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Bratke S, Schmid S, Ulm B, Jungwirth B, Blobner M, Borgstedt L. Genotype- and sex-specific changes in vital parameters during isoflurane anesthesia in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1342752. [PMID: 38601113 PMCID: PMC11004241 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1342752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing as is life expectancy with Alzheimer's disease accounting for two-thirds of dementia cases globally. Whether general anesthesia and surgery worsen cognitive decline is still a matter of debate and most likely depending on the interplay of various influencing factors. In order to account for this complexity, Alzheimer's disease animal models have been developed. The Tg2576 model of Alzheimer's disease is a well-established mouse model exhibiting amyloidopathy and age-dependent sex-specific differences in Alzheimer's disease symptomology. Yet, data on anesthesia in this mouse model is scarce and a systematic comparison of vital parameters during anesthesia with wild-type animals is missing. In order to investigate the safety of general anesthesia and changes in vital parameters during general anesthesia in Tg2576 mice, we did a secondary analysis of vital parameters collected during general anesthesia in aged Tg2576 mice. Methods After governmental approval (General Administration of the Free State of Bavaria, file number: 55.2-1-54-2532-149-11) 60 mice at 10-12 months of age were exposed to isoflurane (1.6 Vol%) for 120 min, data of 58 mice was analyzed. During general anesthesia, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, isoflurane concentration and fraction of inspired oxygen were monitored and collected. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear mixed regression models. Results During general anesthesia, heart rate decreased in a sex-specific manner. Respiratory rate decreased and body temperature increased dependent on genotype. However, the changes were limited and all vital parameters stayed within physiological limits. Conclusion Isoflurane anesthesia in the Tg2576 mouse model is safe and does not seem to influence experimental results by interacting with vital parameters. The present study provides information on appropriate anesthesia in order to advance research on anesthesia and AD and could contribute to improving laboratory animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bratke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ulm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Blobner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Borgstedt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hassanen EI, Issa MY, Hassan NH, Ibrahim MA, Fawzy IM, Fahmy SA, Mehanna S. Potential Mechanisms of Imidacloprid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Adult Rats with Attempts on Protection Using Origanum majorana L. Oil/Extract: In Vivo and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18491-18508. [PMID: 37273614 PMCID: PMC10233680 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide is rapidly metabolized in mammals and contributes to neurotoxicity via the blocking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as in insects. Origanum majorana retains its great antioxidant potential in both fresh and dry forms. No data is available on the neuroprotective effect of this plant in laboratory animals. In this context, aerial parts of O. majorana were used to prepare the essential oil (OMO) and methanol extract (OME). The potential neuroprotective impact of both OMO and OME against IMI-induced neurotoxicity in rats was explored. Forty-two rats were divided into 6 groups, with 7 rats in each one. Rats were daily administered the oral treatments: normal saline, OMO, OME, IMI, IMI + OMO, and IMI + OME. Our results revealed the identification of 55 components in O. majorana essential oil, most belonging to the oxygenated and hydrocarbon monoterpenoid group. Moreover, 37 constituents were identified in the methanol extract, mostly phenolics. The potent neurotoxic effect of IMI on rats was confirmed by neurobehavioral and neuropathological alterations and a reduction of both acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity and dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain. Exposure of rats to IMI elevates the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reduces the antioxidant capacity. IMI could upregulate the transcription levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) genes and express strong caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunostaining in most examined brain areas. On the other hand, rats coadministered OMO or OME with IMI showed a marked improvement in all of the studied toxicological parameters. In conclusion, cotreatment of O. majorana extracts with IMI can protect against IMI neurotoxicity via their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Thus, we recommend a daily intake of O. majorana to protect against insecticide's oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammatory stress and apoptosis. The molecular docking study of linalool, rosmarinic acid, γ-terpene, and terpene-4-ol justify the observed normalization of the elevated iNOS and TNF-α levels induced after exposure to IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman I. Hassanen
- Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. Issa
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo
University, Kasr El-Aini
Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neven H. Hassan
- Department
of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Ibrahim
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Iten M. Fawzy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Ashraf Fahmy
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, R5 New Garden City, New Administrative
Capital, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally Mehanna
- Department
of Animal Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
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3
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Latina V, De Introna M, Caligiuri C, Loviglio A, Florio R, La Regina F, Pignataro A, Ammassari-Teule M, Calissano P, Amadoro G. Immunotherapy with Cleavage-Specific 12A12mAb Reduces the Tau Cleavage in Visual Cortex and Improves Visuo-Spatial Recognition Memory in Tg2576 AD Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020509. [PMID: 36839831 PMCID: PMC9965010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau-targeted immunotherapy is a promising approach for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Beyond cognitive decline, AD features visual deficits consistent with the manifestation of Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the eyes and higher visual centers, both in animal models and affected subjects. We reported that 12A12-a monoclonal cleavage-specific antibody (mAb) which in vivo neutralizes the neurotoxic, N-terminal 20-22 kDa tau fragment(s)-significantly reduces the retinal accumulation in Tg(HuAPP695Swe)2576 mice of both tau and APP/Aβ pathologies correlated with local inflammation and synaptic deterioration. Here, we report the occurrence of N-terminal tau cleavage in the primary visual cortex (V1 area) and the beneficial effect of 12A12mAb treatment on phenotype-associated visuo-spatial deficits in this AD animal model. We found out that non-invasive administration of 12 A12mAb markedly reduced the pathological accumulation of both truncated tau and Aβ in the V1 area, correlated to significant improvement in visual recognition memory performance along with local increase in two direct readouts of cortical synaptic plasticity, including the dendritic spine density and the expression level of activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein Arc/Arg3.1. Translation of these findings to clinical therapeutic interventions could offer an innovative tau-directed opportunity to delay or halt the visual impairments occurring during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita De Introna
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Caligiuri
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Loviglio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Florio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Pignataro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Martine Ammassari-Teule
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation (FSL), Centro di Ricerca Europeo sul Cervello (CERC), Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49255252
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Bergamini G, Massinet H, Durkin S, Steiner MA. Longitudinal assessment of aggression and circadian rhythms in the APPswe mouse model of Alzheimer`s disease. Physiol Behav 2022; 250:113787. [PMID: 35346733 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agitation, which comprises verbal or physical aggression and hyperactivity, is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It often co-occurs with dysregulated circadian rhythms. Current medications are associated with serious adverse effects, and novel therapeutics are therefore needed. Rodent models can be instrumental to provide a first signal for potential efficacy of novel drug candidates. Longitudinal data assessing the face validity of such models for AD-related agitation are largely missing. We employed telemeterized APPswe mice, a frequently used AD transgenic mouse line overexpressing the human beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the Swedish KM670/671NL mutation, to study the occurrence and progression of changes in reactive aggressive behavior as well as the circadian profile of locomotor activity and body temperature. Analysis was conducted between 5 and 11 months of age, at regular 2-months intervals. The aggressivity of all mice was highest at 5 months and waned with increasing age. APPswe mice were more aggressive than WT at 5 and 7 months of age. The locomotor activity and body temperature of WT mice declined with increasing age, while that of APPswe mice remained rather constant. This genotype difference was solely evident during the active, dark phase. APPswe mice did not display a phase shift of their circadian rhythms. We conclude that the APPswe mouse line can recapitulate some of the behavioral disturbances observed in AD, including an agitation-relevant phenotype characterized by active phase hyperactivity and aggressivity. It does not recapitulate the nighttime disturbances (also characterized by hyperactivity) and the shift of circadian rhythms observed in AD patients. Therefore, the APPswe strain could be used at specific ages to model a subset of agitation-relevant behavioral problems and to test the modulatory effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean Durkin
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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5
