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Farmer AL, Lewis MH. Reduction of restricted repetitive behavior by environmental enrichment: Potential neurobiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105291. [PMID: 37353046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRB) are one of two diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder and common in other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The term restricted repetitive behavior refers to a wide variety of inflexible patterns of behavior including stereotypy, self-injury, restricted interests, insistence on sameness, and ritualistic and compulsive behavior. However, despite their prevalence in clinical populations, their underlying causes remain poorly understood hampering the development of effective treatments. Intriguingly, numerous animal studies have demonstrated that these behaviors are reduced by rearing in enriched environments (EE). Understanding the processes responsible for the attenuation of repetitive behaviors by EE should offer insights into potential therapeutic approaches, as well as shed light on the underlying neurobiology of repetitive behaviors. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between EE and RRB and discusses potential mechanisms for EE's attenuation of RRB based on the broader EE literature. Existing gaps in the literature and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Tripathi A, Bartosh A, Whitehead C, Pillai A. Activation of cell-free mtDNA-TLR9 signaling mediates chronic stress-induced social behavior deficits. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3806-3815. [PMID: 37528226 PMCID: PMC10730412 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and social behavior deficits are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Chronic stress, a major risk factor for depression and other mental health conditions is known to increase inflammatory responses and social behavior impairments. Disturbances in mitochondria function have been found in chronic stress conditions, however the mechanisms that link mitochondrial dysfunction to stress-induced social behavior deficits are not well understood. In this study, we found that chronic restraint stress (RS) induces significant increases in serum cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) levels in mice, and systemic Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) treatment attenuated RS-induced social behavioral deficits. Our findings revealed potential roles of mitophagy and Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) in mediating chronic stress-induced changes in cf-mtDNA levels and social behavior. Furthermore, we showed that inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) attenuates mtDNA-induced social behavior deficits. Together, these findings show that cf-mtDNA-TLR9 signaling is critical in mediating stress-induced social behavior deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alona Bartosh
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carl Whitehead
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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González-Portilla M, Montagud-Romero S, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rodríguez-Arias M. Oleoylethanolamide restores stress-induced prepulse inhibition deficits and modulates inflammatory signaling in a sex-dependent manner. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06403-w. [PMID: 37314479 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social stress contributes to the development of depressive and anxiety symptomatology and promotes pro-inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system. In this study, we explored the effects of a lipid messenger with anti-inflammatory properties - oleoylethanolamide (OEA) - on the behavioral deficits caused by social stress in both male and female mice. METHODS Adult mice were assigned to an experimental group according to the stress condition (control or stress) and treatment (vehicle or OEA, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Male mice in the stress condition underwent a protocol consisting of four social defeat (SD) encounters. In the case of female mice, we employed a procedure of vicarious SD. After the stress protocol resumed, anxiety, depressive-like behavior, social interaction, and prepulse inhibition (PPI) were assessed. In addition, we characterized the stress-induced inflammatory profile by measuring IL-6 and CX3CL1 levels in the striatum and hippocampus. RESULTS Our results showed that both SD and VSD induced behavioral alterations. We found that OEA treatment restored PPI deficits in socially defeated mice. Also, OEA affected differently stress-induced anxiety and depressive-like behavior in male and female mice. Biochemical analyses showed that both male and female stressed mice showed increased levels of IL-6 in the striatum compared to control mice. Similarly, VSD female mice exhibited increased striatal CX3CL1 levels. These neuroinflammation-associated signals were not affected by OEA treatment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results confirm that SD and VSD induced behavioral deficits together with inflammatory signaling in the striatum and hippocampus. We observed that OEA treatment reverses stress-induced PPI alterations in male and female mice. These data suggest that OEA can exert a buffering effect on stress-related sensorimotor gating behavioral processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena González-Portilla
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad Clínica de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Atención Primaria, Cronicidad Y Promoción de La Salud. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAD) Rd21/0009/0005, Málaga, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Atención Primaria, Cronicidad Y Promoción de La Salud. Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones (RIAPAD) Rd21/0009/0005, Málaga, Spain.
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4
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Améndola L, Weary D, Zobel G. Effects of personality on assessments of anxiety and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104827. [PMID: 35970418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in responses to commonly used tests of anxiety and spatial memory is often reported. While this variation is frequently considered to be 'noise', evidence suggests that it is, at least partially, related to consistent individual differences in behavioral responses (i.e., personality). The same tests used to assess anxiety are often used to profile personality traits, but personality differences are rarely considered when testing treatment differences in anxiety. Focusing on the rat literature, we describe fundamental principles involved in anxiety and spatial memory tests and we discuss how personality differences and housing conditions can influence behavioral responses in these tests. We propose that an opportunity exists to increase stress resiliency in environmentally sensitive individuals by providing environmental enrichment. We conclude by discussing different approaches to incorporating personality measures into the design and analysis of future studies; given the potential that variation masks research outcomes, we suggest that a strategy which considers the individual and its housing can contribute to improving research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Améndola
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Daniel Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Gosia Zobel
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Team, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.
