1
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Tran N, Mills EL. Redox regulation of macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103123. [PMID: 38615489 PMCID: PMC11026845 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling, a mode of signal transduction that involves the transfer of electrons from a nucleophilic to electrophilic molecule, has emerged as an essential regulator of inflammatory macrophages. Redox reactions are driven by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and redox-sensitive metabolites such as fumarate and itaconate, which can post-translationally modify specific cysteine residues in target proteins. In the past decade our understanding of how ROS, RNS, and redox-sensitive metabolites control macrophage function has expanded dramatically. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence of how ROS, RNS, and metabolites regulate macrophage function and how this is dysregulated with disease. We highlight the key tools to assess redox signaling and important questions that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhien Tran
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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DiRusso CJ, DeMaria AM, Wong J, Wang W, Jordanides JJ, Whitty A, Allen KN, Gilmore TD. A conserved core region of the scaffold NEMO is essential for signal-induced conformational change and liquid-liquid phase separation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105396. [PMID: 37890781 PMCID: PMC10694592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins help mediate interactions between protein partners, often to optimize intracellular signaling. Herein, we use comparative, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate how the scaffold protein NEMO contributes to signaling in the NF-κB pathway. Comparison of NEMO and the related protein optineurin from a variety of evolutionarily distant organisms revealed that a central region of NEMO, called the Intervening Domain (IVD), is conserved between NEMO and optineurin. Previous studies have shown that this central core region of the IVD is required for cytokine-induced activation of IκB kinase (IKK). We show that the analogous region of optineurin can functionally replace the core region of the NEMO IVD. We also show that an intact IVD is required for the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers of NEMO. Moreover, inactivating mutations in this core region abrogate the ability of NEMO to form ubiquitin-induced liquid-liquid phase separation droplets in vitro and signal-induced puncta in vivo. Thermal and chemical denaturation studies of truncated NEMO variants indicate that the IVD, while not intrinsically destabilizing, can reduce the stability of surrounding regions of NEMO due to the conflicting structural demands imparted on this region by flanking upstream and downstream domains. This conformational strain in the IVD mediates allosteric communication between the N- and C-terminal regions of NEMO. Overall, these results support a model in which the IVD of NEMO participates in signal-induced activation of the IKK/NF-κB pathway by acting as a mediator of conformational changes in NEMO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony M DeMaria
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judy Wong
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack J Jordanides
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Zhang L, Ludden CM, Cullen AJ, Tew KD, Branco de Barros AL, Townsend DM. Nuclear factor kappa B expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115459. [PMID: 37716117 PMCID: PMC10591792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, we discuss the role of NF-κB, a proinflammatory transcription factor, in the expression of genes involved in inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis pathways, and link it with prognosis of various human cancers, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We and others have shown that NF-κB activity can be impacted by post-translational S-glutathionylation through reversible formation of a mixed disulfide bond between its cysteine residues and glutathione (GSH). Clinical data analysis showed that high expression of NF-κB correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients, suggesting a tumor promotion function for NF-κB. Moreover, NF-κB expression was associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and 5-year OS in these patients. NF-κB was over-expressed in the cytoplasm of tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal tissues. S-glutathionylation of NF-κB caused negative regulation by interfering with DNA binding activities of NF-κB subunits. In response to oxidants, S-glutathionylation of NF-κB also correlated with enhanced lung inflammation. Thus, S-glutathionylation is an important contributor to NF-κB regulation and clinical results highlight the importance of NF-κB in NSCLC, where NF-κB levels are associated with unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Claudia M Ludden
- Department of Drug Discovery and Experimental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alexander J Cullen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Experimental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery and Experimental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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4
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DiRusso CJ, DeMaria AM, Wong J, Jordanides JJ, Whitty A, Allen KN, Gilmore TD. A Conserved Core Region of the Scaffold NEMO is Essential for Signal-induced Conformational Change and Liquid-liquid Phase Separation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.25.542299. [PMID: 37292615 PMCID: PMC10245932 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.542299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold proteins help mediate interactions between protein partners, often to optimize intracellular signaling. Herein, we use comparative, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and cellular approaches to investigate how the scaffold protein NEMO contributes to signaling in the NF-κB pathway. Comparison of NEMO and the related protein optineurin from a variety of evolutionarily distant organisms revealed that a central region of NEMO, called the Intervening Domain (IVD), is conserved between NEMO and optineurin. Previous studies have shown that this central core region of the IVD is required for cytokine-induced activation of IκB kinase (IKK). We show that the analogous region of optineurin can functionally replace the core region of the NEMO IVD. We also show that an intact IVD is required for the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers of NEMO. Moreover, inactivating mutations in this core region abrogate the ability of NEMO to form ubiquitin-induced liquid-liquid phase separation droplets in vitro and signal-induced puncta in vivo. Thermal and chemical denaturation studies of truncated NEMO variants indicate that the IVD, while not intrinsically destabilizing, can reduce the stability of surrounding regions of NEMO, due to the conflicting structural demands imparted on this region by flanking upstream and downstream domains. This conformational strain in the IVD mediates allosteric communication between N- and C-terminal regions of NEMO. Overall, these results support a model in which the IVD of NEMO participates in signal-induced activation of the IKK/NF-κB pathway by acting as a mediator of conformational changes in NEMO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judy Wong