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Neely C, Barkey R, Hernandez C, Flinn J. Prophylactic zinc supplementation modulates hippocampal ionic zinc and partially remediates neurological recovery following repetitive mild head injury in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Niikura R, Miyazaki T, Takase K, Sasaguri H, Saito T, Saido TC, Goto T. Assessments of prolonged effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on motor learning deficits in aged App NL-G-F/NL-G-F mice. Mol Brain 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 35387663 PMCID: PMC8988377 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As the proportion of elderly in society increases, so do the number of older patients undergoing surgical procedures. This is concerning as exposure to anesthesia has been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causal relationship between clinical AD development and anesthesia remains conjectural. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that anesthesia, such as halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, induces AD-like pathophysiological changes and cognitive impairments in transgenic mouse models of AD. Desflurane does not have these effects and is expected to have more potential for use in elderly patients, yet little is known about its effects, especially on non-cognitive functions, such as motor and emotional functions. Thus, we examined the postanesthetic effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on motor and emotional function in aged AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F (App-KI) mice. This is a recently developed transgenic mouse model of AD exhibiting amyloid β peptide (Aβ) amyloidosis and a neuroinflammatory response in an age-dependent manner without non-physiological amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpression. Mice were subjected to a short behavioral test battery consisting of an elevated plus maze, a balance beam test, and a tail suspension test seven days after exposure to 8.0% desflurane for 6 h or 2.8% sevoflurane for 2 h. App-KI mice showed significant increments in the percentage of entry and time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze, increments in the number of slips and latency to traverse for the balance beam test, increments in the limb clasping score, increments in immobile duration, and decrements in latency to first immobile episode for the tail suspension test compared to age-matched wild type (WT) controls. Desflurane- and sevoflurane-exposed App-KI mice showed a delayed decrement in the number of slips for each trial in the balance beam test, while air-treated App-KI mice rapidly improved their performance, and increased their clasping behavior in the tail suspension test. Furthermore, App-KI inhibited the change in membrane GluA3 following exposure to anesthetics in the cerebellum. These results suggest high validity of App-KI mice as an animal model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Niikura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. .,Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kenkichi Takase
- Laboratory of Psychology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Simotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahisa Goto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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7
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El Khoury Y, Schirer A, Patte-Mensah C, Klein C, Meyer L, Rataj-Baniowska M, Bernad S, Moss D, Lecomte S, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Hellwig P. Raman Imaging Reveals Accumulation of Hemoproteins in Plaques from Alzheimer's Diseased Tissues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2940-2945. [PMID: 34292705 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemes have been suggested to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease since they show high peroxidase reactivity when bound to amyloid β peptides, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. Here we used Fourier transform infrared and Raman imaging on Alzheimer's diseased mice and human brain tissue. Our finding suggests the accumulation of hemes in the senile plaques of both murine and human samples. We compared the Raman signature of the plaques to the ones of various hemeoproteins and to the hemin-Aβ-42 complex. The detected Raman signature of the plaques does not allow identifying the type of heme accumulating in the plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El Khoury
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie De La Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alicia Schirer
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie De La Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Klein
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Monika Rataj-Baniowska
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Bernad
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - David Moss
- Synchrotron Light Source ANKA, Karlsruhe Research Center, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Chimie Biologie des Membranes et Nanoobjets, UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS, 14 Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Ayikoe-Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie De La Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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Pentkowski NS, Rogge-Obando KK, Donaldson TN, Bouquin SJ, Clark BJ. Anxiety and Alzheimer's disease: Behavioral analysis and neural basis in rodent models of Alzheimer's-related neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:647-658. [PMID: 33979573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is commonly associated with cognitive decline but is also composed of neuropsychiatric symptoms including psychological distress and alterations in mood, including anxiety and depression. Emotional dysfunction in AD is frequently modeled using tests of anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents. These tests often include the elevated plus-maze, light/dark test and open field test. In this review, we describe prototypical behavioral paradigms used to examine emotional dysfunction in transgenic models of AD, specifically anxiety-like behavior. Next, we summarize the results of studies examining anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents, noting that the behavioral outcomes using these paradigms have produced inconsistent results. We suggest that future research will benefit from using a battery of tests to examine emotional behavior in transgenic AD models. We conclude by discussing putative, overlapping neurobiological mechanisms underlying AD-related neuropathology, stress and anxiety-like behavior reported in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
| | | | - Tia N Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Samuel J Bouquin
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
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Hassanen EI, Ibrahim MA, Hassan AM, Mehanna S, Aljuaydi SH, Issa MY. Neuropathological and Cognitive Effects Induced by CuO-NPs in Rats and Trials for Prevention Using Pomegranate Juice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1264-1279. [PMID: 33570729 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are extensively utilized in several industries and in pharmaceutical production. This excess exposure elevates the concern about its expected poisonous impacts on humans and animals. Pomegranate juice (PJ) is a natural source of polyphenols and exhibits potent antioxidant activities. Our experiment intended to explore the neurobehavioral and toxicopathological impacts of CuO-NPs and to explain the mechanistic role of PJ to reduce their toxicity. Thirty Wistar albino rats received the subsequent materials through oral gavage, every day for 28d: (1) normal saline, (2) 3 mL/kg bwt PJ, (3) 6 mL/kg bwt PJ, (4) 300 mg/kg bwt CuO-NPs, (5) CuO-NPs + 3 mL/kg bwt PJ, (6) CuO-NPs + 6 mL/kg bwt PJ. Continuous exposure to CuO-NPs caused a significant elevation of MDA levels and reduction of total antioxidant capacity associated with remarkable pathological alterations in all brain regions including cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Progressive decline of memory along with cognitive and psychiatric disturbances were observed in rats exposed to CuO-NPs not in PJ co-treated rats. Continuous exposure to CuO-NPs caused over expression of the immunohistochemical markers of caspase-3, iNOS and GFAP altogether with DAN fragmentation and down-regulation of HO-1 and Nrf2 gene in the whole brain tissues. Conversely, rats co-treated with PJ showed dose dependent improvements in the entire toxicological, behavioral, and pathological parameters. We showed that PJ had the ability to reduce the oxidative stress damage via up-regulation of HO-1 and Nrf2 genes in the brain. So that PJ had the ability to protect the brain and DNA from further damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman I Hassanen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza M Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sally Mehanna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Hygiene and Management, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samira H Aljuaydi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Y Issa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Noshy PA, Azouz RA. Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin against emamectin benzoate-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 86:106981. [PMID: 33838246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emamectin Benzoate (EMB) is an avermectin insecticide widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Hesperidin (HSP) is a flavanone glycoside predominantly found in citrus fruits and has various beneficial health effects. The current research was conducted to study the neurobehavioral toxic effects of EMB in rats and also to evaluate the protective effect of HSP against these toxic effects. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control group, EMB group, HSP group, and EMB + HSP group. EMB (8.8. mg/kg) and/or HSP (100 mg/kg) were administered daily by gavage for 8 weeks. The behavioral assessment demonstrated the adverse effects of EMB on the behavioral, motor, and cognitive brain functions. Exposure to EMB also decreased the activity of antioxidants (catalase and reduced glutathione) and increased the malondialdehyde level in nervous tissue. Moreover, EMB increased the level of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats' brains. On the other hand, concurrent administration of HSP ameliorated the toxic effects of EMB as indicated by improvements in neural functions and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. The study concluded that exposure to EMB induces toxic effects in the brain of rats and that HSP has a protective effect against these toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Noshy
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rehab A Azouz
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Sato H, Tsukamoto-Yasui M, Takado Y, Kawasaki N, Matsunaga K, Ueno S, Kanda M, Nishimura M, Karakawa S, Isokawa M, Suzuki K, Nagao K, Higuchi M, Kitamura A. Protein Deficiency-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities and Neurotransmitter Loss in Aged Mice Are Ameliorated by Essential Amino Acids. Front Nutr 2020; 7:23. [PMID: 32219097 PMCID: PMC7079559 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional epidemiology shows that insufficient protein intake is related to senile dementia. The levels of protein intake in aged people are positively associated with memory function, and elderly people with high protein intake have a low risk of mild cognitive impairment. Although the beneficial roles of protein nutrition in maintaining brain function in aged people are well demonstrated, little is known about the mechanism by which dietary intake of protein affects memory and brain conditions. We fed aged mice a low protein diet (LPD) for 2 months, which caused behavioral abnormalities, and examined the nutritional effect of essential amino acid administration under LPD conditions. The passive avoidance test revealed that LPD mice demonstrated learning and memory impairment. Similarly, the LPD mice showed agitation and hyperactive behavior in the elevated plus maze test. Moreover, LPD mice exhibited decreased concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and aspartate in the brain. Interestingly, oral administration of seven essential amino acids (EAAs; valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan) to LPD mice, which can be a source of neurotransmitters, reversed those behavioral changes. The oral administration of EAAs restored the brain concentration of glutamate, which is involved in learning and memory ability and may be associated with the observed behavioral changes. Although the details of the link between decreased amino acid and neurotransmitter concentrations and behavioral abnormalities must be examined in future studies, these findings suggest the importance of dietary protein and essential amino acids for maintaining brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Sato