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5
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Macartney EL, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. The Relative Benefits of Environmental Enrichment on Learning and Memory are Greater When Stressed: A Meta-analysis of Interactions in Rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104554. [PMID: 35149103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment ("EE") is expected to alleviate the negative effects of stress on cognitive performance. However, there are complexities associated with interpreting interactions that obscure determining the benefit EE may play in mitigating the negative effects of stress. To clarify these complexities, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis on the main and interactive effects of EE and stress on learning and memory in rodents. We show that EE and stress interact 'synergistically' where EE provides a greater relative benefit to stressed individuals compared to those reared in conventional housing. Importantly, EE can fully-compensate for the negative effects of stress where stressed individuals with EE performed equally to enriched individuals without a stress manipulation. Additionally, we show the importance of other mediating factors, including the order of treatment exposure, duration and type of stress, type of EE, and type of cognitive assays used. This study not only quantifies the interactions between EE and stress, but also provides a clear example for how to conduct and interpret meta-analysis of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Macartney
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kensington Campus, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052.
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kensington Campus, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kensington Campus, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052
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Sukegawa M, Yoshihara T, Hou S, Asano M, Hannan AJ, Wang DO. Long‐lasting Housing Environment Manipulation and Acute Loss of Environmental Enrichment Impact BALB/c Mice Behavior in Multiple Functional Domains. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1118-1140. [PMID: 35060219 PMCID: PMC9306724 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding environmental influences on individuals' behaviour is challenging. Here we have investigated the housing impact of 9 weeks of enriched environment (EE) and social isolation (SI) and the impact of abrupt deprivation of EE (enrichment removal: ER) on BALB/c mice. Compared with the widely used C57BL/6 strain in research, BALB/c synthesises serotonin less efficiently due to a genetic variation and thus may potentially represent human populations at higher risk of stress‐related disorders. We assessed the effects of EE and SI by conducting a behavioural test battery and the effects of acute ER by monitoring homecage activities and social behaviour. We found that EE and SI impact BALB/c's physiological states and behavioural performances from lower to higher cognitive processes: increased body weight, increased rectal temperature, altered performance in motor and sensory tasks, the activity level in a novel environment and altered performance in tests of anxiety‐like behaviour, stress‐coping strategies and learning and memory. Furthermore, acute ER triggered stress/frustration‐like behaviour in BALB/c, with increased aggression, increased social distancing and disrupted daily/nightly activities. Our results demonstrate that long‐lasting housing manipulation such as EE and SI, impact behaviour via multilayered processes over a wide range of functional domains, and unforeseen change to a negative environment, ER, is a major stressor that causes behavioural and psychological consequences through environment–gene interactions, a model of direct relevance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoe Sukegawa
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (iCeMS) Kyoto University Japan
| | - Toru Yoshihara
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Japan
| | - Shengqun Hou
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (iCeMS) Kyoto University Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Japan
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University of Melbourne Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre Australia
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (iCeMS) Kyoto University Japan
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7
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Ozkan A, Aslan MA, Sinen O, Munzuroglu M, Derin N, Parlak H, Bulbul M, Agar A. Effects of adropin on learning and memory in rats tested in the Morris water maze. Hippocampus 2021; 32:253-263. [PMID: 34971006 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adropin is a secreted peptide, which is composed of 43 amino acids and shows an effective role in regulating energy metabolism and insulin resistance. Motor coordination and locomotor activity were improved by adropin in the cerebellum. However, it is not known whether adropin administration has an effect on spatial learning and memory. In this study, we investigated the effect of adropin on spatial learning and memory and characterized the biochemical properties of adropin in the hippocampus. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups as control and adropin groups. The control group received 0.9% NaCl intracerebroventricular for 6 days, while the adropin groups received 1 nmol of adropin dissolved in 0.9% NaCl (for 6 days). The Morris water maze, Y maze, and object location recognition tests were performed to evaluate learning and memory. Also, the locomotor activity tests were measured to assess the motor function. The expression of Akt, phospho-Akt, CREB, phospho-CREB, Erk1/2, phospho-Erk1/2, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β), phospho-GSK3β, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit were determined in the hippocampal tissues by using western blot. Behavior tests showed that adropin significantly increase spatial memory performance. Meanwhile, the western blot analyses revealed that the phosphorylated form of the Akt and CREB were enhanced with adropin administration in the hippocampus. Also, the expression of BDNF showed an enhancement in adropin group in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that adropin exerts its enhancing effect on spatial memory capacity through Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ozkan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mutay Aydin Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Munzuroglu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hande Parlak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bulbul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aysel Agar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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8
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S100B dysregulation during brain development affects synaptic SHANK protein networks via alteration of zinc homeostasis. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34741005 PMCID: PMC8571423 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and nongenetic factors. Among the nongenetic factors, maternal immune system activation and zinc deficiency have been proposed. Intriguingly, as a genetic factor, copy-number variations in S100B, a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), have been associated with ASD, and increased serum S100B has been found in ASD. Interestingly, it has been shown that increased S100B levels affect zinc homeostasis in vitro. Thus, here, we investigated the influence of increased S100B levels in vitro and in vivo during pregnancy in mice regarding zinc availability, the zinc-sensitive SHANK protein networks associated with ASD, and behavioral outcomes. We observed that S100B affects the synaptic SHANK2 and SHANK3 levels in a zinc-dependent manner, especially early in neuronal development. Animals exposed to high S100B levels in utero similarly show reduced levels of free zinc and SHANK2 in the brain. On the behavioral level, these mice display hyperactivity, increased stereotypic and abnormal social behaviors, and cognitive impairment. Pro-inflammatory factors and zinc-signaling alterations converge on the synaptic level revealing a common pathomechanism that may mechanistically explain a large share of ASD cases.