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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5
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Huang H, Drici L, Lassen PS, Palmisano G, Larsen MR. TiCPG - a strategy for the simultaneous enrichment of reversibly modified cysteine peptides, phosphopeptides, and sialylated N-Glycopeptides to study cytokines stimulated beta-cells. J Proteomics 2023; 273:104796. [PMID: 36538968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein function and interaction to fine-tune biological processes. Reversible phosphorylation, cysteines (Cys) modifications, and N-linked glycosylation are all essentially involved in cellular signaling pathways, such as those initiated by the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can induce pancreatic β-cell death and diabetes. Here we have developed a novel strategy for the simultaneous and comprehensive characterization of the proteome and three PTMs including reversibly modified Cysteines (rmCys), phosphorylation, and sialylated N-linked glycosylation from low amount of sample material. This strategy, termed TiCPG, is based on a combination of chemical labeling and titanium dioxide (TiO2) chromatography. We applied the TiCPG strategy to study the proteome and the three PTMs changes in β-cells subject to pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulation. It enabled quantitative analysis of 8346 rmCys sites, 10,321 phosphosites and 962 sialylated N-glycosites from 5496 proteins. Significant regulation was found on 100 proteins at the expression level, while 3020 PTM peptide isoforms from 1468 proteins were significantly regulated. The three PTMs were involved in cytokine mediated β-cell apoptosis, such as the NFκB and the inducible NO synthase signaling pathways. Overall, the TiCPG strategy is a cheap, straightforward, and powerful tool for studies targeting the three PTMs described above. SIGNIFICANCE: The present study presents a fast and easy method for quantitative assessment of the proteome and three PTMs from minimal amount of sample material. This simple method provides comprehensive and significant knowledge on biological systems and cellular signaling with relatively low analysis time, suitable for younger researchers and researchers that do not have direct access to LC-MSMS in their laboratories. From sub-milligram amount of material, we were able to map known cellular signaling events of proinflammatory cytokine effect on beta-cells and to discover novel PTMs involved in several known signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Lylia Drici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pernille S Lassen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Departament of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374 - Edifício Biomédicas II, Cidade Universitária "Armando Salles Oliveira" - CEP, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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6
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Russell TM, Richardson DR. The good Samaritan glutathione-S-transferase P1: An evolving relationship in nitric oxide metabolism mediated by the direct interactions between multiple effector molecules. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102568. [PMID: 36563536 PMCID: PMC9800640 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification isozymes that conjugate glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotics and also suppress redox stress. It was suggested that GSTs have evolved not to enhance their GSH affinity, but to better interact with and metabolize cytotoxic nitric oxide (NO). The interactions between NO and GSTs involve their ability to bind and store NO as dinitrosyl-dithiol iron complexes (DNICs) within cells. Additionally, the association of GSTP1 with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) results in its inhibition. The function of NO in vasodilation together with studies associating GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes with preeclampsia, additionally suggests an intriguing connection between NO and GSTs. Furthermore, suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity occurs upon increased levels of GSTP1 or NO that decreases transcription of JNK target genes such as c-Jun and c-Fos, which inhibit apoptosis. This latter effect is mediated by the direct association of GSTs with MAPK proteins. GSTP1 can also inhibit nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling through its interactions with IKKβ and Iκα, resulting in decreased iNOS expression and the stimulation of apoptosis. It can be suggested that the inhibitory activity of GSTP1 within the JNK and NF-κB pathways may be involved in crosstalk between survival and apoptosis pathways and modulating NO-mediated ROS generation. These studies highlight an innovative role of GSTs in NO metabolism through their interaction with multiple effector proteins, with GSTP1 functioning as a "good Samaritan" within each pathway to promote favorable cellular conditions and NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Russell
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia,Corresponding author. Centre for Cancer Cell Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia.
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7
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Reciprocal interplay between OTULIN-LUBAC determines genotoxic and inflammatory NF-κB signal responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123097119. [PMID: 35939695 PMCID: PMC9388121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123097119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) represents a highly viable strategy against chemoresistance in cancers as well as cell death. Ubiquitination, including linear ubiquitination mediated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), is emerging as a crucial mechanism of overactivated NF-κB signaling. Ovarian tumor family deubiquitinase OTULIN is the only linear linkage-specific deubiquitinase; however, the molecular mechanisms of how it counteracts LUBAC-mediated NF-κB activation have been largely unknown. Here, we identify Lys64/66 of OTULIN for linear ubiquitination facilitated in a LUBAC-dependent manner as a necessary event required for OTULIN-LUBAC interaction under unstressed conditions, which becomes deubiquitinated by OTULIN itself in response to genotoxic stress. Furthermore, this self-deubiquitination of OTULIN occurs intermolecularly, mediated by OTULIN dimerization, resulting in the subsequent dissociation of OTULIN from the LUBAC complex and NF-κB overactivation. Oxidative stress induces OTULIN dimerization via cysteine-mediated covalent disulfide bonds. Our study reveals that the status of the physical interaction between OTULIN and LUBAC is a crucial determining factor for the genotoxic NF-κB signaling, as measured by cell survival and proliferation, while OTULIN loss of function resulting from its dimerization and deubiquitination leads to a dissociation of OTULIN from the LUBAC complex. Of note, similar molecular mechanisms apply to the inflammatory NF-κB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor α. Hence, a fuller understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of the OTULIN-LUBAC interaction will be instrumental for developing future therapeutic strategies against cancer chemoresistance and necroptotic processes pertinent to numerous human diseases.
