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Zhao J, Wei M, Guo M, Wang M, Niu H, Xu T, Zhou Y. GSK3: A potential target and pending issues for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14818. [PMID: 38946682 PMCID: PMC11215492 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), consisting of GSK3α and GSK3β subtypes, is a complex protein kinase that regulates numerous substrates. Research has observed increased GSK3 expression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and models. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder with diverse pathogenesis and notable cognitive impairments, characterized by Aβ aggregation and excessive tau phosphorylation. This article provides an overview of GSK3's structure and regulation, extensively analyzing its relationship with AD factors. GSK3 overactivation disrupts neural growth, development, and function. It directly promotes tau phosphorylation, regulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, leading to Aβ formation, and directly or indirectly triggers neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. We also summarize preclinical research highlighting the inhibition of GSK3 activity as a primary therapeutic approach for AD. Finally, pending issues like the lack of highly specific and affinity-driven GSK3 inhibitors, are raised and expected to be addressed in future research. In conclusion, GSK3 represents a target in AD treatment, filled with hope, challenges, opportunities, and obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhao
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Mengying Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Future Health Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaZhejiang UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Minsong Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineWenzhouChina
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Niu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Blood‐stasis‐toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineWenzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Blood‐stasis‐toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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2
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Wang J, Liu D, Guo C, Duan Y, Hu Z, Tian M, Xu Q, Niu Y, Yan G. Association between garden work and risk of incident dementia in an older population in China: a national cohort study. Public Health 2024; 232:74-81. [PMID: 38749151 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence on the association between garden work and risk of incident dementia in the older Chinese population is limited. This study aimed to explore the association between the frequency of garden work and risk of incident dementia in an older population in China. STUDY DESIGN This was a national cohort study. METHODS This study analysed data from 8676 participants (median age: 86 years) from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between the frequency of garden work and risk of incident dementia using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multiplicative and additive interaction effects were calculated between the frequency of garden work and age, sex or residence on incident dementia; subgroup analyses of the association were also conducted by age, sex and residence. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS During 4.31 years (median) of follow-up, 633 participants developed dementia. Compared with participants who did not engage in garden work, the adjusted risk of incident dementia for those who regularly or almost daily engaged in garden work decreased by 28% (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.57-0.93). An additive interaction effect between frequency of garden work and age on incident dementia was observed, with subgroup analyses demonstrating similar statistically significant associations among participants aged ≥85 years, women and city or town residents. Sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary analysis in the present study. CONCLUSIONS Frequent engagement in garden work may be associated with a reduced risk of dementia and may be an effective measure to prevent incident dementia in the older population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - D Liu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - C Guo
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Duan
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Hu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - M Tian
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Xu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Niu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - G Yan
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhao R. Exercise mimetics: a novel strategy to combat neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:40. [PMID: 38308368 PMCID: PMC10837901 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the stimulation of resident immune cells of the brain and the penetration of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory processes facilitate the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Managing neuroinflammation to restore immune homeostasis and decrease neuronal damage is a therapeutic approach for AD. One way to achieve this is through exercise, which can improve brain function and protect against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction in AD models. The neuroprotective impact of exercise is regulated by various molecular factors that can be activated in the same way as exercise by the administration of their mimetics. Recent evidence has proven some exercise mimetics effective in alleviating neuroinflammation and AD, and, additionally, they are a helpful alternative option for patients who are unable to perform regular physical exercise to manage neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge on exercise mimetics, including their efficacy, regulatory mechanisms, progress, challenges, limitations, and future guidance for their application in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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4
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Abdullahi A, Wong TW, Ng SS. Understanding the mechanisms of disease modifying effects of aerobic exercise in people with Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102202. [PMID: 38272266 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very disabling disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that results in neurodegeneration. Its clinical manifestations include progressive memory impairment, language decline and difficulty in carrying out activities of daily living (ADL). The disease is managed using interventions such as pharmacological interventions and aerobic exercise. Use of aerobic exercise has shown some promises in reducing the risk of developing AD, and improving cognitive function and the ability to carry out both basic and instrumental ADL. Although, the mechanisms through which aerobic exercise improves AD are poorly understood, improvement in vascular function, brain glucose metabolism and cardiorespiratory fitness, increase in antioxidant capacity and haemoglobin level, amelioration of immune-related and inflammatory responses, modulation of concentration of circulating Neurotrophins and peptides and decrease in concentration of tau protein and cortisol level among others seem to be the possible mechanisms. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms is important to help characterize the dose and the nature of the aerobic exercise to be given. In addition, they may also help in finding ways to optimize other interventions such as the pharmacological interventions. However, more quality studies are needed to verify the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Abdullahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomson Wl Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shamay Sm Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Pahlavani HA. Exercise therapy to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1243869. [PMID: 37600508 PMCID: PMC10436316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1243869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in the elderly with dementia, memory loss, and severe cognitive impairment that imposes high medical costs on individuals. The causes of AD include increased deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, age, mitochondrial defects, increased neuroinflammation, decreased synaptic connections, and decreased nerve growth factors (NGF). While in animals moderate-intensity exercise restores hippocampal and amygdala memory through increased levels of p-AKT, p-TrkB, and p-PKC and decreased levels of Aβ, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid precursor proteins (APP) in AD. Aerobic exercise (with an intensity of 50-75% of VO2 max) prevents hippocampal volume reduction, spatial memory reduction, and learning reduction through increasing synaptic flexibility. Exercise training induces the binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to TrkB and the binding of NGF to TrkA to induce cell survival and neuronal plasticity. After aerobic training and high-intensity interval training, the increase of VEGF, angiopoietin 1 and 2, NO, tPA, and HCAR1 in cerebral vessels causes increased blood flow and angiogenesis in the cerebellum, motor cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. In the hippocampus, exercise training decreases mitochondrial fragmentation, DRP1, and FIS1, improving OPA1, MFN1, MFN2, and mitochondrial morphology. In humans, acute exercise as an anti-inflammatory condition causes an acute increase in IL-6 and an increase in anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-1RA and IL-10. Moderate-intensity exercise also inhibits inflammatory markers such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, TNF-α, sTNFR1, COX-2, and NF-κB. Aerobic exercise significantly increases plasma levels of BDNF, nerve growth factor, synaptic plasticity, motor activity, spatial memory, and exploratory behavior in AD subjects. Irisin is a myokine released from skeletal muscle during exercise and protects the hippocampus by suppressing Aβ accumulation and promoting hippocampal proliferation through STAT3 signaling. Therefore, combined exercise training such as aerobic training, strength training, balance and coordination training, and cognitive and social activities seems to provide important benefits for people with AD.