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Kan Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Tang X, Thompson HJ, Huang J, Zhang J, Gao F, Shen Y, Wan X. Green Tea Suppresses Amyloid β Levels and Alleviates Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting APP Cleavage and Preventing Neurotoxicity in 5XFAD Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100626. [PMID: 34342385 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The consumption of green tea is considered to be associated with a lower incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, it is investigated the role of amyloid precursor protein cleavage, glial cell activation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic alterations in the protective effects of green tea against the amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation and cognitive impairment. METHODS AND RESULTS 5XFAD mice are treated with green tea extract (GTE) for 8 or 16 weeks. Barnes maze and Y maze testing demonstrated that spatial learning and memory ability are markedly improved by GTE treatment. Immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, and western blot showed GTE significantly alleviate the formation of Aβ and reduce the levels of sAPPβ and C99, as well as sAPPα and C83. Meanwhile, GTE suppressed GFAP and Iba1 levels in the glial cells, increased PSD95 and synaptophysin levels in synaptic cells. Further, the IL-1β level is decreased, RNA sequencing reveals the genes annotated in response to stimulus and immune response are regulated. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate GTE suppresses Aβ levels and alleviate cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. These beneficial effects are accompanied by inhibition of APP cleavage pathways, suppression of glial cell activation and pro-inflammatory responses, and a reduction of synapse loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
| | - Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jinbao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yong Shen
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R China
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10
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Type 1 interferon mediates chronic stress-induced neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits via complement component 3-dependent pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3043-3059. [PMID: 33833372 PMCID: PMC8497654 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, chronic stress conditions can promote neuroinflammation and inflammatory responses in both humans and animal models. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of the inflammatory response in the periphery and responsible for the altered mood and behavior. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of IFN-I signaling in chronic stress-induced changes in neuroinflammation and behavior. Using the chronic restraint stress model, we found that chronic stress induces a significant increase in serum IFNβ levels in mice, and systemic blockade of IFN-I signaling attenuated chronic stress-induced infiltration of macrophages into prefrontal cortex and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, complement component 3 (C3) mediates systemic IFNβ-induced changes in neuroinflammation and behavior. Also, we found significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of IFN-I stimulated genes in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects and significant correlation with C3 and inflammatory markers. Together, these findings from animal and human postmortem brain studies identify a crucial role of C3 in IFN-I-mediated changes in neuroinflammation and behavior under chronic stress conditions.
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Looti Bashiyan M, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Khalifeh S. Investigating the effect of crocin on memory deficits induced by total sleep deprivation (TSD) with respect to the BDNF, TrkB and ERK levels in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:744-754. [PMID: 33899577 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation (SD) induces cognitive impairments such as memory deficit. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered as the most critical neurotrophin in the central nervous system that is involved in sleep and memory. The main receptor of BDNF, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), is dramatically expressed in the hippocampus. Also, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has a significant role in memory function. Crocin is a carotenoid chemical compound and the active component of the flower Crocus sativus L. (saffron) that improves memory function and increases the level of BDNF, TrkB and ERK. AIMS In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of total SD (TSD, 24 h) and crocin on memory performance, and BDNF, TrkB and ERK hippocampal levels. METHODS Passive avoidance memory was assessed using step-through, and working memory was measured using Y-maze tasks. The level of proteins in both hemispheres of the hippocampus was evaluated using Western blotting. Crocin was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 1, 5 and 15 mg/kg. RESULTS Twenty-four-hour TSD impaired both types of memories and decreased the level of all proteins in both hemispheres of the hippocampus. Crocin at all doses restored TSD-induced memory deficits. Crocin (15 mg/kg) reversed the effect of TSD on levels of all proteins. CONCLUSIONS The adverse effect of TSD on the level of proteins in the hippocampus may disrupt synaptic plasticity and transmission, which induces memory impairment. Additionally, the restoration effect of crocin on the decrease in protein levels may be involved in its improvement effect on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Looti Bashiyan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.,Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Mao Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Wang J, Ge L, Fu J, Sun H, Ma Y. Concurrent environmental enrichment and chronic restraint stress: Effects on innate anxiety and depressive-like behavior in male adolescent mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:730-736. [PMID: 32888366 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period that exhibits both vulnerability and adaptation to environmental stimulus. This study explored the co-existence effect of environmental enrichment (EE) and restraint stress (RS) on innate anxiety and depressive-like behavior in adolescent mice. Male ICR mice were treated with daily EE and RS (4 h/d or 8 h/d) for 2 or 4 weeks from early adolescence (postnatal day 30) and emotional behaviors were evaluated 24 h after the end of treatment. 