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Sedhom S, Hammond N, Thanos KZ, Blum K, Elman I, Bowirrat A, Dennen CA, Thanos PK. Potential Link Between Exercise and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Glutamate Receptors in Alcohol Use Disorder: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:2363-2376. [PMID: 38895648 PMCID: PMC11185169 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s462403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant risk factor, accounting for approximately 13% of all deaths in the US. AUD not only destroys families but also causes economic losses due to reduced productivity, absenteeism, and healthcare expenses. Statistics revealing the sustained number of individuals affected by AUD over the years underscore the need for further understanding of the underlying pathophysiology to advance novel therapeutic strategies. Previous research has implicated the limbic brain regions N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR) in the emotional and behavioral effects of AUD. Given that aerobic exercise can modulate NMDAR activity and sensitivity to alcohol, this review presents a summary of clinical and basic science studies on NMDAR levels induced by alcohol consumption, as well as acute and protracted withdrawal, highlighting the potential role of aerobic exercise as an adjunctive therapy for AUD. Based on our findings, the utility of exercise in the modulation of reward-linked receptors and AUD may be mediated by its effects on NMDA signaling. These data support further consideration of the potential of aerobic exercise as a promising adjunctive therapy for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sedhom
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kyriaki Z Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise & Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Powell A, Hanna C, Sajjad M, Yao R, Blum K, Gold MS, Quattrin T, Thanos PK. Exercise Influences the Brain's Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure in Male Rats. J Pers Med 2024; 14:500. [PMID: 38793082 PMCID: PMC11122626 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is associated with negative health outcomes: cocaine use disorders, speedballing, and overdose deaths. Currently, treatments for cocaine use disorders and overdose are non-existent when compared to opioid use disorders, and current standard cocaine use disorder treatments have high dropout and recidivism rates. Physical exercise has been shown to attenuate addiction behavior as well as modulate brain activity. This study examined the differential effects of chronic cocaine use between exercised and sedentary rats. The effects of exercise on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) following chronic cocaine exposure were assessed using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Compared to sedentary animals, exercise decreased metabolism in the SIBF primary somatosensory cortex. Activation occurred in the amygdalopiriform and piriform cortex, trigeminothalamic tract, rhinal and perirhinal cortex, and visual cortex. BGluM changes may help ameliorate various aspects of cocaine abuse and reinstatement. Further investigation is needed into the underlying neuronal circuits involved in BGluM changes and their association with addiction behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Powell
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- UBMD Pediatrics, JR Oishei Children’s Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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Blum K, Braverman ER, Gold MS, Dennen CA, Baron D, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Elman I, Gondre-Lewis MC, Ashford JW, Newberg A, Madigan MA, Jafari N, Zeine F, Sunder K, Giordano J, Barh D, Gupta A, Carney P, Bowirrat A, Badgaiyan RD. Addressing cortex dysregulation in youth through brain health check coaching and prophylactic brain development. INNOSC THERANOSTICS & PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:1472. [PMID: 38766548 PMCID: PMC11100020 DOI: 10.36922/itps.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The Carter Center has estimated that the addiction crisis in the United States (US), if continues to worsen at the same rate, may cost the country approximately 16 trillion dollars by 2030. In recent years, the well-being of youth has been compromised by not only the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic but also the alarming global opioid crisis, particularly in the US. Each year, deadly opioid drugs claim hundreds of thousands of lives, contributing to an ever-rising death toll. In addition, maternal usage of opioids and other drugs during pregnancy could compromise the neurodevelopment of children. A high rate of DNA polymorphic antecedents compounds the occurrence of epigenetic insults involving methylation of specific essential genes related to normal brain function. These genetic antecedent insults affect healthy DNA and mRNA transcription, leading to a loss of proteins required for normal brain development and function in youth. Myelination in the frontal cortex, a process known to extend until the late 20s, delays the development of proficient executive function and decision-making abilities. Understanding this delay in brain development, along with the presence of potential high-risk antecedent polymorphic variants or alleles and generational epigenetics, provides a clear rationale for embracing the Brain Research Commission's suggestion to mimic fitness programs with an adaptable brain health check (BHC). Implementing the BHC within the educational systems in the US and other countries could serve as an effective initiative for proactive therapies aimed at reducing juvenile mental health problems and eventually criminal activities, addiction, and other behaviors associated with reward deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
- Division of Personalized Recovery Science, Transplicegen Therapeutics, Llc., Austin, Tx., United of States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Ketamine Clinic of South Florida, Pompano Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjorie C. Gondre-Lewis
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Newberg
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Madigan
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Development, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Department of Human Development, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University California, UC Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - John Giordano
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Ketamine Clinic of South Florida, Pompano Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Debmayla Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Carney
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri Health Care-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
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Tyler J, Podaras M, Richardson B, Roeder N, Hammond N, Hamilton J, Blum K, Gold M, Baron DA, Thanos PK. High intensity interval training exercise increases dopamine D2 levels and modulates brain dopamine signaling. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1257629. [PMID: 38192549 PMCID: PMC10773799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has outlined the health benefits of exercise including its therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (SUD). These data have already been utilized and it is now common to find exercise as part of SUD treatment and relapse prevention programs. However, we need to better understand different exercise regimens and determine which would be the most beneficial for SUDs. Recently, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained attention in comparison with aerobic and resistance exercise. Little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of HIIT, including its effects on dopamine signaling and receptor levels in the brain. The present study examined the effects of chronic HIIT exercise on dopamine signaling as measured by dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) quantification in the brains of male and female rats as measured by [3H] SCH 23390 and [3H] spiperone autoradiography, and TH-immunoreactive optical density values. Methods Rats were separated in two groups: sedentary and HIIT exercise. Exercise was on a treadmill for 30 min daily (10 3 min cycles) for six weeks with progressive speed increased up to 0.8 mph (21.5 m/min). Results Results showed for D2R-like binding, a significant effect across the ventral caudate putamen (V CPU) between sexes, such that mean D2R-like binding was 14% greater for males than females. In the nucleus accumbens shell (Nac Shell), the HIIT Exercise rats showed 16% greater D2R-like binding as compared to the sedentary rats. No significant effects of HIIT exercise were found across groups for brain D1R-like binding levels or TH expression. Conclusion These results suggest that HIIT exercise can modulate dopamine signaling by way of increased D2R. These findings support the premise that HIIT exercise plays an important role in dopamine signaling and, may provide a potential mechanism for how HIIT exercise can impact the brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Madeline Podaras
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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5
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Hanna C, Yao R, Sajjad M, Gold M, Blum K, Thanos PK. Exercise Modifies the Brain Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure Inhibiting the Stria Terminalis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1705. [PMID: 38137153 PMCID: PMC10742065 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that exercise promotes health and wellness, both mentally and physiologically. It has been shown to play a protective role in many diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. The present study examined the effects of aerobic exercise on brain glucose metabolic activity in response to chronic cocaine exposure in female Lewis rats. Rats were divided into exercise and sedentary groups. Exercised rats underwent treadmill running for six weeks and were compared to the sedentary rats. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), metabolic changes in distinct brain regions were observed when comparing cocaine-exposed exercised rats to cocaine-exposed sedentary rats. This included activation of the secondary visual cortex and inhibition in the cerebellum, stria terminalis, thalamus, caudate putamen, and primary somatosensory cortex. The functional network of this brain circuit is involved in sensory processing, fear and stress responses, reward/addiction, and movement. These results show that chronic exercise can alter the brain metabolic response to cocaine treatment in regions associated with emotion, behavior, and the brain reward cascade. This supports previous findings of the potential for aerobic exercise to alter the brain's response to drugs of abuse, providing targets for future investigation. These results can provide insights into the fields of exercise neuroscience, psychiatry, and addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research points to exercise having a positive effect in fighting relapse and use of drugs of abuse. Through conducting this research, differences have been observed in the effects of exercise on drug abuse between sexes. Many of the studies found that exercise tends to cause a more profound effect in blocking drug relapse or reinstatement in males when compared with females. METHODS Our hypothesis is that these differences in response to drugs of abuse after an exercise regimen could in part be attributed to variations in testosterone levels between males and females. RESULTS Testosterone has been shown to have a modulatory impact on the dopaminergic activity in the brain, causing an effect on the brain's response to drugs of abuse. Exercise has demonstrated a causal effect on increasing testosterone levels in males, whereas drugs of abuse decrease testosterone levels in males. CONCLUSIONS Thus, exercise raising testosterone levels in males helps to decrease the dopaminergic response in the brain to drugs of abuse causing attenuation to drugs. To find sex-specific exercise treatments for drugs of abuse, it is important to continue researching exercise's efficacy against drugs of abuse.