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6
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Xu L, Liu R, Qin Y, Wang T. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: biological mechanisms of exercise. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37365651 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major subtype of neurodegenerative dementia caused by long-term interactions and accumulation of multiple adverse factors, accompanied by dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and molecular pathways in the brain. At the cellular and molecular levels, the neuronal cellular milieu of the AD brain exhibits metabolic abnormalities, compromised bioenergetics, impaired lipid metabolism, and reduced overall metabolic capacity, which lead to abnormal neural network activity and impaired neuroplasticity, thus accelerating the formation of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The current absence of effective pharmacological therapies for AD points to the urgent need to investigate the benefits of non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise. Despite the evidence that regular physical activity can improve metabolic dysfunction in the AD state, inhibit different pathophysiological molecular pathways associated with AD, influence the pathological process of AD, and exert a protective effect, there is no clear consensus on the specific biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the advantages of physical exercise. Here, we review how physical exercise improves crucial molecular pathways and biological processes associated with metabolic disorders in AD, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, Aβ metabolism and transport, iron metabolism and tau pathology. How metabolic states influence brain health is also presented. A better knowledge on the neurophysiological mechanisms by which exercise improves AD metabolism can contribute to the development of novel drugs and improvement of non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xu
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingkai Qin
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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7
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Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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8
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de Frutos Lucas J, Sewell KR, García-Colomo A, Markovic S, Erickson KI, Brown BM. How does apolipoprotein E genotype influence the relationship between physical activity and Alzheimer's disease risk? A novel integrative model. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:22. [PMID: 36707869 PMCID: PMC9881295 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wide evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) confers protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 allele represents the greatest genetic risk factor for developing AD. Extensive research has been conducted to determine whether frequent PA can mitigate the increased AD risk associated with APOE ε4. However, thus far, these attempts have produced inconclusive results. In this context, one possible explanation could be that the influence of the combined effect of PA and APOE ε4 carriage might be dependent on the specific outcome measure utilised. MAIN BODY In order to bridge these discrepancies, the aim of this theoretical article is to propose a novel model on the interactive effects of PA and APOE ε4 carriage on well-established mechanisms underlying AD. Available literature was searched to investigate how PA and APOE ε4 carriage, independently and in combination, may alter several molecular pathways involved in AD pathogenesis. The reviewed mechanisms include amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau deposition and clearance, neuronal resilience and neurogenesis, lipid function and cerebrovascular alterations, brain immune response and glucose metabolism. Finally, combining all this information, we have built an integrative model, which includes evidence-based and theoretical synergistic interactions across mechanisms. Moreover, we have identified key knowledge gaps in the literature, providing a list of testable hypotheses that future studies need to address. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PA influences a wide array of molecular targets involved in AD neuropathology. A deeper understanding of where, when and, most importantly, how PA decreases AD risk even in the presence of the APOE ε4 allele will enable the creation of new protocols using exercise along pharmaceuticals in combined therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisalmer de Frutos Lucas
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Logopedia Department, School of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia.
- Departamento de PsicologíaFacultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 28015, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kelsey R Sewell
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Alejandra García-Colomo
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Logopedia Department, School of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Shaun Markovic
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
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9
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Elsworthy RJ, Dunleavy C, Whitham M, Aldred S. Exercise for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease: Multiple pathways to promote non-amyloidogenic AβPP processing. AGING AND HEALTH RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ahr.2022.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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10
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Marko DM, MacPherson REK. APP Processing: A Biochemical Competition Influenced by Exercise-Induced Signaling Mediators? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R169-R180. [PMID: 35608263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00297.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are becoming more common in aging our society. One specific neuropathological hallmark of this disease is excessive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which can aggregate to form the plaques commonly associated with this disease. These plaques are often observed well before clinical diagnosis of AD. At the cellular level, both production and aggregation of Aβ peptides in the brain is detrimental to neuronal cell production, survival, and function, as well as often resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death. Exercise and physical activity have been shown to improve overall health, including brain health, and in the last several years there has been evidence to support that exercise may be able to regulate Aβ peptide production in the brain. Exercise promotes the release of a wide array of signaling mediators from various metabolically active tissues and organs in the body. These exercise-induced signaling mediators could be the driving force behind some of the beneficial effects observed in brain with exercise. This review will aim to discuss potential exercise-induced signaling mediators with the capacity to influence various proteins involved in the formation of Aβ peptide production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Aczel D, Gyorgy B, Bakonyi P, BukhAri R, Pinho R, Boldogh I, Yaodong G, Radak Z. The Systemic Effects of Exercise on the Systemic Effects of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11051028. [PMID: 35624892 PMCID: PMC9137920 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, including an increased oxidative state, deposition of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein. The formation of amyloid plaques is considered one of the first signs of the illness, but only in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, results indicate that AD is not just localized in the brain but is also found in organs distant from the brain, such as the cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, liver, testes, and kidney. These observations make AD a complex systemic disorder. Still, no effective medications have been found, but regular physical activity has been considered to have a positive impact on this challenging disease. While several articles have been published on the benefits of physical activity on AD development in the CNS, its peripheral effects have not been discussed in detail. The provocative question arising is the following: is it possible that the beneficial effects of regular exercise on AD are due to the systemic impact of training, rather than just the effects of exercise on the brain? If so, does this mean that the level of fitness of these peripheral organs can directly or indirectly influence the incidence or progress of AD? Therefore, the present paper aims to summarize the systemic effects of both regular exercise and AD and point out how common exercise-induced adaptation via peripheral organs can decrease the incidence of AD or attenuate the progress of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Aczel
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Bernadett Gyorgy
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Peter Bakonyi
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - RehAn BukhAri
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Ricardo Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil;
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Gu Yaodong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-3565764; Fax: +36-1-3566337
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12
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Ribarič S. Physical Exercise, a Potential Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063245. [PMID: 35328666 PMCID: PMC8952567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarises the evidence for considering physical exercise (PE) as a non-pharmacological intervention for delaying cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) not only by improving cardiovascular fitness but also by attenuating neuroinflammation. Ageing is the most important risk factor for AD. A hallmark of the ageing process is a systemic low-grade chronic inflammation that also contributes to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is associated with AD, Parkinson’s disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders. Pharmacological treatment of AD is currently limited to mitigating the symptoms and attenuating progression of the disease. AD animal model studies and human studies on patients with a clinical diagnosis of different stages of AD have concluded that PE attenuates cognitive decline not only by improving cardiovascular fitness but possibly also by attenuating neuroinflammation. Therefore, low-grade chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation should be considered potential modifiable risk factors for AD that can be attenuated by PE. This opens the possibility for personalised attenuation of neuroinflammation that could also have important health benefits for patients with other inflammation associated brain disorders (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders). In summary, life-long, regular, structured PE should be considered as a supplemental intervention for attenuating the progression of AD in human. Further studies in human are necessary to develop optimal, personalised protocols, adapted to the progression of AD and the individual’s mental and physical limitations, to take full advantage of the beneficial effects of PE that include improved cardiovascular fitness, attenuated systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, stimulated brain Aβ peptides brain catabolism and brain clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Huuha AM, Norevik CS, Moreira JBN, Kobro-Flatmoen A, Scrimgeour N, Kivipelto M, Van Praag H, Ziaei M, Sando SB, Wisløff U, Tari AR. Can exercise training teach us how to treat Alzheimer's disease? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101559. [PMID: 34999248 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and there is currently no cure. Novel approaches to treat AD and curb the rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence and costs of dementia are needed. Physical inactivity is a significant modifiable risk factor for AD, estimated to contribute to 12.7% of AD cases worldwide. Exercise interventions in humans and animals have shown beneficial effects of exercise on brain plasticity and cognitive functions. In animal studies, exercise also improved AD pathology. The mechanisms underlying these effects of exercise seem to be associated mainly with exercise performance or cardiorespiratory fitness. In addition, exercise-induced molecules of peripheral origin seem to play an important role. Since exercise affects the whole body, there likely is no single therapeutic target that could mimic all the benefits of exercise. However, systemic strategies may be a viable means to convey broad therapeutic effects in AD patients. Here, we review the potential of physical activity and exercise training in AD prevention and treatment, shining light on recently discovered underlying mechanisms and concluding with a view on future development of exercise-free treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi M Huuha
