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Lee CT, Bell M, Bonilla-Quintana M, Rangamani P. Biophysical Modeling of Synaptic Plasticity. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:397-426. [PMID: 38382115 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-072123-124954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, bulbous compartments that function as postsynaptic sites and undergo intense biochemical and biophysical activity. The role of the myriad signaling pathways that are implicated in synaptic plasticity is well studied. A recent abundance of quantitative experimental data has made the events associated with synaptic plasticity amenable to quantitative biophysical modeling. Spines are also fascinating biophysical computational units because spine geometry, signal transduction, and mechanics work in a complex feedback loop to tune synaptic plasticity. In this sense, ideas from modeling cell motility can inspire us to develop multiscale approaches for predictive modeling of synaptic plasticity. In this article, we review the key steps in postsynaptic plasticity with a specific focus on the impact of spine geometry on signaling, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and membrane mechanics. We summarize the main experimental observations and highlight how theory and computation can aid our understanding of these complex processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Miriam Bell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Mayte Bonilla-Quintana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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Inglebert Y, Wu PY, Tourbina-Kolomiets J, Dang CL, McKinney RA. Synaptopodin is required for long-term depression at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Mol Brain 2024; 17:17. [PMID: 38566234 PMCID: PMC10988887 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptopodin (SP), an actin-associated protein found in telencephalic neurons, affects activity-dependant synaptic plasticity and dynamic changes of dendritic spines. While being required for long-term depression (LTD) mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR-LTD), little is known about its role in other forms of LTD induced by low frequency stimulation (LFS-LTD) or spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP). Using electrophysiology in ex vivo hippocampal slices from SP-deficient mice (SPKO), we show that absence of SP is associated with a deficit of LTD at Sc-CA1 synapses induced by LFS-LTD and STDP. As LTD is known to require AMPA- receptors internalization and IP3-receptors calcium signaling, we tested by western blotting and immunochemistry if there were changes in their expression which we found to be reduced. While we were not able to induce LTD, long-term potentiation (LTP), albeit diminished in SPKO, can be recovered by using a stronger stimulation protocol. In SPKO we found no differences in NMDAR, which are the primary site of calcium signalling to induce LTP. Our study shows, for the first time, the key role of the requirement of SP to allow induction of activity-dependant LTD at Sc-CA1 synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Inglebert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Current address Department of Neurosciences, Montreal University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Pei You Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Cong Loc Dang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Kruse P, Brandes G, Hemeling H, Huang Z, Wrede C, Hegermann J, Vlachos A, Lenz M. Synaptopodin Regulates Denervation-Induced Plasticity at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses. Cells 2024; 13:114. [PMID: 38247806 PMCID: PMC10814840 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases can lead to the denervation of brain regions caused by demyelination, traumatic injury or cell death. The molecular and structural mechanisms underlying lesion-induced reorganization of denervated brain regions, however, are a matter of ongoing investigation. In order to address this issue, we performed an entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL) in mouse organotypic entorhino-hippocampal tissue cultures of both sexes and studied denervation-induced plasticity of mossy fiber synapses, which connect dentate granule cells (dGCs) with CA3 pyramidal cells (CA3-PCs) and play important roles in learning and memory formation. Partial denervation caused a strengthening of excitatory neurotransmission in dGCs, CA3-PCs and their direct synaptic connections, as revealed by paired recordings (dGC-to-CA3-PC). These functional changes were accompanied by ultrastructural reorganization of mossy fiber synapses, which regularly contain the plasticity-regulating protein synaptopodin and the spine apparatus organelle. We demonstrate that the spine apparatus organelle and synaptopodin are related to ribosomes in close proximity to synaptic sites and reveal a synaptopodin-related transcriptome. Notably, synaptopodin-deficient tissue preparations that lack the spine apparatus organelle failed to express lesion-induced synaptic adjustments. Hence, synaptopodin and the spine apparatus organelle play a crucial role in regulating lesion-induced synaptic plasticity at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kruse
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Brandes
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanna Hemeling
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Mesa MH, Garcia GC, Hoerndli FJ, McCabe KJ, Rangamani P. Spine apparatus modulates Ca 2+ in spines through spatial localization of sources and sinks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.558941. [PMID: 37790389 PMCID: PMC10542496 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.558941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions on dendrites in neurons and serve as sites of postsynaptic activity. Some of these spines contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and sometimes an even further specialized SER known as the spine apparatus (SA). In this work, we developed a stochastic spatial model to investigate the role of the SER and the SA in modulating Ca 2+ dynamics. Using this model, we investigated how ryanodine receptor (RyR) localization, spine membrane geometry, and SER geometry can impact Ca 2+ transients in the spine and in the dendrite. Our simulations found that RyR opening is dependent on where it is localized in the SER and on the SER geometry. In order to maximize Ca 2+ in the dendrites (for activating clusters of spines and spine-spine communication), a laminar SA was favorable with RyRs localized in the neck region, closer to the dendrite. We also found that the presence of the SER without the laminar structure, coupled with RyR localization at the head, leads to higher Ca 2+ presence in the spine. These predictions serve as design principles for understanding how spines with an ER can regulate Ca 2+ dynamics differently from spines without ER through a combination of geometry and receptor localization. Highlights 1RyR opening in dendritic spine ER is location dependent and spine geometry dependent. Ca 2+ buffers and SERCA can buffer against runaway potentiation of spines even when CICR is activated. RyRs located towards the ER neck allow for more Ca 2+ to reach the dendrites. RyRs located towards the spine head are favorable for increased Ca 2+ in spines.
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Ferreira AC, Hemmer BM, Philippi SM, Grau-Perales AB, Rosenstadt JL, Liu H, Zhu JD, Kareva T, Ahfeldt T, Varghese M, Hof PR, Castellano JM. Neuronal TIMP2 regulates hippocampus-dependent plasticity and extracellular matrix complexity. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3943-3954. [PMID: 37914840 PMCID: PMC10730400 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional output of the hippocampus, a brain region subserving memory function, depends on highly orchestrated cellular and molecular processes that regulate synaptic plasticity throughout life. The structural requirements of such plasticity and molecular events involved in this regulation are poorly understood. Specific molecules, including tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) have been implicated in plasticity processes in the hippocampus, a role that decreases with brain aging as expression is lost. Here, we report that TIMP2 is highly expressed by neurons within the hippocampus and its loss drives changes in cellular programs related to adult neurogenesis and dendritic spine turnover with corresponding impairments in hippocampus-dependent memory. Consistent with the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the hippocampus we observe with aging, we find that TIMP2 acts to reduce accumulation of ECM around synapses in the hippocampus. Moreover, its deletion results in hindrance of newborn neuron migration through a denser ECM network. A novel conditional TIMP2 knockout (KO) model reveals that neuronal TIMP2 regulates adult neurogenesis, accumulation of ECM, and ultimately hippocampus-dependent memory. Our results define a mechanism whereby hippocampus-dependent function is regulated by TIMP2 and its interactions with the ECM to regulate diverse processes associated with synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Ferreira
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brittany M Hemmer
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah M Philippi
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro B Grau-Perales
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob L Rosenstadt
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zhu
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatyana Kareva
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim Ahfeldt
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Castellano
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Xu Z, Foster JB, Lashley R, Wang X, Benson E, Kidd G, Lin CLG. Impact of a pyridazine derivative on tripartite synapse ultrastructure in hippocampus: a three-dimensional analysis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1229731. [PMID: 37671169 PMCID: PMC10476950 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1229731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously discovered a pyridazine derivative compound series that can improve cognitive functions in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. One of the advanced compounds from this series, LDN/OSU-0215111-M3, was selected as the preclinical development candidate. This compound activates local protein translation at the perisynaptic astrocytic process (PAP) and enhances synaptic plasticity sequentially. While biochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that the compound enhances the structural plasticity of the tripartite synapse, its direct structural impact has not been investigated. Methods Volume electron microscopy was used to study the hippocampal tripartite synapse three-dimensional structure in 3-month-old wild-type FVB/NJ mice after LDN/OSU-0215111-M3 treatment. Results LDN/OSU-0215111-M3 increased the size of tertiary apical dendrites, the volume of mushroom spines, the proportion of mushroom spines containing spine apparatus, and alterations in the spine distribution across the surface area of tertiary dendrites. Compound also increased the number of the PAP interacting with the mushroom spines as well as the size of the PAP in contact with the spines. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the isolated synaptic terminals indicated an increase in dendritic and synaptic proteins as well as suggested a possible involvement of the phospholipase D signaling pathway. To further validate that LDN/OSU-0215111-M3 altered synaptic function, electrophysiological studies showed increased long-term potentiation following compound treatment. Discussion This study provides direct evidence that pyridazine derivatives enhance the structural and functional plasticity of the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joshua B. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rashelle Lashley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Emily Benson
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Grahame Kidd