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Kosel F, Pelley JMS, Franklin TB. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:634-647. [PMID: 32070692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models have been used extensively to model the cognitive impairments arising from Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology. However, less is known about the relationship between AD-related pathology and the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) commonly presented by patients. This review discusses the BPSD-like behaviours recapitulated by several mouse models of AD-related pathology, including the APP/PS1, Tg2576, 3xTg-AD, 5xFAD, and APP23 models. Current evidence suggests that social withdrawal and depressive-like behaviours increase with progressive neuropathology, and increased aggression and sleep-wake disturbances are present even at early stages; however, there is no clear evidence to support increased anxiety-like behaviours, agitation (hyperactivity), or general apathy. Overall, transgenic mouse models of AD-related pathology recapitulate some of the BPSD-like behaviours associated with AD, but these behaviours vary by model. This reflects the patient population, where AD patients typically exhibit one or more BPSD, but rarely all symptoms at once. As a result, we suggest that transgenic mouse models are an important tool to investigate the pathology underlying BPSD in human AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kosel
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jessica M S Pelley
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tamara B Franklin
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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13
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Escrig A, Canal C, Sanchis P, Fernández-Gayol O, Montilla A, Comes G, Molinero A, Giralt M, Giménez-Llort L, Becker-Pauly C, Rose-John S, Hidalgo J. IL-6 trans-signaling in the brain influences the behavioral and physio-pathological phenotype of the Tg2576 and 3xTgAD mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:145-159. [PMID: 31401302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most commonly diagnosed dementia but its underlying pathological mechanisms still unclear. Neuroinflammation and secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) accompany the main hallmarks of the disease: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this study, we analyzed the role of IL-6 trans-signaling in two mouse models of AD, Tg2576 and 3xTg-AD mice. The inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling partially rescued the AD-induced mortality in females of both models. Before amyloid plaques deposition, it reversed AD-induced changes in exploration and anxiety (but did not affect locomotion) in Tg2576 female mice. However, after plaque deposition the only behavioral trait affected by the inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling was locomotion. Results in the Morris water maze suggest that cognitive flexibility was reduced by the blocking of the IL-6 trans-signaling in young and old Tg2576 female mice. The inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling also decreased amyloid plaque burden in cortex and hippocampus, and Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in the cortex, of Tg2576 female mice. The aforementioned changes might be correlated with changes in blood vessels and matrix structure and organization rather than changes in neuroinflammation. 3xTgAD mice showed a very mild phenotype regarding amyloid cascade, but results were in accordance with those of Tg2576 mice. These results strongly suggest that the inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling could represent a powerful therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Carla Canal
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Olaya Fernández-Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Alejandro Montilla
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
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Sex differences in cued fear responses and parvalbumin cell density in the hippocampus following repetitive concussive brain injuries in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222153. [PMID: 31487322 PMCID: PMC6728068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence to suggest a link between repeated head trauma and cognitive and emotional disorders, and Repetitive concussive brain injuries (rCBI) may also be a risk factor for depression and anxiety disorders. Animal models of brain injury afford the opportunity for controlled study of the effects of injury on functional outcomes. In this study, male and cycling female C57BL/6J mice sustained rCBI (3x) at 24-hr intervals and were tested in a context and cued fear conditioning paradigm, open field (OF), elevated zero maze and tail suspension test. All mice with rCBI showed less freezing behavior than sham control mice during the fear conditioning context test. Injured male, but not female mice also froze less in response to the auditory cue (tone). Injured mice were hyperactive in an OF environment and spent more time in the open quadrants of the elevated zero maze, suggesting decreased anxiety, but there were no differences between injured mice and sham-controls in depressive-like activity on the tail suspension test. Pathologically, injured mice showed increased astrogliosis in the injured cortex and white matter tracts (optic tracts and corpus callosum). There were no changes in the number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the cortex or amygdala, but injured male mice had fewer parvalbumin-positive neurons in the hippocampus. Parvalbumin-reactive interneurons of the hippocampus have been previously demonstrated to be involved in hippocampal-cortical interactions required for memory consolidation, and it is possible memory changes in the fear-conditioning paradigm following rCBI are the result of more subtle imbalances in excitation and inhibition both within the amygdala and hippocampus, and between more widespread brain regions that are injured following a diffuse brain injury.
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15
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Babic Perhoc A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Knezovic A, Farkas V, Bagaric R, Svarc A, Grünblatt E, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Cognitive, behavioral and metabolic effects of oral galactose treatment in the transgenic Tg2576 mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:50-67. [PMID: 30571958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with insulin resistance and glucose hypometabolism in the brain. Oral administration of galactose, a nutrient that provides an alternative source of energy, prevents and ameliorates early cognitive impairment in a streptozotocin-induced model (STZ-icv) of the sporadic AD (sAD). Here we explored the influence of 2-month oral galactose treatment (200 mg/kg/day) in the familial AD (fAD) by using 5- (5M) and 10- (10M) month-old transgenic Tg2576 mice mimicking the presymptomatic and the mild stage of fAD, and compared it to that observed in 7-month old STZ-icv rats mimicking mild-to-moderate sAD. Cognitive and behavioral performance was tested by Morris Water Maze, Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze tests, and metabolic status by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-Emission Tomography scan. The level of insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and soluble amyloid β1-42 (sAβ1-42) was measured by ELISA and the protein expression of insulin receptor (IR), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and pre-/post-synaptic markers by Western blot analysis. Although galactose normalized alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in all Tg2576 mice (5M+2M; 10M+2M) and STZ-icv rats, it did not improve cognitive impairment in either model. Improvement of reduced grooming behavior and normalization in reduced plasma insulin levels were seen only in 5M+2M Tg2576 mice while in 10M+2M Tg2576 mice oral galactose induced metabolic exacerbation at the level of plasma insulin, GLP-1 homeostasis and glucose intolerance, and additionally increased hippocampal sAβ1-42 level, decreased IR expression and increased GSK-3β activity. The results indicate that therapeutic potential of oral galactose seems to depend on the stage and the type/model of AD and to differ in the absence and the presence of AD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkas
- Department of Experimental Physics, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Bagaric
- Department of Experimental Physics, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alfred Svarc
- Department of Experimental Physics, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Research and Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Research Centre of Excellence of Fundamental, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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16
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Klein C, Roussel G, Brun S, Rusu C, Patte-Mensah C, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. 5-HIAA induces neprilysin to ameliorate pathophysiology and symptoms in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:136. [PMID: 30537985 PMCID: PMC6290545 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotoninergic activation which decreases brain Aβ peptides is considered beneficial in mouse models for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Because growing evidence suggested that the stimulation of proteases digesting Aβ, especially the endopeptidase neprilysin (NEP) may be effective for AD therapy/prevention, we explored the involvement of serotonin precursors and derivatives in NEP regulation. We found that 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), the final metabolite of serotonin, considered until now as a dead-end and inactive product of serotonin catabolism, significantly reduces brain Aβ in the transgenic APPSWE mouse model for AD-related Aβ pathology and in the phosphoramidon-induced cerebral NEP inhibition mouse model. 5-HIAA treatment improves memory performance in APPSWE mice. Furthermore, 5-HIAA and its precursors increase NEP level in vivo and in neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 cascade by 5-HIAA or SCH772984 enhanced NEP levels, suggesting MAP-kinase pathway involvement in 5-HIAA-induced regulation of NEP expression. Our results provide the first demonstration that 5-HIAA is an active serotonin metabolite that increases brain Aβ degradation/clearance and improves symptoms in the APPSWE mouse model for AD.