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cecilie S Norevik
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - José Bianco N Moreira
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathan Scrimgeour
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging and Inflammation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette Van Praag
- Brain Institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Maryam Ziaei
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, and Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atefe R Tari
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Sujkowski A, Hong L, Wessells RJ, Todi SV. The protective role of exercise against age-related neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101543. [PMID: 34923167 PMCID: PMC8761166 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is a widely accessible, low-cost intervention with a variety of benefits to multiple organ systems. Exercise improves multiple indices of physical performance and stimulates pronounced health benefits reducing a range of pathologies including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Endurance exercise delays brain aging, preserves memory and cognition, and improves symptoms of neurodegenerative pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and various ataxias. Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise include neuronal survival and plasticity, neurogenesis, epigenetic modifications, angiogenesis, autophagy, and the synthesis and release of neurotrophins and cytokines. In this review, we discuss shared benefits and molecular pathways driving the protective effects of endurance exercise on various neurodegenerative diseases in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - R J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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15
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Eggert S, Kins S, Endres K, Brigadski T. Brothers in arms: proBDNF/BDNF and sAPPα/Aβ-signaling and their common interplay with ADAM10, TrkB, p75NTR, sortilin, and sorLA in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Chem 2022; 403:43-71. [PMID: 34619027 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important modulator for a variety of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). A wealth of evidence, such as reduced mRNA and protein level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients implicates a crucial role of BDNF in the progression of this disease. Especially, processing and subcellular localization of BDNF and its receptors TrkB and p75 are critical determinants for survival and death in neuronal cells. Similarly, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key player in Alzheimer's disease, and its cleavage fragments sAPPα and Aβ are known for their respective roles in neuroprotection and neuronal death. Common features of APP- and BDNF-signaling indicate a causal relationship in their mode of action. However, the interconnections of APP- and BDNF-signaling are not well understood. Therefore, we here discuss dimerization properties, localization, processing by α- and γ-secretase, relevance of the common interaction partners TrkB, p75, sorLA, and sortilin as well as shared signaling pathways of BDNF and sAPPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
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16
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Sohn BK, Byun MS, Yi D, Jeon SY, Lee JH, Choe YM, Lee DW, Lee JY, Kim YK, Sohn CH, Lee DY. Late-Life Physical Activities Moderate the Relationship of Amyloid-β Pathology with Neurodegeneration in Individuals Without Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:441-450. [PMID: 35068452 PMCID: PMC9210327 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activities (PA) have been suggested to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. However, information on the neuropathological links underlying the relationship is limited. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of midlife and late-life PA with in vivo AD neuropathologies in old adults without dementia. METHODS This study included participants from the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's disease (KBASE). The participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment, [11C] Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography (PET), [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and magnetic resonance imaging. Using the multi-modal brain imaging data, in vivo AD pathologies including global amyloid deposition, AD-signature region cerebral glucose metabolism (AD-CM), and AD-signature region cortical thickness (AD-CT) were quantified. Both midlife and late-life PA of participants were measured using the Lifetime Total Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS This study was performed on 260 participants without dementia (195 with normal cognitive function and 65 with mild cognitive impairment). PA of neither midlife nor late-life showed direct correspondence with any neuroimaging biomarker. However, late-life PA moderated the relationship of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition with AD-CM and AD-CT. Aβ positivity had a significant negative effect on both AD-CM and AD-CT in individuals with lower late-life PA, but those with higher late-life PA did not show such results. Midlife PA did not have such a moderation effect. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that physically active lifestyle in late-life, rather than that in midlife, may delay AD-associated cognitive decline by decreasing Aβ-induced neurodegenerative changes in old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Choe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Dong Young Lee, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital & Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82 2 2072 2205; Fax: +82 2 744 7241;
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17
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Li X, He Q, Zhao N, Chen X, Li T, Cheng B. High intensity interval training ameliorates cognitive impairment in T2DM mice possibly by improving PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling-regulated autophagy in the hippocampus. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147703. [PMID: 34743961 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise can improve cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear, and the optimal exercise modes for cognitive benefits are controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity interval training (MICT) on cognitive function and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as well as autophagy in T2DM mice. The results showed that 8 weeks of HIIT and MICT intervention could improve the spatial learning and memory ability of T2DM mice, as determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Both HIIT and MICT similarly improved autophagy, as evidenced by increased Beclin1 and LC3 II/I ratios and decreased p62. Meanwhile, HIIT and MICT inhibited excessive activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the hippocampus. HIIT induced a larger reduction in mTOR activity than MICT. This study suggests that both HIIT and MICT can alleviate cognitive decline induced by T2DM, improve autophagy in the hippocampus, and downregulate the excessive activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, with similar effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Li
- School of Physical Education of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang He
- School of Physical Education of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghe Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tuojian Li
- School of Physical Education of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- School of Physical Education of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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18
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Disentangling Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111520. [PMID: 34768950 PMCID: PMC8583788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia in older adults and is fast becoming a major societal and economic burden due to an increase in life expectancy. Age seems to be the major factor driving AD, and currently, only symptomatic treatments are available. AD has a complex etiology, although mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities have been widely and deeply investigated as plausible mechanisms for its neuropathology. Aβ plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates, along with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems, are the hallmarks of the disease. Restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics, prevention of oxidative stress, and diet and exercise seem to be effective in reducing Aβ and in ameliorating learning and memory problems. Many mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have been tested in AD and are currently in development. However, larger streamlined clinical studies are needed to provide hard evidence of benefits in AD. This review discusses the causative factors, as well as potential therapeutics employed in the treatment of AD.
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19