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chien-liang Glenn Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Maiellano G, Scandella L, Francolini M. Exploiting volume electron microscopy to investigate structural plasticity and stability of the postsynaptic compartment of central synapses. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1153593. [PMID: 37032841 PMCID: PMC10079905 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1153593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Volume reconstruction from electron microscopy datasets is a tool increasingly used to study the ultrastructure of the synapse in the broader context of neuronal network and brain organization. Fine modifications of synapse structure, such as activity-dependent dendritic spine enlargement and changes in the size and shape of the postsynaptic density, occur upon maturation and plasticity. The lack of structural plasticity or the inability to stabilize potentiated synapses are associated with synaptic and neuronal functional impairment. Mapping these rearrangements with the high resolution of electron microscopy proved to be essential in order to establish precise correlations between the geometry of synapses and their functional states. In this review we discuss recent discoveries on the substructure of the postsynaptic compartment of central excitatory synapses and how those are correlated with functional states of the neuronal network. The added value of volume electron microscopy analyses with respect to conventional transmission electron microscopy studies is highlighted considering that some limitations of volume-based methods imposed several adjustments to describe the geometry of this synaptic compartment and new parameters-that are good indicators of synapses strength and activity-have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Maiellano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERMU1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lucrezia Scandella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Frankfurt M, Nassrallah Z, Luine V. Steroid Hormone Interaction with Dendritic Spines: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:349-366. [PMID: 37962800 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines, key sites for neural plasticity, are influenced by gonadal steroids. In this chapter, we review the effects of gonadal steroids on dendritic spine density in areas important to cognitive function, the hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Most of these animal model studies investigated the effects of estrogen in females, but we also include more recent data on androgen effects in both males and females. The underlying genomic and non-genomic mechanisms related to gonadal steroid-induced spinogenesis are also reviewed. Subsequently, we discuss possible reasons for the observed sex differences in many neuropsychiatric diseases, which appear to be caused, in part, by aberrant synaptic connections that may involve dendritic spine pathology. Overall, knowledge concerning the regulation of dendritic spines by gonadal hormones has grown since the initial discoveries in the 1990s, and current research points to a potential role for aberrant spine functioning in many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Frankfurt
- Hofstra Northwell School of Nursing and Physician Assistant Studies, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Zeinab Nassrallah
- Department of Science Education Zucker School of Medicine, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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Al-Amin MM, Sullivan RKP, Alexander S, Carter DA, Bradford D, Burne THJ, Burne THJ. Impaired spatial memory in adult vitamin D deficient BALB/c mice is associated with reductions in spine density, nitric oxide, and neural nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:31-56. [PMID: 35434279 PMCID: PMC8941191 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in adults and is associated with cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism by which adult vitamin D (AVD) deficiency affects cognitive function remains unclear. We examined spatial memory impairment in AVD-deficient BALB/c mice and its underlying mechanism by measuring spine density, long term potentiation (LTP), nitric oxide (NO), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in the hippocampus. Adult male BALB/c mice were fed a control or vitamin D deficient diet for 20 weeks. Spatial memory performance was measured using an active place avoidance (APA) task, where AVD-deficient mice had reduced latency entering the shock zone compared to controls. We characterised hippocampal spine morphology in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) and made electrophysiological recordings in the hippocampus of behaviourally naïve mice to measure LTP. We next measured NO, as well as glutathione, lipid peroxidation and oxidation of protein products and quantified hippocampal immunoreactivity for nNOS and eNOS. Spine morphology analysis revealed a significant reduction in the number of mushroom spines in the CA1 dendrites but not in the DG. There was no effect of diet on LTP. However, hippocampal NO levels were depleted whereas other oxidation markers were unaltered by AVD deficiency. We also showed a reduced nNOS, but not eNOS, immunoreactivity. Finally, vitamin D supplementation for 10 weeks to AVD-deficient mice restored nNOS immunoreactivity to that seen in in control mice. Our results suggest that lower levels of NO and reduced nNOS immunostaining contribute to hippocampal-dependent spatial learning deficits in AVD-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mamun Al-Amin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Suzy Alexander
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol 4076, Australia
| | - David A. Carter
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - DanaKai Bradford
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia,Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Pullenvale 4069, Australia
| | - Thomas H. J. Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol 4076, Australia,* Correspondence: ; Tel: +61 733466371; Fax: +61 733466301
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Regan SL, Pitzer EM, Hufgard JR, Sugimoto C, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. A novel role for the ADHD risk gene latrophilin-3 in learning and memory in Lphn3 knockout rats. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105456. [PMID: 34352385 PMCID: PMC8440465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion G protein-coupled receptors with three isoforms but only LPHN3 is brain specific (caudate, prefrontal cortex, dentate, amygdala, and cerebellum). Variants of LPHN3 are associated with ADHD. Null mutations of Lphn3 in rat, mouse, zebrafish, and Drosophila result in hyperactivity, but its role in learning and memory (L&M) is largely unknown. Using our Lphn3 knockout (KO) rats we examined the cognitive abilities, long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1, NMDA receptor expression, and neurohistology from heterozygous breeding pairs. KO rats were impaired in egocentric L&M in the Cincinnati water maze, spatial L&M and cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze (MWM), with no effects on conditioned freezing, novel object recognition, or temporal order recognition. KO-associated locomotor hyperactivity had no effect on swim speed. KO rats had reduced early-LTP but not late-LTP and had reduced hippocampal NMDA-NR1 expression. In a second experiment, KO rats responded to a light prepulse prior to an acoustic startle pulse, reflecting visual signal detection. In a third experiment, KO rats given extra MWM pretraining and hidden platform overtraining showed no evidence of reaching WT rats' levels of learning. Nissl histology revealed no structural abnormalities in KO rats. LPHN3 has a selective effect on egocentric and allocentric L&M without effects on conditioned freezing or recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Emily M Pitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Basnayake K, Mazaud D, Kushnireva L, Bemelmans A, Rouach N, Korkotian E, Holcman D. Nanoscale molecular architecture controls calcium diffusion and ER replenishment in dendritic spines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1376. [PMID: 34524854 PMCID: PMC8443180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are critical components of neuronal synapses as they receive and transform synaptic inputs into a succession of calcium-regulated biochemical events. The spine apparatus (SA), an extension of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, regulates slow and fast calcium dynamics in spines. Calcium release events deplete SA calcium ion reservoir rapidly, yet the next cycle of signaling requires its replenishment. How spines achieve this replenishment without triggering calcium release remains unclear. Using computational modeling, calcium and STED superresolution imaging, we show that the SA replenishment involves the store-operated calcium entry pathway during spontaneous calcium transients. We identified two main conditions for SA replenishment without depletion: a small amplitude and a slow timescale for calcium influx, and a close proximity between SA and plasma membranes. Thereby, spine’s nanoscale organization separates SA replenishment from depletion. We further conclude that spine’s receptor organization also determines the calcium dynamics during the induction of long-term synaptic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka Basnayake
- Computational Biology and Applied Mathematics, Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Paris, France
| | - David Mazaud
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexis Bemelmans
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR9199, Université Paris-Sud, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Eduard Korkotian
- Faculty of Biology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Holcman
- Computational Biology and Applied Mathematics, Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Paris, France
- Churchill College and the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Śliwińska MA, Cały A, Borczyk M, Ziółkowska M, Skonieczna E, Chilimoniuk M, Bernaś T, Giese KP, Radwanska K. Long-term Memory Upscales Volume of Postsynaptic Densities in the Process that Requires Autophosphorylation of αCaMKII. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2573-2585. [PMID: 31800021 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that formation and storage of memory relies on alterations of the structure and function of brain circuits. However, the structural data, which show learning-induced and long-lasting remodeling of synapses, are still very sparse. Here, we reconstruct 1927 dendritic spines and their postsynaptic densities (PSDs), representing a postsynaptic part of the glutamatergic synapse, in the hippocampal area CA1 of the mice that underwent spatial training. We observe that in young adult (5 months), mice volume of PSDs, but not the volume of the spines, is increased 26 h after the training. The training-induced growth of PSDs is specific for the dendritic spines that lack smooth endoplasmic reticulum and spine apparatuses, and requires autophosphorylation of αCaMKII. Interestingly, aging alters training-induced ultrastructural remodeling of dendritic spines. In old mice, both the median volumes of dendritic spines and PSDs shift after training toward bigger values. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that formation of memory leaves long-lasting footprint on the ultrastructure of brain circuits; however, the form of circuit remodeling changes with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Alicja Śliwińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Cały
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ziółkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Edyta Skonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chilimoniuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Tytus Bernaś
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Department of Anatomy and Neurology, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - K Peter Giese
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kasia Radwanska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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13
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Systems modeling predicts that mitochondria ER contact sites regulate the postsynaptic energy landscape. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 34078916 PMCID: PMC8172538 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal compartmentation of calcium dynamics is critical for neuronal function, particularly in postsynaptic spines. This exquisite level of Ca2+ compartmentalization is achieved through the storage and release of Ca2+ from various intracellular organelles particularly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria. Mitochondria and ER are established storage organelles controlling Ca2+ dynamics in neurons. Mitochondria also generate a majority of energy used within postsynaptic spines to support the downstream events associated with neuronal stimulus. Recently, high resolution microscopy has unveiled direct contact sites between the ER and the mitochondria (MERCs), which directly channel Ca2+ release from the ER into the mitochondrial membrane. In this study, we develop a computational 3D reaction-diffusion model to investigate the role of MERCs in regulating Ca2+ and ATP dynamics. This spatiotemporal model accounts for Ca2+ oscillations initiated by glutamate stimulus of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors and Ca2+ changes in four different compartments: cytosol, ER, mitochondria, and the MERC microdomain. Our simulations predict that the organization of these organelles and inter-organellar contact sites play a key role in modulating Ca2+ and ATP dynamics. We further show that the crosstalk between geometry (mitochondria and MERC) and metabolic parameters (cytosolic ATP hydrolysis, ATP generation) influences the neuronal energy state. Our findings shed light on the importance of organelle interactions in predicting Ca2+ dynamics in synaptic signaling. Overall, our model predicts that a combination of MERC linkage and mitochondria size is necessary for optimal ATP production in the cytosol.