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17
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Elhaik Goldman S, Goez D, Last D, Naor S, Liraz Zaltsman S, Sharvit-Ginon I, Atrakchi-Baranes D, Shemesh C, Twitto-Greenberg R, Tsach S, Lotan R, Leikin-Frenkel A, Shish A, Mardor Y, Schnaider Beeri M, Cooper I. High-fat diet protects the blood-brain barrier in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12818. [PMID: 30079520 PMCID: PMC6156545 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is evidence for impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) in both diseases, but its role in the interplay between them is not clear. Here, we investigated the effects of high-fat diet (HFD), a model for T2D, on the Tg2576 mouse model of AD, in regard to BBB function. We showed that HFD mice had higher weight, more insulin resistance, and higher serum HDL cholesterol levels, primarily in Tg2576 mice, which also had higher brain lipids content. In terms of behavior, Tg2576 HFD mice were less active and more anxious, but had better learning in the Morris Water Maze compared to Tg2576 on regular diet. HFD had no effect on the level of amyloid beta 1-42 in the cortex of Tg2576 mice, but increased the transcription level of insulin receptor in the hippocampus. Tg2576 mice on regular diet demonstrated more BBB disruption at 8 and 12 months accompanied by larger lateral ventricles volume in contrast to Tg2576 HFD mice, whose BBB leakage and ventricular volume were similar to wild-type (WT) mice. Our results suggest that in AD, HFD may promote better cognitive function through improvements of BBB function and of brain atrophy but not of amyloid beta levels. Lipid metabolism in the CNS and peripheral tissues and brain insulin signaling may underlie this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Elhaik Goldman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
- Gonda Brain Research Center; Bar Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - David Goez
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - David Last
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Sharone Naor
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
- Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Inbal Sharvit-Ginon
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
- Department of Psychology; Bar Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Dana Atrakchi-Baranes
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Chen Shemesh
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Rachel Twitto-Greenberg
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Shoval Tsach
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Roni Lotan
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Alicia Leikin-Frenkel
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Aviv Shish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Yael Mardor
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
- Department of Psychiatry; The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- The Interdisciplinary Center; Herzliya Israel
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center; Tel Hashomer; Ramat Gan Israel
- The Interdisciplinary Center; Herzliya Israel
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18
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Ameliorative effect of carvacrol against propiconazole-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Pfeffer A, Munder T, Schreyer S, Klein C, Rasińska J, Winter Y, Steiner B. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and impaired cognition reflect unsuccessful neuronal compensation in the pre-plaque stage and serve as early markers for Alzheimer's disease in the APP23 mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:300-313. [PMID: 29572105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on processes prior to amyloid-beta plaque deposition accounting for the progress of the disease. However, early mechanisms of AD are still poorly understood and predictors of the disease in the pre-plaque stage essential for initiating an early therapy are lacking. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and potentially impaired cognition may serve as predictors and early clinical diagnostic markers for AD. To investigate potential BPSD and cognitive impairments in association with neuronal cell development as such markers for AD in the pre-plaque stage, female APP23 mice at eight, 19 and 31 weeks of age and corresponding control animals were tested for BPSD (elevated zero maze; sucrose preference test), motor coordination (rotarod), spatial memory and reversal learning (Morris water maze) and hippocampal neurogenesis as a neuronal correlate for hippocampus-dependent behavior. To evaluate a potential therapeutic effect of physical, cognitive and social stimulation, animals were exposed to environmental enrichment (EE) for one, twelve or 24 weeks from five weeks of age. In APP23, decreased anxiety accompanied increased agitation from eight weeks of age. Impairment of spatial memory and learning flexibility prior to plaque deposition involved an insufficient use of spatial search strategies associated with an unsuccessful compensatory increase of neurogenesis. EE had an overall beneficial effect on behavior and neurogenesis and thus constitutes a therapeutic tool to slow disease progression. BPSD, cognition and associated impaired neurogenesis complement clinical diagnostic markers for pre-plaque AD and contribute to an early detection essential to halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pfeffer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tonia Munder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreyer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Rasińska
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - York Winter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Justice NJ. The relationship between stress and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:127-133. [PMID: 29888308 PMCID: PMC5991350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is critically involved in the development and progression of disease. From the stress of undergoing treatments to facing your own mortality, the physiological processes that stress drives have a serious detrimental effect on the ability to heal, cope and maintain a positive quality of life. This is becoming increasingly clear in the case of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases involve the devastating loss of cognitive and motor function which is stressful in itself, but can also disrupt neural circuits that mediate stress responses. Disrupting these circuits produces aberrant emotional and aggressive behavior that causes long-term care to be especially difficult. In addition, added stress drives progression of the disease and can exacerbate symptoms. In this review, I describe how neural and endocrine pathways activated by stress interact with ongoing neurodegenerative disease from both a clinical and experimental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Justice
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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21
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Pentkowski NS, Berkowitz LE, Thompson SM, Drake EN, Olguin CR, Clark BJ. Anxiety-like behavior as an early endophenotype in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 61:169-176. [PMID: 29107184 PMCID: PMC7944488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and the presence of aggregates of amyloid beta (plaques) and hyperphosphorylated tau (tangles). Early diagnosis through neuropsychological testing is difficult due to comorbidity of symptoms between AD and other types of dementia. As a result, there is a need to identify the range of behavioral phenotypes expressed in AD. In the present study, we utilized a transgenic rat (TgF344-AD) model that bears the mutated amyloid precursor protein as well as presenilin-1 genes, resulting in progressive plaque and tangle pathogenesis throughout the cortex. We tested young adult male and female TgF344-AD rats in a spatial memory task in the Morris water maze and for anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze. Results indicated that regardless of sex, TgF344-AD rats exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze, which occurred without significant deficits in the spatial memory. Together, these results indicate that enhanced anxiety-like behavior represents an early-stage behavioral marker in the TgF344-AD rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E Berkowitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shannon M Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Emma N Drake
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Carlos R Olguin
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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22
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Muthukumaran K, Kanwar A, Vegh C, Marginean A, Elliott A, Guilbeault N, Badour A, Sikorska M, Cohen J, Pandey S. Ubisol-Q10 (a Nanomicellar Water-Soluble Formulation of CoQ10) Treatment Inhibits Alzheimer-Type Behavioral and Pathological Symptoms in a Double Transgenic Mouse (TgAPEswe, PSEN1dE9) Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 61:221-236. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Kanwar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Caleb Vegh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Marginean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Austin Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alexander Badour
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Marianna Sikorska
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jerome Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Siyaram Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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23
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Latif-Hernandez A, Shah D, Craessaerts K, Saido T, Saito T, De Strooper B, Van der Linden A, D'Hooge R. Subtle behavioral changes and increased prefrontal-hippocampal network synchronicity in APP NL-G-F mice before prominent plaque deposition. Behav Brain Res 2017; 364:431-441. [PMID: 29158112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides occur in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their role in functional impairment is still debated. High levels of APP and APP fragments in mice that overexpress APP might confound their use in preclinical research. We examined the occurrence of behavioral, cognitive and neuroimaging changes in APPNL-G-F knock-in mice that display Aβ42 amyloidosis in the absence of APP overexpression. Female APPNL-G-F mice (carrying Swedish, Iberian and Arctic APP mutations) were compared to APPNL mice (APP Swedish) at 3, 7 and 10 months. Mice were subjected to a test battery that referred to clinical AD symptoms, comprising cage activity, open field, elevated plus maze, social preference and novelty test, and spatial learning, reversal learning and spatial reference memory performance. Our assessment confirmed that behavior at these early ages was largely unaffected in these mice in accordance with previous reports, with some subtle behavioral changes, mainly in social and anxiety-related test performance. Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) assessed connectivity between hippocampal and prefrontal regions with an established role in flexibility, learning and memory. Increased prefrontal-hippocampal network synchronicity was found in 3-month-old APPNL-G-F mice. These functional changes occurred before prominent amyloid plaque deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Disha Shah