4 weeks of 8 h RS treatment decreased immobility time in forced swimming test, demonstrating an antidepressant-like effect. For 2 weeks of treatment, 8 h RS significantly reduced the time spent in the lighted compartment of the light-dark box, indicating an increased anxiety level. These results show that under the present experimental design, RS treatment with different duration could have different effect on mice emotion-related behavior, but there was no interaction between EE and RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- Scientific Research Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomi Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Longjiao Ge
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Juan Fu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaying Sun
- Scientific Research Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in University of Yunnan Province, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan Univertity of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yuanye Ma
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
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Kiffer F, Alexander T, Anderson J, Groves T, McElroy T, Wang J, Sridharan V, Bauer M, Boerma M, Allen A. Late Effects of 1H + 16O on Short-Term and Object Memory, Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology and Mutagenesis. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:96. [PMID: 32670032 PMCID: PMC7332779 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The space extending beyond Earth’s magnetosphere is subject to a complex field of high-energy charged nuclei, which are capable of traversing spacecraft shielding and human tissues, inducing dense ionization events. The central nervous system is a major area of concern for astronauts who will be exposed to the deep-space radiation environment on a mission to Mars, as charged-particle radiation has been shown to elicit changes to the dendritic arbor within the hippocampus of rodents, and related cognitive-behavioral deficits. We exposed 6-month-old male mice to whole-body 1H (0.5 Gy; 150 MeV/n; 18–19 cGy/minute) and an hour later to 16O (0.1Gy; 600 MeV/n; 18–33 Gy/min) at NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory as a galactic cosmic ray-relevant model. Animals were housed with bedding which provides cognitive enrichment. Mice were tested for cognitive behavior 9 months after exposure to elucidate late radiation effects. Radiation induced significant deficits in novel object recognition and short-term spatial memory (Y-maze). Additionally, we observed opposing morphological differences between the mature granular and pyramidal neurons throughout the hippocampus, with increased dendritic length in the dorsal dentate gyrus and reduced length and complexity in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. Dendritic spine analyses revealed a severe reduction in mushroom spine density throughout the hippocampus of irradiated animals. Finally, we detected no general effect of radiation on single-nucleotide polymorphisms in immediate early genes, and genes involved in inflammation but found a higher variant allele frequency in the antioxidants thioredoxin reductase 2 and 3 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Tyler Alexander
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Julie Anderson
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Thomas Groves
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Taylor McElroy
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Antiño Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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14
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Kaptan Z, Dar KA, Kapucu A, Bulut H, Üzüm G. Effect of enriched environment and predictable chronic stress on spatial memory in adolescent rats: Predominant expression of BDNF, nNOS, and interestingly malondialdehyde in the right hippocampus. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146326. [PMID: 31299186 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms that promote divergence of function between left and right in the hippocampus, which is most affected by external factors and critical for spatial memory. We investigated the levels of memory-related mediators in the left and right hippocampus and spatial memory in rats exposed to predictable chronic stress (PCS) and an enriched environment (EE) during adolescence. Twenty-eight-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (standard cages), PCS (15 min/day immobilization stress for four weeks), and EE (one hour/day environmentally enriched cages for four weeks) groups. After the applications, spatial memory was tested with the Morris water maze, and the serum levels of corticosterone were evaluated. The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which are critical for synaptic plasticity; malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid-peroxidation indicator); protein carbonyl (protein-oxidation indicator); and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzyme) were evaluated in the left and right hippocampus. Corticosterone levels in both the PCS and EE groups did not change compared with control. In both the PCS and EE groups, spatial memory improved and BDNF was increased in both halves of the hippocampus, still there was an asymmetry. nNOS levels were increased in the dentate gyrus and CA1 regions of the right hippocampus in both PCS and EE groups. MDA levels were increased but PCO levels were decreased in the right hippocampus in both the PCS and EE groups, but SOD did not change in either half of the hippocampus. Our results suggest that both PCS and EE improved spatial memory by increasing BDNF and nNOS in the right hippocampus and that, interestingly; MDA could be the physiological signal molecule in the right hippocampus for spatial memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Kaptan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Akgün Dar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Kapucu
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Turkey
| | - Gülay Üzüm
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey.