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14
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Urbano-Gámez JD, Casañas JJ, Benito I, Montesinos ML. Prenatal treatment with rapamycin restores enhanced hippocampal mGluR-LTD and mushroom spine size in a Down's syndrome mouse model. Mol Brain 2021; 14:84. [PMID: 34034796 PMCID: PMC8152312 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of intellectual disability including hippocampal-dependent memory deficits. We have previously reported hippocampal mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) hyperactivation, and related plasticity as well as memory deficits in Ts1Cje mice, a DS experimental model. Here we characterize the proteome of hippocampal synaptoneurosomes (SNs) from these mice, and found a predicted alteration of synaptic plasticity pathways, including long term depression (LTD). Accordingly, mGluR-LTD (metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-LTD) is enhanced in the hippocampus of Ts1Cje mice and this is correlated with an increased proportion of a particular category of mushroom spines in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Remarkably, prenatal treatment of these mice with rapamycin has a positive pharmacological effect on both phenotypes, supporting the therapeutic potential of rapamycin/rapalogs for DS intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús David Urbano-Gámez
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica Y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sánchez-Pizjuán 4, 41009, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan José Casañas
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica Y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sánchez-Pizjuán 4, 41009, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Itziar Benito
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica Y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sánchez-Pizjuán 4, 41009, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Servicio de Animalario, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (HUVM), 41009, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Luz Montesinos
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica Y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sánchez-Pizjuán 4, 41009, Sevilla, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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15
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Aboufares El Alaoui A, Jackson M, Fabri M, de Vivo L, Bellesi M. Characterization of Subcellular Organelles in Cortical Perisynaptic Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:573944. [PMID: 33633542 PMCID: PMC7901967 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAPs) carry out several different functions, from metabolite clearing to control of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. All these functions are likely orchestrated by complex cellular machinery that resides within the PAPs and relies on a fine interplay between multiple subcellular components. However, traditional transmission electron microscopy (EM) studies have found that PAPs are remarkably poor of intracellular organelles, failing to explain how such a variety of PAP functions are achieved in the absence of a proportional complex network of intracellular structures. Here, we use serial block-face scanning EM to reconstruct and describe in three dimensions PAPs and their intracellular organelles in two different mouse cortical regions. We described five distinct organelles, which included empty and full endosomes, phagosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, distributed within three PAPs categories (branches, branchlets, and leaflets). The majority of PAPs belonged to the leaflets category (~60%), with branchlets representing a minority (~37%). Branches were rarely in contact with synapses (<3%). Branches had a higher density of mitochondria and ER cisternae than branchlets and leaflets. Also, branches and branchlets displayed organelles more frequently than leaflets. Endosomes and phagosomes, which accounted for more than 60% of all the organelles detected, were often associated with the same PAP. Likewise, mitochondria and ER cisternae, representing ~40% of all organelles were usually associated. No differences were noted between the organelle distribution of the somatosensory and the anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, the organelle distribution in PAPs did not largely depend on the presence of a spine apparatus or a pre-synaptic mitochondrion in the synapse that PAPs were enwrapping, with some exceptions regarding the presence of phagosomes and ER cisternae, which were slightly more represented around synapses lacking a spine apparatus and a presynaptic mitochondrion, respectively. Thus, PAPs contain several subcellular organelles that could underlie the diverse astrocytic functions carried out at central synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aboufares El Alaoui
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Jackson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luisa de Vivo
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Bellesi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Joyce MKP, García-Cabezas MÁ, John YJ, Barbas H. Serial Prefrontal Pathways Are Positioned to Balance Cognition and Emotion in Primates. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8306-8328. [PMID: 32989097 PMCID: PMC7577604 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0860-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate balance among primate prefrontal networks is necessary for homeostasis and behavioral flexibility. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is associated with cognition, while the most ventromedial subgenual cingulate area 25 (A25) is associated with emotion and emotional expression. Yet A25 is weakly connected with dlPFC, and it is unknown how the two regions communicate. In rhesus monkeys of both sexes, we investigated how these functionally distinct areas may interact through pregenual anterior cingulate area 32 (A32), which is strongly connected with both. We found that dlPFC innervated the deep layers of A32, while A32 innervated all layers of A25, mostly targeting spines of excitatory neurons. Approximately 20% of A32 terminations formed synapses on inhibitory neurons in A25, notably the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in the deep layers, and the disinhibitory calretinin neurons in the superficial layers. By innervating distinct inhibitory microenvironments in laminar compartments, A32 is positioned to tune activity in columns of A25. The circuitry of the sequential pathway indicates that when dlPFC is engaged, A32 can dampen A25 output through the parvalbumin inhibitory microsystem in the deep layers of A25. A32 thus may flexibly recruit or reduce activity in A25 to maintain emotional equilibrium, a process that is disrupted in depression. Moreover, pyramidal neurons in A25 had a heightened density of NMDARs, which are the targets of novel rapid-acting antidepressants. Pharmacologic antagonism of NMDARs in patients with depression may reduce excitability in A25, mimicking the effects of the neurotypical serial pathway identified here.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The anterior cingulate is a critical hub in prefrontal networks through connections with functionally distinct areas. Dorsolateral and polar prefrontal areas that are associated with complex cognition are connected with the anterior cingulate in a pattern that allows them to indirectly control downstream activity from the anterior cingulate to the subgenual cingulate, which is associated with heightened activity and negative affect in depression. This set of pathways provides a circuit mechanism for emotional regulation, with the anterior cingulate playing a balancing role for integration of cognitive and emotional processes. Disruption of these pathways may perturb network function and the ability to regulate cognitive and affective processes based on context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate P Joyce
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Miguel Ángel García-Cabezas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 28029
| | - Yohan J John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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17
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Brandt N, Fester L, Rune GM. Neural sex steroids and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 114:125-143. [PMID: 32723541 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It was a widely held belief that sex steroids, namely testosterone and 17β-estradiol (E2) of gonadal origin, control synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. A new paradigm emerged when it was shown that these sex steroids are synthesized in the hippocampus. The inhibition of sex steroids in the hippocampus impairs synaptic plasticity sex-dependently in this region of the brain. In gonadectomized animals and in hippocampal cultures, inhibition of estradiol synthesis in female animals and in cultures from female animals, and inhibition of dihydrotestosterone synthesis in male animals and in cultures of male animals, cause synapse loss and impair LTP in the hippocampus, but not vice versa. Since the hippocampal cultures originated from perinatal animals, and due to the similarity of in vivo and in vitro findings, it appears that hippocampal neurons are differentiated in a sex-specific manner during the perinatal period when sexual imprinting takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brandt
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L Fester
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G M Rune
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
This review highlights fifty years of progress in research on estradiol's role in regulating behavior(s). It was initially thought that estradiol was only involved in regulating estrus/menstrual cycles and concomitant sexual behavior, but it is now clear that estradiol also influences the higher order neural function of cognition. We provide a brief overview of estradiol's regulation of memory and some mechanisms which underlie its effects. Given systemically or directly into the hippocampus, to ovariectomized female rodents, estradiol or specific agonists, enhance learning and/or memory in a variety of rodent cognitive tasks. Acute (within minutes) or chronic (days) treatments enhance cognitive functions. Under the same treatment conditions, dendritic spine density on pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex increase which suggests that these changes are an important component of estrogen's ability to impact memory processes. Noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic activity are also altered in these areas following estrogen treatments. Memory enhancements and increased spine density by estrogens are not limited to females but are also present in castrate males. In the next fifty years, neuroscientists need to determine how currently described neural changes mediate improved memory, how interactions among areas important for memory promote memory and the potential significance of neurally derived estrogens in normal cognitive processing. Answering these questions may provide significant advances for treatment of dementias as well as age and neuro-degenerative disease related memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Maya Frankfurt