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Tan ZX, Dong F, Wu LY, Feng YS, Zhang F. The Beneficial Role of Exercise on Treating Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibiting β-Amyloid Peptide. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5890-5906. [PMID: 34415486 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a very large burden on global healthcare systems. Thus, it is imperative to find effective treatments of the disease. One feature of AD is the accumulation of neurotoxic β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Aβ induces multiple pathological processes that are deleterious to nerve cells. Despite the development of medications that target the reduction of Aβ to treat AD, none has proven to be effective to date. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical exercise, are also being studied. The benefits of exercise on AD are widely recognized. Experimental and clinical studies have been performed to verify the role that exercise plays in reducing Aβ deposition to alleviate AD. This paper reviewed the various mechanisms involved in the exercise-induced reduction of Aβ, including the regulation of amyloid precursor protein cleaved proteases, the glymphatic system, brain-blood transport proteins, degrading enzymes and autophagy, which is beneficial to promote exercise therapy as a means of prevention and treatment of AD and indicates that exercise may provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yu Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Vasconcelos-Filho FSL, da Rocha Oliveira LC, de Freitas TBC, de Pontes PADS, Rocha-E-Silva RCD, Godinho WDN, Chaves EMC, da Silva CGL, Soares PM, Ceccatto VM. Effect of involuntary chronic physical exercise on beta-amyloid protein in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2021; 153:111502. [PMID: 34339821 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The excessive deposition of β-amyloid proteins (Aβ) is directly correlated with the establishment and development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Current treatments for AD only reduce symptoms instead of acting on Aβ, the primary etiological agent. Hence, the anti-amyloid effect of regular exercise has been widely investigated as an alternative therapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the anti-amyloid effect of regular physical exercise in animal models of AD. The search was conducted on the electronic databases Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science without data limitation and using the following describers: "amyloid beta" (OR senile plaque OR amyloid plaque) and "exercise" (OR physical activity OR training). The risk of bias was evaluated using the SYRCLE's tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using models of random continuous effects. A total of 36 studies were selected and most used: transgenic mice (n = 29), treadmill training, duration of 12 weeks (interval of 4 to 28 weeks), rate of 60 min/day (interval of 30 min and up until free access) and speed of 12 m/min (interval of 3.2 to 32 m/min). The hippocampus and cortex were the most frequently investigated regions. Meta-analysis demonstrated a decrease in Aβ with greater effect in unspecified isoforms Meta-analysis demonstrated a decrease in Aβ with greater effect in unspecified isoforms (N = 4; SMD = -2.71, IC 95%: -3.59, -1.84, p < 0.00001, Q2 = 3.38, I2 = 11%) and Aβ1-42 (N = 21; SMD = -1.94, IC 95%: -2.37, -1.51, p < 0.00001, Q2 = 33,37, I2 = 40%). Concerning training, greater effect was found with: 1) swimming (N = 4; SMD = -1.98, IC 95%: -3,28 - -0,68, p = 0.003, Q2 = 9.74, I2 = 69%), 2) moderate intensity (N = 4; SMD = -2.03, IC 95%: -3.31 - -0.75, p < 0.005, Q2 = 12.68, I2 = 76%); 3) duration up to six weeks (N = 6; N = 6; SMD = -2.35, IC 95%: -3.15 - -1.55, p < 0.00001, Q2 = 8.38, I2 = 40%); 4) young animals (SMD = -2.00, IC 95%: -2.59 - -1.42, p < 0.00001, Q2 = 24.90, I2 = 52%); 5) in the amygdala region (N = 1; SMD = -8.56, IC 95%: -12.88 - -4.23, p = 0.0001) and females (N = 4; SMD = -2.14, IC 95%: -3.48 - -0.79, p = 0.002, Q2 = 10.31, I2 = 71%). However, the reduction of Aβ was associated with decrease of amyloidogenic pathway and increase of non-amyloidogenic. Hence, regular physical exercise demonstrated anti-amyloid effect in experimental models of AD through positive alterations in APP processing through different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sérgio Lopes Vasconcelos-Filho
- Pró-reitoria de Cultura, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Christyan da Rocha Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Welton Daniel Nogueira Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Camelo Chaves
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Matias Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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21
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Biomarkers for evaluating the effects of exercise interventions in patients with MCI or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2021; 151:111424. [PMID: 34051283 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the biomarkers for evaluating the effects of exercise interventions in patients with cognitive impairment associated with aging, as well as their responses to exercise interventions. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis METHODS: We systematically searched different electronic database, including PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus up to April 2020. Clinical controlled trials with exercise interventions in patients with cognitive impairment were included. The main outcomes included all the biomarkers used to evaluate the effects of exercise interventions. If data for certain biomarkers was enough (more than 2 studies), meta-analyses would be performed to estimate the effect sizes by calculating the standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Finally, we included 33 articles from 26 trials. The biomarkers included neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, neuropathological hallmarks, metabolic biomarkers and genotypes. The meta-analyses indicated that exercise significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.18) and low-density lipoprotein (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.01). Subgroup analyses showed that aerobic exercise also could decrease the levels of TNF-α (SMD = -1.21; 95% CI: -2.29, -0.14). There were some important cognition-related biomarkers which were rarely measured, such as Aβ, tau and IGF-1. CONCLUSION Regular exercise showed positive effects on reducing inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism. But the available evidence is limited and more studies with different exercise interventions should be conducted to test the effects of exercise on other important cognition-related biomarkers in patients with cognitive dysfunction.
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22
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Duggan MR, Parikh V. Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113207. [PMID: 33640394 PMCID: PMC8005490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive decline, it is relevant to consider the factors and mechanisms that might facilitate an individual's resiliency to such deficits. Growing evidence suggests a preeminent role of microglia, the prime mediator of innate immunity within the central nervous system. Human and animal investigations suggest aberrant microglial functioning and neuroinflammation are not only characteristic of the aged brain, but also might contribute to age-related dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Conversely, accumulating data suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors (MLFs), such as healthy diet, exercise and cognitive engagement, can reliably afford cognitive benefits by potentially suppressing inflammation in the aging brain. The present review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role for microglia in maintaining brain homeostasis and cognitive functioning in aging. Moreover, we propose an integrated, mechanistic model that postulates an individual's resiliency to cognitive decline afforded by MLFs might be mediated by the mitigation of aberrant microglia activation in aging, and subsequent suppression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States.
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23
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Hou XH, Xu W, Bi YL, Shen XN, Ma YH, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. Associations of healthy lifestyles with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in cognitively intact older adults: the CABLE study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:81. [PMID: 33875016 PMCID: PMC8056495 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the associations between healthy lifestyles and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS A total of 1108 cognitively intact individuals from Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study were examined to evaluate the associations of AD biomarkers with healthy lifestyle factors, including no current smoking, no harmful drinking, absence of social isolation, and regular physical activity. The participants were categorized into groups of favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable lifestyles according to the lifestyle factors. The associations between overall lifestyle and CSF biomarkers were also analyzed. RESULTS Among cognitively intact older adults, those having more social engagement had lower CSF tau (p = 0.009) and p-tau (p < 0.001) than those who had social isolation. Regular physical activity was associated with higher CSF Aβ42 (p = 0.013) and lower levels of CSF tau (p = 0.036) and p-tau (p = 0.007). However, no significant associations were found of smoking status or alcohol intake with CSF biomarkers. When the overall lifestyle of the participants was evaluated by all the four lifestyle factors, favorable lifestyle profiles were related to lower levels of CSF tau (p < 0.001) and p-tau (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that healthy lifestyles had a beneficial effect on AD pathology among cognitively intact elders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-He Hou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Lin Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12th Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12th Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12th Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training alleviate β-amyloid deposition by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neuroreport 2021; 31:425-432. [PMID: 32150150 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent study has demonstrated that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) have the same effect to alleviate β-amyloid pathology in the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. Activation of nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is pivotal and has been demonstrated to accelerate β-amyloid accumulation. The present study aimed to examine whether the exercise-induced β-amyloid reduction was associated with changes in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly assigned to a transgenic sedentary group, HIIT group and MICT group. Nontransgenic littermates were used as wild-type sedentary group. Mice in HIIT and MICT groups were subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks, 5 days/week. The results showed that compared with transgenic sedentary group, β-amyloid deposition in the hippocampus of HIIT and MICT groups were significantly reduced. Moreover, both HIIT and MICT groups displayed significant increases in the expression of microglial phagocytic receptors triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, CD36 and scavenger receptor class A compared with transgenic sedentary group. In addition, HIIT and MICT had the same effect to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by significant reduction in IL-1β, active caspase-1p20, NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activating and recruitment domain (ASC) levels as well as decreased NLRP3/ASC colocalization. These findings indicate that HIIT appears to be an effective intervention as MICT to reduced β-amyloid deposition by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome-controlled microglial phagocytosis.