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15
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Río-Álamos C, Piludu MA, Gerbolés C, Barroso D, Oliveras I, Sánchez-González A, Cañete T, Tapias-Espinosa C, Sampedro-Viana D, Torrubia R, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A. Volumetric brain differences between the Roman rat strains: Neonatal handling effects, sensorimotor gating and working memory. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:74-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Grech AM, Ratnayake U, Hannan AJ, van den Buuse M, Hill RA. Sex-Dependent Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Spatial Memory and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Signaling in a Developmental "Two-Hit" Mouse Model Combining BDNF Haploinsufficiency and Chronic Glucocorticoid Stimulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:227. [PMID: 30356704 PMCID: PMC6189322 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of adverse genetic and environmental insults. The "two-hit" hypothesis suggests that an early first "hit" primes the developing brain to be vulnerable to a second "hit" during adolescence which triggers behavioral dysfunction. We have previously modeled this scenario in mice and found that the combined effect of a genetic hapolinsuffuciency in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (1st hit) and chronic corticosterone (CORT) treatment during adolescence (2nd hit), caused spatial memory impairments in adulthood. Environmental enrichment (EE) protocols are designed to stimulate experience-dependent plasticity and have shown therapeutic actions. This study investigated whether EE can reverse these spatial memory impairments. Wild-type (WT) and BDNF heterozygous (HET) mice were treated with corticosterone (CORT) in their drinking water (50 mg/L) from weeks 6 to 8 and exposed to EE from 7 to 9 weeks. Enriched housing included open top cages with additional toys, tunnels, housing, and platforms. Y-maze novel preference testing, to assess short-term spatial memory, was performed at 10 weeks of age. At week 16 dorsal hippocampus tissue was obtained for Western blot analysis of expression levels of BDNF, the BDNF receptor TrkB, and NMDA receptor subunits, GluNR1, 2A and 2B. As in our previous studies, spatial memory was impaired in our two-hit (BDNF HET + CORT) mice. Simultaneous EE prevented these impairments. However, EE appeared to worsen spatial memory performance in WT mice, particularly those exposed to CORT. While BDNF levels were lower in BDNF HET mice as expected, there were no further effects of CORT or EE in males but a close to significant female CORT × EE × genotype interaction which qualitatively corresponded with Y-maze performance. However, EE caused both sex- and genotype-specific effects on phosphorylated TrkB residues and GluNR expression within the dorsal hippocampus, with GluNR2B levels in males changing in parallel with spatial memory performance. In conclusion, beneficial effects of EE on spatial memory emerge only following two developmental disruptions. The mechanisms by which EE exerts its effects are likely via regulation of multiple activity-dependent pathways, including TrkB and NMDA receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Grech
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Udani Ratnayake
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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Effects of harmane during treadmill exercise on spatial memory of restraint-stressed mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:239-245. [PMID: 29885919 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Ashokan A, Hegde A, Balasingham A, Mitra R. Housing environment influences stress-related hippocampal substrates and depression-like behavior. Brain Res 2018; 1683:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Rogers J, Li S, Lanfumey L, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Environmental enrichment reduces innate anxiety with no effect on depression-like behaviour in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Behav Brain Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Joshi N, Leslie RA, Perrot TS. Analyzing the experiences of adolescent control rats: Effects of the absence of physical or social stimulation on anxiety-like behaviour are dependent on the test. Physiol Behav 2017; 179:30-41. [PMID: 28527682 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to systematically assess the control experience routinely used in our laboratory as part of studies on predator odour stress. Specifically, we examined effects of the physical and social components of this control experience on measures of anxiety-like behaviour in adolescent rats. Adolescent animals are at increased susceptibility to environmental perturbations and have been used for such studies much less often. Long-Evans rats of both sexes were subjected to physical stimulation (Exposed or Unexposed) and social stimulation (Single-Housed or Pair-Housed), resulting in four groups. Exposed rats received six 30-min exposures to an enclosed arena containing an unscented piece of cat collar occurring between adolescence and early adulthood, while Unexposed remained in the home cage. Groups of Exposed and Unexposed animals were housed singly (Single-Housed) from early adolescence to early adulthood or Pair-Housed during this time. Experimental procedures began in adolescence and involved repeated assessment of startle amplitude (measure of anxiety-like behaviour) and prepulse inhibition (PPI; a measure of sensorimotor gating) to gauge the short-term impact of social and/or physical stimulation. All animals were re-paired in adulthood prior to a final startle/PPI session to assess if isolation limited to adolescence could impose long-term effects that were not reversible. We also measured anxiety-like behaviour in adulthood using an extended open field test (EOFT; addition of novel objects to the open field on later days), and the elevated plus maze task (EPM), as well as a sucrose preference test (SPT) to measure anhedonia. An absence of social or physical stimulation resulted in increased startle amplitude and some measures of anxiety-like behaviour in the EOFT, but a reduction in such anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM task. These results suggest common neural substrates for the physical and social experiences. Performance in the SPT was unaltered by any experimental treatments. Sensorimotor gating, as measured by PPI, was increased in the absence of physical stimulation with no short-term effect of isolation, or of re-pairing. These results indicate the importance of considering individual components of the rearing environment of rats, while showing the need to use multiple assays of anxiety-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Joshi