- Department of Science Education, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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19
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Roles for the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Regulation of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101232. [PMID: 31658749 PMCID: PMC6829861 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By influencing Ca2+ homeostasis in spatially and architecturally distinct neuronal compartments, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) illustrates the notion that form and function are intimately related. The contribution of ER to neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis is attributed to the organelle being the largest reservoir of intracellular Ca2+ and having a high density of Ca2+ channels and transporters. As such, ER Ca2+ has incontrovertible roles in the regulation of axodendritic growth and morphology, synaptic vesicle release, and neural activity dependent gene expression, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Not surprisingly, many neurological diseases arise from ER Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, either directly due to alterations in ER resident proteins, or indirectly via processes that are coupled to the regulators of ER Ca2+ dynamics. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in the establishment of ER Ca2+ homeostasis in neurons. We elaborate upon how changes in the spatiotemporal dynamics of Ca2+ exchange between the ER and other organelles sculpt neuronal function and provide examples that demonstrate the involvement of ER Ca2+ dyshomeostasis in a range of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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20
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Brandt N, Rune GM. Sex-dependency of oestrogen-induced structural synaptic plasticity: Inhibition of aromatase versus application of estradiol in rodents. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 52:2548-2559. [PMID: 31403726 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex-dependent differences in learning and memory formation in humans have been frequently shown. The mechanisms underlying the formation and retention of memories are assumed to involve synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Estradiol was shown to effect synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of rodents. The effects after exogenous application of estradiol to animals frequently produce inconsistent results, in particular, if sex is not considered in the studies. Recently we provided evidence that locally synthesized estradiol plays an essential role on synaptic connectivity in the hippocampus of females but not of male mice. In females, inhibition of local estradiol synthesis leads to synapse loss, which results from impairment of long-term potentiation and dephosphorylation of cofilin, and thereby the destabilization of postsynaptic dendritic spines. This sex-dependency was also seen in the classical aromatase knock-out mouse. Intriguingly, no differences between sexes have been found in a conditional forebrain-specific aromatase knock-out mouse. Altogether, the findings underscore the necessity of including 'Sex as a Biological Variable' in studies of sex steroid-induced synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brandt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Cugno A, Bartol TM, Sejnowski TJ, Iyengar R, Rangamani P. Geometric principles of second messenger dynamics in dendritic spines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11676. [PMID: 31406140 PMCID: PMC6691135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along dendrites in neurons and play a critical role in synaptic transmission. Dendritic spines come in a variety of shapes that depend on their developmental state. Additionally, roughly 14-19% of mature spines have a specialized endoplasmic reticulum called the spine apparatus. How does the shape of a postsynaptic spine and its internal organization affect the spatio-temporal dynamics of short timescale signaling? Answers to this question are central to our understanding the initiation of synaptic transmission, learning, and memory formation. In this work, we investigated the effect of spine and spine apparatus size and shape on the spatio-temporal dynamics of second messengers using mathematical modeling using reaction-diffusion equations in idealized geometries (ellipsoids, spheres, and mushroom-shaped). Our analyses and simulations showed that in the short timescale, spine size and shape coupled with the spine apparatus geometries govern the spatiotemporal dynamics of second messengers. We show that the curvature of the geometries gives rise to pseudo-harmonic functions, which predict the locations of maximum and minimum concentrations along the spine head. Furthermore, we showed that the lifetime of the concentration gradient can be fine-tuned by localization of fluxes on the spine head and varying the relative curvatures and distances between the spine apparatus and the spine head. Thus, we have identified several key geometric determinants of how the spine head and spine apparatus may regulate the short timescale chemical dynamics of small molecules that control synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cugno
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0411, CA, United States
| | - Thomas M Bartol
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Systems Biology Center New York, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0411, CA, United States.
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22
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Bell M, Bartol T, Sejnowski T, Rangamani P. Dendritic spine geometry and spine apparatus organization govern the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:1017-1034. [PMID: 31324651 PMCID: PMC6683673 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small subcompartments that protrude from the dendrites of neurons and are important for signaling activity and synaptic communication. These subcompartments have been characterized to have different shapes. While it is known that these shapes are associated with spine function, the specific nature of these shape-function relationships is not well understood. In this work, we systematically investigated the relationship between the shape and size of both the spine head and spine apparatus, a specialized endoplasmic reticulum compartment within the spine head, in modulating rapid calcium dynamics using mathematical modeling. We developed a spatial multicompartment reaction-diffusion model of calcium dynamics in three dimensions with various flux sources, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs), and different ion pumps on the plasma membrane. Using this model, we make several important predictions. First, the volume to surface area ratio of the spine regulates calcium dynamics. Second, membrane fluxes impact calcium dynamics temporally and spatially in a nonlinear fashion. Finally, the spine apparatus can act as a physical buffer for calcium by acting as a sink and rescaling the calcium concentration. These predictions set the stage for future experimental investigations of calcium dynamics in dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tom Bartol
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Terrence Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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23
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Short B. How dendritic spines shape calcium dynamics. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:970. [PMID: 31324650 PMCID: PMC6683671 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
JGP study develops mathematical model that describes how calcium signaling could be influenced by spine geometry and ultrastructure.
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24
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Chidambaram SB, Rathipriya AG, Bolla SR, Bhat A, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Manivasagam T, Thenmozhi AJ, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Chandra R, Sakharkar MK. Dendritic spines: Revisiting the physiological role. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:161-193. [PMID: 30654089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that dendritic spines are complex structures consisting of a dense network of cytoskeletal, transmembrane and scaffolding molecules, and numerous surface receptors. Molecular signaling pathways, mainly Rho and Ras family small GTPases pathways that converge on actin cytoskeleton, regulate the spine morphology and dynamics bi-directionally during synaptic activity. During synaptic plasticity the number and shapes of dendritic spines undergo radical reorganizations. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction promote spine head enlargement and the formation and stabilization of new spines. Long-term depression (LTD) results in their shrinkage and retraction. Reports indicate increased spine density in the pyramidal neurons of autism and Fragile X syndrome patients and reduced density in the temporal gyrus loci of schizophrenic patients. Post-mortem reports of Alzheimer's brains showed reduced spine number in the hippocampus and cortex. This review highlights the spine morphogenesis process, the activity-dependent structural plasticity and mechanisms by which synaptic activity sculpts the dendritic spines, the structural and functional changes in spines during learning and memory using LTP and LTD processes. It also discusses on spine status in neurodegenerative diseases and the impact of nootropics and neuroprotective agents on the functional restoration of dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India.
