, and how they are closely associated with the alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolome following exposure to endogenous or exogenous cannabinoids. We discuss how cannabinoid-mediated induction of microbial secondary bile acids, short chain fatty acids, and indole metabolites, produced in the gut, can suppress inflammation even in distal organs. While clearly, more clinical studies are necessary to establish the cross talk between exo- or endocannabinoid system with the gut microbiome and the immune system, the current evidence opens a new avenue of cannabinoid-gut-microbiota-based therapeutics to regulate immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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THC and CBD affect metabolic syndrome parameters including microbiome in mice fed high fat-cholesterol diet. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:27. [PMID: 35644678 PMCID: PMC9150295 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with metabolic syndrome, which often includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Several studies in mice and humans have implicated the involvement of the gut microbiome in NAFLD. While cannabis and its phytocannabinoids may potentially be beneficial for treating metabolic disorders such as NAFLD, their effects on liver diseases and gut microbiota profile have yet to be addressed. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of the two major cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), on NAFLD progression. Methods NAFLD was induced by feeding mice a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFCD) for 6 weeks. During this period, the individual cannabinoids, THC or CBD, were added to the experimental diets at a concentration of 2.5 or 2.39 mg/kg. Profile of lipids, liver enzymes, glucose tolerance, and gene expression related to carbohydrate lipids metabolism and liver inflammation was analyzed. The effect of THC or CBD on microbiota composition in the gut was evaluated. Results While not alleviating hepatic steatosis, THC or CBD treatment influenced a number of parameters in the HFCD mouse model. CBD increased food intake, improved glucose tolerance, reduced some of the inflammatory response including TNFa and iNOS, and partially mitigated the microbiome dysbiosis observed in the HFCD fed mice. THC produced a much weaker response, only slightly reducing inflammatory-related gene expression and microbiome dysbiosis. Conclusions The results of this study indicate the potential therapeutic effects of individual phytocannabinoids are different from the effects of the cannabis plant possessing a mixture of compounds. While CBD may help ameliorate symptoms of NAFLD, THC alone may not be as effective. This disparity can putatively be explained based on changes in the gut microbiota.
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Role of gut microbiota in neuropathy and neuropathic pain states: A systematic preclinical review. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105773. [PMID: 35623598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has implications in Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders. Our study systematically identified preclinical studies aimed to investigate the possible gut microbiota contribution in neuropathy and neuropathic pain. The systematic review is reported in accordance with PRISMA checklist and guidelines outlined updated to 2020. We included research articles reporting neuropathy-related behavioral evaluations and/or neurological scores coupled to gut microbiota analysis performed by high-throughput technologies in the last ten years. Two investigators performed a search through 3 electronic bibliographic databases for full-text articles (PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE) and three registries (Prospero, SyRF, and bioRxiv), cross-references, and linear searches. We assessed the methodological quality via the CAMARADES checklist and appraised the heterogeneous body of evidence by narrative synthesis. In total, there were 19 eligible studies. The most of these reports showed significant changes in gut microbiota setting in neuropathy conditions. The major gut microbiome remodeling was through fecal microbiome transplantation. Mechanistic proof of the gut-CNS communication was achieved by measuring inflammatory mediators, metabolic products, or neurotransmitters. As a limitation, we found considerable heterogeneity across eligible studies. We conclude that the current understanding of preclinical findings suggested an association between neuropathy and/or neuropathic pain and gut microbiota modifications. Our analysis provides the basis for further studies targeting microbiota for managing symptoms of neuropathy or other neuroinflammation-based CNS disorders. The systematic review protocol was registered on the international database Prospero under the registration number (# 257628).
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Xiong X, Chen S, Shen J, You H, Yang H, Yan C, Fang Z, Zhang J, Cai X, Dong X, Kang T, Li W, Zhou P. Cannabis suppresses antitumor immunity by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling in T cells through CNR2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:99. [PMID: 35383142 PMCID: PMC8983672 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with chemotherapy significantly improves clinical benefit of cancer treatment. Since chemotherapy is often associated with adverse events, concomitant treatment with drugs managing side effects of chemotherapy is frequently used in the combination therapy. However, whether these ancillary drugs could impede immunotherapy remains unknown. Here, we showed that ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the key ingredient of drugs approved for the treatment of chemotherapy-caused nausea, reduced the therapeutic effect of PD-1 blockade. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA) also impeded antitumor immunity, indicating an immunosuppressive role of the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS). Consistently, high levels of AEA in the sera were associated with poor overall survival in cancer patients. We further found that cannabinoids impaired the function of tumor-specific T cells through CNR2. Using a knock-in mouse model expressing a FLAG-tagged Cnr2 gene, we discovered that CNR2 binds to JAK1 and inhibits the downstream STAT signaling in T cells. Taken together, our results unveiled a novel mechanism of the ECS-mediated suppression on T-cell immunity against cancer, and suggest that cannabis and cannabinoid drugs should be avoided during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Jianfei Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, China
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital &Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziqian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jianeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiuyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xingjun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510663, China.
