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Li X, Yang Y, Feng P, Wang H, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Zhong K, Hu J, Ye Y, Lu L, Zhao Q. Quercetin improves the protection of hydroxysafflor yellow a against cerebral ischemic injury by modulating of blood-brain barrier and src-p-gp-mmp-9 signalling. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31002. [PMID: 38803916 PMCID: PMC11128878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Protection of the structural and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial for treating ischemic stroke (IS). Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and quercetin (Quer), two main active components in the edible and medicinal plant Carthamus tinctorius L., have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects. We investigated the anti-IS and BBB-protective properties of HSYA and Quer and the underlying mechanisms. They decreased neurological deficits in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice, while their combination showed better effects. Importantly, HSYA and Quer ameliorated BBB permeability. Their effects on reduction of both EB leakage and infarct volume were similar, which may contribute to improved locomotor activities. Moreover, HSYA and Quer showed protective effects for hCMEC/D3 monolayer against oxygen-glucose deprivation. Src, p-Src, MMP-9, and P-gp were associated with ingredients treatments. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed stable and tight binding modes of ingredients with Src and P-gp. The current study supports the potential role of HSYA, Quer, and their combination in the treatment of IS by regulating BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Yuanxiao Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Pinpin Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mingzhi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Yiliang Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Jue Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Yilu Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Linhuizi Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, China
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Horvat A, Vlašić I, Štefulj J, Oršolić N, Jazvinšćak Jembrek M. Flavonols as a Potential Pharmacological Intervention for Alleviating Cognitive Decline in Diabetes: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2291. [PMID: 38137892 PMCID: PMC10744738 DOI: 10.3390/life13122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease associated with reduced synaptic plasticity, atrophy of the hippocampus, and cognitive decline. Cognitive impairment results from several pathological mechanisms, including increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors, prolonged oxidative stress and impaired activity of endogenous mechanisms of antioxidant defense, neuroinflammation driven by the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and disturbance of signaling pathways involved in neuronal survival and cognitive functioning. There is increasing evidence that dietary interventions can reduce the risk of various diabetic complications. In this context, flavonols, a highly abundant class of flavonoids in the human diet, are appreciated as a potential pharmacological intervention against cognitive decline in diabetes. In preclinical studies, flavonols have shown neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and memory-enhancing properties based on their ability to regulate glucose levels, attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation, promote the expression of neurotrophic factors, and regulate signaling pathways. The present review gives an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunctions and the results of preclinical studies showing that flavonols have the ability to alleviate cognitive impairment. Although the results from animal studies are promising, clinical and epidemiological studies are still needed to advance our knowledge on the potential of flavonols to improve cognitive decline in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđela Horvat
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ignacija Vlašić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Štefulj
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Oršolić
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Yuan P, Chen W, Wang X, Li L, Peng Z, Mu S, You M, Xu H. RAGE: a potential target for Epimedium's anti-neuroinflammation role in vascular dementia-insights from network pharmacology and molecular simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37732621 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), a cognitive impairment resulting from cerebrovascular issues, could be mitigated by Epimedium. This study investigates Epimedium's efficacy in VaD management through a systematic review, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). Comprehensive literature searches were conducted across various databases. Epimedium's pharmacological properties were analyzed using the TCMSP database. Integration with the Aging Atlas database enabled the identification of shared targets between Epimedium and VaD. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and central targets' topological attributes were analyzed using Cytoscape 3.9.1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted using "ClusterProfiler" R package. The interactions between Epimedium and central targets were assessed by Molecular docking and MDS. Epimedium and its 23 bioactive components counteracted oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage, thereby attenuating cognitive deterioration in VaD. A total of 78 common targets were identified, with 22 being significantly related to aging. Enrichment analysis identified 1769 GO terms and 139 KEGG pathways, highlighting the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Molecular docking revealed that 23 bioactive components, except Linoleyl acetate, effectively interacted with top central targets (JUN, MAPK14, IL6, FOS, TNF). MDS demonstrated that flavonoids Icariin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, and Quercetin formed stable complexes with RAGE. The study identifies RAGE as a novel therapeutic target for Epimedium in the mitigation of VaD via its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Liangqian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Zijun Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingyao You
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
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Jamal QMS, Khan MI, Alharbi AH, Ahmad V, Yadav BS. Identification of Natural Compounds of the Apple as Inhibitors against Cholinesterase for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An In Silico Molecular Docking Simulation and ADMET Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071579. [PMID: 37049419 PMCID: PMC10097405 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in older people, causes neurological problems associated with memory and thinking. The key enzymes involved in Alzheimer's disease pathways are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Because of this, there is a lot of interest in finding new AChE inhibitors. Among compounds that are not alkaloids, flavonoids have stood out as good candidates. The apple fruit, Malus domestica (Rosaceae), is second only to cranberries regarding total phenolic compound concentration. Computational tools and biological databases were used to investigate enzymes and natural compounds. Molecular docking techniques were used to analyze the interactions of natural compounds of the apple with enzymes involved in the central nervous system (CNS), acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase, followed by binding affinity calculations using the AutoDock tool. The molecular docking results revealed that CID: 107905 exhibited the best interactions with AChE, with a binding affinity of -12.2 kcal/mol, and CID: 163103561 showed the highest binding affinity with BuChE, i.e., -11.2 kcal/mol. Importantly, it was observed that amino acid residue Trp286 of AChE was involved in hydrogen bond formation, Van Der Walls interactions, and Pi-Sigma/Pi-Pi interactions in the studied complexes. Moreover, the results of the Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS) analysis indicated interaction stability. This study shows that CID: 12000657 could be used as an AChE inhibitor and CID: 135398658 as a BuChE inhibitor to treat Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Alharbi
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varish Ahmad
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Health Information Technology Department, The Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brijesh Singh Yadav
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8026 Bodø, Norway
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Abdelsalam SA, Renu K, Zahra HA, Abdallah BM, Ali EM, Veeraraghavan VP, Sivalingam K, Ronsard L, Ammar RB, Vidya DS, Karuppaiya P, Al-Ramadan SY, Rajendran P. Polyphenols Mediate Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke-An Update. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051107. [PMID: 36904106 PMCID: PMC10005012 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability, and it is due to be included in monetary implications on wellbeing frameworks around the world. Ischemic stroke is caused by interference in cerebral blood flow, leading to a deficit in the supply of oxygen to the affected region. It accounts for nearly 80-85% of all cases of stroke. Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the pathophysiologic cascade in brain damage leading to stroke. In the acute phase, oxidative stress mediates severe toxicity, and it initiates and contributes to late-stage apoptosis and inflammation. Oxidative stress conditions occur when the antioxidant defense in the body is unable to counteract the production and aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The previous literature has shown that phytochemicals and other natural products not only scavenge oxygen free radicals but also improve the expressions of cellular antioxidant enzymes and molecules. Consequently, these products protect against ROS-mediated cellular injury. This review aims to give an overview of the most relevant data reported in the literature on polyphenolic compounds, namely, gallic acid, resveratrol, quercetin, kaempferol, mangiferin, epigallocatechin, and pinocembrin, in terms of their antioxidant effects and potential protective activity against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheldin Abdelraouf Abdelsalam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Hamad Abu Zahra
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem M. Abdallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas M. Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Kalaiselvi Sivalingam
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebai Ben Ammar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Technopole of Borj-Cedria, P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Devanathadesikan Seshadri Vidya
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Palaniyandi Karuppaiya
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - S. Y. Al-Ramadan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-0135899543
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Shaikh A, Ahmad F, Teoh SL, Kumar J, Yahaya MF. Honey and Alzheimer's Disease-Current Understanding and Future Prospects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020427. [PMID: 36829985 PMCID: PMC9952506 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia, has been a global concern. AD is associated with the involvement of the central nervous system that causes the characteristic impaired memory, cognitive deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. These abnormalities caused by AD is known to be attributed by extracellular aggregates of amyloid beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, genetic factors such as abnormality in the expression of APOE, APP, BACE1, PSEN-1, and PSEN-2 play a role in the disease. As the current treatment aims to treat the symptoms and to slow the disease progression, there has been a continuous search for new nutraceutical agent or medicine to help prevent and cure AD pathology. In this quest, honey has emerged as a powerful nootropic agent. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the high flavonoids and phenolic acids content in honey exerts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review summarizes the effect of main flavonoid compounds found in honey on the physiological functioning of the central nervous system, and the effect of honey intake on memory and cognition in various animal model. This review provides a new insight on the potential of honey to prevent AD pathology, as well as to ameliorate the damage in the developed AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Shaikh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Fairus Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Neuroprotective Efficacy of Europinidin in Streptozotocin-Induced Memory Impairment by Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Mediators, and Cholinesterase Activity in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:5248127. [PMID: 36760351 PMCID: PMC9904885 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5248127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials and Methods Oral acute toxicity studies were performed to evaluate the toxicological effects of europinidin in animals. In this study, four different animal groups (n = 6) were used. Group I was the normal control, group II was the STZ-induced diabetes control, group III was STZ + europinidin-treated (10 mg/kg), and group IV was STZ + europinidin-treated (10 mg/kg). The efficacy of europinidin at a dose of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg was studied with single-dose administration of streptozotocin, which experimentally induced memory impairments in Wistar male rats for 38 days. The mean body weight and blood glucose levels were recorded at the initial and end of the study. The two behavioural paradigms (Y-maze and Morris water maze) were performed to evaluate spatial and working memory in rats. The biochemical parameters such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, malonaldehyde, catalase, and nitric oxide level as hallmarks of oxidative stress were measured. Additionally, the proinflammatory parameters were also determined to evaluate the neuroinflammatory responses associated with streptozotocin such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ƙB), interleukin (IL-10), and nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the perfused brain. Results The rats in the europinidin-treated group exhibited a significant restoration of body weight and blood glucose level as compared with the streptozotocin control group. Furthermore, europinidin significantly modulated the spatial and working memory in rats, when assessed through behavioural paradigms. Streptozotocin caused a significant alteration in biochemical, neuronal enzymatic, and neuroinflammatory parameters, which were significantly restored to normal levels by europinidin. Conclusion The present study attributed the neuroprotective efficacy of europinidin in experimental animal models by subsiding the several biomarkers of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal enzymatic activities.