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Exercise Modulates Brain Glucose Utilization Response to Acute Cocaine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12121976. [PMID: 36556197 PMCID: PMC9788493 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12121976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, a proven method of boosting health and wellness, is thought to act as a protective factor against many neurological and psychological diseases. Recent studies on exercise and drug exposure have pinpointed some of the neurological mechanisms that may characterize this protective factor. Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques and the glucose analog [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), our team sought to identify how chronic aerobic exercise modulates brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) after drug-naïve rats were exposed to an acute dose of cocaine. Using sedentary rats as a control group, we observed significant differences in regional BGluM. Chronic treadmill exercise treatment coupled with acute cocaine exposure induced responses in BGluM activity in the following brain regions: postsubiculum (Post), parasubiculum (PaS), granular and dysgranular insular cortex (GI and DI, respectively), substantia nigra reticular (SNR) and compact part dorsal tier (SNCD), temporal association cortex (TeA), entopenduncular nucleus (EP), and crus 1 of the ansiform lobule (crus 1). Inhibition, characterized by decreased responses due to our exercise, was found in the ventral endopiriform nucleus (VEn). These areas are associated with memory and various motor functions. They also include and share connections with densely dopaminergic areas of the mesolimbic system. In conclusion, these findings suggest that treadmill exercise in rats mediates brain glucose response to an acute dose of cocaine differently as compared to sedentary rats. The modulated brain glucose utilization occurs in brain regions responsible for memory and association, spatial navigation, and motor control as well as corticomesolimbic regions related to reward, emotion, and movement.
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Hanna C, Hamilton J, Arnavut E, Blum K, Thanos PK. Brain Mapping the Effects of Chronic Aerobic Exercise in the Rat Brain Using FDG PET. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060860. [PMID: 35743644 PMCID: PMC9224807 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a key component to health and wellness and is thought to play an important role in brain activity. Changes in brain activity after exercise have been observed through various neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). The precise impact of exercise on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) is still unclear; however, results from PET studies seem to indicate an increase in regional metabolism in areas related to cognition and memory, direction, drive, motor functions, perception, and somatosensory areas in humans. Using PET and the glucose analog [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), we assessed the changes in BGluM between sedentary and chronic exercise in rats. Chronic treadmill exercise treatment demonstrated a significant increase in BGluM activity in the following brain regions: the caudate putamen (striatum), external capsule, internal capsule, deep cerebellar white matter, primary auditory cortex, forceps major of the corpus callosum, postsubiculum, subiculum transition area, and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. These brain regions are functionally associated with auditory processing, memory, motor function, and motivated behavior. Therefore, chronic daily treadmill running in rats stimulates BGluM in distinct brain regions. This identified functional circuit provides a map of brain regions for future molecular assessment which will help us understand the biomarkers involved in specific brain regions following exercise training, as this is critical in exploring the therapeutic potential of exercise in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease, traumatic brain injury, and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.); (J.H.); (E.A.)
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.); (J.H.); (E.A.)
| | - Eliz Arnavut
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.); (J.H.); (E.A.)
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.H.); (J.H.); (E.A.)
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-881-7520
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Marrero-Cristobal G, Gelpi-Dominguez U, Morales-Silva R, Alvarado-Torres J, Perez-Torres J, Perez-Perez Y, Sepulveda-Orengo M. Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:1602-1642. [PMID: 34850988 PMCID: PMC9156662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and public health impact of substance use disorders (SUDs), effective long-term treatments remain elusive. Aerobic exercise is a promising, nonpharmacological treatment currently under investigation as a strategy for preventing drug relapse. Aerobic exercise could be incorporated into the comprehensive treatment regimens for people with substance abuse disorders. Preclinical studies of SUD with animal models have shown that aerobic exercise diminishes drug-seeking behavior, which leads to relapse, in both male and female rats. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects of substance abuse-induced cellular and physiological adaptations believed to be responsible for drug-seeking behavior. Accordingly, the overall goal of this review is to provide a summary and an assessment of findings to date, highlighting evidence of the molecular and neurological effects of exercise on adaptations associated with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Gelpi-Dominguez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Roberto Morales-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - John Alvarado-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Joshua Perez-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Yobet Perez-Perez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Marian Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
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Rodrigues RS, Paulo SL, Moreira JB, Tanqueiro SR, Sebastião AM, Diógenes MJ, Xapelli S. Adult Neural Stem Cells as Promising Targets in Psychiatric Disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 29:1099-1117. [PMID: 32723008 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new therapies for psychiatric disorders is of utmost importance, given the enormous toll these disorders pose to society nowadays. This should be based on the identification of neural substrates and mechanisms that underlie disease etiopathophysiology. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) have been emerging as a promising platform to counteract brain damage. In this perspective article, we put forth a detailed view of how NSCs operate in the adult brain and influence brain homeostasis, having profound implications at both behavioral and functional levels. We appraise evidence suggesting that adult NSCs play important roles in regulating several forms of brain plasticity, particularly emotional and cognitive flexibility, and that NSC dynamics are altered upon brain pathology. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic value of utilizing adult endogenous NSCs as vessels for regeneration, highlighting their importance as targets for the treatment of multiple mental illnesses, such as affective disorders, schizophrenia, and addiction. Finally, we speculate on strategies to surpass current challenges in neuropsychiatric disease modeling and brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara L Paulo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara R Tanqueiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Jung S, Kim Y, Kim M, Seo M, Kim S, Kim S, Lee S. Exercise Pills for Drug Addiction: Forced Moderate Endurance Exercise Inhibits Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity through the Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling Pathway in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158203. [PMID: 34360969 PMCID: PMC8348279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise reduces the extent, duration, and frequency of drug use in drug addicts during the drug initiation phase, as well as during prolonged addiction, withdrawal, and recurrence. However, information about exercise-induced neurobiological changes is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forced moderate endurance exercise training on methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavior and the associated neurobiological changes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to the administration of METH (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and/or forced moderate endurance exercise (treadmill running, 21 m/min, 60 min/day) for 2 weeks. Over the two weeks, endurance exercise training significantly reduced METH-induced hyperactivity. METH and/or exercise treatment increased striatal dopamine (DA) levels, decreased p(Thr308)-Akt expression, and increased p(Tyr216)-GSK-3β expression. However, the phosphorylation levels of Ser9-GSK-3β were significantly increased in the exercise group. METH administration significantly increased the expression of NMDAr1, CaMKK2, MAPKs, and PP1 in the striatum, and exercise treatment significantly decreased the expression of these molecules. Therefore, it is apparent that endurance exercise inhibited the METH-induced hyperactivity due to the decrease in GSK-3β activation by the regulation of the striatal glutamate signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sooyeun Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6651; Fax: +82-53-580-5164