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Cannabis sativa L. Bioactive Compounds and Their Protective Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040660. [PMID: 35453344 PMCID: PMC9030479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants from the family Cannabidaceae have been used since ancient times, to produce fibers, oil, and for medicinal purposes. Psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) are the main pharmacologically active compounds of Cannabis sativa. These compounds have, for a long time, been under extensive investigation, and their potent antioxidant and inflammatory properties have been reported, although the detailed mechanisms of their actions have not been fully clarified. CB1 receptors are suggested to be responsible for the analgesic effect of THC, while CB2 receptors may account for its immunomodulatory properties. Unlike THC, CBD has a very low affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and behaves as their negative allosteric modulator. CBD activity, as a CB2 receptor inverse agonist, could be important for CBD anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we discuss the chemical properties and bioavailability of THC and CBD, their main mechanisms of action, and their role in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Alharris E, Mohammed A, Alghetaa H, Zhou J, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. The Ability of Resveratrol to Attenuate Ovalbumin-Mediated Allergic Asthma Is Associated With Changes in Microbiota Involving the Gut-Lung Axis, Enhanced Barrier Function and Decreased Inflammation in the Lungs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805770. [PMID: 35265071 PMCID: PMC8898895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease highly prevalent worldwide. Recent studies have suggested a role for microbiome-associated gut-lung axis in asthma development. In the current study, we investigated if Resveratrol (RES), a plant-based polyphenol, can attenuate ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine allergic asthma, and if so, the role of microbiome in the gut-lung axis in this process. We found that RES attenuated allergic asthma with significant improvements in pulmonary functions in OVA-exposed mice when tested using plethysmography for frequency (F), mean volume (MV), specific airway resistance (sRaw), and delay time(dT). RES treatment also suppressed inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. RES modulated lung microbiota and caused an abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila accompanied by a reduction of LPS biosynthesis in OVA-treated mice. Furthermore, RES also altered gut microbiota and induced enrichment of Bacteroides acidifaciens significantly in the colon accompanied by an increase in butyric acid concentration in the colonic contents from OVA-treated mice. Additionally, RES caused significant increases in tight junction proteins and decreased mucin (Muc5ac) in the pulmonary epithelium of OVA-treated mice. Our results demonstrated that RES may attenuate asthma by inducing beneficial microbiota in the gut-lung axis and through the promotion of normal barrier functions of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Talamantes M, Schneeberg SR, Pinto A, Perron GG. Passive exposure to cannabidiol oil does not cause microbiome dysbiosis in larval zebrafish. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100045. [PMID: 34841336 PMCID: PMC8610293 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that 200 µg/L cannabidiol oil has a limited effect on in zebrafish larvae microbiome. Cannabidiol oil decreases the abundance of Methylobacterium-methylorubrum sp. Cannabidiol oil decreases the abundance of staphylococcus sp.,. Cannabidiol oil increased the abundance of chryseobacterium sp., a commensal bacterium. Our results suggest that cannabidiol oil is unlikely to have a major impact on local fauna.
The use of cannabidiol oil derived products has dramatically increased in popularity and is predicted to grow steadily over the next decade. Given its relative stability, cannabidiol is likely to accumulate in the environment and affect aquatic animals and their host-associated microbiomes. Here, using zebrafish larvae, a model system in environmental toxicology, we show that passive exposure to a concentration as high as 200 µg/L cannabidiol oil did not affect larvae survival and had limited effects on their host-associated microbial communities. We found that the changes in community structure were limited to a decrease in two sequence variants identified as Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum sp. and one ASV identified as Staphylococcus sp., as well as the increase of one sequence variant identified as Chryseobacterium sp., a bacterium commensal to zebrafish. More importantly, we found that cannabidiol oil did not affect the overall richness and diversity of the exposed fish microbiomes. These results suggest that passive exposure to cannabidiol oil is unlikely to impact aquatic organisms in significant ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maracela Talamantes
- Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Stella Rose Schneeberg
- Department of Chemistry, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Atahualpa Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel G Perron
- Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Science and Computation, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, USA.,Bard Food Lab, Center for Experimental Humanities, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY, USA
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Methyl acetate arrests Th1 in peripheral immune system and alleviates CNS inflammation in EAE. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108291. [PMID: 34799286 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by immune cells. The pathogenesis of most autoimmune diseases has some degree of similarity to that of MS, and therefore the study of MS has clinical and scientific significance for other autoimmune diseases as well. As a widely used organic solvent, Methyl Acetate (MA) has a similar structure to acetate which has been shown to be therapeutic in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here we found that MA was effective in reducing the disease severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pathological sections showed that MA reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the CNS and attenuated demyelination in the spinal cord. MA increases the proportion of Th1 cells in the periphery of EAE mice. Further mechanistic studies have demonstrated that MA treatment induces Th1 retention in the peripheral immune system by increasing the expression levels of peripheral Th1-related chemokines CXCR3. CXCL9, CXCL10. In addition, we observed that MA alleviated intestinal inflammation in EAE mice. The data showed that this phenomenon is achieved by enhancing IL-10 and inhibiting IL-6 secretion. Our data indicates that MA might have therapeutic implications for autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Farshbafnadi M, Agah E, Rezaei N. The second brain: The connection between gut microbiota composition and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577700. [PMID: 34482269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and immune function. Several studies have recently examined the possible link between gut microbiota composition and multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Most of these studies agree that patients with MS suffer from dysbiosis. Moreover, an altered proportion of certain phyla of bacteria was detected in the digestive tracts of these patients compared to healthy individuals. This review article gathers information from research papers that have examined the relationship between gut microbiota composition and MS and its possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elmira Agah
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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