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Xie C, Tang H, Liu G, Li C. Molecular mechanism of Epimedium in the treatment of vascular dementia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:940166. [PMID: 36051307 PMCID: PMC9424771 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.940166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for an estimated 15% of cases. Recently, Epimedium has attracted great attention for its potential neuroprotective benefit. However, the direct role and mechanism of Epimedium on vascular dementia still lack systematic research. To systematically explore the possible pharmacological mechanism of Epimedium for the treatment of vascular dementia, network pharmacology, molecular docking, combined with experiment validation were conducted. Methods: The bioactive compounds and targets of Epimedium were obtained from the TCMSP database. The potential targets of vascular dementia were identified from the DrugBank, OMIM, Genecards, Therapeutic Target Database, and DisGeNET databases. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed. Molecular docking was applied to validate the interaction between active components and hub targets. The bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method was used for construction of a vascular dementia model in mice. The effects of Epimedium on learning and memory ability were examined by behavioral tests. The mechanisms of the cerebral protective effects of Epimedium were evaluated by WB, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Results: A total of 23 Epimedium active ingredients, and 71 intersecting targets of Epimedium against vascular dementia were obtained. The top five hub targets AKT1, TNF, IL1β, IL6, and MMP9 were identified, and molecular docking showed good binding. GO enrichment showed a total of 602 enrichment results, with 458 (80.56%) key targets mainly focused on biological processes (BP). The response to hypoxia, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process, aging, inflammatory response, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, negative regulation of apoptotic process were well ranked. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified the TNF signaling pathway as an important pathway, with the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NF-κB signaling pathways as the key pathways involved. Consistently, in vivo experiments showed that Epimedium treatment improved learning and memory functions in mice with vascular dementia. In addition, Epimedium attenuated the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampal region after BCCAO. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis showed that Epimedium not only affected the expression of AKT, TNF, IL1β, IL6, and MMP9, but also suppressed the TNF signaling pathway. Conclusion: Epimedium may exert a protective effect against vascular dementia through the alleviation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, BBB dysfunction, apoptosis through TNF signaling pathway. This study explored the mechanism of Epimedium on vascular dementia systematically through network pharmacological and in vivo experiment approach, which provides insight into the treatment of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Changqing Li
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Moreira P, Matos P, Figueirinha A, Salgueiro L, Batista MT, Branco PC, Cruz MT, Pereira CF. Forest Biomass as a Promising Source of Bioactive Essential Oil and Phenolic Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158812. [PMID: 35955963 PMCID: PMC9369093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting elderly people worldwide. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD able to prevent disease progression, highlighting the urgency of finding new therapeutic strategies to stop or delay this pathology. Several plants exhibit potential as source of safe and multi-target new therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Meanwhile, Eucalyptus globulus extracts revealed important pharmacological activities, namely antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can contribute to the reported neuroprotective effects. This review summarizes the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) and phenolic extracts obtained from Eucalyptus globulus leaves, disclosing major compounds and their effects on AD-relevant pathological features, including deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in senile plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), abnormalities in GABAergic, cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In general, 1,8-cineole is the major compound identified in EO, and ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin were described as main compounds in phenolic extracts from Eucalyptus globulus leaves. EO and phenolic extracts, and especially their major compounds, were found to prevent several pathological cellular processes and to improve cognitive function in AD animal models. Therefore, Eucalyptus globulus leaves are a relevant source of biological active and safe molecules that could be used as raw material for nutraceuticals and plant-based medicinal products useful for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Matos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Batista
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Fragão Pereira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Oxidation Stress as a Mechanism of Aging in Human Erythrocytes: Protective Effect of Quercetin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147781. [PMID: 35887126 PMCID: PMC9323120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multi-factorial process developing through a complex net of interactions between biological and cellular mechanisms and it involves oxidative stress (OS) as well as protein glycation. The aim of the present work was to verify the protective role of Quercetin (Q), a polyphenolic flavonoid compound, in a d-Galactose (d-Gal)-induced model of aging in human erythrocytes. The anion-exchange capability through the Band 3 protein (B3p) measured by the rate constant of the SO42− uptake, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels—a marker of lipid peroxidation—total sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, glycated hemoglobin (A1c), and a reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH-GSSG) ratio were determined following the exposure of erythrocytes to 100 mM d-Gal for 24 h, with or without pre-incubation with 10 µM Q. The results confirmed that d-Gal activated OS pathways in human erythrocytes, affecting both membrane lipids and proteins, as denoted by increased TBARS levels and decreased total sulfhydryl groups, respectively. In addition, d-Gal led to an acceleration of the rate constant of the SO42− uptake through the B3p. Both the alteration of the B3p function and oxidative damage have been improved by pre-treatment with Q, which preferentially ameliorated lipid peroxidation rather than protein oxidation. Moreover, Q prevented glycated A1c formation, while no protective effect on the endogenous antioxidant system (GSH-GSSG) was observed. These findings suggest that the B3p could be a novel potential target of antioxidant treatments to counteract aging-related disturbances. Further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of Q in pharmacological strategies against aging.