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12
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Katsidoni V, Tzatzarakis MN, Karzi V, Thermos K, Kastellakis A, Panagis G. Differential effects of chronic voluntary wheel-running on morphine induced brain stimulation reward, motor activity and striatal dopaminergic activity. Behav Brain Res 2020; 394:112831. [PMID: 32721470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise could be a protective factor against the development of substance use disorders; however, a number of preclinical studies report reward-enhancing effects of exercise for various drugs of abuse. We examined the effects of chronic wheel-running on brain reward sensitivity, reaction to novelty, reward-facilitating and locomotor-stimulating effects of morphine, using the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and the open field test (OFT). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a sedentary or exercised group. For the ICSS procedure, rats were implanted with electrodes and trained to respond for electrical stimulation. Several indices were recorded in the training phase to estimate brain reward sensitivity. Once responding was stable, the animals of both groups received systemic injections of morphine and their ICSS thresholds were measured with the curve-shift paradigm. Employing the OFT, basal and morphine-induced locomotor activity was measured. Finally, basal and morphine-evoked tissue levels of dopamine and its metabolites were determined in the striatum using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chronic wheel-running decreased brain reward sensitivity and subsequently increased the reward-facilitating effect of morphine. Exercised animals demonstrated a decreased reaction to novelty and reduced morphine-induced locomotion. Lastly, dopaminergic activity was decreased in the striatum of exercised animals under basal conditions, whereas morphine administration led to an increase in dopamine turnover. These findings indicate that chronic voluntary exercise exerts divergent effects on reward function, psychomotor activity and the reward-facilitating and locomotor-activating effects of opioids during adulthood. Our results provide insights into the increased non-medical use of opioids among young athletes reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Katsidoni
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Karzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Thermos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andreas Kastellakis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
| | - George Panagis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100, Rethymno, Crete, Greece.
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13
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Rahman N, Mihalkovic A, Geary O, Haffey R, Hamilton J, Thanos PK. Chronic aerobic exercise: Autoradiographic assessment of GABA(a) and mu-opioid receptor binding in adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172980. [PMID: 32593790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise programs have shown great potential for both the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder (SUD). As exercise has been shown to have potent effects on physical and psychological health, it is reasonable to examine the mechanism of how exercise can be used as an adjunct treatment for addiction. The present study examined the effects of chronic aerobic (treadmill) exercise on both GABA(a) and mu-opioid receptor levels in the brains of male and female rats. GABA(a) receptor binding, measured by [3H] Flunitrazepam, was increased in the cingulate cortex following exercise, but only in females. Mu-opioid receptor expression, measured by [3H] ([D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin) (DAMGO), showed no effect of exercise while showing an effect of sex, with increased [3H] DAMGO binding in the brains of sedentary males compared to that of sedentary females. Our findings support the potential role for GABA(a) signaling in the cingulate cortex as part of the mechanism of action of aerobic exercise. These data, along with prior reports, aid our understanding of the neurochemical impact and mechanism of chronic aerobic exercise on neuropsychiatric disease, particularly regarding addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Rahman
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America
| | - Abrianna Mihalkovic
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America
| | - Olivia Geary
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America
| | - Rylee Haffey
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America.
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14
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Swenson S, Blum K, McLaughlin T, Gold MS, Thanos PK. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116763. [PMID: 32305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have a myriad of health benefits. There is much to be learned from the effects of exercise and its potential for prevention, attenuation and treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, recent data and research on exercise benefits with respect to major health crises, such as, that of opioid and general substance use disorders, make it very important to better understand and review the mechanisms of exercise and how it could be utilized for effective treatments or adjunct treatments for these diseases. In addition, mechanisms, epigenetics and sex differences are examined and discussed in terms of future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Western Univesity Health Sciences, Graduate College, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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15
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Swenson S, Hamilton J, Robison L, Thanos PK. Chronic aerobic exercise: Lack of effect on brain CB1 receptor levels in adult rats. Life Sci 2019; 230:84-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Taheri P, Keshavarzi S, Ebadi M, Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Neuroprotective Effects of Forced Exercise and Bupropion on Chronic Methamphetamine-induced Cognitive Impairment via Modulation of cAMP Response Element-binding Protein/Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:151. [PMID: 30662880 PMCID: PMC6319043 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_11_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forced exercise can act as non-pharmacologic neuroprotective agent. In current study, we tried the involved molecular mechanisms of protective effects of forced exercise against methamphetamine induced neurodegeneration. Materials and Methods Forty adult male rats were divided to Group 1 and 2 which received normal saline and methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) respectively for 30 days. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with methamphetamine for first 15 days and then were treated by forced exercise, bupropion (20 mg/kg/day) or combination of them for the following 15 days. Between 26th and 30th days, Morris Water Maze (MWM) was used to evaluate the cognition. On day 31, hippocampus was isolated from each rat and oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors also the level of total and phosphorylated forms of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins were also evaluated. Results Chronic abuse of methamphetamine could decreases cognition and increase malondialdehyde (MDA), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), while caused decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities all these changes was significant (P < 0.001) in compared to control group while treatment with bupropion, forced exercise and bupropion in combination with forced exercise could prevent all these malicious effects of methamphetamine (P < 0.001). Bupropion, forced exercise and bupropion in combination with forced exercise could activate CREB (both forms) and activates BDNF proteins' expression with P < 0.001 in methamphetamine treated rats. Conclusions P-CREB/BDNF signaling pathways might have critical role in forced exercise protective effects against methamphetamine induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Taheri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saghar Keshavarzi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ebadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Nock NL, Minnes S, Alberts JL. Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1711-1729. [PMID: 29251846 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substance use (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, opioids, cocaine., etc,) use often initiates during adolescence, a critical period of physiological and social development marked by an increase in risk-taking due, in part, to heightened motivation to obtain arousal from rewards. Substance use during adolescence has been associated with a greater risk of substance use disorders (SUD) in adulthood. Although use rates for most substances have remained relatively stable, the frequency of marijuana use and the perception that regular marijuana use is not harmful has increased in adolescents. Furthermore, the nonmedical use of opioids has increased, particularly in the South, Midwest, and rural low-income communities. Substance use in adolescence has been associated with adverse structural and functional brain changes and, may exacerbate the natural "imbalance" between frontal/regulatory and cortical-subcortical circuits, leading to further heightened impulsive and reward-driven behaviors. Exercise increases growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factors that stimulate endogenous dopaminergic systems that, in turn, enhance general plasticity, learning, and memory. Exercise may help to reinforce the "naïve" or underdeveloped connections between neurological reward and regulatory processes in adolescence from the "bottom up" and "offset" reward seeking from substances, while concomitantly improving cardiovascular health, as well as academic and social achievement. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of substance use in adolescents and rationale for the utilization of exercise, particularly "assisted" exercise, which we have shown increases neural activity in cortical-subcortical regions and may modulate brain dopamine levels during adolescence, a unique window of heightened reward sensitivity and neural plasticity, for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Nock