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8
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Tang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin S, Zhou L, Gao W, Shen Z. Metabolic Adaptation-Mediated Cancer Survival and Progression in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071324. [PMID: 35883815 PMCID: PMC9311581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Undue elevation of ROS levels commonly occurs during cancer evolution as a result of various antitumor therapeutics and/or endogenous immune response. Overwhelming ROS levels induced cancer cell death through the dysregulation of ROS-sensitive glycolytic enzymes, leading to the catastrophic depression of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which are critical for cancer survival and progression. However, cancer cells also adapt to such catastrophic oxidative and metabolic stresses by metabolic reprograming, resulting in cancer residuality, progression, and relapse. This adaptation is highly dependent on NADPH and GSH syntheses for ROS scavenging and the upregulation of lipolysis and glutaminolysis, which fuel tricarboxylic acid cycle-coupled OXPHOS and biosynthesis. The underlying mechanism remains poorly understood, thus presenting a promising field with opportunities to manipulate metabolic adaptations for cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, we provide a summary of the mechanisms of metabolic regulation in the adaptation of cancer cells to oxidative stress and the current understanding of its regulatory role in cancer survival and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wei Gao
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (Z.S.)
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9
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Najjar RS, Knapp D, Wanders D, Feresin RG. Raspberry and blackberry act in a synergistic manner to improve cardiac redox proteins and reduce NF-κB and SAPK/JNK in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1784-1796. [PMID: 35487829 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress are common features in obesity, and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signaling is a key inflammatory pathway in this deleterious process. This study aimed to investigate whether berries could attenuate the detrimental effects of a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on the myocardium at the molecular level. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice consumed a low-fat, low-sucrose (LFLS) diet alone or supplemented with 10% blackberry (BL), 10% raspberry (RB) or 10% blackberry + raspberry (BL + RB) for four weeks. Animals were then switched to a HFHS diet for 24 weeks with or without berry supplementation or maintained on a LFLS control diet without berry supplementation. Left ventricles of the heart were isolated for protein and mRNA analysis. Berry consumption, particularly BL + RB reduced NADPH-oxidase (NOX)1 and NOX2 and increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, expression while BL and RB supplementation alone was less efficacious. Downstream TLR4 signaling was attenuated mostly by both RB and BL + RB supplementation, while NF-κB pathway was attenuated by BL + RB supplementation. Stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) was also attenuated by BL + RB supplementation, and reduced TNF-α transcription and protein expression was observed only with BL + RB supplementation. CONCLUSION The synergistic effects of BL + RB may reduce obesity-induced cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress to a greater extent than BL or RB alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami S Najjar
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Denise Knapp
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafaela G Feresin
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Huang Z, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Liu L, Huang C. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition: The history, regulatory mechanism, and cancer therapeutic opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e144. [PMID: 35601657 PMCID: PMC9115588 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a program wherein epithelial cells lose their junctions and polarity while acquiring mesenchymal properties and invasive ability. Originally defined as an embryogenesis event, EMT has been recognized as a crucial process in tumor progression. During EMT, cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix attachments are disrupted, and the cytoskeleton is remodeled to enhance mobility of cells. This transition of phenotype is largely driven by a group of key transcription factors, typically Snail, Twist, and ZEB, through epigenetic repression of epithelial markers, transcriptional activation of matrix metalloproteinases, and reorganization of cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, EMT is orchestrated by multiple pathways, especially those involved in embryogenesis such as TGFβ, Wnt, Hedgehog, and Hippo, suggesting EMT as an intrinsic link between embryonic development and cancer progression. In addition, redox signaling has also emerged as critical EMT modulator. EMT confers cancer cells with increased metastatic potential and drug resistant capacity, which accounts for tumor recurrence in most clinic cases. Thus, targeting EMT can be a therapeutic option providing a chance of cure for cancer patients. Here, we introduce a brief history of EMT and summarize recent advances in understanding EMT mechanisms, as well as highlighting the therapeutic opportunities by targeting EMT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Chengwei Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 China
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11
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Expanding the armory for treating lymphoma: Targeting redox cellular status through thioredoxin reductase inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Haga M, Okada M. Systems approaches to investigate the role of NF-κB signaling in aging. Biochem J 2022; 479:161-183. [PMID: 35098992 PMCID: PMC8883486 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is one of the most well-studied pathways related to inflammation, and its involvement in aging has attracted considerable attention. As aging is a complex phenomenon and is the result of a multi-step process, the involvement of the NF-κB pathway in aging remains unclear. To elucidate the role of NF-κB in the regulation of aging, different systems biology approaches have been employed. A multi-omics data-driven approach can be used to interpret and clarify unknown mechanisms but cannot generate mechanistic regulatory structures alone. In contrast, combining this approach with a mathematical modeling approach can identify the mechanistics of the phenomena of interest. The development of single-cell technologies has also helped clarify the heterogeneity of the NF-κB response and underlying mechanisms. Here, we review advances in the understanding of the regulation of aging by NF-κB by focusing on omics approaches, single-cell analysis, and mathematical modeling of the NF-κB network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Haga
- Laboratory for Cell Systems, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Basic Research Development Division, ROHTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ikuno-ku, Osaka 544-8666, Japan