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Ronald A Leslie
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tara S Perrot
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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21
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Xiang X, Zhao D, Gao C, Wang K, Zhou Q, Kang J, Duan T. Maternal administration of magnesium sulfate promotes cell proliferation in hippocampus dentate gyrus in offspring mice after exposing to prenatal stress. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 56:52-57. [PMID: 27974238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) inhibits cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), which is related to hippocampal anatomy and function abnormality. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on PS-induced cell proliferation suppression in offspring during embryonic stage and postnatal spatial learning. MgSO4 administration was performed after PS treatment on pregnant mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: non-PS or PS maternal mice injected with MgSO4 or saline (P+NS, P+MG, C+MG and C+NS group). Corticosterone was collected from amniotic fluid of mother mice on day 17 of embryonic stage (E17). The ability for spatial learning and memory of pups postnatal 3 week was evaluated using water maze assay. Additionally, cell proliferation was detected by assessing the expression of Ki67 using immunohistochemistry in mice fetuses or pups. PS significantly increased corticosterone level in amniotic fluid (P<0.05) and impaired the spatial learning and memory (P+NS vs C+NS of latency time and track path length: P<0.05) of offspring on postnatal day 21. However, MgSO4 administration could reverse PS-induced spatial learning and memory disability (P+MG vs P+NS, P<0.05). Additionally, PS reduced the number of Ki67-positive cell in hippocampal DG on E17, E19 and postnatal day 21 (P+NS vs C+NS, P<0.05), which were also abrogated by maternal administration of MgSO4 (P+MG vs P+NS, P<0.05). Collectively, prenatal administration of MgSO4 can reverse PS-induced reduction of cell proliferation in hippocampal DG during embryonic stage and postnatal spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chonglan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
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22
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Moreira PS, Almeida PR, Leite-Almeida H, Sousa N, Costa P. Impact of Chronic Stress Protocols in Learning and Memory in Rodents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163245. [PMID: 27662580 PMCID: PMC5035061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that maladaptive stress impairs cognitive function has been a cornerstone of decades in basic and clinical research. However, disparate findings have reinforced the need to aggregate results from multiple sources in order to confirm the validity of such statement. In this work, a systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to aggregate results from rodent studies investigating the impact of chronic stress on learning and memory. Results obtained from the included studies revealed a significant effect of stress on global cognitive performance. In addition, stressed rodents presented worse consolidation of learned memories, although no significantly differences between groups at the acquisition phase were found. Despite the methodological heterogeneity across studies, these effects were independent of the type of stress, animals’ strains or age. However, our findings suggest that stress yields a more detrimental effect on spatial navigation tests’ performance. Surprisingly, the vast majority of the selected studies in this field did not report appropriate statistics and were excluded from the quantitative analysis. We have therefore purposed a set of guidelines termed PROBE (Preferred Reporting Orientations for Behavioral Experiments) to promote an adequate reporting of behavioral experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Almeida
- School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
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23
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Hendershott TR, Cronin ME, Langella S, McGuinness PS, Basu AC. Effects of environmental enrichment on anxiety-like behavior, sociability, sensory gating, and spatial learning in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:215-25. [PMID: 27498148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of housing on cognition and emotional regulation in mice presents a problem for the study of genetic and environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders: standard laboratory housing may result in low levels of cognitive function or altered levels of anxiety that leave little room for assessment of deleterious effects of experimental manipulations. The use of enriched environment (EE) may allow for the measurement of a wider range of performance in cognitive domains. Cognitive and behavioral effects of EE in male mice have not been widely reproduced, perhaps due to variability in the application of enrichment protocols, and the effects of EE in female mice have not been widely studied. We have developed an EE protocol using common laboratory equipment that, without a running wheel for exercise, results in significant cognitive and behavioral effects relative to standard laboratory housing conditions. We compared male and female wild-type C57BL/6J mice reared from weaning age in an EE to those reared in a standard environment (SE), using common measures of anxiety-like behavior, sensory gating, sociability, and spatial learning and memory. Sex was a significant factor in relevant elevated plus maze (EPM) measures, and bordered on significance in a social interaction (SI) assay. Effects of EE on anxiety-like behavior and sociability were indicative of a general increase in exploratory activity. In male and female mice, EE resulted in reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, and enhanced spatial learning and use of spatially precise strategies in a Morris water maze task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Hendershott
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States
| | - Marie E Cronin
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States
| | - Stephanie Langella
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States
| | - Patrick S McGuinness
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States
| | - Alo C Basu
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States.