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay L Alberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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18
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Robison LS, Swenson S, Hamilton J, Thanos PK. Exercise Reduces Dopamine D1R and Increases D2R in Rats: Implications for Addiction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1596-1602. [PMID: 29613999 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise has been shown to be effective for preventing and treating substance abuse in both clinical and preclinical studies. Less is known, however, regarding the underlying neurobiological mechanisms driving these changes in drug-seeking behavior. One possibility is that exercise may alter the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in such a way that makes drugs of abuse less salient and/or rewarding. METHODS To examine possible exercise-induced changes in dopamine signaling, male and female Lewis rats were split into exercise and sedentary groups at 8 wk of age. Exercise rats were run on a treadmill at 10 m·min, 5 d·wk, for 6 wk, whereas sedentary rats remained in their home cage. Rats were killed after the 6 wk of treatment, and their brains were used for in vitro autoradiography using [H]SCH 23,390, [H]Spiperone, and [H]WIN55,428 ligands to quantify dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and dopamine transporter binding, respectively. RESULTS Exercised rats had 18% and 21% lower D1R-like binding levels compared to sedentary rats within the olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens shell, respectively. In addition, male and female exercise rats showed greater D2R-like binding levels within the dorsomedial caudate putamen (30%), ventrolateral caudate putamen (24%), and ventromedial caudate putamen (27%), as well as the olfactory tubercle (19%). Greater D2R-like binding in the nucleus accumbens core (24%) and shell (25%) of exercised rats compared with sedentary rats approached significance. No effects were found for dopamine transporter binding. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that aerobic exercise results in changes in the mesolimbic pathway that could mediate exercise-induced attenuation of drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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19
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Robison LS, Alessi L, Thanos PK. Chronic forced exercise inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:176-184. [PMID: 30036547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress increases the likelihood of cocaine relapse in humans and animals, even following a prolonged extinction/abstinence period. Exercise has previously been shown to reduce stress and decrease the likelihood of drug dependence, while also reducing cravings in humans and inhibiting relapse behaviors due to other risk factors in rodents. The present study evaluated the efficacy of exercise to reduce stress-induced relapse to cocaine in a rodent model. Young adult female Sprague Dawley rats were tested for cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), then split into sedentary or exercise (six weeks of one-hour daily treadmill running, five days per week) groups. Following cocaine CPP, rats were tested for extinction behavior, and then tested for stress-primed reinstatement (15 min immobilization) following the six-week intervention period. Exercise inhibited stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP despite increasing serum corticosterone levels following 15 min of immobilization, suggesting that chronic aerobic exercise intervention may result in adaptations of stress pathways. These findings suggest that exercise may help prevent stress-induced drug relapse, adding to a growing body of evidence supporting the utility of exercise to combat substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Albany Medical College, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Luke Alessi
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, 101 Northern Blvd, Glen Head, NY, 11545, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- University at Buffalo, Research Institute on Addictions, Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203-1016, USA.
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20
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Pester MS, Kirkpatrick MG, Geary BA, Leventhal AM. Rewarding effects of physical activity predict sensitivity to the acute subjective effects of d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:302-308. [PMID: 29338486 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117748901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While individual differences in reward sensitivity are believed to generalize across drugs and alternative rewards, this notion has received little empirical attention in human research. Here, we tested whether individual differences in the subjective rewarding effects of physical activity were associated with the subjective response to d-amphetamine administration. Healthy volunteers ( n=95; age 18-35 years) completed questionnaires measuring the self-reported pleasurable effects of physical activity and other covariates, and this was followed by two double-blind counterbalanced sessions during which they received either 20 mg oral d-amphetamine or placebo. Subjective drug effects measures were collected before and repeatedly after drug administration. Subjective d-amphetamine-related effects were then reduced via principal components analysis into latent factors of "positive mood," "arousal," and "drug high." Multiple regression models controlling for placebo-related scores, session order, demographics, body mass index, level of physical activity, and use of other drugs showed that degree of self-reported physical activity reward was positively associated with d-amphetamine-induced positive mood and arousal ( βs≥0.25, ps≤0.04), but was not associated with d-amphetamine-induced changes in drug high ( β=0.13, p=0.24). These results provide novel evidence suggesting that individual differences in reward sensitivity cross over between d-amphetamine reward and physical activity reward in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie S Pester
- 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bree A Geary
- 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Segat H, Barcelos R, Metz V, Rosa H, Roversi K, Antoniazzi C, Vey L, Kronbauer M, Veit J, Piccolo J, Emanuelli T, Burger M. Influence of physical activity on addiction parameters of rats exposed to amphetamine which were previously supplemented with hydrogenated vegetable fat. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Mazur FG, Oliveira LFG, Cunha MP, Rodrigues ALS, Pértile RAN, Vendruscolo LF, Izídio GS. Effects of physical exercise and social isolation on anxiety-related behaviors in two inbred rat strains. Behav Processes 2017; 142:70-78. [PMID: 28602748 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of physical exercise (PE) on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in Lewis (LEW) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) male rats. Rats received either four weeks of forced training, 5days/week, on a treadmill (experiment 1) or were given 21days of free access to running wheels (experiment 2). We also tested the effects of social isolation (SI) (seven days of isolation - experiment 3) on behavior. In experiment 1, 20% of LEW rats and 63% of SHR rats completed the training protocol. PE significantly increased central and peripheral locomotion in the open field (OF) and entries into the open arms in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) in both strains. In experiment 2, the distance traveled by SHR rats on running wheels was significantly higher compared with LEW rats. PE on running wheels also increased the time spent in the center of the OF in SHR rats only. In experiment 3, SI decreased central and peripheral locomotion in the OF in both strains. In summary, forced PE on a treadmill reduced anxiety-like behavior and increased locomotion in male rats of both strains, whereas voluntary PE on running wheels decreased anxiety-like behavior in SHR rats only. SI decreased locomotion in both strains in the OF. This study suggests that spontaneous activity levels are genotype-dependent and the effects of PE depend on the type of exercise performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Mazur
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - L F G Oliveira
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M P Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A L S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - R A N Pértile
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - L F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, MD 21224, Baltimore, USA
| | - G S Izídio
- Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88.040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Naghshvarian M, Zarrindast MR, Mehr SE, Ommati MM, Sajjadi SF. Effect of exercise and morphine on psychological and physical dependencies, BDNF and TrkB gene expression in rat's hippocampus. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:603-609. [PMID: 28811779 PMCID: PMC5510111 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.333.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To compare the effect of exercise and morphine on abstinence syndrome and hippocampal gene expression in rat model. Methods: Thirty adult male rats were exposed to voluntary wheel exercise (low, medium, high) for 28 days. The subjects entered Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) apparatus and experienced morphine (low, medium, high) CPP and followed by naloxone test. Correlation between exercise level, morphine injection, concurrent morphine administration and exercise with morphine CPP, BDNF and TrkB genes was determined. Rats were euthanized, decapitated and the hippocampus was removed. The expression of BDNF and TrkB genes were evaluated by real time PCR. Results: Active rats ran an average of 839.18 m/d. A significant (P<0.001) correlation between exercise level, morphine injection, concurrent morphine administration and exercise with morphine CPP and BDNFand TrKB gene expressions was found. Conclusion: Voluntary exercise in different levels potentiates the brain rewarding system, CPP scale, and hippocampal BDNF and TrKB expressions. High range of voluntary exercise demonstrated an increase in the likelihood of developing addictive and drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Naghshvarian
- Mojtaba Naghshvarian, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr
- Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Mohammad Mehdi Ommati, Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Sajjadi
- Seyedeh Fatemeh Sajjadi, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Rethorst CD, Carmody T, Grannemann BD, Walker R, Warden D, Wilson KS, Stoutenberg M, Oden N, Silverstein M, Hodgkins C, Love L, Seamans C, Stotts A, Causey T, Szucs-Reed RP, Rinaldi P, Myrick H, Straus M, Liu D, Lindblad R, Church T, Blair SN, Nunes EV. Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Exercise to Health Education for Stimulant Use Disorder: Results From the CTN-0037 STimulant Reduction Intervention Using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE) Study. J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 78:1075-1082. [PMID: 28199070 PMCID: PMC5683711 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.15m10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate exercise as a treatment for stimulant use disorders. METHODS The STimulant Reduction Intervention using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE) study was a randomized clinical trial conducted in 9 residential addiction treatment programs across the United States from July 2010 to February 2013. Of 497 adults referred to the study, 302 met all eligibility criteria, including DSM-IV criteria for stimulant abuse and/or dependence, and were randomized to either a dosed exercise intervention (Exercise) or a health education intervention (Health Education) control, both augmenting treatment as usual and conducted thrice weekly for 12 weeks. The primary outcome of percent stimulant abstinent days during study weeks 4 to 12 was estimated using a novel algorithm adjustment incorporating self-reported Timeline Followback (TLFB) stimulant use and urine drug screen (UDS) data. RESULTS Mean percent of abstinent days based on TLFB was 90.8% (SD = 16.4%) for Exercise and 91.6% (SD = 14.7%) for Health Education participants. Percent of abstinent days using the eliminate contradiction (ELCON) algorithm was 75.6% (SD = 27.4%) for Exercise and 77.3% (SD = 25.1%) for Health Education. The primary intent-to-treat analysis, using a mixed model controlling for site and the ELCON algorithm, produced no treatment effect (P = .60). In post hoc analyses controlling for treatment adherence and baseline stimulant use, Exercise participants had a 4.8% higher abstinence rate (78.7%) compared to Health Education participants (73.9%) (P = .03, number needed to treat = 7.2). CONCLUSIONS The primary analysis indicated no significant difference between exercise and health education. Adjustment for intervention adherence showed modestly but significantly higher percent of abstinent days in the exercise group, suggesting that exercise may improve outcomes for stimulant users who have better adherence to an exercise dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01141608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar H. Trivedi
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Address Correspondence to: Madhukar H. Trivedi, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry, Betty Jo Hay Distinguished Chair in Mental Health, Director, Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, TX 75390-9119, Ph: 214-648-0188,
| | - Tracy L. Greer
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Thomas Carmody
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Robrina Walker
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Diane Warden
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | - Neal Oden
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | - Lee Love
- Gibson Recovery Center, Cape Girardeau, MO
| | | | - Angela Stotts
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Trey Causey
- Morris Village Alcohol and Drug Addiction Treatment Center, Columbia, SC
| | | | | | - Hugh Myrick
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Michele Straus
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
| | - David Liu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
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Mustroph ML, Pinardo H, Merritt JR, Rhodes JS. Parameters for abolishing conditioned place preference for cocaine from running and environmental enrichment in male C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:366-73. [PMID: 27363922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests that 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running abolishes conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in male C57BL/6J mice. OBJECTIVES To determine the duration and timing of exposure to running wheels necessary to reduce CPP, and the extent to which the running per se influences CPP as compared to environmental enrichment without running. METHODS A total of 239 males were conditioned for 4days twice daily with cocaine (10mg/kg) and then split into 7 intervention groups prior to 4days of CPP testing. Experiment 1 consisted of two groups housed as follows: short sedentary group (SS; n=20) in normal cages for 1 week; the short running group (SR; n=20) with running wheels for 1 week. Experiment 2 consisted of five groups housed as follows; short 1 week of running followed by a 3 week sedentary period (SRS; n=20); a 3 week sedentary period followed by 1 week of running (SSR; n=20); long sedentary group (LS; n=66) in normal cages for 4 weeks; long running group (LR; n=66) with running wheels for 4 weeks; and long environmental enrichment group (EE; n=27) with toys for 4 weeks. RESULTS Levels of running were similar in all running groups. Both running and environmental enrichment reduced CPP relative to sedentary groups. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the abolishment of cocaine CPP from running is robust and occurs with as low as 1 week of intervention but may be related to enrichment component of running rather than physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mustroph
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - H Pinardo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J R Merritt
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J S Rhodes
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Carroll ME, Smethells JR. Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments. Front Psychiatry 2016; 6:175. [PMID: 26903885 PMCID: PMC4745113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings related to sex differences in behavioral dyscontrol that lead to drug addiction, and clinical implications for humans are discussed. This review includes research conducted in animals and humans that reveals fundamental aspects of behavioral dyscontrol. The importance of sex differences in aspects of behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity and compulsivity, is discussed as major determinants of drug addiction. Behavioral dyscontrol during adolescence is also an important consideration, as this is the time of onset for drug addiction. These vulnerability factors additively increase drug-abuse vulnerability, and they are integral aspects of addiction that covary and interact with sex differences. Sex differences in treatments for drug addiction are also reviewed in terms of their ability to modify the behavioral dyscontrol that underlies addictive behavior. Customized treatments to reduce behavioral dyscontrol are discussed, such as (1) using natural consequences such as non-drug rewards (e.g., exercise) to maintain abstinence, or using punishment as a consequence for drug use, (2) targeting factors that underlie behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity or anxiety, by repurposing medications to relieve these underlying conditions, and (3) combining two or more novel behavioral or pharmacological treatments to produce additive reductions in drug seeking. Recent published work has indicated that factors contributing to behavioral dyscontrol are an important target for advancing our knowledge on the etiology of drug abuse, intervening with the drug addiction process and developing novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Smethells
- Program in PharmacoNeuroImmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:24-41. [PMID: 26182835 PMCID: PMC4712120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.