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Sharma P, Gaur N, Jayant S, Sharma BM, Singh B, Kharkwal H, Sharma B. Salubrious effects of ulinastatin and quercetin alone or in combination in endothelial dysfunction and vascular dementia. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:481-492. [PMID: 35396697 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia is the second most prevalent form of dementia. Hypertension is the leading risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and the progression of dementia that is of vascular origin. This study investigates the role of ulinastatin (UTI) and quercetin alone as well as in combination in hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular dementia (VaD). METHOD Two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) renovascular model was set up to induce hypertension in the Albino Wistar rats (males). Rats were assessed for mean arterial blood pressure, behavioral function (Morris water maze, attention set-shifting tests), vascular endothelial function, and biochemical levels (aortic superoxide anion and serum nitrite/nitrate), as well as brains' thiobarbituric acid reactive species-TBARS, reduced glutathione-GSH, interleukin-6, 10, tumor necrosis factor-TNF-α and acetylcholinesterase-AChE). UTI (10,000 U/kg, ip) and quercetin (60 mg/kg) were used alone and in combination for treatment. Donepezil (0.5 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. RESULTS 2K1C rats showed impairment in learning, memory, executive functioning, and reversal learning. These rats further showed endothelial dysfunction as well as an increase in mean arterial blood pressure, brains' oxidative stress, inflammation, and AChE-activity. Treatment with UTI and quercetin alone as well in combination significantly attenuated the 2K1C model induced impairments in the behavioural, biochemical, and endothelial parameters. CONCLUSION 2K1C renovascular hypertension-induced impairment in behavioural, biochemical, and endothelial parameters were attenuated by the treatment with UTI and quercetin alone as well as in combination. Therefore, the utility of these agents might be studied further to understand their full potential in hypertension-induced VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Nikita Gaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut, India
| | - Shalini Jayant
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut, India
| | - B M Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut, India
| | - Bhagwat Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Harsha Kharkwal
- Amity Natural and Herbal Product Research, Amity Institute of Phytochemistry and Phytomedicine, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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Wang YM, Yang ZY. Aberrant pattern of cerebral blood flow in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of arterial spin labelling studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 321:111458. [PMID: 35152052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has suggested that patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) could exhibit resting-state cerebral blood flow (CBF) abnormalities. However, findings across studies are controversial. METHODS Our study aimed at identifying replicable CBF changes in MDD by conducting a case-control meta-analysis and meta-regression of arterial spin labelling studies using seed-based d mapping software. Fourteen studies encompassing 505 patients with MDD and 443 healthy controls were included. RESULTS We found increased CBF in the inferior parietal lobule, the striatum, and the bilateral thalamus in all patients with MDD relative to healthy controls. While decreased CBF was observed in the inferior frontal gyrus, the insula, the middle occipital gyrus and the bilateral superior temporal gyrus in patients with MDD. Moreover, increased CBF of the bilateral thalamus was associated with more severe depressive symptoms in patients with MDD. The subgroup meta-analysis showed that patients with acute phase had increased CBF in the bilateral thalamus, and decreased CBF in the left middle occipital gyrus and the left middle frontal gyrus. Chronic patients had decreased CBF in the left insula, the right calcarine sulcus, the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the left parahippocampal gyrus. Patients with medication-free had increased CBF in the right anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex, and decreased CBF in the left middle occipital gyrus, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the left precentral gyrus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an aberrant cerebral blood flow pattern of MDD involving the cortico-striatal-thalamic circuit, which may facilitate understanding of pathophysiology and suggest potential neural biomarkers for clinical assessment, monitoring and interventions of MDD. One important limitation is that eight recruited studies in our meta-analysis have recruited more males than females, which may have a selection bias of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Yang
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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The Composition and Anti-Aging Activities of Polyphenol Extract from Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040857. [PMID: 35215512 PMCID: PMC8878974 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus emblica L. (PE) is commonly known as a medicine and food homologous plant, which is abundant in natural products polyphenols. In the present study, polyphenols were extracted from PE fruit by response surface method, and the anti-aging ability was determined. PE fruit polyphenols exhibited strong antioxidant capacities in scavenging free radicals, and anti-cholinesterase ability by inhibition of AChE (IC50 0.2186 ± 0.0416 mg/mL) and BuChE (IC50 0.0542 ± 0.0054 mg/mL) in vitro. Moreover, PE fruit polyphenols showed strong protective effect against the aging process in Caenorhabditis elegans model, including increased thermal resistance, extended lifespan by 18.53% (p < 0.05), reduced activity of AChE by 34.71% and BuChE by 45.38% (p < 0.01). This was accompanied by the enhancement in antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD by 30.74% (p < 0.05) and CAT by 8.42% (p > 0.05), while decrease in MDA level by 36.25% (p < 0.05). These properties might be interrelated with the presence of abundant flavonols and phenolic acids identified by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS, such as quercetin, myricetin, ellagic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids, together with their glycosides. The remarkable antioxidant and anti-aging potential of PE fruit polyphenols could be implemented in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Maternal supplementation of high-value PUFA-Rich Isochrysis sp. biomass prevents monosodium glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in first-generation Wistar rats. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Singh NK, Garabadu D. Quercetin Exhibits α7nAChR/Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Neuroprotection Against STZ-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity and Cognitive Impairments in Experimental Rodents. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1859-1879. [PMID: 34554409 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the α7nAChR-mediated Nrf2-dependant protective activity against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced brain mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like rats. STZ (3 mg/kg) was injected through an intracerebroventricular route to induce AD-like dementia. Repeated Quercetin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) administration attenuated cognitive impairments in the STZ-challenged animals during Morris water-maze and Y-maze tests. Quercetin significantly mitigated the STZ-induced increase in cholinergic dysfunction, such as the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity, decrease in acetylcholine level, and activity of choline acetyltransferase, and increase in amyloid-beta aggregation and mitochondrial toxicity in respect of mitochondrial bioenergetics, integrity, and oxidative stress in memory-challenged rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and, amygdala. Further, Quercetin significantly attenuated STZ-induced reduction in the α7nAChRs and HO-1 expression levels in the selected rat brain regions. On the contrary, trigonelline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and methyllycaconitine (2 mg/kg; i.p.) abolished the neuroprotective effects of Quercetin against STZ-induced behavioral, molecular, and biochemical alterations in the AD-like animals. Hence, Quercetin exhibits α7nAChR/Nrf2/HO-1-mediated neuroprotection against STZ-challenged AD-like animals. Thus, Quercetin could be considered as a potential therapeutic option in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
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Goya L, Román RS, de Pascual-Teresa S. Polyphenols effect on cerebrovascular health. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1029-1044. [PMID: 34844534 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211129123459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are a wide group of plant components that include a high number of individual compounds and are present in foods, dietary supplements and drugs. Many of them have shown pharmacological effects, are used in cardiovascular disease prevention, and not as many have been assayed in cancer treatment or co-treatment. In the last few years, however, the research on polyphenols implications in a healthy aging and especially in neurodegeneration and cognition improvement has increased dramatically. Most of the results found in this sense are again related with the capacity of some specific polyphenols to regulate the blood flow, but this time at the cerebral level, and to protect the endothelium at this same level. In this thorough review, we want to concentrate precisely on the effect of polyphenols on the cerebrovascular homeostasis, reviewing the mechanisms that underline this effect and the radiological methods and endogenous biomarkers that are used in human trials aimed at showing the beneficial effect of polyphenols or polyphenols rich foods on neuroprotection and cognition function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Goya
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid. Spain
| | - Ricardo San Román
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid. Spain
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid. Spain
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Latina V, Giacovazzo G, Calissano P, Atlante A, La Regina F, Malerba F, Dell’Aquila M, Stigliano E, Balzamino BO, Micera A, Coccurello R, Amadoro G. Tau Cleavage Contributes to Cognitive Dysfunction in Strepto-Zotocin-Induced Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (sAD) Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212158. [PMID: 34830036 PMCID: PMC8618605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau cleavage plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a widespread neurodegenerative disease whose incidence is expected to increase in the next years. While genetic and familial forms of AD (fAD) occurring early in life represent less than 1%, the sporadic and late-onset ones (sAD) are the most common, with ageing being an important risk factor. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of streptozotocin (STZ)—a compound used in the systemic induction of diabetes due to its ability to damage the pancreatic β cells and to induce insulin resistance—mimics in rodents several behavioral, molecular and histopathological hallmarks of sAD, including memory/learning disturbance, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress and brain glucose hypometabolism. We have demonstrated that pathological truncation of tau at its N-terminal domain occurs into hippocampi from two well-established transgenic lines of fAD animal models, such as Tg2576 and 3xTg mice, and that it’s in vivo neutralization via intravenous (i.v.) administration of the cleavage-specific anti-tau 12A12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is strongly neuroprotective. Here, we report the therapeutic efficacy of 12A12mAb in STZ-infused mice after 14 days (short-term immunization, STIR) and 21 days (long-term immunization regimen, LTIR) of i.v. delivery. A virtually complete recovery was detected after three weeks of 12A12mAb immunization in both novel object recognition test (NORT) and object place recognition task (OPRT). Consistently, three weeks of this immunization regimen relieved in hippocampi from ICV-STZ mice the AD-like up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation, likely due to modulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3-β axis and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activities. Cerebral oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, synaptic and histological alterations occurring in STZ-infused mice were also strongly attenuated by 12A12mAb delivery. These results further strengthen the causal role of N-terminal tau cleavage in AD pathogenesis and indicate that its specific neutralization by non-invasive administration of 12A12mAb can be a therapeutic option for both fAD and sAD patients, as well as for those showing type 2 diabetes as a comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.L.); (P.C.); (F.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.L.); (P.C.); (F.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.L.); (P.C.); (F.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Malerba
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.L.); (P.C.); (F.L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Marco Dell’Aquila
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Egidio Stigliano
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6I, 00184 Rome, Italy; (B.O.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6I, 00184 Rome, Italy; (B.O.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Institute for Complex System (ISC)-CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.L.); (P.C.); (F.L.R.); (F.M.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (G.A.)