| | - Mariko Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Systems, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Drug Design and Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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13
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Milton AV, Konrad DB. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and H 2O 2 signaling - a driver of disease progression and a vulnerability in cancers. Biol Chem 2022; 403:377-390. [PMID: 35032422 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutation-selective drugs constitute a great advancement in personalized anticancer treatment with increased quality of life and overall survival in cancers. However, the high adaptability and evasiveness of cancers can lead to disease progression and the development of drug resistance, which cause recurrence and metastasis. A common characteristic in advanced neoplastic cancers is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is strongly interconnected with H2O2 signaling, increased motility and invasiveness. H2O2 relays its signal through the installation of oxidative posttranslational modifications on cysteines. The increased H2O2 levels that are associated with an EMT confer a heightened sensitivity towards the induction of ferroptosis as a recently discovered vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Milton
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus C, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus C, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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14
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Cheng Y, Song Y, Chen H, Li Q, Gao Y, Lu G, Luo C. Ferroptosis Mediated by Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species: A Possible Causal Link of Neuroinflammation to Neurological Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5005136. [PMID: 34725564 PMCID: PMC8557075 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a possible causal link between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke. A putative mechanism underlying such a link can be explained by ferroptosis. Current studies have shown that disturbances of iron homeostasis, glutamate excitatory toxicity, lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other manifestations related to ferroptosis can be detected in several neurological disorders caused by neuroinflammation. To date, compelling evidence indicates that damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules (e.g., ROS) produced in the process of ferroptosis activate glial cells by activating neuroimmune pathways and then produce a series of inflammatory factors which contribute to neurological disorders. Our review article provides a current view of the involvement of ferroptosis or ROS in the pathological process of neuroinflammation, the effects of neuroinflammation mediated by ferroptosis in neurological disorders, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis participates in neuroinflammation, and the potential treatments for neurological disorders. In addition, further research on the mechanisms of ferroptosis as well as the link between ferroptosis and neuroinflammation will help provide new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanchao Lu
- Department of Neurology, Fuping County Hospital, Weinan 711700, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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15
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Herb M, Gluschko A, Schramm M. Reactive Oxygen Species: Not Omnipresent but Important in Many Locations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716406. [PMID: 34557488 PMCID: PMC8452931 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, have been established over decades of research as, on the one hand, important and versatile molecules involved in a plethora of homeostatic processes and, on the other hand, as inducers of damage, pathologies and diseases. Which effects ROS induce, strongly depends on the cell type and the source, amount, duration and location of ROS production. Similar to cellular pH and calcium levels, which are both strictly regulated and only altered by the cell when necessary, the redox balance of the cell is also tightly regulated, not only on the level of the whole cell but in every cellular compartment. However, a still widespread view present in the scientific community is that the location of ROS production is of no major importance and that ROS randomly diffuse from their cellular source of production throughout the whole cell and hit their redox-sensitive targets when passing by. Yet, evidence is growing that cells regulate ROS production and therefore their redox balance by strictly controlling ROS source activation as well as localization, amount and duration of ROS production. Hopefully, future studies in the field of redox biology will consider these factors and analyze cellular ROS more specifically in order to revise the view of ROS as freely flowing through the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Gluschko
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schramm
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Ansari MZ, Alom SE, Swaminathan R. Ordered structure induced in human c-Myc PEST region upon forming a disulphide bonded dimer. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020313. [PMID: 33669824 PMCID: PMC7923022 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a chemically defined group of reactive molecules derived from molecular oxygen. ROS are involved in a plethora of processes in cells in all domains of life, ranging from bacteria, plants and animals, including humans. The importance of ROS for macrophage-mediated immunity is unquestioned. Their functions comprise direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria and parasites as well as redox-regulation of immune signaling and induction of inflammasome activation. However, only a few studies have performed in-depth ROS analyses and even fewer have identified the precise redox-regulated target molecules. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to ROS and their sources in macrophages, summarize the versatile roles of ROS in direct and indirect antimicrobial immune defense, and provide an overview of commonly used ROS probes, scavengers and inhibitors.
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18
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Surai PF, Kochish II, Kidd MT. Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:186. [PMID: 33525511 PMCID: PMC7912633 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. It was shown that Nrf2 is closely related to another transcription factor, namely, NF-κB, responsible for control of inflammation; however, its roles in poultry have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe a current view on NF-κB functioning in poultry with a specific emphasis to its nutritional modulation under various stress conditions. In particular, on the one hand, it has been shown that, in many stress conditions in poultry, NF-κB activation can lead to increased synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines leading to systemic inflammation. On the other hand, there are a range of nutrients/supplements that can downregulate NF-κB and decrease the negative consequences of stress-related disturbances in redox homeostasis. In general, vitagene-NF-κB interactions in relation to redox balance homeostasis, immunity, and gut health in poultry production await further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Department of Biochemistry, Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Poultry Sciences, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K. I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Ivan I. Kochish