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Lespine LF, Tirelli E. The protective effects of free wheel-running against cocaine psychomotor sensitization persist after exercise cessation in C57BL/6J mice. Neuroscience 2015; 310:650-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rawson RA, Chudzynski J, Mooney L, Gonzales R, Ang A, Dickerson D, Penate J, Salem BA, Dolezal B, Cooper CB. Impact of an exercise intervention on methamphetamine use outcomes post-residential treatment care. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 156:21-28. [PMID: 26371404 PMCID: PMC4633370 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the efficacy of an 8-week exercise intervention on posttreatment methamphetamine (MA) use among MA-dependent individuals following residential treatment. METHODS 135 individuals newly enrolled in treatment were randomly assigned to a structured 8-week exercise intervention or health education control group. Approximately 1 week after completion of the intervention, participants were discharged to the community. Interview data and urine samples were collected at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-residential care. Of the sample, 54.8% were classified as higher severity users (using MA more than 18 days in the month before admission) and 45.2% as lower severity users (using MA for up to 18 days in the month before admission). Group differences in MA use outcomes were examined over the 3 timepoints using mixed-multivariate modeling. RESULTS While fewer exercise participants returned to MA use compared to education participants at 1-, 3- and 6-months post-discharge, differences were not statistically significant. A significant interaction for self-reported MA use and MA urine drug test results by condition and MA severity was found: lower severity users in the exercise group reported using MA significantly fewer days at the three post-discharge timepoints than lower severity users in the education group. Lower severity users in the exercise group also had a lower percentage of positive urine results at the three timepoints than lower severity users in the education group. These relationships were not present in the comparison of the higher severity conditions. CONCLUSION Results support the value of exercise as a treatment component for individuals using MA 18 or fewer days/month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Rawson
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joy Chudzynski
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larissa Mooney
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Gonzales
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfonso Ang
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Dickerson
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jose Penate
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bilal A. Salem
- Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brett Dolezal
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte 37-131 CHS, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Cooper
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte 37-131 CHS, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zlebnik NE, Carroll ME. Prevention of the incubation of cocaine seeking by aerobic exercise in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3507-13. [PMID: 26159456 PMCID: PMC4561574 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has demonstrated that aerobic exercise can attenuate craving for drugs of abuse and reduce escalation and reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in animal models. The present study examined the effects of aerobic exercise on the development of the incubation of cocaine-seeking behavior or the progressive increase in cocaine seeking over a protracted withdrawal period from cocaine self-administration. METHODS Female rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg/inf) during daily 6-h sessions for 10 days. Subsequently, access to cocaine and cocaine-paired cues was discontinued during a 3- or 30-day withdrawal period when rats had access to either a locked or unlocked running wheel. At the end of the withdrawal period, rats were reintroduced to the operant conditioning chamber and reexposed to cocaine-paired cues to examine cocaine-seeking behavior under extinction conditions. RESULTS Rats with access to a locked running wheel during 30 days of withdrawal had significantly greater cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior than rats that had access to an unlocked running wheel for 30 days. Further, there was robust incubation of cocaine seeking in rats with access to a locked running wheel as cocaine seeking was notably elevated at 30 vs. 3 days of withdrawal. However, cocaine-seeking behavior did not differ between rats with access to an unlocked running wheel for 30 vs. 3 days, indicating that incubation of cocaine seeking was suppressed following access to exercise for 30 days. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise during extended withdrawal from cocaine self-administration decreased incubation of cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior and may reduce vulnerability to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Zlebnik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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Bardo MT, Compton WM. Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability? Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:3-13. [PMID: 26091750 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current review examined recent literature to determine our state of knowledge about the potential ability of physical activity serve as a protectant against drug abuse vulnerability. METHODS Both preclinical and clinical studies were examined using either associational or random assignment study designs. In addition to examining drug use as an outcome variable, the potential neural mediators linking physical activity and drug abuse vulnerability were examined. CONCLUSIONS Several important conclusions may be drawn. First, the preclinical evidence is solid in showing that physical activity in various forms is able to serve as both a preventive and treatment intervention that reduces drug use, although voluntary alcohol drinking appears to be an exception to this conclusion. Second, the clinical evidence provides some evidence, albeit mixed, to suggest a beneficial effect of physical activity on tobacco dependent individuals. In contrast, there exists only circumstantial evidence that physical activity may reduce use of drugs other than nicotine, and there is essentially no solid information from random control studies to know if physical activity may prevent initiation of problem use. Finally, both preclinical and clinical evidence shows that various brain systems are altered by physical activity, with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serving as one potential node that may mediate the putative link between physical activity and drug abuse vulnerability. It is concluded that novel neurobehavioral approaches taking advantage of novel techniques for assessing the physiological impact of physical activity are needed and can be used to inform the longitudinal random control studies that will answer definitively the question posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology and Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, MSC 9581, Bethesda, MD 20892-9581, USA
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Acute social defeat stress increases the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in adult but not in adolescent mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mustroph ML, Merritt JR, Holloway AL, Pinardo H, Miller DS, Kilby CN, Bucko P, Wyer A, Rhodes JS. Increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not necessary for wheel running to abolish conditioned place preference for cocaine in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:216-26. [PMID: 25393660 PMCID: PMC4300275 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that wheel running can abolish conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in mice. Running significantly increases the number of new neurons in the hippocampus, and new neurons have been hypothesised to enhance plasticity and behavioral flexibility. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that increased neurogenesis was necessary for exercise to abolish cocaine CPP. Male nestin-thymidine kinase transgenic mice were conditioned with cocaine, and then housed with or without running wheels for 32 days. Half of the mice were fed chow containing valganciclovir to induce apoptosis in newly divided neurons, and the other half were fed standard chow. For the first 10 days, mice received daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. On the last 4 days, mice were tested for CPP, and then euthanized for measurement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by counting the number of BrdU-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus. Levels of running were similar in mice fed valganciclovir-containing chow and normal chow. Valganciclovir significantly reduced the numbers of neurons (BrdU-positive/NeuN-positive) in the dentate gyrus of both sedentary mice and runner mice. Valganciclovir-fed runner mice showed similar levels of neurogenesis as sedentary, normal-fed controls. However, valganciclovir-fed runner mice showed the same abolishment of CPP as runner mice with intact neurogenesis. The results demonstrate that elevated adult hippocampal neurogenesis resulting from running is not necessary for running to abolish cocaine CPP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mustroph
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Ali MM, Amialchuk A, Heller LR. The influence of physical activity on cigarette smoking among adolescents: evidence from Add Health. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:539-45. [PMID: 25187062 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article explored the relationship between physical activity and smoking behavior among adolescents using rich longitudinal survey data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents. METHODS Several endogeneity-corrected models were estimated to ascertain the effect of exercise on both the probability of being a smoker and the intensity of cigarette smoking. RESULTS The analysis indicated that 1 additional weekly occurrence of exercise led to a 0.3% decline in the probability of being a smoker and led to a 4.1% reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked by a smoker during a month, a result that was robust to stratification by gender and race/ethnicity. Consistent with the national guidelines, frequencies of physical activity of at least 7 times per week appeared to exhibit the biggest benefits in terms of reduction in smoking for both genders and across races/ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in health-damaging smoking behavior among adolescents could be an additional benefit of being physically active. This research documented a new pathway by which even moderate increases in physical activity could result in improved health outcomes by reducing smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir M Ali
- Analysis and Services Research Branch, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Lauren R Heller
- Department of Economics, Campbell School of Business, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA
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James MH, Campbell EJ, Walker FR, Smith DW, Richardson HN, Hodgson DM, Dayas CV. Exercise reverses the effects of early life stress on orexin cell reactivity in male but not female rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:244. [PMID: 25100956 PMCID: PMC4107856 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a known antecedent for the development of mood disorders such as depression. Orexin neurons drive arousal and motivated behaviors in response to stress. We tested the hypothesis that ELS alters orexin system function and leads to an altered stress-induced behavioral phenotype in adulthood. We also investigated if voluntary exercise during adolescent development could reverse the ELS-induced changes. Male and female Wistar rats were subjected to maternal separation stress on postnatal days (PND) 2-14. A subset of animals was given access to running wheels in late adolescence (1hr/day, PND40-70). In adulthood, rats were exposed to restraint stress and then tested on the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM). Brains were processed for Fos-protein and orexin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Restraint stress stimulated Fos-protein expression in perifornical area orexin cells, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, but this neuronal response was dampened in male and female rats exposed to ELS. ELS also reduced exploration in the OF, without affecting EPM behavior. These neural and behavioral changes are consistent with a depressive-like phenotype. Adolescent exercise reversed the orexin and behavioral deficits in ELS males. Exercise was not protective in females, although this may be due to sex differences in running behavior. Our findings highlight the inherent plasticity of the orexin system—a trait that may lead to a state of pathological rewiring but could also be treated using non-pharmacological approaches. We also highlight a need to better understand the sex-specific changes in orexin circuits and stress-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H James
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin J Campbell
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Doug W Smith
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather N Richardson
- Neurobiology of Stress and Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Stress in adolescence and drugs of abuse in rodent models: role of dopamine, CRF, and HPA axis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1557-80. [PMID: 24370534 PMCID: PMC3969449 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research on adolescence and drug abuse increased substantially in the past decade. However, drug-addiction-related behaviors following stressful experiences during adolescence are less studied. We focus on rodent models of adolescent stress cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVES Review the ontogeny of behavior, dopamine, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in adolescent rodents. We evaluate evidence that stressful experiences during adolescence engender hypersensitivity to drugs of abuse and offer potential neural mechanisms. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Much evidence suggests that final maturation of behavior, dopamine systems, and HPA axis occurs during adolescence. Stress during adolescence increases amphetamine- and ethanol-stimulated locomotion, preference, and self-administration under many conditions. The influence of adolescent stress on subsequent cocaine- and nicotine-stimulated locomotion and preference is less clear. The type of adolescent stress, temporal interval between stress and testing, species, sex, and the drug tested are key methodological determinants for successful cross-sensitization procedures. The sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine system is proposed to underlie stress cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse in both adolescents and adults through modulation by CRF. Reduced levels of mesocortical dopamine appear to be a unique consequence of social stress during adolescence. Adolescent stress may reduce the final maturation of cortical dopamine through D2 dopamine receptor regulation of dopamine synthesis or glucocorticoid-facilitated pruning of cortical dopamine fibers. Certain rodent models of adolescent adversity are useful for determining neural mechanisms underlying the cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse.