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Vasconcelos-Filho FSL, da Rocha Oliveira LC, de Freitas TBC, de Pontes PADS, da Rocha-E-Silva RC, Chaves EMC, da Silva CGL, Soares PM, Ceccatto VM. Neuroprotective mechanisms of chronic physical exercise via reduction of β-amyloid protein in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Life Sci 2021; 275:119372. [PMID: 33745893 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common irreversible chronic neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), which triggers homeostatic breakage in several physiological systems. However, the effect of chronic exercise on the formation of Aβ as an alternative therapy has been investigated. This systematic review examines the antiamyloid effect of different types and intensities of exercise, seeking to elucidate its neuroprotective mechanisms. MAIN METHODS The research was conducted in the electronic databases Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science, using the following descriptors: "amyloid beta" (OR senile plaque OR amyloid plaque) and "exercise" (OR physical activity OR training). The risk of bias was evaluated through SYRCLE's Risk of Bias for experimental studies. KEY FINDINGS 2268 articles were found, being 36 included in the study. A higher frequency of use of mice with genetic alterations was identified for the Alzheimer's disease (AD) model (n = 29). It was used as chronic training: treadmill running (n = 24), voluntary running wheel (n = 7), swimming (n = 4) and climbing (n = 2). The hippocampus and the cortex were the most investigated regions. However, physiological changes accompanied by the reduction of Aβ and associated with AD progression were verified. It is concluded that exercise reduces the production of Aβ in models of animals with AD. SIGNIFICANCE Nevertheless, this effect contributes to the improvement of several physiological aspects related to Aβ and that contribute to neurological impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sérgio Lopes Vasconcelos-Filho
- Pró-reitoria de Cultura, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Christyan da Rocha Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edna Maria Camelo Chaves
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Matias Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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26
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Carvalho C, Cardoso S. Diabetes-Alzheimer's Disease Link: Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Redox Imbalance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:631-649. [PMID: 32098477 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: It is of common sense that the world population is aging and life expectancy is increasing. However, as the population ages, there is also an exponential risk to live into the ages where the brain-related frailties and neurodegenerative diseases develop. Hand in hand with those events, the world is witnessing a major upsurge in diabetes diagnostics. Remarkably, all of this seems to be narrowly related, and clinical and research communities highlight for the upcoming threat that it will represent for the present and future generations. Recent Advances: It is of utmost importance to clarify the influence of diabetes-related metabolic features on brain health and the mechanisms underlying the increased likelihood of developing neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease. Thereupon, a wealth of evidence suggests that mitochondria and associated oxidative stress are at the root of the link between diabetes and co-occurring disorders in the brain. Critical Issues: The scientific community has been challenged with constant failures of clinical trials raising major issues in the advance of the therapeutic field to fight chronic diseases epidemics. Thus, a change of paradigms is urgently needed. Future Directions: It has become urgent to identify new and solid candidates able to clinically reproduce the positive outcomes obtained in preclinical studies. On this basis, strategies settled to counteract diabetes-induced neurodegeneration encompassing mitochondrial dysfunction, redox status imbalance, and/or insulin dysregulation seem worth to follow. Hopefully, ongoing innovative research based on reliable experimental tools will soon bring the desired answers allowing pharmaceutical industry to apply such knowledge to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Interdisciplinarie Institute of Investigation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Interdisciplinarie Institute of Investigation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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27
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Fernández-Matarrubia M, Goni L, Rognoni T, Razquin C, Fernández-Lázaro CI, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MÁ, Toledo E. An Active Lifestyle Is Associated with Better Cognitive Function Over Time in APOE ɛ4 Non-Carriers. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1257-1268. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Available evidence on the association of physical activity (PA) or sedentary behavior with cognitive decline is inconclusive. Objective: To assess the association between an active lifestyle score and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and changes in cognitive function in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) prospective cohort. Methods: Cognitive function was evaluated in a subsample of 806 participants of the SUN cohort study using the validated Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (STICS-m) questionnaire at baseline and after 6 years. LTPA was evaluated with a previously validated 17-item self-administered questionnaire and with information on sedentary lifestyles. We also calculated a multidimensional 8-item PA score. Multivariable linear regression analysis evaluated the association between PA and changes in cognitive function and its interaction by APOE genotype. Results: Mean age of participants was 66 (SD 5.3) years and 69.7% were male. When stratifying by APOE variants, no significant associations between the active lifestyle score or LTPA and changes in cognitive performance over time were found among APOE ɛ4 carriers. However, we observed that a higher adherence to an active lifestyle (high versus low PA score β= 0.76 95% CI 0.15,1.36; p trend = 0.011) and a high LTPA (Q4 versus Q1 β= 0.63; 95% CI –0.01,1.26; p trend = 0.030) were associated with more favorable changes in cognitive function over time among APOE ɛ4 non-carriers with statistically significant interactions in both cases (p for interaction = 0.042 for PA score, and p = 0.039 for LTPA). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that an active lifestyle is associated with a better status of cognitive function over time only among APOE ɛ4 non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Matarrubia
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Goni
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Rognoni
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Razquin
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - César Ignacio Fernández-Lázaro
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Estefanía Toledo
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Alausa A, Ogundepo S, Olaleke B, Adeyemi R, Olatinwo M, Ismail A. Chinese nutraceuticals and physical activity; their role in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Chin Med 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33407732 PMCID: PMC7789572 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of neurodegenerative disease has not only been a major cause of scientific worry, but of economic burden to the health system. This condition has been further attributed to mis-stability, deletion or mutation of tau protein, causing the onset of Corticobasal degeneration, Pick's diseases, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Argyrophilic grains disease, Alzheimer's diseases etc. as scientifically renowned. This is mainly related to dysregulation of translational machinery, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of several essential cascades such as ERK signaling cascade, GSK3β, CREB, and PKA/PKB (Akt) signaling cascades that enhances protein processing, normal protein folding, cognitive function, and microtubule associated tau stability. Administration of some nutrients and/or bioactive compounds has a high tendency to impede tau mediated inflammation at neuronal level. Furthermore, prevention and neutralization of protein misfolding through modulation of microtubule tau stability and prevention of protein misfolding is by virtue few of the numerous beneficial effects of physical activity. Of utmost important in this study is the exploration of promising bioactivities of nutraceuticals found in china and the ameliorating potential of physical activity on tauopathies, while highlighting animal and in vitro studies that have been investigated for comprehensive understanding of its potential and an insight into the effects on human highly probable to tau mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Alausa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Ogundepo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Barakat Olaleke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Rofiat Adeyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria.
| | - Mercy Olatinwo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Aminat Ismail
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
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29
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George EK, Reddy PH. Can Healthy Diets, Regular Exercise, and Better Lifestyle Delay the Progression of Dementia in Elderly Individuals? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:S37-S58. [PMID: 31227652 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments. Current healthcare costs for over 50 million people afflicted with AD are about $818 million and are projected to be $2 billion by 2050. Unfortunately, there are no drugs currently available that can delay and/or prevent the progression of disease in elderly individuals and in AD patients. Loss of synapses and synaptic damage are largely correlated with cognitive decline in AD patients. Women are at a higher lifetime risk of developing AD encompassing two-thirds of the total AD afflicted population. Only about 1-2% of total AD patients can be explained by genetic mutations in APP, PS1, and PS2 genes. Several risk factors have been identified, such as Apolipoprotein E4 genotype, type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, depression, and hormonal imbalance, are reported to be associated with late-onset AD. Strong evidence reveals that antioxidant enriched diets and regular exercise reduces toxic radicals, enhances mitochondrial function and synaptic activity, and improves cognitive function in elderly populations. Current available data on the use of antioxidants in mouse models of AD and antioxidant(s) supplements in diets of elderly individuals were investigated. The use of antioxidants in randomized clinical trials in AD patients was also critically assessed. Based on our survey of current literature and findings, we cautiously conclude that healthy diets, regular exercise, and improved lifestyle can delay dementia progression and reduce the risk of AD in elderly individuals and reverse subjects with mild cognitive impairment to a non-demented state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA
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30
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Pang R, Wang X, Pei F, Zhang W, Shen J, Gao X, Chang C. Regular Exercise Enhances Cognitive Function and Intracephalic GLUT Expression in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:83-96. [PMID: 31561359 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain energy metabolic impairment is one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered an underlying factor involved in cognitive impairment. Therefore, brain energy metabolism may represent a new therapeutic target for AD medical interventions. Among nutrients providing energy, glucose, the primary energy source, cannot cross the blood-brain barrier freely without specific glucose transporters (GLUTs), which are essential for the maintenance of cerebral energy metabolism homeostasis. Several converging lines of evidence suggest that GLUT1 deficiency in mice leads to synapse reduction and dysregulation coupled with mitochondrial morphological changes. In this study, the results revealed that regular exercise (RE) decreased the expression of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau by western blot, and enhanced the spatial learning and exploration ability of AD model mice as assessed by Morris water maze test. Mitochondrial cristae and edges were clear and intact, ATP production in the brain raised, the number of synapses increased, and GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression levels improved in the central nervous system (CNS) in AD model mice after RE. Changes in GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression at the protein level after RE are an important part of energy metabolic adaptation in AD model mice. Learning and memory improvement are highly associated with mitochondrial integrity and sufficient synapses in the CNS. This research suggests that increased brain energy metabolism attributed to RE exhibits promising therapeutic potential for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Pang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqun Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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31
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McGurran H, Glenn JM, Madero EN, Bott NT. Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Biological Mechanisms of Exercise. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:311-338. [PMID: 31104021 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. With an aging population and no disease modifying treatments available, AD is quickly becoming a global pandemic. A substantial body of research indicates that lifestyle behaviors contribute to the development of AD, and that it may be worthwhile to approach AD like other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, in which prevention is paramount. Exercise is an important lifestyle behavior that may influence the course and pathology of AD, but the biological mechanisms underpinning these effects remain unclear. This review focuses on how exercise can modify four possible mechanisms which are involved with the pathology of AD: oxidative stress, inflammation, peripheral organ and metabolic health, and direct interaction with AD pathology. Exercise is just one of many lifestyle behaviors that may assist in preventing AD, but understanding the systemic and neurobiological mechanisms by which exercise affects AD could help guide the development of novel pharmaceutical agents and non-pharmacological personalized lifestyle interventions for at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo McGurran
- Research Master's Programme Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nicholas T Bott
- Neurotrack Technologies Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA.,Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, PGSP-Stanford Consortium, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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32
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Effects of Physical Activity on Brain Energy Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Diseases. Diseases 2020; 8:diseases8020018. [PMID: 32521816 PMCID: PMC7349237 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia has substantially increased worldwide. Currently, there is no cure for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and care for affected patients is financially and psychologically costly. Of late, more attention has been given to preventive interventions—in particular, physical activity/exercise. In this review, examine the risk factors associated with AD and the effects physical activity may play in the prevention of the degenerative process of this disease, loss of memory and cognitive performance in the elderly. To date, research has shown that physical activity, especially aerobic exercise, has a protective effect on cognitive function and memory in the elderly and Alzheimer’s patients. In comparison with aerobic exercise, several strength training studies have also shown positive effects, and the rare studies that compare the two different modalities show no difference.