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Riken Brain Science Institute, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Riken Brain Science Institute, Japan
| | | | | | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Segal-Gavish H, Gazit N, Barhum Y, Ben-Zur T, Taler M, Hornfeld SH, Gil-Ad I, Weizman A, Slutsky I, Niwa M, Kamiya A, Sawa A, Offen D, Barzilay R. BDNF overexpression prevents cognitive deficit elicited by adolescent cannabis exposure and host susceptibility interaction. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2462-2471. [PMID: 28402427 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis abuse in adolescence is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders. Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) protein is a driver for major mental illness by influencing neurodevelopmental processes. Here, utilizing a unique mouse model based on host (DISC1) X environment (THC administration) interaction, we aimed at studying the pathobiological basis through which THC exposure elicits psychiatric manifestations. Wild-Type and dominant-negative-DISC1 (DN-DISC1) mice were injected with THC (10 mg/kg) or vehicle for 10 days during mid-adolescence-equivalent period. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess exploratory activity (open field test, light-dark box test) and cognitive function (novel object recognition test). Electrophysiological effect of THC was evaluated using acute hippocampal slices, and hippocampal cannabinoid receptor type 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels were measured. Our results indicate that THC exposure elicits deficits in exploratory activity and recognition memory, together with reduced short-term synaptic facilitation and loss of BDNF surge in the hippocampus of DN-DISC mice, but not in wild-type mice. Over-expression of BDNF in the hippocampus of THC-treated DN-DISC1 mice prevented the impairment in recognition memory. The results of this study imply that induction of BDNF following adolescence THC exposure may serve as a homeostatic response geared to maintain proper cognitive function against exogenous insult. The BDNF surge in response to THC is perturbed in the presence of mutant DISC1, suggesting DISC1 may be a useful probe to identify biological cascades involved in the neurochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral effects of cannabis related psychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Segal-Gavish
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Neta Gazit
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Barhum
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Tali Ben-Zur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Taler
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Shay Henry Hornfeld
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Irit Gil-Ad
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel.,Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Offen
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel.,Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel
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25
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McArthur RA. Aligning physiology with psychology: Translational neuroscience in neuropsychiatric drug discovery. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:4-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Elevated emotional contagion in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is associated with increased synchronization in the insula and amygdala. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46262. [PMID: 28387348 PMCID: PMC5384199 DOI: 10.1038/srep46262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional contagion, a primitive form of empathy, is heightened in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the mechanism underlying this attribute has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, observational fear conditioning was performed to measure emotional contagion levels in a mouse model of AD. Simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the bilateral anterior insula, basolateral amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and retrosplenial cortex was also conducted to investigate related brain network changes. Consistent with the results obtained with AD patients, 11-month-old AD model mice exhibited significantly higher freezing levels in observational fear conditioning, indicating elevated emotional contagion compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Furthermore, the left anterior insula and right basolateral amygdala of 11-months-old AD model mice indicated sustained increases in synchronization when they observed the suffering of conspecifics. These changes did not appear in other age groups or wild-type controls. Additionally, the amyloid plaque burden within the anterior insula was significantly correlated with the freezing levels in observational fear conditioning. Taken together, this study reveals increased and sustained network synchrony between the anterior insula and basolateral amygdala, which comprise a salience network in humans, as a potential mechanism for elevated emotional contagion in a mouse model of AD.
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27
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Coleman RA, Liang C, Patel R, Ali S, Mukherjee J. Brain and Brown Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Transgenic Tg2576 Mice Models of Alzheimer Disease Assessed Using 18F-FDG PET Imaging. Mol Imaging 2017; 16:1536012117704557. [PMID: 28654383 PMCID: PMC5470140 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117704557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imaging animal models of Alzheimer disease (AD) is useful for the development of therapeutic drugs and understanding AD. Transgenic Swedish hAPPswe Tg2576 mice are a good model of β-amyloid plaques. We report 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of brain and intrascapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in transgenic mice 2576 (Tg2576) and wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS Transgenic Tg2576 mice and WT mice, >18 months were injected intraperitonally with ≈ 25 to 30 MBq 18F-FDG while awake. After 60 minutes, they were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5%) and imaged with Inveon MicroPET. Select mice were killed, imaged ex vivo, and 20 µm sections cut for autoradiography. 18F-FDG uptake in brain and IBAT PET and brain autoradiographs were analyzed. RESULTS Fasting blood glucose levels averaged 120 mg/dL for WT and 100 mg/dL for Tg2576. Compared to WT, Tg2576 mice exhibited a decrease in SUVglc in the various brain regions. Average reductions in the cerebrum regions were as high as -20%, while changes in cerebellum were -3%. Uptake of 18F-FDG in IBAT decreased by -60% in Tg2576 mice and was found to be significant. Intrascapular brown adipose tissue findings in Tg2576 mice are new and not previously reported. Use of blood glucose for PET data analysis and corpus callosum as reference region for autoradiographic analysis were important to detect change in Tg2576 mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 18F-FDG uptake in the Tg2576 mice brain show 18F-FDG deficits only when blood glucose is taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Coleman
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Liang
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rima Patel
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ali
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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28
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Manso Y, Comes G, López-Ramos JC, Belfiore M, Molinero A, Giralt M, Carrasco J, Adlard PA, Bush AI, Delgado-García JM, Hidalgo J. Overexpression of Metallothionein-1 Modulates the Phenotype of the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:81-95. [PMID: 26836194 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most commonly diagnosed dementia, where signs of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are prominent. In this study we intend to further characterize the roles of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and heavy metal binding protein, metallothionein-1 (MT-1), by crossing Mt1 overexpressing mice with a well-known mouse model of AD, Tg2576 mice, which express the human amyloid-β protein precursor (hAβPP) with the Swedish K670N/M671L mutations. Mt1 overexpression increased overall perinatal survival, but did not affect significantly hAβPP-induced mortality and weight loss in adult mice. Amyloid plaque burden in ∼14-month-old mice was increased by Mt1 overexpression in the hippocampus but not the cortex. Despite full length hAβPP levels and amyloid plaques being increased by Mt1 overexpression in the hippocampus of both sexes, oligomeric and monomeric forms of Aβ, which may contribute more to toxicity, were decreased in the hippocampus of females and increased in males. Several behavioral traits such as exploration, anxiety, and learning were altered in Tg2576 mice to various degrees depending on the age and the sex. Mt1 overexpression ameliorated the effects of hAβPP on exploration in young females, and potentiated those on anxiety in old males, and seemed to improve the rate of spatial learning (Morris water maze) and the learning elicited by a classical conditioning procedure (eye-blink test). These results clearly suggest that MT-1 may be involved in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Manso
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mónica Belfiore
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Juan Hidalgo