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Stanis JJ, Andersen SL. Reducing substance use during adolescence: a translational framework for prevention. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1437-53. [PMID: 24464527 PMCID: PMC3969413 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Most substance use is initiated during adolescence when substantial development of relevant brain circuitry is still rapidly maturing. Developmental differences in reward processing, behavioral flexibility, and self-regulation lead to changes in resilience or vulnerability to drugs of abuse depending on exposure to risk factors. Intervention and prevention approaches to reducing addiction in teens may be able to capitalize on malleable brain systems in a predictable manner. OBJECTIVE This review will highlight what is known about how factors that increase vulnerability to addiction, including developmental stage, exposure to early life adversity (ranging from abuse, neglect, and bullying), drug exposure, and genetic predisposition, impact the development of relevant systems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Appropriate, early intervention may restore the normal course of an abnormal trajectory and reduce the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder (SUD) later in life. A considerable amount is known about the functional neuroanatomy and/or pharmacology of risky behaviors based on clinical and preclinical studies, but relatively little has been directly translated to reduce their impact on addiction in high-risk children or teenagers. An opportunity exists to effectively intervene before adolescence when substance use is likely to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Stanis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Mailstop 333, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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Zlebnik NE, Hedges VL, Carroll ME, Meisel RL. Chronic wheel running affects cocaine-induced c-Fos expression in brain reward areas in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:71-8. [PMID: 24342748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from human and animal studies suggests that exercise is a highly effective treatment for drug addiction. However, most work has been done in behavioral models, and the effects of exercise on the neurobiological substrates of addiction have not been identified. Specifically, it is unknown whether prior exercise exposure alters neuronal activation of brain reward circuitry in response to drugs of abuse. To investigate this hypothesis, rats were given 21 days of daily access to voluntary wheel running in a locked or unlocked running wheel. Subsequently, they were challenged with a saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) injection and sacrificed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The c-Fos transcription factor is a measure of cellular activity and was used to quantify cocaine-induced activation of reward-processing areas of the brain: nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The mean fold change in cocaine-induced c-Fos cell counts relative to saline-induced c-Fos cell counts was significantly higher in exercising compared to control rats in the NAc core, dorsomedial and dorsolateral CPu, the prelimbic area, and the OFC, indicating differential cocaine-specific cellular activation of brain reward circuitry between exercising and control animals. These results suggest neurobiological mechanisms by which voluntary wheel running attenuates cocaine-motivated behaviors and provide support for exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Zlebnik
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Valerie L Hedges
- Department of Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert L Meisel
- Department of Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Longitudinal relationships of executive cognitive function and parent influence to child substance use and physical activity. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2013; 14:229-37. [PMID: 23345012 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-012-0312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Considered a set of neuro-cognitive skills, executive cognitive function (ECF) may serve to protect children from initiating substance use, although its role relative to other protective influences that parents and physical activity might provide is not known. As part of a large multiple health risk behavior trial for prevention of substance use and obesity, Pathways, the present study evaluated the relative impact of ECF on lifetime substance use (tobacco and alcohol) and physical activity in a panel of fourth grade children over a 6-month period (N = 1005; 51 % female; 25 % on free/reduced lunch; 60 % Hispanic/Latino or multi-racial; 28 elementary schools). A self-report survey included measures of ECF, lifetime tobacco and alcohol use, out-of-school physical activity, exercising with parents, and parent rules about food/sedentary behavior, monitoring, and arguing, was adapted for use with children. A path analysis demonstrated that ECF was the major predictor of lower substance use and higher physical activity and exercising with parents. Physical activity and exercising with parents showed reciprocal positive relationships. Findings suggest that promoting ECF skills should be a major focus of child health promotion and substance use prevention programs, although the potential protective effects of physical activity and exercise with parents on substance use in this young age group are not yet clear.
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Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA. Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1622-44. [PMID: 23806439 PMCID: PMC3788047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, and specifically exercise, has been suggested as a potential treatment for drug addiction. In this review, we discuss clinical and preclinical evidence for the efficacy of exercise at different phases of the addiction process. Potential neurobiological mechanisms are also discussed focusing on interactions with dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling and chromatin remodeling in the reward pathway. While exercise generally produces an efficacious response, certain exercise conditions may be either ineffective or lead to detrimental effects depending on the level/type/timing of exercise exposure, the stage of addiction, the drug involved, and the subject population. During drug use initiation and withdrawal, its efficacy may be related to its ability to facilitate dopaminergic transmission, and once addiction develops, its efficacy may be related to its ability to normalize glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling and reverse drug-induced changes in chromatin via epigenetic interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the reward pathway. We conclude with future directions, including the development of exercise-based interventions alone or as an adjunct to other strategies for treating drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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Exercise to reduce the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adolescent and adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:387-400. [PMID: 22752381 PMCID: PMC3773508 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Concurrent access to an exercise wheel decreases cocaine self-administration under short access (5 h/day for 5 days) conditions and suppresses cocaine-primed reinstatement in adult rats. OBJECTIVE The effect of exercise (wheel running) on the escalation of cocaine intake during long access (LgA, 6 h/day for 26 days) conditions was evaluated. METHODS Adolescent and adult female rats acquired wheel running, and behavior was allowed to stabilize for 3 days. They were then implanted with an iv catheter and allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg, iv) during 6-h daily sessions for 16 days with concurrent access to either an unlocked or a locked running wheel. Subsequently, for ten additional sessions, wheel access conditions during cocaine self-administration sessions were reversed (i.e., locked wheels became unlocked and vice versa). RESULTS In the adolescents, concurrent access to the unlocked exercise wheel decreased responding for cocaine and attenuated escalation of cocaine intake irrespective of whether the locked or unlocked condition came first. However, cocaine intake increased when the wheel was subsequently locked for the adolescents that had initial access to an unlocked wheel. Concurrent wheel access either before or after the locked wheel access did not reduce cocaine intake in adults. CONCLUSIONS Wheel running reduced cocaine intake during LgA conditions in adolescent but not adult rats, and concurrent access to the running wheel was necessary. These results suggest that exercise prevents cocaine seeking and that this effect is more pronounced in adolescents than adults.