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Thaimory M, Goudarzi I, Lashkarbolouki T, Abrari K. Quercetin fail to protect against the neurotoxic effects of chronic homocysteine administration on motor behavior and oxidative stress in the adult rat's cerebellum. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:810-816. [PMID: 34484672 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an excitatory amino acid that contains thiol group and derives from the methionine metabolism. It increases vulnerability of the neuronal cells to excitotoxic and oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) effects on rat cerebellum and the possible protective role of quercetin administration in Hcy-treated rats, using behavioral and biochemical analyzes. To this end, the adult male rats were divided randomly into the control group that received vehicle, Hcy group received Hcy (400 μg/kg), Hcy + Que group received Hcy + quercetin (50 mg/kg), quercetin group received quercetin for 14 days. On Day 14 after the final treatment, lipid peroxidation level, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were evaluated in the cerebellum. After completion of treatment, the rat's performance on rotarod and locomotor activity was evaluated. The results showed that Hcy treatment elicited cerebellar lipid peroxidation, impaired locomotor activity and increased latency to fall on the rotarod. Quercetin failed to attenuate significantly motoric impairment, increased significantly the cerebellar lipid peroxidation and GPx activity in the Hcy + Que group. Our results suggest that Hcy induced cerebellar toxicity and quercetin had no significant protective effects against Hcy toxicity in the cerebellum of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kataneh Abrari
- Faculty of Biology, Damghan University, Cheshme-Ali, Damghan 3671641167, Iran
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Miguel M, Vassallo DV, Wiggers GA. Bioactive Peptides and Hydrolysates from Egg Proteins as a New Tool for Protection Against Cardiovascular Problems. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3676-3683. [PMID: 32216734 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200327181458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to review the potential beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with bioactive egg protein hydrolysates or peptides on cardiometabolic changes associated with oxidative stress. The development of nutritionally improved food products designed to address specific health concerns is of particular interest because many bioactive food compounds can be potentially useful in various physiological functions such as for reducing oxidative stress. The results presented suggest that egg hydrolysates or derived peptides could be included in the diet to prevent and/or reduce some cardiometabolic complications associated with oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miguel
- Bioactivity and Food Analysis Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación em Ciencias de la Alimentación, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalton V Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and School of Medicine of Santa Casa de Misericordia (EMESCAM), Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Zip Code: 29040-090, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Giulia A Wiggers
- Cardiovascular Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472 - Km 592 - PO box 118. Zip Code: 97500-970, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Jawaid T, . K, Kamal M, Verma N, A. Alkhame O, Alaseem AM, M. Alsanad S. Neuroprotective Effects of Co-Administration of Selegiline with Piracetam on Cognitive Impairment: Involvement of NR2B, NR1 and Bax Signaling Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.529.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khan H, Tundis R, Ullah H, Aschner M, Belwal T, Mirzaei H, Akkol EK. Flavonoids targeting NRF2 in neurodegenerative disorders. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111817. [PMID: 33069760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Plant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Esra Kupeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University 06330, Etiler/Ankara Turkey.
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Lau H, Shahar S, Mohamad M, Rajab NF, Yahya HM, Din NC, Hamid HA. The effects of six months Persicaria minor extract supplement among older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:315. [PMID: 33076878 PMCID: PMC7574246 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persicaria minor extract exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has potential effects on cognitive function and mood. However, the effects of P.minor on brain activation and biomarkers have not been studied among older adults. This multicentre, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of 6 months P.minor extract supplement (Biokesum®) on cognition, mood, biomarkers, and brain activation among older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). METHOD A total of 36 Malaysian community-dwelling older adults with MCI (60-75-year-old) were randomized into Biokesum® (n = 18) and placebo group (n = 18). Each subject consumed one capsule of Biokesum® (250 mg/capsule) or placebo (maltodextrin, 280 mg/capsule) twice daily for 6 months. Cognitive function and mood were assessed at baseline, 3rd, and 6th-month using neuropsychological tests (MMSE, Digit Span, RAVLT, Digit Symbol, and Visual Reproduction) and Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire. Blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and biomarkers (MDA, LPO, COX-2, iNOS, and BDNF) were measured at baseline and 6th month. By the end of the intervention, there were 30 compliers (Biokesum®: N = 15; Placebo: N = 15) and 6 dropouts. For brain activation assessment, 15 subsamples (Biokesum®: N = 8; Placebo: N = 7) completed N-back and Stroop tasks during fMRI scanning at baseline and 6th month. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9 and 46) was identified as a region of interest (ROI) for brain activation analysis using SPM software. RESULTS Two-way mixed ANOVA analysis showed significant improvements in Visual Reproduction II (p = 0.012, partial η2 = 0.470), tension (p = 0.042, partial η2 = 0.147), anger (p = 0.010, partial η2 = 0.207), confusion (p = 0.041, partial η2 = 0.148), total negative subscales (p = 0.043, partial η2 = 0.145), BDNF (p = 0.020, partial η2 = 0.179) and triglyceride (p = 0.029, partial η2 = 0.237) following 6 months of Biokesum® supplementation. Preliminary finding also demonstrated significant improvement at 0-back task-induced right DLPFC activation (p = 0.028, partial η2 = 0.652) among subsamples in Biokesum® group. No adverse events were reported at the end of the study. CONCLUSION Six months Biokesum® supplementation potentially improved visual memory, negative mood, BDNF, and triglyceride levels among older adults with MCI. Significant findings on brain activation at the right DPLFC must be considered as preliminary. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered on 30th August 2019 [ ISRC TN12417552 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Lau
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mazlyfarina Mohamad
- Centre for Diagnostic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Mastura Yahya
- Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Normah Che Din
- Center for Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamzaini Abdul Hamid
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Batu 9 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nourbakhsh F, Read MI, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Boosting the autophagy-lysosomal pathway by phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2360-2281. [PMID: 32894821 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells, which has basic pattern recognition for nutrient-dependent signal transduction. In Alzheimer's disease, the already declining autophagy-lysosomal function is exacerbated by an increased need for clearance of damaged proteins and organelles in aged cells. Recent evidence suggests that numerous diseases are linked to impaired autophagy upstream of lysosomes. In this way, a comprehensive survey on the pathophysiology of the disease seems necessary. Hence, in the first section of this review, we will discuss the ultimate findings in lysosomal signaling functions and how they affect cellular metabolism and trafficking under neurodegenerative conditions, specifically Alzheimer's disease. In the second section, we focus on how natural products and their derivatives are involved in the regulation of inflammation and lysosomal dysfunction pathways, including how these should be considered a crucial target for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morgayn I Read
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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Bioactive Polyphenols and Neuromodulation: Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072564. [PMID: 32272735 PMCID: PMC7178158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in dietary polyphenols in recent years has greatly increased due to their antioxidant bioactivity with preventive properties against chronic diseases. Polyphenols, by modulating different cellular functions, play an important role in neuroprotection and are able to neutralize the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Interestingly, all these mechanisms are involved in neurodegeneration. Although polyphenols display differences in their effectiveness due to interindividual variability, recent studies indicated that bioactive polyphenols in food and beverages promote health and prevent age-related cognitive decline. Polyphenols have a poor bioavailability and their digestion by gut microbiota produces active metabolites. In fact, dietary bioactive polyphenols need to be modified by microbiota present in the intestine before being absorbed, and to exert health preventive effects by interacting with cellular signalling pathways. This literature review includes an evaluation of the literature in English up to December 2019 in PubMed and Web of Science databases. A total of 307 studies, consisting of research reports, review articles and articles were examined and 146 were included. The review highlights the role of bioactive polyphenols in neurodegeneration, with a particular emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are modulated by polyphenols involved in protection from oxidative stress and apoptosis prevention.