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24
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Mesa-Gresa P, Ramos-Campos M, Redolat R. Corticosterone levels and behavioral changes induced by simultaneous exposure to chronic social stress and enriched environments in NMRI male mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 158:6-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Nozari M, Shabani M, Farhangi AM, Mazhari S, Atapour N. Sex-specific restoration of MK-801-induced sensorimotor gating deficit by environmental enrichment. Neuroscience 2015; 299:28-34. [PMID: 25934034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite ample evidence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia, no study has addressed the effects of enriched environment (EE) on sensorimotor gating deficits induced by postnatal NMDA receptor blockade. We evaluated the effect of EE on sensorimotor gating (measured by prepulse inhibition, PPI), or on sensorimotor gating deficit induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) in both sexes of Wistar rats. Rats were injected with MK-801 (1 mg/kg) on postnatal days (P) 6-10. EE was provided from birth up to the time of experiments on P28-30 or P58-60. PPI data were collected at three prepulse intensities and then averaged to yield global PPI. MK-801 treatment reduced PPI significantly in both sexes. While EE per se had no significant effect on PPI, it restored MK-801-induced PPI deficit only in male rats. An extended period of EE did not influence PPI deficit in female rats. Our results indicate that postnatal exposure to MK-801 may exert long-lasting effects on neuronal circuits underlying sensorimotor gating. Sex-specific modulation of such effects by EE suggests sexually dimorphic mechanisms are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nozari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A M Farhangi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Mazhari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - N Atapour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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26
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Niu H, He X, Zhou T, Shi X, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Qiao Y, Xu F, Hu M. Neural circuits containing olfactory neurons are involved in the prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:74. [PMID: 25859195 PMCID: PMC4373374 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, have been associated with olfactory dysfunction and abnormalities in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) response to a startle reflex. However, whether these two abnormalities could be related is unclear. The present investigations were designed to determine whether theblockage of olfactory sensory input by zinc sulfate infusion in the olfactory naris (0.5 ml, 0.17 M, ZnE) can disturb the PPI response. Furthermore, a bilateral microinjection of lidocaine/MK801 in the olfactory bulb (OB) was administered to examine whether the blockage of olfactory sensory input could impair the PPI response. To identify the neural projection between olfaction and PPI-related areas, trans-synaptic retrograde tracing with the recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV) was used. Our results demonstrated that blockage of olfactory sensory input could disturb olfactory behavior. In the function studies, we demonstrated that blockage of olfactory sensory input could impair the pre-pulse inhibition of the startle response following decreased c-Fos expression in relevant brain regions during the PPI responses. Furthermore, similar and more robust findings indicated that blockage of olfactory sensory input by microinjection of lidocaine/MK801 in the OB could impair the PPI response. In the circuit-level studies, we demonstrated that trans-synaptic retrograde tracing with PRV exhibited a large portion of labeled neurons in several regions of the olfactory cortices from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg). Thus, these data suggest that the olfactory system participates in the PPI regulating fields and plays a role in the pre-pulse inhibition of the startle response in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichen Niu
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical College Xuzhou, China ; The Institute of Audiology and Speech Science, Xuzhou Medical Collage Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China ; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical College Xuzhou, China
| | - Xi Shi
- The Institute of Audiology and Speech Science, Xuzhou Medical Collage Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical College Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China
| | - Yuehua Qiao
- The Institute of Audiology and Speech Science, Xuzhou Medical Collage Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China ; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province Kunming, China
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Zeng Y, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Shen H, Lu J, Pan X, Lin N, Dai X, Zhou M, Chen X. Tripchlorolide improves cognitive deficits by reducing amyloid β and upregulating synapse-related proteins in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurochem 2015; 133:38-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Yuangui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Hui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Nan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
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Pereira-Figueiredo I, Carro J, Muñoz LJ, Sancho C, Castellano O, Gómez-Nieto R, López DE. Sex Differences in the Effects of Sertraline and Stressors in Rats Previously Exposed to Restraint Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2015.87038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zubedat S, Aga-Mizrachi S, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Ritter A, Nachmani M, Avital A. Methylphenidate and environmental enrichment ameliorate the deleterious effects of prenatal stress on attention functioning. Stress 2015; 18:280-8. [PMID: 25783195 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1023790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Either pre- or post-natal environmental factors seem to play a key role in brain and behavioral development and to exert long-term effects. Increasing evidence suggests that exposure to prenatal stress (PS) leads to motor and learning deficits and elevated anxiety, while enriched environment (EE) shows protective effects. The dopaminergic system is also sensitive to environmental life circumstances and affects attention functioning, which serves as the preliminary gate to cognitive processes. However, the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on the dopaminergic system and attentional functioning, in the context of these life experiences, remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of EE or PS on distinct types of attention, along with possible effects of MPH exposure. We found that PS impaired selective attention as well as partial sustained attention, while EE had beneficial effects. Both EE and MPH ameliorated the deleterious effects of PS on attention functioning. Considering the possible psychostimulant effect of MPH, we examined both anxiety-like behavior as well as motor learning. We found that PS had a clear anxiogenic effect, whereas EE had an anxiolytic effect. Nevertheless, the treatment with both MPH and/or EE recovered the deleterious effects of PS. In the motor-learning task, the PS group showed superior performance while MPH led to impaired motor learning. Performance decrements were prevented in both the PS + MPH and EE + MPH groups. This study provides evidence that peripubertal exposure to EE (by providing enhanced sensory, motor, and social opportunities) or MPH treatments might be an optional therapeutic intervention in preventing the PS long-term adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zubedat