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Thanos PK, Stamos J, Robison LS, Heyman G, Tucci A, Wang GJ, Robinson JK, Anderson BJ, Volkow ND. Daily treadmill exercise attenuates cocaine cue-induced reinstatement and cocaine induced locomotor response but increases cocaine-primed reinstatement. Behav Brain Res 2012; 239:8-14. [PMID: 23103403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise affects neuroplasticity and neurotransmission including dopamine (DA), which modulates drug-taking behavior. Previous research in rodents has shown that exercise may attenuate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. The present study examined the effects of high and low exercise on cocaine responses in male Wistar rats that had been trained to self-administer and were compared to a group of sedentary rats. High exercise rats (HE) ran daily on a treadmill for 2h and low exercise (LE) ran daily for 1h. After 6 weeks of this exercise regimen, rats were tested over 2 days for reinstatement (day 1: cue-induced reinstatement; day 2: cocaine-primed reinstatement). During cue-induced reinstatement, the sedentary rats showed the expected increase in active lever responses when compared to maintenance, whereas these increased responses were inhibited in the exercised rats (HE and LE). During cocaine-primed reinstatement, however, there was a significant increase in active lever presses when compared to maintenance only in the HE group. This data suggests that chronic exercise during abstinence attenuates the cue-induced reinstatement seen in the sedentary rats by 26% (LE) and 21% (HE). In contrast, only the high exercise rats exhibited sensitized cocaine-seeking behavior (active lever presses) following cocaine-primed reinstatement. Finally, while sedentary rats increased locomotor activity during cocaine-primed reinstatement over that seen with cocaine during maintenance, this was not observed in the exercised rats, suggesting that exercise may interfere with the sensitized locomotor response during cocaine reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Olsen CM. Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1109-22. [PMID: 21459101 PMCID: PMC3139704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a high degree of overlap between brain regions involved in processing natural rewards and drugs of abuse. "Non-drug" or "behavioral" addictions have become increasingly documented in the clinic, and pathologies include compulsive activities such as shopping, eating, exercising, sexual behavior, and gambling. Like drug addiction, non-drug addictions manifest in symptoms including craving, impaired control over the behavior, tolerance, withdrawal, and high rates of relapse. These alterations in behavior suggest that plasticity may be occurring in brain regions associated with drug addiction. In this review, I summarize data demonstrating that exposure to non-drug rewards can alter neural plasticity in regions of the brain that are affected by drugs of abuse. Research suggests that there are several similarities between neuroplasticity induced by natural and drug rewards and that, depending on the reward, repeated exposure to natural rewards might induce neuroplasticity that either promotes or counteracts addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Olsen
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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Mustroph ML, Stobaugh DJ, Miller DS, DeYoung EK, Rhodes JS. Wheel running can accelerate or delay extinction of conditioned place preference for cocaine in male C57BL/6J mice, depending on timing of wheel access. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1161-9. [PMID: 21864322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise may represent a useful intervention for drug abuse in predisposed individuals. Exercise increases plasticity in the brain that could be used to reverse learned drug associations. Previous studies have reported that exposing mice to a complex environment including running wheels after drug conditioning abolishes conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine, whereas running can enhance CPP when administered before conditioning. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that timing of exercise relative to conditioning has opposing effects on cocaine CPP. Male C57BL/6J mice experienced 30 days of running or sedentary treatments either before or after cocaine conditioning. Control animals always received saline and never cocaine, but otherwise underwent the same conditioning and exercise treatments. Animals were given bromodeoxyuridine injections at the onset of conditioning or exercise, and euthanized at the end of the study to quantify survival of new neurons in the hippocampus as a marker of plasticity. Wheel running accelerated extinction of CPP when running occurred entirely after drug conditioning, whereas running delayed extinction when administered before conditioning. A single conditioning day after running was sufficient to abolish the accelerated extinction observed when all conditioning preceded running. Running approximately doubled adult hippocampal neurogenesis, whereas cocaine had no effect. These results suggest that exercise-induced plasticity can facilitate learning that context is no longer associated with drug. However, if drug exposure occurs after exercise, running-induced plasticity may strengthen drug associations. The results provide insights into the interaction between exercise and drug conditioning that could have implications for drug abuse treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina L Mustroph
- Neuroscience Program, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Yuan CJ, Quiocho JMD, Kim A, Wee S, Mandyam CD. Extended access methamphetamine decreases immature neurons in the hippocampus which results from loss and altered development of neural progenitors without altered dynamics of the S-phase of the cell cycle. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:98-108. [PMID: 21855565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine addicts demonstrate impaired hippocampal-dependent cognitive function that could result from methamphetamine-induced maladaptive plasticity in the hippocampus. Reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis observed in a rodent model of compulsive methamphetamine self-administration partially contributes to the maladaptive plasticity in the hippocampus. The potential mechanisms underlying methamphetamine-induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis were identified in the present study. Key aspects of the cell cycle dynamics of hippocampal progenitors, including proliferation and neuronal development, were studied in rats that intravenously self-administered methamphetamine in a limited access (1h/day: short access (ShA)-4 days and ShA-13 days) or extended access (6h/day: long access (LgA)-4 days and LgA-13 days) paradigm. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 cells with 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU) demonstrated that LgA methamphetamine inhibited hippocampal proliferation by decreasing the proliferating pool of progenitors that are in the synthesis (S)-phase of the cell cycle. Double S-phase labeling with CldU and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU) revealed that reduced S-phase cells were not due to alterations in the length of the S-phase. Further systematic analysis of Ki-67 cells with GFAP, Sox2, and DCX revealed that LgA methamphetamine-induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis was attributable to impairment in the development of neuronal progenitors from preneuronal progenitors to immature neurons. Methamphetamine concomitantly increased hippocampal apoptosis, changes that were evident during the earlier days of self-administration. These findings demonstrate that methamphetamine self-administration initiates allostatic changes in adult neuroplasticity maintained by the hippocampus, including increased apoptosis, and altered dynamics of hippocampal neural progenitors. These data suggest that altered hippocampal plasticity by methamphetamine could partially contribute to methamphetamine-induced impairments in hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Yuan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Lucke-Wold B. The Varied Uses of Conditioned Place Preference in Behavioral Neuroscience Research: An Investigation of Alcohol Administration in Model Organisms. IMPULSE (COLUMBIA, S.C.) 2011; 2011. [PMID: 27284386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
Place conditioning procedures have been used to study human addiction to alcohol for the past several years. This experimental resource has been utilized successfully due to the fact that investigators can carefully manipulate the experimental design in order to explore specific hypotheses. Only three choices exist regarding animal response to place conditioning: aversion, preference, or no change. This review provides an in-depth analysis of five variables commonly adjusted or changed in place conditioning experiments with ethanol. These include: apparatus design, administration methods, choice of model organism, age of model organism, and model paradigms. It is suggested that the two-chamber design, the intragastric administration, the mouse model, the adolescent age group, and the pre-exposure to stress paradigm are the best current options available in place conditioning experiments with ethanol. The basis for evaluation used throughout this review is that investigators should adjust the variables employed in place conditioning experiments in a manner that most accurately represents and models complex human addiction to alcohol.
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