| | - A G Rathipriya
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Bolla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Damam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Arehally Marappa Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka 570015, India
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arokiasamy Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Deb Bailey MND Research Laboratory, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Ambedkar Centre for BioMedical Research, Delhi University, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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25
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Ji J, Moquin A, Bertorelle F, KY Chang P, Antoine R, Luo J, McKinney RA, Maysinger D. Organotypic and primary neural cultures as models to assess effects of different gold nanostructures on glia and neurons. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:285-304. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1543468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ji
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philip KY Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R. Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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26
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Polis B, Srikanth KD, Elliott E, Gil-Henn H, Samson AO. L-Norvaline Reverses Cognitive Decline and Synaptic Loss in a Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:1036-1054. [PMID: 30288668 PMCID: PMC6277292 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The urea cycle is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Arginase-I (ARGI) accumulation at sites of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition is associated with L-arginine deprivation and neurodegeneration. An interaction between the arginase II (ARGII) and mTOR-ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1) pathways promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we treated triple-transgenic (3×Tg) mice exhibiting increased S6K1 activity and wild-type (WT) mice with L-norvaline, which inhibits both arginase and S6K1. The acquisition of spatial memory was significantly improved in the treated 3×Tg mice, and the improvement was associated with a substantial reduction in microgliosis. In these mice, increases in the density of dendritic spines and expression levels of neuroplasticity-related proteins were followed by a decline in the levels of Aβ toxic oligomeric and fibrillar species in the hippocampus. The findings point to an association of local Aβ-driven and immune-mediated responses with altered L-arginine metabolism, and they suggest that arginase and S6K1 inhibition by L-norvaline may delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel.
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel.
| | - Kolluru D Srikanth
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8th Henrietta Szold Street, P.O. Box 1589, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Evan Elliott
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8th Henrietta Szold Street, P.O. Box 1589, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
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27
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Luine V, Serrano P, Frankfurt M. Rapid effects on memory consolidation and spine morphology by estradiol in female and male rodents. Horm Behav 2018; 104:111-118. [PMID: 29669258 PMCID: PMC6274598 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. Rapid, neurosteroid-like effects of estrogens on memory consolidation during recognition memory tasks in both male and female rodents are described. We discuss how these mnemonic changes are related to rapid estrogenic effects on dendritic spine density, the distribution of spine types and the expression of PSD95 and GluA2 within spines in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, two areas critical for learning and memory. Overall, these data lead to the conclusion that estrogens are capable of exerting rapid and potent influences on memory and spine morphology in both sexes. The demonstration of estrogenic effects in males, which are used in the majority of memory studies, may provide a model for better understanding how hormone dependent changes in signaling pathways mediating memory and spinogenesis are coordinated to promote memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maya Frankfurt
- Department of Science Education, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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28
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Ramos-Fernández E, Tapia-Rojas C, Ramírez VT, Inestrosa NC. Wnt-7a Stimulates Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis and PSD-95 Expression Through Canonical Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1870-1882. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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The remembrance of the things past: Conserved signalling pathways link protozoa to mammalian nervous system. Cell Calcium 2018; 73:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Zhu B, Zhao L, Luo D, Xu D, Tan T, Dong Z, Tang Y, Min Z, Deng X, Sun F, Yan Z, Chen G. Furin promotes dendritic morphogenesis and learning and memory in transgenic mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2473-2488. [PMID: 29302702 PMCID: PMC11105492 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Furin is a proprotein convertase implicated in a variety of pathological processes including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of furin in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that in brain-specific furin transgenic (Furin-Tg) mice, the dendritic spine density and proliferation of neural progenitor cells were significantly increased. These mice exhibited enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory performance, without alterations of miniature excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In the cortex and hippocampus of Furin-Tg mice, the ratio of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) to pro-BDNF, and the activities of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were significantly elevated. We also found that hippocampal knockdown of CREB diminished the facilitation of LTP and cognitive function in Furin-Tg mice. Together, our results demonstrate that furin enhances dendritic morphogenesis and learning and memory in transgenic mice, which may be associated with BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lige Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Demei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Lu, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Lu, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhuo Min
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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31
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Modulation of Kalirin-7 expression by hippocampal CA1 5-HT 1B receptors in spatial memory consolidation. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:148-155. [PMID: 29949735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are distributed in hippocampal CA1 and play a pivotal role in cognitive function. Activation of 5-HT1BRs regulates synaptic plasticity at the excitatory synapses in the hippocampus. However, the role and its underlying mechanism of 5-HT1BR activation-mediated glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in spatial memory are not fully understood. In this study, spatial memory of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was assessed in a Morris water maze after bilateral dorsal hippocampal CA1 infusion of the 5-HT1BR antagonist GR55562 (25 μg/μL) or agonist CP93129 (25 μg/μL). GR55562 did not affect the spatial memory acquisition but significantly increased the target quadrant preference during the memory consolidation probe performed 14 d after the training session, while CP93129 impaired the memory consolidation process. Moreover, GR55562 significantly increased, while CP93129 significantly decreased, the density of dendritic spines on the distal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, western blot experiments indicated that GR55562 significantly increased, but CP93129 significantly reduced, the expression of Kalirin-7 (Kal-7), PSD95, and GluA2/3 subunits of AMPA receptors. Our results suggest that Kal-7 and Kal-7-mediatedalteration of AMPA receptor subtype expression may play crucial roles in the impact of hippocampal CA1 5-HT1BR activation on spatial memory consolidation.
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32
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Frick KM, Tuscher JJ, Koss WA, Kim J, Taxier LR. Estrogenic regulation of memory consolidation: A look beyond the hippocampus, ovaries, and females. Physiol Behav 2018; 187:57-66. [PMID: 28755863 PMCID: PMC5787049 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The potent estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) has long been known to regulate the hippocampus and hippocampal-dependent memories in females, and research from the past decade has begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms through which E2 mediates memory formation in females. Although E2 can also regulate hippocampal function in males, relatively little is known about how E2 influences memory formation in males, or whether sex differences in underlying mechanisms exist. This review, based on a talk given in April 2017 at the American University symposium entitled, "Sex Differences: From Neuroscience to the Clinic and Beyond", first provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms in the dorsal hippocampus through which E2 enhances memory consolidation in ovariectomized female mice. Next, newer research is described demonstrating key roles for the prefrontal cortex and de novo hippocampal E2 synthesis to the memory-enhancing effects of E2 in females. The review then discusses the effects of de novo and exogenous E2 on hippocampal memory consolidation in both sexes, and putative sex differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms through which E2 enhances memory formation. The review concludes by discussing the importance and implications of sex differences in the molecular mechanisms underlying E2-induced memory consolidation for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Jennifer J Tuscher
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Wendy A Koss
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Jaekyoon Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Lisa R Taxier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
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33
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Adhya D, Annuario E, Lancaster MA, Price J, Baron‐Cohen S, Srivastava DP. Understanding the role of steroids in typical and atypical brain development: Advantages of using a "brain in a dish" approach. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12547. [PMID: 29024164 PMCID: PMC5838783 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have an important role in growth, development, sexual differentiation and reproduction. All four classes of steroids, androgens, oestrogens, progestogens and glucocorticoids, have varying effects on the brain. Androgens and oestrogens are involved in the sexual differentiation of the brain, and also influence cognition. Progestogens such as progesterone and its metabolites have been shown to be involved in neuroprotection, although their protective effects are timing-dependent. Glucocorticoids are linked with stress and memory performance, also in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Importantly, dysfunction in steroid function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disease. Moreover, regulating steroid-signalling has been suggested as potential therapeutic avenue for the treatment of a number of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, clarifying the role of steroids in typical and atypical brain function is essential for understanding typical brain functions, as well as determining their potential use for pharmacological intervention in the atypical brain. However, the majority of studies have thus far have been conducted using animal models, with limited work using native human tissue or cells. Here, we review the effect of steroids in the typical and atypical brain, focusing on the cellular, molecular functions of these molecules determined from animal models, and the therapeutic potential as highlighted by human studies. We further discuss the promise of human-induced pluripotent stem cells, including advantages of using three-dimensional neuronal cultures (organoids) in high-throughput screens, in accelerating our understanding of the role of steroids in the typical brain, and also with respect to their therapeutic value in the understanding and treatment of the atypical brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Adhya
- Department of PsychiatryAutism Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience InstituteInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - E. Annuario
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience InstituteInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - J. Price
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience InstituteInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersKing's College LondonLondonUK
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsUK
| | - S. Baron‐Cohen