- Department of Hygiene and Poultry Sciences, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K. I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Michael T. Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
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19
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Basak D, Uddin MN, Hancock J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Its Counteractive Utility in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3336. [PMID: 33187272 PMCID: PMC7698080 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An altered redox status accompanied by an elevated generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) has been implicated in a number of diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC, being one of the most common cancers worldwide, has been reported to be associated with multiple environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., dietary habits, obesity, and physical inactivity) and harboring heightened oxidative stress that results in genomic instability. Although under normal condition ROS regulate many signal transduction pathways including cell proliferation and survival, overwhelming of the antioxidant capacity due to metabolic abnormalities and oncogenic signaling leads to a redox adaptation response that imparts drug resistance. Nevertheless, excessive reliance on elevated production of ROS makes the tumor cells increasingly vulnerable to further ROS insults, and the abolition of such drug resistance through redox perturbation could be instrumental to preferentially eliminate them. The goal of this review is to demonstrate the evidence that links redox stress to the development of CRC and assimilate the most up-to-date information that would facilitate future investigation on CRC-associated redox biology. Concomitantly, we argue that the exploitation of this distinct biochemical property of CRC cells might offer a fresh avenue to effectively eradicate these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Basak
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA;
| | | | - Jake Hancock
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA;
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20
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Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Martí-Andrés P, Monsalve M, Sastre J. Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Complexes in Acute Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:145-165. [PMID: 31856585 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a master regulator of the inflammatory response and represents a key regulatory node in the complex inflammatory signaling network. In addition, selective NF-κB transcriptional activity on specific target genes occurs through the control of redox-sensitive NF-κB interactions. Recent Advances: The selective NF-κB response is mediated by redox-modulated NF-κB complexes with ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), Pirin (PIR). cAMP response element-binding (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)/p300, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), activator protein-1 (AP-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1), and SP-1. NF-κB is cooperatively coactivated with AP-1, STAT3, EGR-1, and SP-1 during the inflammatory process, whereas NF-κB complexes with CBP/p300 and PGC-1α regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. PGC-1α may act as selective repressor of phospho-p65 toward interleukin-6 (IL-6) in acute inflammation. p65 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) compete for binding to coactivator CBP/p300 playing opposite roles in the regulation of inflammatory genes. S-nitrosylation or tyrosine nitration favors the recruitment of specific NF-κB subunits to κB sites. Critical Issues: NF-κB is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that forms specific signaling complexes to regulate selectively the expression of target genes in acute inflammation. Protein-protein interactions with coregulatory proteins, other transcription factors, and chromatin-remodeling proteins provide transcriptional specificity to NF-κB. Furthermore, different NF-κB subunits may form distinct redox-sensitive homo- and heterodimers with distinct affinities for κB sites. Future Directions: Further research is required to elucidate the whole NF-κB interactome to fully characterize the complex NF-κB signaling network in redox signaling, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Martí-Andrés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Deng C, Tan H, Zhou H, Wang M, Lü Y, Xu J, Zhang H, Han L, Ai Y. Four Cysteine Residues Contribute to Homodimerization of Chicken Interleukin-2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225744. [PMID: 31731766 PMCID: PMC6888268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating the immune and nervous systems. Mammalian and bird IL-2s have different protein sequences, but perform similar functions. In the current study, two bands were detected by immunoblotting using an antibody against freshly purified chicken IL-2 (chIL-2). The molecular weight of the larger band was approximately twice as much of the chIL-2 monomer, although a chIL-2 complex or homodimer has never been reported. To explain this intriguing result, several dissociation reagents were used to examine the intermolecular forces between components of the proposed chIL-2 complex. It was found that intermolecular disulphide bond promotes homodimerization of chIL-2. Subsequently, mutation of Cys residues of chIL-2 revealed that mutation of all four Cys residues disrupted homodimerization, but a single, dual, or triple Cys mutation failed to disrupt homodimerization, suggesting that all four Cys residues on chIL-2 contribute to this dimerization. Functional analysis showed that both monomeric and dimeric chIL-2 consisting of either wild type or mutant chIL-2 were able to stimulate the expansion of CD4+ T cell in vivo or in vitro, and effectively bind to chIL-2 receptor. Overall, this study revealed that the recombinant chIL-2 purified from either Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells could homodimerize in vitro, with all four Cys residues on each chIL-2 protein contributing to this homodimerization, and dimerization and Cys mutation not impacting chIL-2 induced stimulation of chicken CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Deng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Hailiang Tan
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Hongda Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Mengyun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yan Lü
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiacui Xu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4279 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
| | - Limei Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (Y.A.); Tel.: +86-13909880363 (L.H.); +86-13804314800 (Y.A.)
| | - Yongxing Ai
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China (H.T.); (H.Z.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 XiAn Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (Y.A.); Tel.: +86-13909880363 (L.H.); +86-13804314800 (Y.A.)