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33
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Peng Y, Gao P, Shi L, Chen L, Liu J, Long J. Central and Peripheral Metabolic Defects Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting Mitochondria for Diagnosis and Prevention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1188-1236. [PMID: 32050773 PMCID: PMC7196371 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Epidemiological studies indicate that metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metabolic remodeling occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, even in the early stages of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely accepted as a molecular mechanism underlying metabolic disorders. Therefore, focusing on early metabolic changes, especially from the perspective of mitochondria, could be of interest for early AD diagnosis and intervention. Recent Advances: We and others have identified that the levels of several metabolites are fluctuated in the periphery before their accumulation in the CNS, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondrial remodeling is likely one of the earliest signs of AD, linking nutritional imbalance to cognitive deficits. Notably, by improving mitochondrial function, mitochondrial nutrients efficiently rescue cellular metabolic dysfunction in the CNS and periphery in individuals with AD. Critical Issues: Peripheral metabolic disorders should be intensively explored and evaluated for the early diagnosis of AD. The circulating metabolites derived from mitochondrial remodeling represent novel potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD that are more readily detected than CNS-oriented biomarkers. Moreover, mitochondrial nutrients provide a promising approach to preventing and delaying AD progression. Future Directions: Abnormal mitochondrial metabolism in the CNS and periphery is involved in AD pathogenesis. More clinical studies provide evidence for the suitability and reliability of circulating metabolites and cytokines for the early diagnosis of AD. Targeting mitochondria to rewire cellular metabolism is a promising approach to preventing AD and ameliorating AD-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Shi
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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34
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Uddin MS, Rahman MA, Kabir MT, Behl T, Mathew B, Perveen A, Barreto GE, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Multifarious roles of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1843-1855. [PMID: 32472959 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive failure is a main devastating incident affecting even healthy people. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the utmost common form of dementia among the geriatric community. In the pathogenesis of AD, cerebrovascular dysfunction is revealed before the beginning of the cognitive decline. Mounting proof shows a precarious impact of cerebrovascular dysregulation in the development of AD pathology. Recent studies document that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) acts as a crucial effector of cerebrovascular dysregulation in AD. The mTOR contributes to brain vascular dysfunction and subsequence cerebral blood flow deficits as well as cognitive impairment. Furthermore, mTOR causes the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in AD models. Inhibition of mTOR hyperactivity protects the BBB integrity in AD. Furthermore, mTOR drives cognitive defect and cerebrovascular dysfunction, which are greatly prevalent in AD, but the central molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are obscure. This review represents the crucial and current research findings regarding the role of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Proteotoxicity and mitochondrial dynamics in aging diabetic brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104948. [PMID: 32450345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of both aging and protein misfolding disorders. Amyloidosis, a consequence of this phenomena is observed in the brains of diabetic patients over the chronic time period. These toxic aggregates not only cause age-related decline in proteostasis, but also dwindle its ability to increase or restore the chaperones in response to any stressful condition. Mitochondria acts as the main source of energy regulation and many metabolic disorders such as diabetes have been associated with altered oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and redox imbalance in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) acts as a mediator for maintaining the mitochondrial protein homeostasis and quality control during such conditions. Over a long time period, these responses start shutting off leading to proteotoxic stress in the neurons. This reduces the buffering capacity of protein network signalling during aging, thereby increasing the risk of neurodegeneration in the brain. In this review, we focus on the proteotoxic stress that occurs as an amalgamation of diabetes and aging, as well as the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the neuronal survival affecting the diabetic brain and its long term consequences on the memory changes.
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Exercise-Induced Cognitive Improvement Is Associated with Sodium Channel-Mediated Excitability in APP/PS1 Mice. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9132720. [PMID: 32256560 PMCID: PMC7103997 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9132720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated brain activation, or hyperexcitability, induces cognitive impairment and confers an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Blocking the overexcitation of the neural network may be a promising new strategy to prevent, halt, and even reverse this condition. Physical exercise has been shown to be an effective cognitive enhancer that reduces the risk of AD in elderly individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are far from being fully understood. We explored whether long-term treadmill exercise attenuates amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mutation-induced aberrant network activity and thus improves cognition by altering the numbers and/or distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) in transgenic mice. APP/PS1 mice aged 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8, and 9 months underwent treadmill exercise with different durations or at different stages of AD. The alterations in memory, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, and expression levels and distributions of Nav functional members (Nav1.1α, Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Navβ2) were evaluated. The results revealed that treadmill exercise with 12- and 24-week durations 1) induced significant improvement in novel object recognition (NOR) memory and Morris water maze (MWM) spatial memory; 2) partially reduced abnormal spike activity; and 3) redressed the disturbed cellular distribution of Nav1.1α, aberrant Navβ2 cleavage augmentation, and Nav1.6 upregulation. Additionally, APP/PS1 mice in the 24-week exercise group showed better performance in the NOR task and a large decrease in Nav1.6 expression, which was close to the wild-type level. This study suggests that exercise improves cognition and neural activity by altering the numbers and distribution of hippocampal Nav in APP/PS1 mice. Long-term treadmill exercise, for about 24 weeks, starting in the preclinical stage, is a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing AD and halting its progress.