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Kaur R, Randhawa K, Kaur S, Shri R. Allium cepa fraction attenuates STZ-induced dementia via cholinesterase inhibition and amelioration of oxidative stress in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2019-0197/jbcpp-2019-0197.xml. [PMID: 32160161 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background An earlier study demonstrated significant antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of hydromethanol extract (HME) of Allium cepa. The aim of the study was to investigate the component responsible for these activities followed by an in vivo study. Methods In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of standardized ethylacetate fraction (EAF) of HME were assessed. Bioactivity-guided fractionation showed that, as compared with its subfractions, EAF had most significant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ellman assays. Thus, EAF was further examined using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of Alzheimer's disease in mice. STZ was injected intracerebroventricularly on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg) in mice. EAF was thereafter administered (42, 84, and 168 mg/kg b.w./day p.o.) from days 9 to 22. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate learning and memory in mice. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress markers were assessed in the brain homogenates of mice. Additionally, histopathological studies were performed to observe effects in the brain at the cellular level. EAF was standardized based on quercetin and quercetin 4'-O-glucoside content using a validated thin layer chromatography densitometric method. Results STZ produced significant (p < 0.05) memory impairment along with oxidative stress and a cholinergic deficit in mice. EAF treatment ameliorated STZ-induced behavioral deficits and biochemical alterations in mice in a significant and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Our results show that EAF is efficacious in improving memory and learning via AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity in the mice brain. Thus, AC could be explored further to find out a lead candidate for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Kudrat Randhawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Sanimardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Richa Shri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
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Vicente MC, Humphrey CM, Gargaglioni LH, Ostrowski TD. Decreased excitability of locus coeruleus neurons during hypercapnia is exaggerated in the streptozotocin-model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113250. [PMID: 32088169 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a pontine nucleus important for respiratory control and central chemoreception. It is affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and alteration of LC cell function may account for respiratory problems observed in AD patients. In the current study, we tested the electrophysiological properties and CO2/pH sensitivity of LC neurons in a model for AD. Sporadic AD was induced in rats by intracerebroventricular injection of 2 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), which induces behavioral and molecular impairments found in AD. LC neurons were recorded using the patch clamp technique and tested for responses to CO2 (10% CO2, pH = 7.0). The majority (~60%) of noradrenergic LC neurons in adult rats were inhibited by CO2 exposure as indicated by a significant decrease in action potential (AP) discharge to step depolarizations. The STZ-AD rat model had a greater sensitivity to CO2 than controls. The increased CO2-sensitivity was demonstrated by a significantly stronger inhibition of activity during hypercapnia that was in part due to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Reduction of AP discharge in both groups was generally accompanied by lower LC network activity, depolarized AP threshold, increased AP repolarization, and increased current through a subpopulation of voltage-gated K+ channels (KV). The latter was indicated by enhanced transient KV currents particularly in the STZ-AD group. Interestingly, steady-state KV currents were reduced under hypercapnia, a change that would favor enhanced AP discharge. However, the collective response of most LC neurons in adult rats, and particularly those in the STZ-AD group, was inhibited by CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Physiology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Chuma M Humphrey
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tim D Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010059. [PMID: 31905923 PMCID: PMC7023116 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid with notable pharmacological effects and promising therapeutic potential. It is widely distributed among plants and found commonly in daily diets predominantly in fruits and vegetables. Neuroprotection by quercetin has been reported in several in vitro studies. It has been shown to protect neurons from oxidative damage while reducing lipid peroxidation. In addition to its antioxidant properties, it inhibits the fibril formation of amyloid-β proteins, counteracting cell lyses and inflammatory cascade pathways. In this review, we provide a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the relationship between quercetin and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease and its potential as a lead compound in clinical applications.
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Zhang S, Xue R, Hu R. The neuroprotective effect and action mechanism of polyphenols in diabetes mellitus-related cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1295-1311. [PMID: 31598747 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and prevalent metabolic disorder worldwide. Strong evidence has emerged that DM is a risk factor for the accelerated rate of cognitive decline and the development of dementia. Though traditional pharmaceutical agents are efficient for the management of DM and DM-related cognitive decrement, long-term use of these drugs are along with undesired side effects. Therefore, tremendous studies have focused on the therapeutic benefits of natural compounds at present. Ample evidence exists to prove that polyphenols are capable to modulate diabetic neuropathy with minimal toxicity and adverse effects. PURPOSE To describe the benefits and mechanisms of polyphenols on DM-induced cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we introduce an updated overview of associations between DM and cognitive dysfunction. The risk factors as well as pathological and molecular mechanisms of DM-induced cognitive dysfunction are summarized. More importantly, many active polyphenols that possess preventive and therapeutic effects on DM-induced cognitive dysfunction and the potential signaling pathways involved in the action are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effects of polyphenols on DM-related cognitive dysfunction pave a novel way for the management of diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ran Xue
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruizhe Hu
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Hira S, Saleem U, Anwar F, Sohail MF, Raza Z, Ahmad B. β-Carotene: A Natural Compound Improves Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E441. [PMID: 31480727 PMCID: PMC6769610 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a cascade of changes in cognitive, behavioral, and social activities. Several areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of memory. Of most importance are the amygdala and hippocampus. Antioxidant therapy is used for the palliative treatment of different degenerative diseases like diabetes, cirrhosis, and Parkinson's, etc. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of exogenous antioxidants, in particular, β carotene (1.02 and 2.05 mg/kg) against intracerebroventricular injected streptozotocin-induced memory impairment in mice. Streptozotocin (3 mg/kg, i.c.v) was administered in two separate doses (on 1st and 3rd days of treatment) for neurodegeneration. Fifty Albino mice (male) were selected in the protocol, and they were classified into five groups (Group I-control, Group II-disease, Group III-standard, Group IV-V-β-carotene-treated) to investigate the cognitive enhancement effect of selected antioxidants. The cognitive performance was observed following the elevated plus-maze, passive avoidance, and open field paradigms. Acetylcholine esterase, β-amyloid protein, and biochemical markers of oxidative stress such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were analyzed in brain homogenates. In silico activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was determined by the molecular modeling of β-carotene. β-carotene at a dose of 2.05 mg/kg was found to attenuate the deleterious effects of streptozotocin-induced behavioral and biochemical impairments, including the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. The in silico studies confirmed the binding capacity of β-carotene with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The administration of β-carotene attenuated streptozotocin-induced cognitive deficit via its anti-oxidative effects, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and the reduction of amyloid β-protein fragments. These results suggest that β-carotene could be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Hira
- Riphah institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Riphah institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Farhan Sohail
- Riphah institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Raza
- Riphah institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Amanzadeh E, Esmaeili A, Abadi REN, Kazemipour N, Pahlevanneshan Z, Beheshti S. Quercetin conjugated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles improves learning and memory better than free quercetin via interacting with proteins involved in LTP. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6876. [PMID: 31053743 PMCID: PMC6499818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43345-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical application of quercetin (QT) as an effective flavonoid has limitations due to its low bioavailability. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) is a novel drug delivery system that enhances the bioavailability of quercetin. The effect of short time usage of quercetin on learning and memory function and its signaling pathways in the healthy rat is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of free quercetin and in conjugation with SPION on learning and memory in healthy rats and to find quercetin target proteins involved in learning and memory using Morris water maze (MWM) and computational methods respectively. Results of MWM show an improvement in learning and memory of rats treated with either quercetin or QT-SPION. Better learning and memory functions using QT-SPION reveal increased bioavailability of quercetin. Comparative molecular docking studies show the better binding affinity of quercetin to RSK2, MSK1, CytC, Cdc42, Apaf1, FADD, CRK proteins. Quercetin in comparison to specific inhibitors of each protein also demonstrates a better QT binding affinity. This suggests that quercetin binds to proteins leading to prevent neural cell apoptosis and improves learning and memory. Therefore, SPIONs could increase the bioavailability of quercetin and by this way improve learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Amanzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | | | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zari Pahlevanneshan