- Department of PsychiatryAutism Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - D. P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience InstituteInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersKing's College LondonLondonUK
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34
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McCarthny CR, Du X, Wu YC, Hill RA. Investigating the Interactive Effects of Sex Steroid Hormones and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor during Adolescence on Hippocampal NMDA Receptor Expression. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:7231915. [PMID: 29666640 PMCID: PMC5831834 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7231915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones have neuroprotective properties which may be mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This study sought to determine the interactive effects of preadolescent hormone manipulation and BDNF heterozygosity (+/-) on hippocampal NMDA-R expression. Wild-type and BDNF+/- mice were gonadectomised, and females received either 17β-estradiol or progesterone treatment, while males received either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment. Dorsal (DHP) and ventral hippocampus (VHP) were dissected, and protein expression of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, and PSD-95 was assessed by Western blot analysis. Significant genotype × OVX interactions were found for GluN1 and GluN2 expression within the DHP of female mice, suggesting modulation of select NMDA-R levels by female sex hormones is mediated by BDNF. Furthermore, within the DHP BDNF+/- mice show a hypersensitive response to hormone treatment on GluN2 expression which may result from upstream alterations in TrkB phosphorylation. In contrast to the DHP, the VHP showed no effects of hormone manipulation but significant effects of genotype on NMDA-R expression. Castration had no effect on NMDA-R expression; however, androgen treatment had selective effects on GluN2B. These data show case distinct, interactive roles for sex steroid hormones and BDNF in the regulation of NMDA-R expression that are dependent on dorsal versus ventral hippocampal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cushla R. McCarthny
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - YeeWen Candace Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel A. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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35
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Elramah S, López-González MJ, Bastide M, Dixmérias F, Roca-Lapirot O, Wielanek-Bachelet AC, Vital A, Leste-Lasserre T, Brochard A, Landry M, Favereaux A. Spinal miRNA-124 regulates synaptopodin and nociception in an animal model of bone cancer pain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10949. [PMID: 28887457 PMCID: PMC5591226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong breakthrough pain is one of the most disabling symptoms of cancer since it affects up to 90% of cancer patients and is often refractory to treatments. Alteration in gene expression is a known mechanism of cancer pain in which microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding regulatory RNAs, play a crucial role. Here, in a mouse model of cancer pain, we show that miR-124 is down-regulated in the spinal cord, the first relay of the pain signal to the brain. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrate that miR-124 is an endogenous and specific inhibitor of synaptopodin (Synpo), a key protein for synaptic transmission. In addition, we demonstrate that Synpo is a key component of the nociceptive pathways. Interestingly, miR-124 was down-regulated in the spinal cord in cancer pain conditions, leading to an up-regulation of Synpo. Furthermore, intrathecal injections of miR-124 mimics in cancerous mice normalized Synpo expression and completely alleviated cancer pain in the early phase of the cancer. Finally, miR-124 was also down-regulated in the cerebrospinal fluid of cancer patients who developed pain, suggesting that miR-124 could be an efficient analgesic drug to treat cancer pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Elramah
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS UMR 5297 « Central mechanisms of pain sensitization », Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neuroscience, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | - María José López-González
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS UMR 5297 « Central mechanisms of pain sensitization », Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neuroscience, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | - Matthieu Bastide
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS UMR 5297 « Central mechanisms of pain sensitization », Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neuroscience, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | | | - Olivier Roca-Lapirot
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS UMR 5297 « Central mechanisms of pain sensitization », Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neuroscience, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | | | - Anne Vital
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- INSERM U862 « Physiopathologie de l'addiction », Institut François Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | - Alexandre Brochard
- INSERM U862 « Physiopathologie de l'addiction », Institut François Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | - Marc Landry
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS UMR 5297 « Central mechanisms of pain sensitization », Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neuroscience, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France
| | - Alexandre Favereaux
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France. .,CNRS UMR 5297 « Central mechanisms of pain sensitization », Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neuroscience, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33077, France.
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36
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Cho C, MacDonald R, Shang J, Cho MJ, Chalifour LE, Paudel HK. Early growth response-1-mediated down-regulation of drebrin correlates with loss of dendritic spines. J Neurochem 2017; 142:56-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chulmin Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Jewish General Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Ryen MacDonald
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Jewish General Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jijun Shang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Jewish General Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Moon Jeong Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Jewish General Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Lorraine E. Chalifour
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Jewish General Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Hemant K. Paudel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Jewish General Hospital; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
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Accumulation of Polyribosomes in Dendritic Spine Heads, But Not Bases and Necks, during Memory Consolidation Depends on Cap-Dependent Translation Initiation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1862-1872. [PMID: 28087764 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3301-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation in dendrites is believed to support synaptic changes during memory consolidation. Although translational control mechanisms are fundamental mediators of memory, little is known about their role in local translation. We previously found that polyribosomes accumulate in dendritic spines of the adult rat lateral amygdala (LA) during consolidation of aversive pavlovian conditioning and that this memory requires cap-dependent initiation, a primary point of translational control in eukaryotic cells. Here we used serial electron microscopy reconstructions to quantify polyribosomes in LA dendrites when consolidation was blocked by the cap-dependent initiation inhibitor 4EGI-1. We found that 4EGI-1 depleted polyribosomes in dendritic shafts and selectively prevented their upregulation in spine heads, but not bases and necks, during consolidation. Cap-independent upregulation was specific to spines with small, astrocyte-associated synapses. Our results reveal that cap-dependent initiation is involved in local translation during learning and that local translational control varies with synapse type.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Translation initiation is a central regulator of long-term memory formation. Local translation in dendrites supports memory by providing necessary proteins at synaptic sites, but it is unknown whether this requires initiation or bypasses it. We used serial electron microscopy reconstructions to examine polyribosomes in dendrites when memory formation was blocked by an inhibitor of translation initiation. This revealed two major pools of polyribosomes that were upregulated during memory formation: one pool in dendritic spine heads that was initiation dependent and another pool in the bases and necks of small spines that was initiation independent. Thus, translation regulation differs between spine types and locations, and translation that occurs closest to individual synapses during memory formation is initiation dependent.
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Petralia RS, Wang YX, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. The Diversity of Spine Synapses in Animals. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:497-539. [PMID: 27230661 PMCID: PMC5158183 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we examine the structure of the various types of spine synapses throughout the animal kingdom. Based on available evidence, we suggest that there are two major categories of spine synapses: invaginating and non-invaginating, with distributions that vary among different groups of animals. In the simplest living animals with definitive nerve cells and synapses, the cnidarians and ctenophores, most chemical synapses do not form spine synapses. But some cnidarians have invaginating spine synapses, especially in photoreceptor terminals of motile cnidarians with highly complex visual organs, and also in some mainly sessile cnidarians with rapid prey capture reflexes. This association of invaginating spine synapses with complex sensory inputs is retained in the evolution of higher animals in photoreceptor terminals and some mechanoreceptor synapses. In contrast to invaginating spine synapse, non-invaginating spine synapses have been described only in animals with bilateral symmetry, heads and brains, associated with greater complexity in neural connections. This is apparent already in the simplest bilaterians, the flatworms, which can have well-developed non-invaginating spine synapses in some cases. Non-invaginating spine synapses diversify in higher animal groups. We also discuss the functional advantages of having synapses on spines and more specifically, on invaginating spines. And finally we discuss pathologies associated with spine synapses, concentrating on those systems and diseases where invaginating spine synapses are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA.
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Neuronal prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 deficiency improves cognitive abilities in a murine model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:93-106. [PMID: 27720797 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Episodes of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia increase the risk of dementia, which is associated with impaired learning and memory. Previous studies in rodent models of dementia indicated a favorable effect of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targets VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and erythropoietin (Epo). In the present study we thus investigated whether activation of the entire adaptive HIF pathway in neurons by cell-specific deletion of the HIF suppressor prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) improves cognitive abilities in young (3months) and old (18-28months) mice suffering from chronic brain hypoperfusion. Mice underwent permanent occlusion of the left common carotid artery, and cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water navigation task. Under conditions of both normal and decreased brain perfusion, neuronal PHD2 deficiency resulted in improved and faster spatial learning in young mice, which was preserved to some extent also in old animals. The loss of PHD2 in neurons resulted in enhanced hippocampal mRNA and protein levels of Epo and VEGF, but did not alter local microvascular density, dendritic spine morphology, or expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus. Instead, better cognitive function in PHD2 deficient animals was accompanied by an increased number of neuronal precursor cells along the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Overall, our current pre-clinical findings indicate an important role for the endogenous oxygen sensing machinery, encompassing PHDs, HIFs and HIF target genes, for proper cognitive function. Thus, pharmacological compounds affecting the PHD-HIF axis might well be suited to treat cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative processes.