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Thomas R, Zimmerman SD, Yuede KM, Cirrito JR, Tai LM, Timson BF, Yuede CM. Exercise Training Results in Lower Amyloid Plaque Load and Greater Cognitive Function in an Intensity Dependent Manner in the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020088. [PMID: 32046299 PMCID: PMC7071605 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three months of exercise training (ET) decreases soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in an intensity dependent manner early in life in Tg2576 mice (Moore et al., 2016). Here, we examined the effects of 12 months of low- and high- intensity exercise training on cognitive function and amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus of 15-month-old Tg2576 mice. Low- (LOW) and high- (HI) intensity ET animals ran at speeds of 15 m/min on a level treadmill and 32 m/min at a 10% grade, respectively, for 60 min/day, five days/week, from 3 to 15 months of age. Sedentary mice (SED) were placed on a level, non-moving, treadmill for the same duration. ET mice demonstrated a significantly lower amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus that was intensity dependent. Improvement in cognitive function, assessed by Morris Water Maze and Novel Object Recognition tests, was greater in the HI group compared to the LOW and SED groups. LOW mice performed better in the initial latency to the platform location during the probe trial of the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test than SED, but not in any other aspect of MWM or the Novel Object Recognition test. The results of this study indicate that exercise training decreases amyloid plaque load in an intensity dependent manner and that high-intensity exercise training improves cognitive function relative to SED mice, but the intensity of the LOW group was below the threshold to demonstrate robust improvement in cognitive function in Tg2576 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (R.T.); (S.D.Z.); (B.F.T.)
| | - Scott D. Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (R.T.); (S.D.Z.); (B.F.T.)
| | - Kayla M. Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.M.Y.); (J.R.C.)
| | - John R. Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.M.Y.); (J.R.C.)
- Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Benjamin F. Timson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (R.T.); (S.D.Z.); (B.F.T.)
| | - Carla M. Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.M.Y.); (J.R.C.)
- Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-9001
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da Costa Daniele TM, de Bruin PFC, de Matos RS, de Bruin GS, Maia Chaves C, de Bruin VMS. Exercise effects on brain and behavior in healthy mice, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease model-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112488. [PMID: 31991178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines how exercise modifies brain and behavior in healthy mice, dementia (D) and Parkinson disease (PD) models. A search was performed on the Medline and Scopus electronic databases (2008-2019). Search terms were "mice", "brain", "treadmill", "exercise", "physical exercise". In the total, 430 were found but only 103 were included. Animals n = 1,172; exercised 4-8 weeks (Range 24 h to 32 weeks), 60 min/day (Range 8-120 min per day), and 10/12 m/min (Range 0.2 m/min to 36 m/min). Hippocampus, cerebral cortex, striatum and whole brain were more frequently investigated. Exercise improved learning and memory. Meta-analysis showed that exercise increased: cerebral BDNF in health (n = 150; z = 5.8, CI 3.43-12.05; p < 0.001 I2 = 94.3 %), D (n = 124; z = 4.18, CI = 2.22-9.12; p < 0.001; I2 = 93.7 %) and PD (n = 16 z = 4.26, CI 5.03-48.73 p < 0.001 I2 = 94.8 %). TrkB improved in health (n = 84 z = 5.49, CI 3.8-17.73 p < 0.001, I2 = 0.000) and PD (n = 22; z = 3.1, CI = 2.58-67.3, p < 0.002 I2 = 93.8 %). Neurogenesis increased in health (n = 68; z = 7.08, CI 5.65-21.25 p < 0.001; I2 17.58) and D model (n = 116; z = 4.18, CI 2.22-9.12 p < 0.001 I2 93.7 %). Exercise augmented amyloid clearance (n = 166; z = 7.51 CI = 4.86-14.85, p < 0.001 I2 = 58.72) and reduced amyloid plaques in D models (n = 49; z = 4.65, CI = 3.94-15.3 p < 0.001 I2 = 0.000). In conclusion, exercise improved brain and behavior, neurogenesis in healthy and dementia models, reduced toxicity and cerebral amyloid. Evidence regarding inflammation, oxidative stress and energy metabolism were scarce. Studies examining acute vs chronic exercise, extreme training and the durability of exercise benefit were rare. Vascular or glucose metabolism changes were seldom reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR).
| | - Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil.
| | - Robson Salviano de Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Sales de Bruin
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, United States.
| | - Cauby Maia Chaves
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Odontológica, UFC, Brazil.
| | - Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Sleep and Biological Rhythms Laboratory, UFC, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Brazil.
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Li B, Liang F, Ding X, Yan Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Bai Y, Huang T, Xu B. Interval and continuous exercise overcome memory deficits related to β-Amyloid accumulation through modulating mitochondrial dynamics. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Edwards III GA, Gamez N, Escobedo Jr. G, Calderon O, Moreno-Gonzalez I. Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:146. [PMID: 31293412 PMCID: PMC6601685 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described in the early 1900s, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has risen exponentially in prevalence and concern. Research still drives to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease and what risk factors can attribute to AD. With a majority of AD cases being of sporadic origin, the increasing exponential growth of an aged population and a lack of treatment, it is imperative to discover an easy accessible preventative method for AD. Some risk factors can increase the propensity of AD such as aging, sex, and genetics. Moreover, there are also modifiable risk factors-in terms of treatable medical conditions and lifestyle choices-that play a role in developing AD. These risk factors have their own biological mechanisms that may contribute to AD etiology and pathological consequences. In this review article, we will discuss modifiable risk factors and discuss the current literature of how each of these factors interplay into AD development and progression and if strategically analyzed and treated, could aid in protection against this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Edwards III
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nazaret Gamez
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Department of Cell Biology, Facultad Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gabriel Escobedo Jr.
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Olivia Calderon
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Department of Cell Biology, Facultad Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Brown BM, Rainey-Smith SR, Dore V, Peiffer JJ, Burnham SC, Laws SM, Taddei K, Ames D, Masters CL, Rowe CC, Martins RN, Villemagne VL. Self-Reported Physical Activity is Associated with Tau Burden Measured by Positron Emission Tomography. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1299-1305. [PMID: 29758940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous animal studies have reported exercise reduces the accumulation of Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. Furthermore, we previously reported a relationship between higher levels of physical activity (PA) and lower brain Aβ burden in a human population. The recent advent of tau positron emission tomography (PET) tracers enables us to extend our investigations into the evaluation of the relationship between PA and brain tau burden. Utilizing data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study, we have examined the cross-sectional relationship between habitual PA and PET-quantified tau burden. Forty-three cognitively healthy older adults were categorized into low-moderate PA (LMPA; n = 16) or high PA (HPA; n = 27), based on self-reported PA levels. Tau PET imaging with the AV1451 tracer was conducted on all participants. The LMPA group had significantly higher neocortical tau burden (presented as a z-score; 1.22±1.98), compared to the HPA group (z-score: - 0.28±1.18). The difference between the LMPA and HPA groups was also evident when examining regional tau burden in the temporoparietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex. Our results suggest an association between self-reported PA level and brain tau burden. Future longitudinal and interventional studies utilizing larger samples sizes are vital to further investigate the nature of the relationship between tau and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Brown
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Vincent Dore
- eHealth, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Simon M Laws
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, http://www.mentalhealthcrc.com
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute for Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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Huang Y, Guo B, Shi B, Gao Q, Zhou Q. Chinese Herbal Medicine Xueshuantong Enhances Cerebral Blood Flow and Improves Neural Functions in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1089-1107. [PMID: 29710701 PMCID: PMC6004915 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may occur in early AD, which contributes to the pathogenesis and/or pathological progression of AD. Reversing this deficit may have therapeutic potential. Certain traditional Chinese herbal medicines (e.g., Saponin and its major component Xueshuantong [XST]) increase blood flow in humans, but whether they could be effective in treating AD patients has not been tested. We found that systemic XST injection elevated cerebral blood flow in APP/PS1 transgenic mice using two-photon time-lapse imaging in the same microvessels before and after injection. Subchronic XST treatment led to improved spatial learning and memory and motor performance in the APP/PS1 mice, suggesting improved neural plasticity and functions. Two-photon time lapse imaging of the same plaques revealed a reduction in plaque size after XST treatment. In addition, western blots experiments showed that XST treatment led to reduced processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and enhanced clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) without altering the total level of AβPP. We also found increased synapse density in the immediate vicinity of amyloid plaques, suggesting enhanced synaptic function. We conclude that targeting cerebral blood flow can be an effective strategy in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Huang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baihong Guo
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bihua Shi
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingtao Gao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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43