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22
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Babaei M, Liu Y, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, McCaslin EZ, DiRusso CJ, Yeo AT, Kagermazova L, Miyamoto S, Gilmore TD. CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of a sensitive transcriptional regulatory element to achieve cell type-specific knockdown of the NEMO scaffold protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222588. [PMID: 31553754 PMCID: PMC6760803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of alternative promoters for the cell type-specific expression of a given mRNA/protein is a common cell strategy. NEMO is a scaffold protein required for canonical NF-κB signaling. Transcription of the NEMO gene is primarily controlled by two promoters: one (promoter B) drives NEMO transcription in most cell types and the second (promoter D) is largely responsible for NEMO transcription in liver cells. Herein, we have used a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach to disrupt a core sequence element of promoter B, and this genetic editing essentially eliminates expression of NEMO mRNA and protein in 293T human kidney cells. By cell subcloning, we have isolated targeted 293T cell lines that express no detectable NEMO protein, have defined genomic alterations at promoter B, and do not support activation of canonical NF-κB signaling in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor. Nevertheless, non-canonical NF-κB signaling is intact in these NEMO-deficient cells. Expression of ectopic wild-type NEMO, but not certain human NEMO disease mutants, in the edited cells restores downstream NF-κB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor. Targeting of the promoter B element does not substantially reduce NEMO expression (from promoter D) in the human SNU-423 liver cancer cell line. Thus, we have created a strategy for selectively eliminating cell type-specific expression from an alternative promoter and have generated 293T cell lines with a functional knockout of NEMO. The implications of these findings for further studies and for therapeutic approaches to target canonical NF-κB signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Babaei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuekun Liu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shelly M. Wuerzberger-Davis
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ethan Z. McCaslin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. DiRusso
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan T. Yeo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Larisa Kagermazova
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Shaffer R, DeMaria AM, Kagermazova L, Liu Y, Babaei M, Penix S, Cervantes A, Jehle S, Makowski L, Gilmore TD, Whitty A, Allen KN. A Central Region of NF-κB Essential Modulator Is Required for IKKβ-Induced Conformational Change and for Signal Propagation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2906-2920. [PMID: 31145594 PMCID: PMC9295417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) regulates NF-κB signaling by acting as a scaffold for the kinase IKKβ to direct its activity toward the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα. Here, we show that a highly conserved central region of NEMO termed the intervening domain (IVD, amino acids 112-195) plays a key role in NEMO function. We determined a structural model of full-length NEMO by small-angle X-ray scattering and show that full-length, wild-type NEMO becomes more compact upon binding of a peptide comprising the NEMO binding domain of IKKβ (amino acids 701-745). Mutation of conserved IVD residues (9SG-NEMO) disrupts this conformational change in NEMO and abolishes the ability of NEMO to propagate NF-κB signaling in cells, although the affinity of 9SG-NEMO for IKKβ compared to that of the wild type is unchanged. On the basis of these results, we propose a model in which the IVD is required for a conformational change in NEMO that is necessary for its ability to direct phosphorylation of IκBα by IKKβ. Our findings suggest a molecular explanation for certain disease-associated mutations within the IVD and provide insight into the role of conformational change in signaling scaffold proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Yuekun Liu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Milad Babaei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Suhaily Penix
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Stefan Jehle
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lee Makowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karen N. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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24
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Fouani L, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Targeting Oncogenic Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling with Redox-Active Agents for Cancer Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1096-1123. [PMID: 29161883 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is essential under physiologically relevant conditions. However, aberrant activation of this pathway plays a pertinent role in tumorigenesis and contributes to resistance. Recent Advances: The importance of the NF-κB pathway means that its targeting must be specific to avoid side effects. For many currently used therapeutics and those under development, the ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a promising strategy. CRITICAL ISSUES As cancer cells exhibit greater ROS levels than their normal counterparts, they are more sensitive to additional ROS, which may be a potential therapeutic niche. It is known that ROS are involved in (i) the activation of NF-κB signaling, when in sublethal amounts; and (ii) high levels induce cytotoxicity resulting in apoptosis. Indeed, ROS-induced cytotoxicity is valuable for its capabilities in killing cancer cells, but establishing the potency of ROS for effective inhibition of NF-κB signaling is necessary. Indeed, some cancer treatments, currently used, activate NF-κB and may stimulate oncogenesis and confer resistance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Thus, combinatorial approaches using ROS-generating agents alongside conventional therapeutics may prove an effective tactic to reduce NF-κB activity to kill cancer cells. One strategy is the use of thiosemicarbazones, which form redox-active metal complexes that generate high ROS levels to deliver potent antitumor activity. These agents also upregulate the metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), which functions as an NF-κB signaling inhibitor. It is proposed that targeting NF-κB signaling may proffer a new therapeutic niche to improve the efficacy of anticancer regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Fouani
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Lepetsos P, Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG. Redox and NF-κB signaling in osteoarthritis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:90-100. [PMID: 30236789 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cells have to deal with the constant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although ROS overproduction might be harmful to cell biology, there are plenty of data showing that moderate levels of ROS control gene expression by maintaining redox signaling. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder with a multi-factorial etiology including overproduction of ROS. ROS overproduction in OA modifies intracellular signaling, chondrocyte life cycle, metabolism of cartilage matrix and contributes to synovial inflammation and dysfunction of the subchondral bone. In arthritic tissues, the NF-κB signaling pathway can be activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, mechanical stress, and extracellular matrix degradation products. This activation results in regulation of expression of many cytokines, inflammatory mediators, transcription factors, and several matrix-degrading enzymes. Overall, NF-κB signaling affects cartilage matrix remodeling, chondrocyte apoptosis, synovial inflammation, and has indirect stimulatory effects on downstream regulators of terminal chondrocyte differentiation. Interaction between redox signaling and NF-κB transcription factors seems to play a distinctive role in OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Lepetsos
- Fourth Department of Orthopaedics & Trauma, 'KAT' General Hospital, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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26
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Herb M, Gluschko A, Wiegmann K, Farid A, Wolf A, Utermöhlen O, Krut O, Krönke M, Schramm M. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species enable proinflammatory signaling through disulfide linkage of NEMO. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/568/eaar5926. [PMID: 30755476 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A major function of macrophages during infection is initiation of the proinflammatory response, leading to the secretion of cytokines that help to orchestrate the immune response. Here, we identify reactive oxygen species (ROS) as crucial mediators of proinflammatory signaling leading to cytokine secretion in Listeria monocytogenes-infected macrophages. ROS produced by NADPH oxidases (Noxes), such as Nox2, are key components of the macrophage response to invading pathogens; however, our data show that the ROS that mediated proinflammatory signaling were produced by mitochondria (mtROS). We identified the inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) complex regulatory subunit NEMO [nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator] as a target for mtROS. Specifically, mtROS induced intermolecular covalent linkage of NEMO through disulfide bonds formed by Cys54 and Cys347, which was essential for activation of the IKK complex and subsequent signaling through the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and NF-κB pathways that eventually led to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. We thus identify mtROS-dependent disulfide linkage of NEMO as an essential regulatory step of the proinflammatory response of macrophages to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Gluschko