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Huh S, Baek SJ, Lee KH, Whitcomb DJ, Jo J, Choi SM, Kim DH, Park MS, Lee KH, Kim BC. The reemergence of long-term potentiation in aged Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29152. [PMID: 27377368 PMCID: PMC4932605 DOI: 10.1038/srep29152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been developed to study the pathophysiology of amyloid β protein (Aβ) toxicity, which is thought to cause severe clinical symptoms such as memory impairment in AD patients. However, inconsistencies exist between studies using these animal models, specifically in terms of the effects on synaptic plasticity, a major cellular model of learning and memory. Whereas some studies find impairments in plasticity in these models, others do not. We show that long-term potentiation (LTP), in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices from this mouse, is impared at Tg2576 adult 6–7 months old. However, LTP is inducible again in slices taken from Tg2576 aged 14–19 months old. In the aged Tg2576, we found that the percentage of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in hippocampal CA1-3 region is significantly decreased, and LTP inhibition or reversal mediated by NRG1/ErbB signaling, which requires ErbB4 receptors in PV interneurons, is impaired. Inhibition of ErbB receptor kinase in adult Tg2576 restores LTP but impairs depotentiation as shown in aged Tg2576. Our study suggests that hippocampal LTP reemerges in aged Tg2576. However, this reemerged LTP is an insuppressible form due to impaired NRG1/ErbB signaling, possibly through the loss of PV interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoo Huh
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ji Baek
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Whitcomb
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Jihoon Jo
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Choi
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences and Dong-A Anti-aging Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.,National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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30
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Genetic Deletion of the Clathrin Adaptor GGA3 Reduces Anxiety and Alters GABAergic Transmission. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155799. [PMID: 27192432 PMCID: PMC4871427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi-localized γ-ear-containing ARF binding protein 3 (GGA3) is a monomeric clathrin adaptor that has been shown to regulate the trafficking of the Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1), which is required for production of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-associated amyloid βpeptide. Our previous studies have shown that BACE1 is degraded via the lysosomal pathway and that depletion of GGA3 results in increased BACE1 levels and activity owing to impaired lysosomal trafficking and degradation. We further demonstrated the role of GGA3 in the regulation of BACE1 in vivo by showing that BACE1 levels are increased in the brain of GGA3 null mice. We report here that GGA3 deletion results in novelty-induced hyperactivity and decreased anxiety-like behaviors. Given the pivotal role of GABAergic transmission in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors, we performed electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices and found increased phasic and decreased tonic inhibition in the dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGC). Moreover, we found that the number of inhibitory synapses is increased in the dentate gyrus of GGA3 null mice in further support of the electrophysiological data. Thus, the increased GABAergic transmission is a leading candidate mechanism underlying the reduced anxiety-like behaviors observed in GGA3 null mice. All together these findings suggest that GGA3 plays a key role in GABAergic transmission. Since BACE1 levels are elevated in the brain of GGA3 null mice, it is possible that at least some of these phenotypes are a consequence of increased processing of BACE1 substrates.
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31
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Sil S, Ghosh T. Cox-2 Plays a Vital Role in the Impaired Anxiety Like Behavior in Colchicine Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer Disease. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:1501527. [PMID: 26880859 PMCID: PMC4736908 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1501527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anxiety status is changed along with memory impairments in intracerebroventricular colchicine injected rat model of Alzheimer Disease (cAD) due to neurodegeneration, which has been indicated to be mediated by inflammation. Inducible cox-2, involved in inflammation, may have important role in the colchicine induced alteration of anxiety status. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of cox-2 on the anxiety behavior (response to novelty in an elevated open field space) of cAD by inhibiting it with three different doses (10, 20, and 30 mg) of etoricoxib (a cox-2 blocker) in two time points (14 and 21 days). The results showed anxiolytic behavior in cAD along with lower serum corticosterone level, both of which were recovered at all the doses of etoricoxib on day 21. On day 14 all of the anxiety parameters showed similar results to that of day 21 at high doses but not at 10 mg/kg body weight. Results indicate that the parameters of anxiety were dependent on neuronal circuitries that were probably sensitive to etoricoxib induced blocking of neurodegeneration. The present study showed that anxiolytic behavior in cADr is predominantly due to cox-2 mediated neuroinflammation induced neurodegeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 009, India
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 009, India
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32
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Tamano H, Ide K, Adlard PA, Bush AI, Takeda A. Involvement of hippocampal excitability in amyloid β-induced behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:449-57. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tamano
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kazuki Ide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Paul Anthony Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, At Genetics Lane on Royal Parade, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashley Ian Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, At Genetics Lane on Royal Parade, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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33
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Verma M, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Ait-Ghezala G, Li R, Crawford F, Mullan M, Paris D. Chronic Anatabine Treatment Reduces Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-Like Pathology and Improves Socio-Behavioral Deficits in a Transgenic Mouse Model of AD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128224. [PMID: 26010758 PMCID: PMC4444019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatabine is a minor tobacco alkaloid, which is also found in plants of the Solanaceae family and displays a chemical structure similarity with nicotine. We have shown previously that anatabine displays some anti-inflammatory properties and reduces microgliosis and tau phosphorylation in a pure mouse model of tauopathy. We therefore investigated the effects of a chronic oral treatment with anatabine in a transgenic mouse model (Tg PS1/APPswe) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which displays pathological Aβ deposits, neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits. In the elevated plus maze, Tg PS1/APPswe mice exhibited hyperactivity and disinhibition compared to wild-type mice. Six and a half months of chronic oral anatabine treatment, suppressed hyperactivity and disinhibition in Tg PS1/APPswe mice compared to Tg PS1/APPswe receiving regular drinking water. Tg PS1/APPswe mice also elicited profound social interaction and social memory deficits, which were both alleviated by the anatabine treatment. We found that anatabine reduces the activation of STAT3 and NFκB in the vicinity of Aβ deposits in Tg PS1/APPswe mice resulting in a reduction of the expression of some of their target genes including Bace1, iNOS and Cox-2. In addition, a significant reduction in microgliosis and pathological deposition of Aβ was observed in the brain of Tg PS1/APPswe mice treated with anatabine. This is the first study to investigate the impact of chronic anatabine treatment on AD-like pathology and behavior in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Overall, our data show that anatabine reduces β-amyloidosis, neuroinflammation and alleviates some behavioral deficits in Tg PS1/APPswe, supporting further exploration of anatabine as a possible disease modifying agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Verma
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
| | - Rena Li
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
- Rock Creek Pharmaceuticals, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, United States of America
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Klein C, Mathis C, Leva G, Patte-Mensah C, Cassel JC, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. γ-Hydroxybutyrate (Xyrem) ameliorates clinical symptoms and neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:832-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The power of automated behavioural homecage technologies in characterizing disease progression in laboratory mice: A review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Farr SA, Erickson MA, Niehoff ML, Banks WA, Morley JE. Central and peripheral administration of antisense oligonucleotide targeting amyloid-β protein precursor improves learning and memory and reduces neuroinflammatory cytokines in Tg2576 (AβPPswe) mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 40:1005-16. [PMID: 24577464 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there are no therapies to stop or reverse the symptoms of AD. We have developed an antisense oligonucleotide (OL-1) against the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that can decrease AβPP expression and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) production. This antisense rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, reverses learning and memory impairments, reduces oxidative stress, and restores brain-to-blood efflux of Aβ in SAMP8 mice. Here, we examined the effects of this AβPP antisense in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We administered the OL-1 antisense into the lateral ventricle 3 times at 2week intervals. Seventy-two hours after the third injection, we tested learning and memory in T-maze foot shock avoidance. In the second study, we injected the mice with OL-1 antisense 3 times at 2-week intervals via the tail vein. Seventy-two hours later, we tested learning and memory T-maze, novel object recognition, and elevated plus maze. At the end of behavioral testing, brain tissue was collected. OL-1 antisense administered centrally improved acquisition and retention of T-maze foot shock avoidance. OL-1 antisense administered via tail vein improved learning and memory in both T-maze foot shock avoidance and novel object-place recognition. In the elevated plus maze, the mice which received OL-1 antisense spent less time in the open arms and had fewer entries into the open arms indicating reduced disinhibitation. Biochemical analyses reveal significant reduction of AβPP signal and a reduction of measures of neuroinflammation. The current findings support the therapeutic potential of OL-1 AβPP antisense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Research and Development Service, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Cañete T, Blázquez G, Tobeña A, Giménez-Llort L, Fernández-Teruel A. Cognitive and emotional alterations in young Alzheimer's disease (3xTgAD) mice: effects of neonatal handling stimulation and sexual dimorphism. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:156-71. [PMID: 25446741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and cause of senile dementia. It is characterized by an accelerated memory loss, and alterations of mood, reason, judgment and language. The main neuropathological hallmarks of the disorder are β-amyloid (βA) plaques and neurofibrillary Tau tangles. The triple transgenic 3xTgAD mouse model develops βA and Tau pathologies in a progressive manner which mimicks the pattern that takes place in the human brain with AD, and showing cognitive alterations characteristic of the disease. The present study intended to examine whether 3xTgAD mice of both sexes present cognitive, emotional and other behavioral alterations at the early age of 4 months, an age in which only some intraneuronal amyloid accumulation is found. Neonatal handling (H) is an early-life treatment known to produce profound and long-lasting behavioral and neurobiological effects in rodents, as well as improvements in cognitive functions. Therefore, we also aimed at evaluating the effects of H on the behavioral/cognitive profile of 4-month-old male and female 3xTgAD mice. The results indicate that, (1) 3xTgAD mice present spatial learning/memory deficits and emotional alterations already at the early age of 4 months, (2) there exists sexual dimorphism effects on several behavioral variables at this age, (3) neonatal handling exerts a preventive effect on some cognitive (spatial learning) and emotional alterations appearing in 3xTgAD mice already at early ages, and 4) H treatment appears to produce stronger positive effects in females than in males in several spatial learning measures and in the open field test.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cañete
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Blázquez
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Tobeña
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Giménez-Llort
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Teruel
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lafaille M, Féron C. U-shaped relationship between ageing and risk-taking behaviour in a wild-type rodent. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone prevents GABAergic neuronal loss and improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6736-45. [PMID: 24828629 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5075-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), appropriate excitatory-inhibitory balance required for memory formation is impaired. Our objective was to elucidate deficits in the inhibitory GABAergic system in the TgCRND8 mouse model of AD to establish a link between GABAergic dysfunction and cognitive function. We sought to determine whether the neuroprotective peptide α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) attenuates GABAergic loss and thus improves cognition. TgCRND8 mice with established β-amyloid peptide pathology and nontransgenic littermates were treated with either α-MSH or vehicle via daily intraperitoneal injections for 28 d. TgCRND8 mice exhibited spatial memory deficits and altered anxiety that were rescued after α-MSH treatment. The expression of GABAergic marker glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and the number of GABAergic GAD67+ interneurons expressing neuropeptide Y and somatostatin are reduced in the hippocampus in vehicle-treated TgCRND8 mice. In the septohippocampal pathway, GABAergic deficits are observed before cholinergic deficits, suggesting that GABAergic loss may underlie behavior deficits in vehicle-treated TgCRND8 mice. α-MSH preserves GAD67 expression and prevents loss of the somatostatin-expressing subtype of GABAergic GAD67+ inhibitory interneurons. Without decreasing β-amyloid peptide load in the brain, α-MSH improves spatial memory in TgCRND8 mice and prevents alterations in anxiety. α-MSH modulated the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain by restoring GABAergic inhibition and, as a result, improved cognition in TgCRND8 mice.
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Webster SJ, Bachstetter AD, Nelson PT, Schmitt FA, Van Eldik LJ. Using mice to model Alzheimer's dementia: an overview of the clinical disease and the preclinical behavioral changes in 10 mouse models. Front Genet 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24795750 PMCID: PMC4005958 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to discuss how behavioral tests in mice relate to the pathological and neuropsychological features seen in human Alzheimer's disease (AD), and present a comprehensive analysis of the temporal progression of behavioral impairments in commonly used AD mouse models that contain mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP). We begin with a brief overview of the neuropathological changes seen in the AD brain and an outline of some of the clinical neuropsychological assessments used to measure cognitive deficits associated with the disease. This is followed by a critical assessment of behavioral tasks that are used in AD mice to model the cognitive changes seen in the human disease. Behavioral tests discussed include spatial memory tests [Morris water maze (MWM), radial arm water maze (RAWM), Barnes maze], associative learning tasks (passive avoidance, fear conditioning), alternation tasks (Y-Maze/T-Maze), recognition memory tasks (Novel Object Recognition), attentional tasks (3 and 5 choice serial reaction time), set-shifting tasks, and reversal learning tasks. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these behavioral tasks, and how they may correlate with clinical assessments in humans. Finally, the temporal progression of both cognitive and non-cognitive deficits in 10 AD mouse models (PDAPP, TG2576, APP23, TgCRND8, J20, APP/PS1, TG2576 + PS1 (M146L), APP/PS1 KI, 5×FAD, and 3×Tg-AD) are discussed in detail. Mouse models of AD and the behavioral tasks used in conjunction with those models are immensely important in contributing to our knowledge of disease progression and are a useful tool to study AD pathophysiology and the resulting cognitive deficits. However, investigators need to be aware of the potential weaknesses of the available preclinical models in terms of their ability to model cognitive changes observed in human AD. It is our hope that this review will assist investigators in selecting an appropriate mouse model, and accompanying behavioral paradigms to investigate different aspects of AD pathology and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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Laursen B, Mørk A, Plath N, Kristiansen U, Bastlund JF. Impaired hippocampal acetylcholine release parallels spatial memory deficits in Tg2576 mice subjected to basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration. Brain Res 2013; 1543:253-62. [PMID: 24231553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model Tg2576 overexpresses an AD associated mutant variant of human APP and accumulates amyloid beta (Aβ) in an age-dependent manner. Using the selective cholinergic immunotoxin mu p75-saporin (SAP), we induced a partial basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration (BFCD) in 3 months old male Tg2576 mice to co-express cholinergic degeneration with Aβ overexpression as these characteristics constitutes key hallmarks of AD. At 9 months, SAP lesioned Tg2576 mice were cognitively impaired in two spatial paradigms addressing working memory and mid to long-term memory. Conversely, there was no deterioration of cognitive functioning in sham lesioned Tg2576 mice or wild type littermates (wt) receiving the immunotoxin. At 10 months of age, release of acetylcholine (ACh) was addressed by microdialysis in conscious mice. Scopolamine-induced increases in hippocampal ACh efflux was significantly reduced in SAP lesioned Tg2576 mice compared to sham lesioned Tg2576 mice. Intriguingly, there was no significant difference in ACh efflux between wt treatment groups. Following SAP treatment, choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced in the hippocampus and frontal cortex and the reduction was comparable between groups. Our results suggest that partial BFCD acts collectively with increased levels of Aβ to induce cognitive decline and to compromise cholinergic release. Tg2576 mice with BFCD may constitute a new and suitable AD mouse model to study the interrelations between cholinergic deficits and amsyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Laursen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission 1, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Mørk
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission 1, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Niels Plath
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission 1, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Uffe Kristiansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Matsumoto K, Zhao Q, Niu Y, Fujiwara H, Tanaka K, Sasaki-Hamada S, Oka JI. Kampo formulations, chotosan, and yokukansan, for dementia therapy: existing clinical and preclinical evidence. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:257-69. [PMID: 23883485 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r03cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are typical features of patients with dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), and other forms of senile dementia. Clinical evidence has demonstrated the potential usefulness of chotosan (CTS) and yokukansan (YKS), traditional herbal formulations called Kampo medicines, in the treatment of cognitive disturbance and BPSD in dementia patients, although the indications targeted by CTS and YKS in Kampo medicine differ. The availability of CTS and YKS for treating dementia patients is supported by preclinical studies using animal models of dementia that include cognitive/emotional deficits caused by aging and diabetes, dementia risk factors. These studies have led not only to the concept of a neuronal basis for the CTS- and YKS-induced amelioration of cognitive function and emotional/psychiatric symptom-related behavior in animal models, but also to a proposal that ingredient(s) of Uncariae Uncis cum Ramulus, a medicinal herb included in CTS and YKS, may play an important role in the actions of these formulae in dementia patients. Further studies are needed to clarify the active ingredients of these formulae and their target endogenous molecules implicated in the anti-dementia drug-like actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzo Matsumoto
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan.