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Beckhauser TF, Francis-Oliveira J, De Pasquale R. Reactive Oxygen Species: Physiological and Physiopathological Effects on Synaptic Plasticity. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:23-48. [PMID: 27625575 PMCID: PMC5012454 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s39887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is counterbalanced by antioxidant defenses. When large amounts of ROS accumulate, antioxidant mechanisms become overwhelmed and oxidative cellular stress may occur. Therefore, ROS are typically characterized as toxic molecules, oxidizing membrane lipids, changing the conformation of proteins, damaging nucleic acids, and causing deficits in synaptic plasticity. High ROS concentrations are associated with a decline in cognitive functions, as observed in some neurodegenerative disorders and age-dependent decay of neuroplasticity. Nevertheless, controlled ROS production provides the optimal redox state for the activation of transductional pathways involved in synaptic changes. Since ROS may regulate neuronal activity and elicit negative effects at the same time, the distinction between beneficial and deleterious consequences is unclear. In this regard, this review assesses current research and describes the main sources of ROS in neurons, specifying their involvement in synaptic plasticity and distinguishing between physiological and pathological processes implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Fernando Beckhauser
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Francis-Oliveira
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang D, Wang X, Lu XY. Adiponectin Exerts Neurotrophic Effects on Dendritic Arborization, Spinogenesis, and Neurogenesis of the Dentate Gyrus of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2853-69. [PMID: 27187175 PMCID: PMC4929553 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus, a brain region critical for learning, memory and emotional processing, maintains its capacity to undergo structural plasticity throughout life. Hippocampal structural plasticity can be modulated by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study investigated the effects of adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, on dendritic growth, arborization, and spinogenesis in mature granule neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus generated during embryonic (early-born) or early postnatal (late-born) stages. We found that adiponectin deficiency reduced dendritic length, branching and spine density of granule neurons. The reduction was more evident in early-born granule neurons than in late-born granule neurons. Intracerebroventricular infusion of adiponectin for 1 week increased of dendritic spines and arbor complexity in late-born granule neurons. Moreover, adiponectin deficiency decreased the production of adult-born new granule neurons through suppressing neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas intracerebroventricular adiponectin infusion increased the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in adult dentate gyrus. These results suggest that adiponectin plays an important role in dendritic spine remodeling and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Bosch C, Muhaisen A, Pujadas L, Soriano E, Martínez A. Reelin Exerts Structural, Biochemical and Transcriptional Regulation Over Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Elements in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:138. [PMID: 27303269 PMCID: PMC4884741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin regulates neuronal positioning and synaptogenesis in the developing brain, and adult brain plasticity. Here we used transgenic mice overexpressing Reelin (Reelin-OE mice) to perform a comprehensive dissection of the effects of this protein on the structural and biochemical features of dendritic spines and axon terminals in the adult hippocampus. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed both higher density of synapses and structural complexity of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in transgenic mice than in WT mice. Dendritic spines had larger spine apparatuses, which correlated with a redistribution of Synaptopodin. Most of the changes observed in Reelin-OE mice were reversible after blockade of transgene expression, thus supporting the specificity of the observed phenotypes. Western blot and transcriptional analyses did not show major changes in the expression of pre- or postsynaptic proteins, including SNARE proteins, glutamate receptors, and scaffolding and signaling proteins. However, EM immunogold assays revealed that the NMDA receptor subunits NR2a and NR2b, and p-Cofilin showed a redistribution from synaptic to extrasynaptic pools. Taken together with previous studies, the present results suggest that Reelin regulates the structural and biochemical properties of adult hippocampal synapses by increasing their density and morphological complexity and by modifying the distribution and trafficking of major glutamatergic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Bosch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Ashraf Muhaisen
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats AcademiaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Verbich D, Becker D, Vlachos A, Mundel P, Deller T, McKinney RA. Rewiring neuronal microcircuits of the brain via spine head protrusions--a role for synaptopodin and intracellular calcium stores. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:38. [PMID: 27102112 PMCID: PMC4840984 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases associated with neuronal death are also accompanied by axonal denervation of connected brain regions. In these areas, denervation leads to a decrease in afferent drive, which may in turn trigger active central nervous system (CNS) circuitry rearrangement. This rewiring process is important therapeutically, since it can partially recover functions and can be further enhanced using modern rehabilitation strategies. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms of brain rewiring are not fully understood. We recently reported a mechanism by which neurons remodel their local connectivity under conditions of network-perturbance: hippocampal pyramidal cells can extend spine head protrusions (SHPs), which reach out toward neighboring terminals and form new synapses. Since this form of activity-dependent rewiring is observed only on some spines, we investigated the required conditions. We speculated, that the actin-associated protein synaptopodin, which is involved in several synaptic plasticity mechanisms, could play a role in the formation and/or stabilization of SHPs. Using hippocampal slice cultures, we found that ~70 % of spines with protrusions in CA1 pyramidal neurons contained synaptopodin. Analysis of synaptopodin-deficient neurons revealed that synaptopodin is required for the stability but not the formation of SHPs. The effects of synaptopodin could be linked to its role in Ca2+ homeostasis, since spines with protrusions often contained ryanodine receptors and synaptopodin. Furthermore, disrupting Ca2+ signaling shortened protrusion lifetime. By transgenically reintroducing synaptopodin on a synaptopodin-deficient background, SHP stability could be rescued. Overall, we show that synaptopodin increases the stability of SHPs, and could potentially modulate the rewiring of microcircuitries by making synaptic reorganization more efficient.
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Mohapatra N, Tønnesen J, Vlachos A, Kuner T, Deller T, Nägerl UV, Santamaria F, Jedlicka P. Spines slow down dendritic chloride diffusion and affect short-term ionic plasticity of GABAergic inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23196. [PMID: 26987404 PMCID: PMC4796789 DOI: 10.1038/srep23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cl− plays a crucial role in neuronal function and synaptic inhibition. However, the impact of neuronal morphology on the diffusion and redistribution of intracellular Cl− is not well understood. The role of spines in Cl− diffusion along dendritic trees has not been addressed so far. Because measuring fast and spatially restricted Cl− changes within dendrites is not yet technically possible, we used computational approaches to predict the effects of spines on Cl− dynamics in morphologically complex dendrites. In all morphologies tested, including dendrites imaged by super-resolution STED microscopy in live brain tissue, spines slowed down longitudinal Cl− diffusion along dendrites. This effect was robust and could be observed in both deterministic as well as stochastic simulations. Cl− extrusion altered Cl− diffusion to a much lesser extent than the presence of spines. The spine-dependent slowing of Cl− diffusion affected the amount and spatial spread of changes in the GABA reversal potential thereby altering homosynaptic as well as heterosynaptic short-term ionic plasticity at GABAergic synapses in dendrites. Altogether, our results suggest a fundamental role of dendritic spines in shaping Cl− diffusion, which could be of relevance in the context of pathological conditions where spine densities and neural excitability are perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Mohapatra
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jan Tønnesen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - U Valentin Nägerl
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Fidel Santamaria
- Biology Department and Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Effect of Associative Learning on Memory Spine Formation in Mouse Barrel Cortex. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9828517. [PMID: 26819780 PMCID: PMC4706958 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9828517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative fear learning, in which stimulation of whiskers is paired with mild electric shock to the tail, modifies the barrel cortex, the functional representation of sensory receptors involved in the conditioning, by inducing formation of new inhibitory synapses on single-synapse spines of the cognate barrel hollows and thus producing double-synapse spines. In the barrel cortex of conditioned, pseudoconditioned, and untreated mice, we analyzed the number and morphological features of dendritic spines at various maturation and stability levels: sER-free spines, spines containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), and spines containing spine apparatus. Using stereological analysis of serial sections examined by transmission electron microscopy, we found that the density of double-synapse spines containing spine apparatus was significantly increased in the conditioned mice. Learning also induced enhancement of the postsynaptic density area of inhibitory synapses as well as increase in the number of polyribosomes in such spines. In single-synapse spines, the effects of conditioning were less pronounced and included increase in the number of polyribosomes in sER-free spines. The results suggest that fear learning differentially affects single- and double-synapse spines in the barrel cortex: it promotes maturation and stabilization of double-synapse spines, which might possibly contribute to permanent memory formation, and upregulates protein synthesis in single-synapse spines.