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Wiegmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Farid
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oleg Krut
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schramm
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
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27
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Liu C, Guo Y, Zhao F, Qin H, Lu H, Fang L, Wang J, Min W. Potential mechanisms mediating the protective effects of a peptide from walnut (Juglans mandshuricaMaxim.) against hydrogen peroxide induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:3491-3501. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel neuroprotective peptide EVSGPGLSPN, which was identified from walnut protein hydrolysates, protected PC12 cells by blocking the NF-κB/caspase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Hanxiong Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Hongyan Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
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28
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Indo HP, Hawkins CL, Nakanishi I, Matsumoto KI, Matsui H, Suenaga S, Davies MJ, St Clair DK, Ozawa T, Majima HJ. Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in the Activation of Cellular Signals, Molecules, and Function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:439-456. [PMID: 28176043 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major source of intracellular energy and reactive oxygen species in cells, but are also increasingly being recognized as a controller of cell death. Here, we review evidence of signal transduction control by mitochondrial superoxide generation via the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and GATA signaling pathways. We have also reviewed the effects of ROS on the activation of MMP and HIF. There is significant evidence to support the hypothesis that mitochondrial superoxide can initiate signaling pathways following transport into the cytosol. In this study, we provide evidence of TATA signal transductions by mitochondrial superoxide. Oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transfer chain, glycolysis, and generation of superoxide from mitochondria could be important factors in regulating signal transduction, cellular homeostasis, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko P Indo
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan. .,Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan. .,Graduate Center of Toxicology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team (QRST), Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team (QRST), Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Suenaga
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Graduate Center of Toxicology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Toshihiko Ozawa
- Division of Oxidative Stress Research, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hideyuki J Majima
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan. .,Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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29
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Redox regulation in tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition: molecular basis and therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17036. [PMID: 29263924 PMCID: PMC5661624 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is recognized as a driving force of cancer cell metastasis and drug resistance, two leading causes of cancer recurrence and cancer-related death. It is, therefore, logical in cancer therapy to target the EMT switch to prevent such cancer metastasis and recurrence. Previous reports have indicated that growth factors (such as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor) and cytokines (such as the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family) are major stimulators of EMT. However, the mechanisms underlying EMT initiation and progression remain unclear. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS), important cellular secondary messengers involved in diverse biological events in cancer cells, play essential roles in the EMT process in cancer cells by regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell–cell junctions, and cell mobility. Thus, targeting EMT by manipulating the intracellular redox status may hold promise for cancer therapy. Herein, we will address recent advances in redox biology involved in the EMT process in cancer cells, which will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies by targeting redox-regulated EMT for cancer treatment.
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30
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Stottmeier B, Dick TP. Redox sensitivity of the MyD88 immune signaling adapter. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:93-101. [PMID: 27720842 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mediates expression of key genes involved in innate immunity and inflammation. NF-κB activation has been repeatedly reported to be modulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, we show that the NF-κB-activating signaling adapter myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is highly sensitive to oxidation by H2O2 and may be redox-regulated in its function, thus facilitating an influence of H2O2 on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Upon oxidation, MyD88 forms distinct disulfide-linked conjugates which are reduced by the MyD88-interacting oxidoreductase nucleoredoxin (Nrx). MyD88 cysteine residues functionally modulate MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation, suggesting a link between MyD88 thiol oxidation state and immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stottmeier
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Jiang T, Sun Q, Chen S. Oxidative stress: A major pathogenesis and potential therapeutic target of antioxidative agents in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 147:1-19. [PMID: 27769868 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the overproduction and incorporation of free radicals and the dynamic ability of a biosystem to detoxify reactive intermediates. Free radicals produced by oxidative stress are one of the common features in several experimental models of diseases. Free radicals affect both the structure and function of neural cells, and contribute to a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Although the precise mechanisms that result in the degeneration of neurons and the relevant pathological changes remain unclear, the crucial role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with several proteins (such as α-synuclein, DJ-1, Amyloid β and tau protein) and some signaling pathways (such as extracellular regulated protein kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein Kinase B pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2) that are tightly associated with the neural damage. In this review, we present evidence, gathered over the last decade, concerning a variety of pathogenic proteins, their important signaling pathways and pathogenic mechanisms associated with oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Proper control and regulation of these proteins' functions and the related signaling pathways may be a promising therapeutic approach to the patients. We also emphasizes antioxidative options, including some new neuroprotective agents that eliminate excess reactive oxygen species efficiently and have a certain therapeutic effect; however, controversy surrounds some of them in terms of the dose and length of therapy. These agents require further investigation by clinical application in patients suffering Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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32
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Comparative transcriptomic profiling of hydrogen peroxide signaling networks in zebrafish and human keratinocytes: Implications toward conservation, migration and wound healing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20328. [PMID: 26846883 PMCID: PMC4742856 DOI: 10.1038/srep20328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds need to be repaired rapidly after injury to restore proper skin barrier function. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a conserved signaling factor that has been shown to promote a variety of skin wound repair processes, including immune cell migration, angiogenesis and sensory axon repair. Despite growing research on H2O2 functions in wound repair, the downstream signaling pathways activated by this reactive oxygen species in the context of injury remain largely unknown. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes in the epidermis upon exposure to H2O2 concentrations known to promote wound repair. Comparative transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq data from larval zebrafish and previously reported microarray data from a human epidermal keratinocyte line shows that H2O2 activates conserved cell migration, adhesion, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic programs in both zebrafish and human keratinocytes. Further assessment of expression characteristics and signaling pathways revealed the activation of three major H2O2–dependent pathways, EGF, FOXO1, and IKKα. This study expands on our current understanding of the clinical potential of low-level H2O2 for the promotion of epidermal wound repair and provides potential candidates in the treatment of wound healing deficits.