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43
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Nagy PM, Aubert I. B6eGFPChAT mice overexpressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter exhibit spontaneous hypoactivity and enhanced exploration in novel environments. Brain Behav 2013; 3:367-83. [PMID: 24381809 PMCID: PMC3869679 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic innervation is extensive throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Among its many roles, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the regulation of motor function, locomotion, and exploration. Cholinergic deficits and replacement strategies have been investigated in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Focus has been on blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and enhancing ACh synthesis to improve cholinergic neurotransmission. As a first step in evaluating the physiological effects of enhanced cholinergic function through the upregulation of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we used the hypercholinergic B6eGFPChAT congenic mouse model that has been shown to contain multiple VAChT gene copies. Analysis of biochemical and behavioral paradigms suggest that modest increases in VAChT expression can have a significant effect on spontaneous locomotion, reaction to novel stimuli, and the adaptation to novel environments. These observations support the potential of VAChT as a therapeutic target to enhance cholinergic tone, thereby decreasing spontaneous hyperactivity and increasing exploration in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Nagy
- Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Webster SJ, Bachstetter AD, Van Eldik LJ. Comprehensive behavioral characterization of an APP/PS-1 double knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2013; 5:28. [PMID: 23705774 PMCID: PMC3706792 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the extensive mechanistic and pathological characterization of the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS-1) knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), very little is known about the AD-relevant behavioral deficits in this model. Characterization of the baseline behavioral performance in a variety of functional tasks and identification of the temporal onset of behavioral impairments are important to provide a foundation for future preclinical testing of AD therapeutics. Here we perform a comprehensive behavioral characterization of this model, discuss how the observed behavior correlates with the mechanistic and pathological observations of others, and compare this model with other commonly used AD mouse models. METHODS FOUR DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE RANGING ACROSS THE LIFESPAN OF THIS MODEL (TEST GROUPS: 7, 11, 15, and 24 months old) were run in a behavioral test battery consisting of tasks to assess motor function (grip strength, rotor rod, beam walk, open field ambulatory movement), anxiety-related behavior (open field time spent in peripheral zone vs. center zone, elevated plus maze), and cognitive function (novel object recognition, radial arm water maze). RESULTS There were no differences in motor function or anxiety-related behavior between APP/PS-1 knock-in mice and wild-type counterpart mice for any age group. Cognitive deficits in both recognition memory (novel object recognition) and spatial reference memory (radial arm water maze) became apparent for the knock-in animals as the disease progressed. CONCLUSION This is the first reported comprehensive behavioral analysis of the APP/PS1 knock-in mouse model of AD. The lack of motor/coordination deficits or abnormal anxiety levels, coupled with the age/disease-related cognitive decline and high physiological relevance of this model, make it well suited for utilization in preclinical testing of AD-relevant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 800 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Kim KS, Kim HS, Park JM, Kim HW, Park MK, Lee HS, Lim DS, Lee TH, Chopp M, Moon J. Long-term immunomodulatory effect of amniotic stem cells in an Alzheimer's disease model. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2408-20. [PMID: 23623603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neuroinflammatory processes mediated by Aβ plaque-induced microglial cells and astrocytes contribute to AD pathogenesis. The present study examined human placenta amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs), which have potent immunomodulatory and paracrine effects in a Tg2576 (APPswe) transgenic mouse model of AD. AMSCs secreted high levels of transforming growth factor-β under in vitro inflammatory environment conditions. Six weeks after the intravenous injection of AMSCs, APPswe mice showed evidence of improved spatial learning, which significantly correlated with the observation of fewer Aβ plaques in brain. The number of ED1-positive phagocytic microglial cells associated with Aβ plaques was higher in AMSC-injected mice than in phosphate-buffered saline-injected mice, and the level of Aβ-degrading enzymes (matrix metallopeptidase-9 and insulin-degrading enzyme) was also significantly higher. Furthermore, the level of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, was lower and that of anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β, was higher in AMSC-injected mice than phosphate-buffered saline-injected mice. These effects lasted until 12 weeks after AMSC injection. Taken together, these results collectively suggest that injection of AMSCs might show significant long-lasting improvement in AD pathology and memory function via immunomodulatory and paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sul Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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Yassine N, Lazaris A, Dorner-Ciossek C, Després O, Meyer L, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Cassel JC, Mathis C. Detecting spatial memory deficits beyond blindness in tg2576 Alzheimer mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:716-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Transient enriched housing before amyloidosis onset sustains cognitive improvement in Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:211-25. [PMID: 22727275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Levels of educational and occupational attainment, as components of cognitive reserve, may modify the relationship between the pathological hallmarks and cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined whether exposure of a Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of AD to environmental enrichment (EE) at a specific period during the amyloidogenic process favored the establishment of a cognitive reserve. We found that exposure to EE during early adulthood of Tg2576 mice--before amyloidogenesis has started--reduced the severity of AD-related cognitive deficits more efficiently than exposure later in life, when the pathology is already present. Interestingly, early-life exposure to EE, while slightly reducing forebrain surface covered by amyloid plaques, did not significantly impact aberrant inhibitory remodeling in the hippocampus of Tg2576 mice. Thus, transient early-life exposure to EE exerts long-lasting protection against cognitive impairment during AD pathology. In addition, these data define the existence of a specific life time frame during which stimulatory activity most efficiently builds a cognitive reserve, limiting AD progression and favoring successful aging.
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Lalonde R, Fukuchi K, Strazielle C. APP transgenic mice for modelling behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1357-75. [PMID: 22373961 PMCID: PMC3340431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of gene mutations responsible for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has enabled researchers to reproduce in transgenic mice several hallmarks of this disorder, notably Aβ accumulation, though in most cases without neurofibrillary tangles. Mice expressing mutated and wild-type APP as well as C-terminal fragments of APP exhibit variations in exploratory activity reminiscent of behavioural and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer dementia (BPSD). In particular, open-field, spontaneous alternation, and elevated plus-maze tasks as well as aggression are modified in several APP transgenic mice relative to non-transgenic controls. However, depending on the precise murine models, changes in open-field and elevated plus-maze exploration occur in either direction, either increased or decreased relative to controls. It remains to be determined which neurotransmitter changes are responsible for this variability, in particular with respect to GABA, 5HT, and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Département de Psychologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
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Early development of social deficits in APP and APP-PS1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1002.e17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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50
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Ribes D, Torrente M, Vicens P, Colomina MT, Gómez M, Domingo JL. Recognition Memory and β-amyloid Plaques in Adult Tg2576 Mice are not Modified After Oral Exposure to Aluminum. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2012; 26:179-85. [DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3182211ab1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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