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Division, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Siamak Beheshti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Halder S, Kar R, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya SK, Mediratta PK, Banerjee BD. Cadmium level in brain correlates with memory impairment in F1 and F2 generation mice: improvement with quercetin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9632-9639. [PMID: 30734250 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increased exposure to cadmium (Cd) through environmental pollutants, food and cigarette smoke is a concern worldwide. The association of Cd with impaired learning disabilities led us to hypothesise that cadmium levels in brain tissue could be dose-dependently related to the extent of memory impairment and oxidative stress. In this study, we proposed to study whether cadmium exposure to dams could alter the brain Cd levels, memory parameters, antioxidant enzymes in brain and their gene expression in the F1-F2 generation mice and whether quercetin could modulate this effect. Animals were administered Cd alone and in combination with quercetin for 7 days during their gestation period. Their newborn pups (F1 and F2 mice) were reared until adulthood and were tested for memory using Morris water maze and step-down latency test. The brain tissue of F1 mice was collected. Cd levels were estimated using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. G-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured and fold increase in their respective gene expression was observed using the RT-PCR method. Cd levels were significantly increased in the brain tissue of animals exposed to Cd but cotreatment with quercetin showed decreased levels in both generations. Memory impairment was observed in animals of F1 generation exposed to Cd and cotreatment with quercetin (100 mg/kg) reversed this effect. Cd exposure significantly enhanced both activity and expression of GST and CAT in the brain tissue of F1 generation mice and quercetin attenuated this effect. In F2 generation, results were variable. GST activity and expression increased with Cd and decreased with quercetin cotreatment. However, CAT activity showed no significant change despite a decrease in gene expression. Quercetin cotreatment enhanced activity as well gene expression in F2 generation. Our study insinuates that Cd levels could act as a predictor of memory impairment and altered enzyme activity and gene expression in brain tissue. Quercetin helped to reduce Cd levels in brain tissue of F1 and F2 generation and modulated the antioxidant system of the cell by affecting expression of antioxidant enzymes at the transcription level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Halder
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Rajarshi Kar
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
| | | | - Swapan K Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology, North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Pramod K Mediratta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Basu D Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
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Kaur S, Singla N, Dhawan DK. Neuro-protective potential of quercetin during chlorpyrifos induced neurotoxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 42:220-230. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1569022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - D. K. Dhawan
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Silveira AC, Dias JP, Santos VM, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, Rato L, Silva BM. The Action of Polyphenols in Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: A Common Agent for Overlapping Pathologies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:590-613. [PMID: 30081787 PMCID: PMC6712293 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180803162059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two prevalent diseases in modern societies, which are caused mainly by current lifestyle, aging and genetic alterations. It has already been demonstrated that these two diseases are associated, since individuals suffering from DM are prone to develop AD. Conversely, it is also known that individuals with AD are more susceptible to DM, namely type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Therefore, these two pathologies, although completely different in terms of symptomatology, end up sharing several mechanisms at the molecular level, with the most obvious being the increase of oxidative stress and inflammation. Polyphenols are natural compounds widely spread in fruits and vegetables whose dietary intake has been considered inversely proportional to the incidence of DM and AD. So, it is believed that this group of phytochemicals may have preventive and therapeutic potential, not only by reducing the risk and delaying the development of these pathologies, but also by improving brain's metabolic profile and cognitive function. The aim of this review is to understand the extent to which DM and AD are related pathologies, the degree of similarity and the relationship between them, to detail the molecular mechanisms by which polyphenols may exert a protective effect, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and highlight possible advantages of their use as common preventive and therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Branca M. Silva
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D.Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Tel: +351 275319700; Fax: +351 275 329 183; E-mail:
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Feter N, Spanevello RM, Soares MSP, Spohr L, Pedra NS, Bona NP, Freitas MP, Gonzales NG, Ito LGMS, Stefanello FM, Rombaldi AJ. How does physical activity and different models of exercise training affect oxidative parameters and memory? Physiol Behav 2018; 201:42-52. [PMID: 30552921 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the chronic effects of different physical exercise and physical activity models on cognitive function, cholinergic activity, and oxidative stress markers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Eighty 60-day old C57BL/6 mice were divided into the following five groups: Sedentary (SED), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), and physical activity (RW, for "running wheel"). Cognitive function (recognition and spatial memory), oxidative stress parameters, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were evaluated. MICT mice exhibited enhanced recognition memory compared to SED mice (p = .046) and other exercised groups (HIIT: p < .001; RW: p = .003; RT: p < .001). The RT group showed better spatial memory compared to the SED (p = .004), MICT (p = .019), and RW (p = .003) groups. RW, MICT, HIIT, and RT training models reduced nitrites in the hippocampus compared to the SED group. RT led to a significant increase in both lipid peroxidation (p = .01) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < .001) levels compared to the SED group in the hippocampus. MICT promoted an increase in catalase (CAT) activity (p = .002), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was diminished by RT compared to MICT and HIIT (p = .008). In the cerebral cortex, RT increased ROS levels, but exhibited the lowest lipid peroxidation level among the groups (p < .001). The RW group showed an activity-induced increase in lipid peroxidation level compared to the SED group, and the highest level of CAT activity among all groups (p < .001). AChE activity was higher in the RT group compared to the SED, MICT, and RW groups (p = .039) in the cerebral cortex. In summary, nitrite levels in the hippocampus were decreased in all intervention groups regardless of activity or exercise model. Likewise, MICT improved recognition memory besides increasing CAT activity. We conclude that the MICT and RT protocols seem to act as oxidative stress regulators and non-pharmacological strategies to improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan Feter
- Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Luiza Spohr
- Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Airton José Rombaldi
- Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
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Trans-resveratrol Inhibits Tau Phosphorylation in the Brains of Control and Cadmium Chloride-Treated Rats by Activating PP2A and PI3K/Akt Induced-Inhibition of GSK3β. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:357-373. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bakoyiannis I, Daskalopoulou A, Pergialiotis V, Perrea D. Phytochemicals and cognitive health: Are flavonoids doing the trick? Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1488-1497. [PMID: 30551400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids constitute a large group of polyphenolic compounds with numerous effects on behaviour and cognition. These effects vary from learning and memory enhancement to an improvement of general cognition. Furthermore, flavonoids have been implicated in a) neuronal proliferation and survival, by acting on a variety of cellular signalling cascades, including the ERK/CREB/BDNF and PI3K/Akt pathway, b) oxidative stress reduction and c) relief from Alzheimer's disease-type symptoms. From an electrophysiological aspect, they promote long term potentiation in the hippocampus, supporting the hypothesis of synaptic plasticity mediation. Together, these actions reveal a neuroprotective effect of flavonoid compounds in the brain. Therefore, flavonoid intake could be a potential clinical direction for prevention and/or attenuation of cognitive decline deterioration which accompanies various brain disorders. The purpose of the current review paper was to summarise all these effects on cognition, describe the possible pathways via which they may act on a cellular level and provide a better picture for future research towards this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bakoyiannis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece.