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Treadmill exercise decreases β-amyloid burden in APP/PS1 transgenic mice involving regulation of the unfolded protein response. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:125-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Zhang X, He Q, Huang T, Zhao N, Liang F, Xu B, Chen X, Li T, Bi J. Treadmill Exercise Decreases Aβ Deposition and Counteracts Cognitive Decline in APP/PS1 Mice, Possibly via Hippocampal Microglia Modifications. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:78. [PMID: 31024293 PMCID: PMC6461026 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that exercise may be beneficial for delaying or attenuating Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms were not clear. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is suggested to play an important role in the pathology of AD. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of treadmill exercise on amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and cognitive function in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 mice in the early stage of AD progression and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation was mainly analyzed. The results demonstrated that 12 weeks of treadmill exercise preserved hippocampal cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice and substantially suppressed Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus. Treadmill exercise significantly inhibited neuroinflammation, which was characterized by a remarkably reduced expression of pro-inflammatory factors and increased expression of anti-inflammatory mediators in the hippocampus, resulting from a shift in activated microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype. Treadmill exercise also attenuated oxidative stress presented by a marked reduction in methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level and dramatically elevated SOD and Mn-SOD activities in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that treadmill exercise can effectively prevent the decrease in hippocampal-dependent cognitive function and Aβ deposits in early AD progression possibly via modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang He
- College of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghe Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Jianzhong Bi
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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45
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Brown BM, Peiffer J, Rainey-Smith SR. Exploring the relationship between physical activity, beta-amyloid and tau: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:9-18. [PMID: 30615936 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several prospective cohort studies have reported an association between higher levels of physical activity and decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, years later. To support physical activity as a preventative measure against dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD; the most common form of dementia), evidence regarding the underlying mechanisms is vital. Here, we review previous work examining the role of physical activity in modulating levels of AD pathological hallmarks, beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau (in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and blood). Robust evidence from transgenic animal studies suggests that physical activity (voluntary wheel running) and exercise (forced wheel running) are implicated in lowering levels of brain Aβ and tau. Nevertheless, evidence from human studies, utilising measurements from positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, is less consistent. Rigorous randomised controlled trials utilising long exercise interventions are vital to further understand the relationship between physical activity and Alzheimer's disease.
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46
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Abstract
The β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition is one of the major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Dysfunction in autophagy has been reported to lead to the Aβ deposition. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on autophagy activity and the Aβ deposition and to demonstrate whether exercise-induced reduction in the Aβ deposition was associated with changes in autophagy activity. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were divided into transgenic sedentary (TG-SED, n=12) and transgenic exercise (TG-EXE, n=12) groups. Wild-type mice were also divided into sedentary (WT-SED, n=12) and exercise (WT-EXE, n=12) groups. The WT-EXE and TG-EXE mice were subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks. The levels of Aβ plaques and soluble forms of Aβ, autophagy markers light chain 3 and P62, and lysosomal marker lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1) were measured in the hippocampus. Both Aβ plaques and soluble forms of Aβ (Aβ40 and Aβ42) were significantly increased in TG-SED mice compared with WT-SED mice, whereas exercise reduced Aβ deposition in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Coincidentally, TG-SED mice displayed a decrease in autophagy activity as evidenced by a significant increase in the levels of light chain 3-II and P62, as well as an accumulation of lysosome as evidenced by a significant over-expression of Lamp1. Interestingly, exercise increased autophagy activity as evidenced by a significant reduction in the levels of P62 and Lamp1 in TG-EXE mice. These findings suggest that treadmill exercise is efficient in decreasing Aβ deposition by enhancing autophagy–lysosomal activity in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, demonstrating a possible approach in Alzheimer’s disease prevention and treatment.
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47
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Vecchio LM, Meng Y, Xhima K, Lipsman N, Hamani C, Aubert I. The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise: Maintaining a Healthy Brain Throughout Aging. Brain Plast 2018; 4:17-52. [PMID: 30564545 PMCID: PMC6296262 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy body, yet it also provides unique benefits for the vascular and cellular systems that sustain a healthy brain. While the benefit of exercise has been observed in humans of all ages, the availability of preclinical models has permitted systematic investigations into the mechanisms by which exercise supports and protects the brain. Over the past twenty-five years, rodent models have shown that increased physical activity elevates neurotrophic factors in the hippocampal and cortical areas, facilitating neurotransmission throughout the brain. Increased physical activity (such as by the voluntary use of a running wheel or regular, timed sessions on a treadmill) also promotes proliferation, maturation and survival of cells in the dentate gyrus, contributing to the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this way, rodent studies have tremendous value as they demonstrate that an 'active lifestyle' has the capacity to ameliorate a number of age-related changes in the brain, including the decline in adult neurogenesis. Moreover, these studies have shown that greater physical activity may protect the brain health into advanced age through a number of complimentary mechanisms: in addition to upregulating factors in pro-survival neurotrophic pathways and enhancing synaptic plasticity, increased physical activity promotes brain health by supporting the cerebrovasculature, sustaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, increasing glymphatic clearance and proteolytic degradation of amyloid beta species, and regulating microglia activation. Collectively, preclinical studies demonstrate that exercise initiates diverse and powerful neuroprotective pathways that may converge to promote continued brain health into old age. This review will draw on both seminal and current literature that highlights mechanisms by which exercise supports the functioning of the brain, and aids in its protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Vecchio
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Meng
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Sierra-Fonseca JA, Gosselink KL. Tauopathy and neurodegeneration: A role for stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:105-112. [PMID: 30450376 PMCID: PMC6234266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an irreversible and progressive loss of neuronal structure and function. While many alterations to normal cellular processes occur during neurodegeneration, a pathological accumulation of aggregated proteins constitutes a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease, specifically, is pathologically defined by the formation of amyloid plaques and tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Stress has emerged as an important factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's. Very little is known, however, regarding the effects of stress on the mechanisms controlling abnormal protein aggregation and clearance. Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, causing an excessive secretion of glucocorticoids that are capable of impacting diverse physiological and cellular processes. The present review focuses on the influence of stress on a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology, emphasizing the relationship between tau phosphorylation and accumulation and its connection to HPA axis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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Müller S, Preische O, Sohrabi HR, Gräber S, Jucker M, Ringman JM, Martins RN, McDade E, Schofield PR, Ghetti B, Rossor M, Fox NN, Graff-Radford NR, Levin J, Danek A, Vöglein J, Salloway S, Xiong C, Benzinger T, Buckles V, Masters CL, Sperling R, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Laske C. Relationship between physical activity, cognition, and Alzheimer pathology in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1427-1437. [PMID: 30266303 PMCID: PMC6322213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about effects of physical activity (PA) in genetically driven early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A total of 372 individuals participating at the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network study were examined to evaluate the cross-sectional relationship of PA with cognitive performance, functional status, cognitive decline, and AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid. Mutation carriers were categorized as high or low exercisers according to WHO recommendations. RESULTS Mutation carriers with high PA showed significantly better cognitive and functional performance and significantly less AD-like pathology in cerebrospinal fluid than individuals with low PA. Mutation carriers with high PA scored 3.4 points better on Mini Mental State Examination at expected symptom onset and fulfilled the diagnosis of very mild dementia 15.1 years later compared with low exercisers. DISCUSSION These results support a beneficial effect of PA on cognition and AD pathology even in individuals with genetically driven autosomal dominant AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Müller
- Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Preische
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susanne Gräber
- Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John M Ringman
- Memory and Aging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric McDade
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin Rossor
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Nick N Fox
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), München, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), München, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vöglein
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), München, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Virginia Buckles
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reisa Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christoph Laske
- Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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