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Mahmmoud RR, Sase S, Aher YD, Sase A, Gröger M, Mokhtar M, Höger H, Lubec G. Spatial and Working Memory Is Linked to Spine Density and Mushroom Spines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139739. [PMID: 26469788 PMCID: PMC4607435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in synaptic structure and efficacy including dendritic spine number and morphology have been shown to underlie neuronal activity and size. Moreover, the shapes of individual dendritic spines were proposed to correlate with their capacity for structural change. Spine numbers and morphology were reported to parallel memory formation in the rat using a water maze but, so far, there is no information on spine counts or shape in the radial arm maze (RAM), a frequently used paradigm for the evaluation of complex memory formation in the rodent. Methods 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, 8 were trained, 8 remained untrained in the RAM and 8 rats served as cage controls. Dendritic spine numbers and individual spine forms were counted in CA1, CA3 areas and dentate gyrus of hippocampus using a DIL dye method with subsequent quantification by the Neuronstudio software and the image J program. Results Working memory errors (WME) and latency in the RAM were decreased along the training period indicating that animals performed the task. Total spine density was significantly increased following training in the RAM as compared to untrained rats and cage controls. The number of mushroom spines was significantly increased in the trained as compared to untrained and cage controls. Negative significant correlations between spine density and WME were observed in CA1 basal dendrites and in CA3 apical and basal dendrites. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between spine density and latency in CA3 basal dendrites. Conclusion The study shows that spine numbers are significantly increased in the trained group, an observation that may suggest the use of this method representing a morphological parameter for memory formation studies in the RAM. Herein, correlations between WME and latency in the RAM and spine density revealed a link between spine numbers and performance in the RAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Refaat Mahmmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Sunetra Sase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D. Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ajinkya Sase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- CF Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maher Mokhtar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Brauhausgasse 34, A-2325 Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Familtsev D, Quiggins R, Masterson SP, Dang W, Slusarczyk AS, Petry HM, Bickford ME. Ultrastructure of geniculocortical synaptic connections in the tree shrew striate cortex. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1292-306. [PMID: 26399201 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether thalamocortical synaptic circuits differ across cortical areas, we examined the ultrastructure of geniculocortical terminals in the tree shrew striate cortex to compare directly the characteristics of these terminals with those of pulvinocortical terminals (examined previously in the temporal cortex of the same species; Chomsung et al. [] Cereb Cortex 20:997-1011). Tree shrews are considered to represent a prototype of early prosimian primates but are unique in that sublaminae of striate cortex layer IV respond preferentially to light onset (IVa) or offset (IVb). We examined geniculocortical inputs to these two sublayers labeled by tracer or virus injections or an antibody against the type 2 vesicular glutamate antibody (vGLUT2). We found that layer IV geniculocortical terminals, as well as their postsynaptic targets, were significantly larger than pulvinocortical terminals and their postsynaptic targets. In addition, we found that 9-10% of geniculocortical terminals in each sublamina contacted GABAergic interneurons, whereas pulvinocortical terminals were not found to contact any interneurons. Moreover, we found that the majority of geniculocortical terminals in both IVa and IVb contained dendritic protrusions, whereas pulvinocortical terminals do not contain these structures. Finally, we found that synaptopodin, a protein uniquely associated with the spine apparatus, and telencephalin (TLCN, or intercellular adhesion molecule type 5), a protein associated with maturation of dendritic spines, are largely excluded from geniculocortical recipient layers of the striate cortex. Together our results suggest major differences in the synaptic organization of thalamocortical pathways in striate and extrastriate areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Familtsev
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Ranida Quiggins
- Department of Anatomy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sean P Masterson
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Wenhao Dang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Arkadiusz S Slusarczyk
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Heywood M Petry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Martha E Bickford
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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Howell MD, Bailey LA, Cozart MA, Gannon BM, Gottschall PE. Hippocampal administration of chondroitinase ABC increases plaque-adjacent synaptic marker and diminishes amyloid burden in aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:54. [PMID: 26337292 PMCID: PMC4559967 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Substantial data has shown that the lectican group of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are involved in inhibition of axonal plasticity in response to injury in the central nervous system. Increasing evidence indicates that lecticans may also play a role in synaptic plasticity related to memory, especially associated with aging. A recent study has shown that lectican expression is elevated at a young age in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and hippocampal treatment with chondroitinase ABC reversed a loss of contextual fear memory and restored long-term potentiation. The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of a synaptic lectican in AD tissue, determine if amyloid-β (Aβ) binds to lecticans purified from brain tissue, and examine how treatment of the same AD model with chondroitinase ABC would influence plaque burden and the density of the synaptic marker synaptophysin around plaques. Results In human superior frontal gyrus, levels of the brain-specific lectican, brevican, were significantly elevated in AD compared to non-cognitively impaired subjects, with a trend toward an increase in tissue from subjects with mild cognitive impairment. In vitro immunoprecipitation studies showed that brevican binds to oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ1-42, and less so to monomeric Aβ1-42. Intrahippocampal injection of 15 months APPswe/PS1dE9 mice with chondroitinase ABC resulted in a reduction of Aβ burden in the stratum lacunosum moleculare and a reversal of the loss of synaptic density surrounding plaques in the same region. Conclusions It is possible that lecticans, particularly brevican, inhibit synaptic plasticity in this model of AD. Since the hippocampus undergoes changes in synaptic plasticity early in the disease process, it could be possible that removal of lecticans or inhibition of their signaling pathways could prolong plasticity in patients early in the disease process, and delay cognitive decline of AD progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0233-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Monfort P, Gomez-Gimenez B, Llansola M, Felipo V. Gender differences in spatial learning, synaptic activity, and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus in rats: molecular mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1420-7. [PMID: 26098845 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In tests of spatial ability, males outperform females both in rats and in humans. The mechanism underlying this gender differential learning ability and memory in spatial tasks remains unknown. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus is considered the basis for spatial learning and memory. The aims of this work were (a) to assess spatial learning and memory in male and female rats in the radial and Morris mazes; (b) to assess whether basal synaptic activity and LTP in the hippocampus are different in male and female rats; and (c) to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for the gender differences in LTP. We analyzed in young male and female rats (a) performance in spatial tasks in the radial and Morris water mazes; (b) basal synaptic activity in hippocampal slices; and (c) LTP and some mechanisms modulating its magnitude. The results reported allow us to conclude that female rats show larger AMPA receptor-mediate synaptic responses under basal conditions, likely due to enhanced phosphorylation of GluR2 in Ser880 and increased amounts of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors in postsynaptic densities. In contrast, the magnitude of tetanus-induced LTP was lower in females than in males. This is due to reduced activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and the formation of cGMP, leading to lower activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of GluR1 in Ser845, which results in lower insertion of AMPA receptors in the synaptic membrane and a lower magnitude of LTP. These mechanisms may contribute to the reduced performance of females in the radial and Morris water mazes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Monfort
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduado Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belen Gomez-Gimenez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduado Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduado Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduado Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
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50
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Frankfurt M, Luine V. The evolving role of dendritic spines and memory: Interaction(s) with estradiol. Horm Behav 2015; 74:28-36. [PMID: 25993604 PMCID: PMC4573337 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and Cognition". Memory processing is presumed to depend on synaptic plasticity, which appears to have a role in mediating the acquisition, consolidation, and retention of memory. We have studied the relationship between estrogen, recognition memory, and dendritic spine density in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, areas critical for memory, across the lifespan in female rodents. The present paper reviews the literature on dendritic spine plasticity in mediating both short and long term memory, as well as the decreased memory that occurs with aging and Alzheimer's disease. It also addresses the role of acute and chronic estrogen treatments in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Frankfurt
- Department of Science Education, Hofstra-North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, USA.
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