| | - Afrodite Daskalopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Vasilios Pergialiotis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
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Barai P, Raval N, Acharya S, Borisa A, Bhatt H, Acharya N. Neuroprotective effects of bergenin in Alzheimer's disease: Investigation through molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo studies. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:18-40. [PMID: 30118774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an enervating and chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, occurring frequently in the elderly and adversely affecting intellectual capabilities and the cognitive processes. Bergenin possesses efficacious antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, anti-HIV, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity along with antinociceptive effect and wound healing properties. Previous studies have shown that bergenin has in vitro bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitory activity, mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities, β-secretase (BACE-1) enzyme inhibitory activity and prevented neuronal death in the primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is an intriguing target for anticancer and antidiabetic drugs and has recently been implicated to act as a positive regulator of neuroinflammation. Bergenin is also found to inhibit human protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (hPTP1B) in vitro. Thus, bergenin was screened by molecular docking study using GOLD suite (version 5.2), CCDC for predicting its activity against targets of AD management like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (1B41), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (1P0I), Tau protein kinase 1 (GSK-3β) (1J1B), BACE-1 (1FKN) wherein the GOLD score and fitness of bergenin were comparable to those of standard drugs like donepezil, galanthamine, physostigmine, etc. Bergenin demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of both AChE and BuChE in vitro and found to be safe up to 50 μM when screened in vitro on SH-SY5Y cell lines by cytotoxicity studies using MTT and Alamar blue assays. It also led to dose-dependent prevention of NMDA induced toxicity in these cells. Pretreatment with bergenin (14 days) in rats at three dose levels (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg; p.o.) significantly (p < 0.01) and dose-dependently alleviated amnesia induced by scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The therapeutic effect of bergenin supplementation for 28 days, at three dose levels, was also evaluated in streptozotocin (3 mg/kg, ICV, unilateral) induced AD model in Wistar rats using Morris water maze and Y maze on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. STZ caused significant (p < 0.001) cognitive impairment and cholinergic deficit and increased oxidative stress in rats. Bergenin could significantly ameliorate STZ induced behavioral deficits, inhibit the AChE and BuChE activity in parallel with an increase in the diminished GSH levels in a dose-dependent fashion. The histopathological investigations were also supportive of this datum. The bergenin treatment at 80 mg/kg led to significant (p < 0.05) abatement of the raised Aβ-1-42 levels and alleviated the perturbed p- tau levels leading to significantly low (p < 0.01) levels of p-tau in brain homogenates of rats as compared to ICV STZ injected rats. In conclusion, the observed effects might be attributed to the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of bergenin coupled with its antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory activity and reduction of Aβ-1-42 and p-tau levels which could have collectively helped in the attenuation of cognitive deficits. The current findings of the study are indicative of the promising preventive and ameliorative potential of bergenin in the management of AD through multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Barai
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Nisith Raval
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Sanjeev Acharya
- SSR College of Pharmacy, Sayli, Silvassa - 306230, U. T. of D&NH, India
| | - Ankit Borisa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Hardik Bhatt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Niyati Acharya
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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Babaei F, Mirzababaei M, Nassiri-Asl M. Quercetin in Food: Possible Mechanisms of Its Effect on Memory. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2280-2287. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaei
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry; Qazvin Univ. of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirzababaei
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares Univ.; 14115-111 Tehran Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Qazvin Univ. of Medical Sciences; 341197-5981 Qazvin Iran
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Zhu X, Cheng YQ, Lu Q, Du L, Yin XX, Liu YW. Enhancement of glyoxalase 1, a polyfunctional defense enzyme, by quercetin in the brain in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1237-1245. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Pacheco SM, Soares MSP, Gutierres JM, Gerzson MFB, Carvalho FB, Azambuja JH, Schetinger MRC, Stefanello FM, Spanevello RM. Anthocyanins as a potential pharmacological agent to manage memory deficit, oxidative stress and alterations in ion pump activity induced by experimental sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:193-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jabir NR, Khan FR, Tabrez S. Cholinesterase targeting by polyphenols: A therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:753-762. [PMID: 29770579 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by excessive deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), comprising of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The cholinergic system has been suggested as the earliest and most affected molecular mechanism that describes AD pathophysiology. Moreover, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the potential class of drugs that can amplify cholinergic activity to improve cognition and global performance and reduce psychiatric and behavioral disturbances. Approximately, 60%-80% of all cases of dementia in the world are patients with AD. In view of the continuous rise of this disease especially in the aged population, there is a dire need to come up with a novel compound and/or mixture that could work against this devastating disease. In this regard, the best is to rely on natural compounds rather than synthetic ones, because natural compounds are easily available, cost-effective, and comparatively less toxic. To serve this purpose, lately, scientific community has started exploring the possibility of using different polyphenols either solitary or in combination that can serve as therapeutics against AD. In the current article, we have summarized the role of various polyphenols, namely quercetin, resveratrol, curcumin, gallocatechins, cinnamic acid, caffeine, and caffeic acid as an inhibitor of cholinesterase for the treatment of AD. We have also tried to uncover the mechanistic insight on the action of these polyphenols against AD pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R Jabir
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayaz Rahman Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Bokare AM, Bhonde M, Goel R, Nayak Y. 5-HT6 receptor agonist and antagonist modulates ICV-STZ-induced memory impairment in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1557-1570. [PMID: 29502275 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES 5-HT6 receptors are mainly expressed in brain areas associated with learning and memory. Several studies have reported procognitive effects of both 5-HT6 agonist and antagonists. However, the exact mechanism 5-HT6 receptor modulation has not been properly studied especially in the context of cholinergic functions, cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain-derived neural factor (BDNF), oxidative stress, and behavioral changes. METHODS In the present study, memory impairment was induced in albino Wistar rats by two doses of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 3 mg/kg) on first and third day. These rats were evaluated in a battery of behavioral tasks after 14 days from the first day of ICV-STZ. RESULTS Significant memory impairment was seen when ICV-STZ induced rats are assessed by Morris water maze, novel object recognition, social recognition, and passive avoidance tests. There was a significant reduction in CBF, increased oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, and ROS), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and a decrease in BDNF. Treatment with selective 5-HT6 agonist EMD-386088 (5 mg/kg) and antagonist SB-399885 (10 mg/kg) prevented ICV-STZ-induced memory impairment when assessed by behavioral tests. Treatment with 5-HT6 ligands significantly prevented the change in CBF and BDNF. Further, protected from MDA and ROS and decreasing GSH in the brain compared to ICV-STZ rats. The rice in brain AChE activity was normalized by both ligands. The changes in locomotor activity by EMD-386088 and SB-399885 treatment were negligible. CONCLUSION The findings in this study support the therapeutic potential of 5-HT6 receptor ligands in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand M Bokare
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Village, Nande, Mulshi Taluka, Pune, Pin 412 115, India
| | - Mandar Bhonde
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Village, Nande, Mulshi Taluka, Pune, Pin 412 115, India
| | - Rajan Goel
- Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Village, Nande, Mulshi Taluka, Pune, Pin 412 115, India
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, Pin 576104, India.