- a Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel and
| | - Shlomit Aga-Mizrachi
- a Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel and
| | - Adi Cymerblit-Sabba
- a Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel and
| | - Ami Ritter
- a Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel and
| | - Maayan Nachmani
- a Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel and
| | - Avi Avital
- a Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel and
- b Emek Medical Center , Afula , Israel
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30
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Repeated exposure to positive events induces optimistic-like judgment and enhances fearfulness in chronically stressed sheep. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Liu Y, Zhuang X, Gou L, Ling X, Tian X, Liu L, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Yin X. Protective effects of nizofenone administration on the cognitive impairments induced by chronic restraint stress in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:474-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhao D, Liu D, Chen X, Wang K, Zhang A, Kang J, Zhou Q, Duan T. Prenatal stress disturbs hippocampal KIF17 and NR2B in spatial cognition in male offspring. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:535-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Long-term behavioral and NMDA receptor effects of young-adult corticosterone treatment in BDNF heterozygous mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:722-31. [PMID: 22426399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, are most likely caused by an interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including stress during development. The neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in this illness as BDNF levels are decreased in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of reduced BDNF levels and postnatal stress, simulated by chronic young-adult treatment with the stress hormone, corticosterone. From 6 weeks of age, female and male BDNF heterozygous mice and their wild-type controls were chronically treated with corticosterone in their drinking water for 3 weeks. At 11 weeks of age, male, but not female BDNF heterozygous mice treated with corticosterone exhibited a profound memory deficit in the Y-maze. There were no differences between the groups in baseline prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, or its disruption by treatment with MK-801. However, an increase in startle caused by MK-801 treatment was absent in male, but not female BDNF heterozygous mice, irrespective of corticosterone treatment. Analysis of protein levels of the NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C, showed a marked increase of NR2B levels in the dorsal hippocampus of male BDNF heterozygous mice treated with corticosterone. In the ventral hippocampus, significantly reduced levels of NR2A, NR2B and NR2C were observed in male BDNF heterozygous mice. The NMDA receptor effects in hippocampal sub-regions could be related to the spatial memory deficits and the loss of the effect of MK-801 on startle in these mice, respectively. No significant changes in NMDA receptor subunit levels were observed in any of the female groups. Similarly, no significant changes in levels of BDNF or its receptor, TrkB, were found other than the expected reduced levels of BDNF in heterozygous mice. In conclusion, the data show differential interactive effects of reduced levels of BDNF expression and corticosterone treatment on spatial memory and startle in male and female mice, accompanied by significant, but region-specific changes in NMDA receptor subunit levels in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. These results could be important for our understanding of the interaction of neurodevelopmental stress and BDNF deficiency in cognitive and anxiety-related symptoms of psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia.
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Hutchinson KM, McLaughlin KJ, Wright RL, Bryce Ortiz J, Anouti DP, Mika A, Diamond DM, Conrad CD. Environmental enrichment protects against the effects of chronic stress on cognitive and morphological measures of hippocampal integrity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:250-60. [PMID: 22266288 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress has detrimental effects on hippocampal integrity, while environmental enrichment (EE) has beneficial effects when initiated early in development. In this study, we investigated whether EE initiated in adulthood would mitigate chronic stress effects on cognitive function and hippocampal neuronal architecture, when EE started one week before chronic stress began, or two weeks after chronic stress onset. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were chronically restrained (6h/d) or assigned as non-stressed controls and subdivided into EE or non-EE housing. After restraint ended, rats were tested on a radial arm water maze (RAWM) for 2-d to assess spatial learning and memory. The first study showed that when EE began prior to 3-weeks of chronic stress, EE attenuated chronic stress-induced impairments in acquisition, which corresponded with the prevention of chronic stress-induced reductions in CA3 apical dendritic length. A second study showed that when EE began 2-weeks after the onset of a 5-week stress regimen, EE blocked chronic stress-induced impairments in acquisition and retention at 1-h and 24-h delays. RAWM performance corresponded with CA3 apical dendritic complexity. Moreover, rats in EE housing (control or stress) exhibited similar corticosterone profiles across weeks, which differed from the muted corticosterone response to restraint by the chronically stressed pair-housed rats. These data support the interpretation that chronic stress and EE may act on similar mechanisms within the hippocampus, and that manipulation of these factors may yield new directions for optimizing brain integrity and resilience under chronic stress or stress related neuropsychological disorders in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Hutchinson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA
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Stewart A, Gaikwad S, Kyzar E, Green J, Roth A, Kalueff AV. Modeling anxiety using adult zebrafish: a conceptual review. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:135-43. [PMID: 21843537 PMCID: PMC3195883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly emerging as a useful animal model in neurobehavioral research. Mounting evidence shows the suitability of zebrafish to model various aspects of anxiety-related states. Here, we evaluate established and novel approaches to uncover the molecular substrates, genetic pathways and neural circuits of anxiety using adult zebrafish. Experimental approaches to modeling anxiety in zebrafish include novelty-based paradigms, pharmacological and genetic manipulations, as well as innovative video-tracking, 3D-reconstructions, bioinformatics-based searchable databases and omics-based tools. Complementing traditional rodent models of anxiety, we provide a conceptual framework for the wider application of zebrafish and other aquatic models in anxiety research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Evan Kyzar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeremy Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Andrew Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Do transmembrane domain neuregulin 1 mutant mice exhibit a reliable sensorimotor gating deficit? Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Gaikwad S, Stewart A, Hart P, Wong K, Piet V, Cachat J, Kalueff AV. Acute stress disrupts performance of zebrafish in the cued and spatial memory tests: The utility of fish models to study stress–memory interplay. Behav Processes 2011; 87:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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