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Wang D, Liu L, Li S, Wang C. Effects of paeoniflorin on neurobehavior, oxidative stress, brain insulin signaling, and synaptic alterations in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 191:12-20. [PMID: 29572012 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is a natural monoterpene glycoside in Paeonia lactiflora pall with anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuro-protective properties. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of PF against cognitive deficits induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. STZ was injected twice intracerebroventrically (3 mg/kg ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in mice. Daily treatment with PF (10 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneally) starting from the first dose of STZ for 21 days showed an improvement in ICV-STZ induced cognitive deficits as assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze (MWM) test. PF significantly attenuated STZ induced mitochondrial dysfunction manifested by dramatically elevated cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP synthesis, and restoration of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and oxidative stress in hippocampus and in the cortex compared to control. Moreover, PF treatment also markedly increased synaptic density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to control. Furthermore, PF ameliorated defective insulin signaling by up-regulating p-PI3K and p-Akt protein expression while downregulating p-IRS-1 protein expression. Taken together, the outcomes of the current study suggest the therapeutic potential of PF in the cognitive deficits induced by ICV-STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Chenying Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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44
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Jha AB, Panchal SS. Neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement by treatment with γ-oryzanol in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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45
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Dong F, Wang S, Wang Y, Yang X, Jiang J, Wu D, Qu X, Fan H, Yao R. Quercetin ameliorates learning and memory via the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in d-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:636-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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46
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Rostami F, Javan M, Moghimi A, Haddad-Mashadrizeh A, Fereidoni M. Streptozotocin-induced hippocampal astrogliosis and insulin signaling malfunction as experimental scales for subclinical sporadic Alzheimer model. Life Sci 2017; 188:172-185. [PMID: 28867578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Insulin signaling malfunction has recently been suggested as a preliminary event involved in the etiology of Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). In order to develop insulin resistance-related SAD model, rats were treated with streptozotocin, intracerebroventricularly (icv-STZ). Nevertheless, given the lack of knowledge regarding sub-clinical stages of SAD, the current challenging issue is establishing a practical pre-clinical SAD model. Despite some proposed mechanisms, such as insulin malfunction, neuroinflammation, and gliosis, icv-STZ mechanism of action is not fully understood yet and Streptozotocin-induced rat model of Alzheimer has still major shortcomings. MAIN METHODS Using three STZ doses (0.5, 1, and 3mg/kg) and three testing time (short-term, medium-term and long-term), we sought the best dose of STZ in order to mimic the characteristic feature of sAD in rats. So, we conducted a series of fifteen-week follow-up cognitive and non-cognitive studies. Besides, IR, tau and ChAT mRNA levels were measured, along with histological analysis of astrocyte, dark neuron numbers, and pyramidal layer thickness, in order to compare the effects of different doses of icv-STZ. KEY FINDINGS STZ 3mg/kg caused cognitive and insulin signaling disturbance from the very first testing-time. STZ1-injected animals, however, showed an augmented hippocampal astrocyte numbers in a short time; they, also, were diagnosed with disturbed insulin signaling in medium-term post icv-STZ-injection. Moreover, behavioral, molecular and histological impairments induced by 0.5mg/kg icv-STZ were slowly progressing in comparison to high doses of STZ. SIGNIFICANCE STZ1 and 0.5mg/kg-treated animals are, respectively, suggested as a suitable experimental model of MCI, and sub-clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rostami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Haddad-Mashadrizeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Cell and Molecular Research group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Fereidoni
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ravelli KG, Rosário BDA, Vasconcelos AR, Scavone C, Camarini R, Hernandes MS, Britto LR. NADPH oxidase contributes to streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2017; 358:227-237. [PMID: 28687315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of memory. The neurodegeneration induced by AD has been linked to oxidative damage. However, little is known about the involvement of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), a multisubunit enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species, in the pathogenesis of AD. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of Nox2 in memory, in AD-related brain abnormalities, oxidative damage, inflammation and neuronal death in the hippocampus in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced AD-like state by comparing the effects of that drug on mice lacking gp91phox-/- and wild-type (Wt) mice. Nox2 gene expression was found increased in Wt mice after STZ injection. In object recognition test, Wt mice injected with STZ presented impairment in short- and long-term memory, which was not observed following Nox2 deletion. STZ treatment induced increased phosphorylation of Tau and increased amyloid-β, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and astrocyte and microglial markers expression in Wt mice but not in gp91phox-/-. STZ treatment increased oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory cytokines' release in Wt mice, which was not observed in gp91phox-/- mice. Nox2 deletion had a positive effect on the IL-10 baseline production, suggesting that this cytokine might contribute to the neuroprotection mechanism against STZ-induced neurodegeneration. In summary, our data suggest that the Nox2-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation contributes to the STZ-induced AD-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kakalij RM, Kumar BD, Diwan PV. Comparative evaluation of nephroprotective potential of resveratrol and piperine on nephrotic BALB/c mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 48:382-387. [PMID: 27756948 PMCID: PMC4980925 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.186215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective potential of resveratrol and piperine at same dose on cationic bovine serum albumin (cBSA) induced immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: Female BALB/c mice were divided into five groups. Group I served as normal control (complete Freund's adjuvant + Saline). Two weeks later, Groups II, III, IV, and V were administered cBSA (13 mg/kg) via the caudal vein 3 times/week every alternative day for 6 weeks to induce ICGN. Simultaneously, from the 3rd week, Groups III, IV were treated with resveratrol and piperine up to 6 weeks. Group V was treated with methylprednisolone considered as a reference standard. Results: There was a significant decrease in albuminuria, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen in Group IV animals when compared with Group III. In addition, Group III and IV have comparable results with cBSA treated animals. Concurrently, same groups showed significantly comparable variance in antioxidant enzymes, phagocytic index, and neutrophil adhesion assay. Group IV found to be more significant in IgG1 reduction than Group III. Conclusion: The findings of this study well-demonstrated that piperine has potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity than resveratrol; therefore, piperine needs special attention in autoimmunity and inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Motiram Kakalij
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Dinesh Kumar
- Pre-Clinical Toxicology Centre, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prakash Vamanrao Diwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Maratha Mandal Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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49
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Akomolafe SF, Akinyemi AJ, Ogunsuyi OB, Oyeleye SI, Oboh G, Adeoyo OO, Allismith YR. Effect of caffeine, caffeic acid and their various combinations on enzymes of cholinergic, monoaminergic and purinergic systems critical to neurodegeneration in rat brain-In vitro. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:6-13. [PMID: 28465162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine and caffeic acid are two bioactive compounds that are present in plant foods and are major constituent of coffee, cocoa, tea, cola drinks and chocolate. Although not structurally related, caffeine and caffeic acid has been reported to elicit neuroprotective properties. However, their different proportional distribution in food sources and possible effect of such interactions are not often taken into consideration. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of caffeine, caffeic acid and their various combinations on activities of some enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPase), ecto-51-nucleotidase (E-NTDase) and Na+/K+ ATPase relevant to neurodegeneration in vitro in rat brain. The stock concentration of caffeine and caffiec acid and their various proportional combinations were prepared and their interactions with the activities of these enzymes were assessed (in vitro) in different brain structures. The Fe2+ and Cu2+ chelating abilities of the samples were also investigated. The results revealed that caffeine, caffeic acid and their various combinations exhibited inhibitory effect on activities of AChE, MAO, E-NTPase and E-NTDase, but stimulatory effect on Na+/K+ ATPase activity. The combinations also exhibited Fe2+ and Cu2+ chelating abilities. Considering the various combinations, a higher caffeine to caffeic acid ratio produced significantly highest enzyme modulatory effects; these were significantly lower to the effect of caffeine alone but significantly higher than the effect of caffeic acid alone. These findings may provide new insight into the effect of proportional combination of these bioactive compounds as obtained in many foods especially with respect to their neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Private Mail Bag 5363, Nigeria.
| | - A J Akinyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Private Mail Bag 5454, Nigeria
| | - O B Ogunsuyi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Private Mail Bag 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Technology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Private Mail Bag 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - S I Oyeleye
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Private Mail Bag 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Technology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Private Mail Bag 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - G Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Private Mail Bag 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - O O Adeoyo
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, Private Mail Bag 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Y R Allismith
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Private Mail Bag 5363, Nigeria
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50
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Omar SH, Scott CJ, Hamlin AS, Obied HK. The protective role of plant biophenols in mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 47:1-20. [PMID: 28301805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) into the neurotoxic oligomers followed by fibrillar aggregates is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of proposed hypotheses have suggested the mechanism of AD pathology, though the exact pathophysiological mechanism is not yet elucidated. The poor understanding of AD and multitude of adverse responses reported from the current synthetic drugs are the leading cause of failure in the drug development to treat or halt the progression of AD and mandate the search for safer and more efficient alternatives. A number of natural compounds have shown the ability to prevent the formation of the toxic oligomers and disrupt the aggregates, thus attracted much attention. Referable to the abundancy and multitude of pharmacological activities of the plant active constituents, biophenols that distinguish them from the other phytochemicals as a natural weapon against the neurodegenerative disorders. This review provides a critical assessment of the current literature on in vitro and in vivo mechanistic activities of biophenols associated with the prevention and treatment of AD. We have contended the need for more comprehensive approaches to evaluate the anti-AD activity of biophenols at various pathologic levels and to assess the current evidences. Consequently, we highlighted the various problems and challenges confronting the AD research, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed H Omar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Adam S Hamlin
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Hassan K Obied
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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