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33
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Oxidative Dimerization of PHD2 is Responsible for its Inactivation and Contributes to Metabolic Reprogramming via HIF-1α Activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18928. [PMID: 26740011 PMCID: PMC4703963 DOI: 10.1038/srep18928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases that mediates homeostatic responses to oxygen deprivation by mediating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) hydroxylation and degradation. Although oxidative stress contributes to the inactivation of PHD2, the precise molecular mechanism of PHD2 inactivation independent of the levels of co-factors is not understood. Here, we identified disulfide bond-mediated PHD2 homo-dimer formation in response to oxidative stress caused by oxidizing agents and oncogenic H-rasV12 signalling. Cysteine residues in the double-stranded β-helix fold that constitutes the catalytic site of PHD isoforms appeared responsible for the oxidative dimerization. Furthermore, we demonstrated that disulfide bond-mediated PHD2 dimerization is associated with the stabilization and activation of HIF-1α under oxidative stress. Oncogenic H-rasV12 signalling facilitates the accumulation of HIF-1α in the nucleus and promotes aerobic glycolysis and lactate production. Moreover, oncogenic H-rasV12 does not trigger aerobic glycolysis in antioxidant-treated or PHD2 knocked-down cells, suggesting the participation of the ROS-mediated PHD2 inactivation in the oncogenic H-rasV12-mediated metabolic reprogramming. We provide here a better understanding of the mechanism by which disulfide bond-mediated PHD2 dimerization and inactivation result in the activation of HIF-1α and aerobic glycolysis in response to oxidative stress.
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34
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Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Wakimoto T, Uchida K, Mimura K, Kanagawa T, Mehandjiev TR, Aoshima H, Kokubo K, Mitsuda N, Yoshioka Y, Tsutsumi Y, Kimura T, Yanagihara I. Hydroxylated fullerene: a potential antiinflammatory and antioxidant agent for preventing mouse preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015. [PMID: 26196453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrauterine infection such as by Escherichia coli and Ureaplasma spp induce placental inflammation and are one of the leading causes of preterm birth. Here we evaluated hydroxylated fullerene (C60[OH]44) for its in vitro antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects against host cellular responses to the ureaplasma toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, UPM-1. In addition, we investigated the preventative effects of C60(OH)44 in vivo in a mouse preterm birth model that used UPM-1. STUDY DESIGN TLR2-overexpressing cell lines and the primary cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with C60(OH)44. After UPM-1 addition to the cell lines, the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB) signaling cascade and the production of reactive oxygen species were monitored. The levels of expression of inflammatory cytokines of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and the production of reactive oxygen species were quantified after stimulation with UPM-1. The in vivo preventative effects of C60(OH)44 on mice preterm birth were evaluated by analyzing the preterm birth rates and fetal survival rates in the preterm birth mouse model with placental histological analyses. RESULTS Pretreatment with C60(OH)44 significantly suppressed UPM-1-induced NF-kappaB activation and reactive oxygen species production in TLR2-overexpressing cell lines. In the primary culture of mouse peritoneal macrophages, UPM-1-induced production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly reduced by pretreatment with C60(OH)44. In the UPM-1-induced preterm birth mouse model, the preterm birth rate decreased from 72.7% to 18.2% after an injection of C60(OH)44. Placental examinations of the group injected with C60(OH)44 reduced the damage of the spongiotrophoblast layer and reduced infiltration of neutrophils. CONCLUSION C60(OH)44 was effective as a preventative agent of preterm birth in mice.
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36
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Korbecki J, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Chlubek D. Vanadium Compounds as Pro-Inflammatory Agents: Effects on Cyclooxygenases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12648-68. [PMID: 26053397 PMCID: PMC4490466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses how the activity and expression of cyclooxygenases are influenced by vanadium compounds at anticancer concentrations and recorded in inorganic vanadium poisonings. We refer mainly to the effects of vanadate (orthovanadate), vanadyl and pervanadate ions; the main focus is placed on their impact on intracellular signaling. We describe the exact mechanism of the effect of vanadium compounds on protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), PLCγ, Src, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, transcription factor NF-κB, the effect on the proteolysis of COX-2 and the activity of cPLA2. For a better understanding of these processes, a lot of space is devoted to the transformation of vanadium compounds within the cell and the molecular influence on the direct targets of the discussed vanadium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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37
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Neutrophils: The Role of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 857:51-60. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Zhou L, Yeo AT, Ballarano C, Weber U, Allen KN, Gilmore TD, Whitty A. Disulfide-mediated stabilization of the IκB kinase binding domain of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Biochemistry 2014; 53:7929-44. [PMID: 25400026 PMCID: PMC4278678 DOI: 10.1021/bi500920n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Human NEMO (NF-κB
essential modulator) is a 419 residue scaffolding
protein that, together with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ,
forms the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, a key regulator of NF-κB
pathway signaling. NEMO is an elongated homodimer comprising mostly
α-helix. It has been shown that a NEMO fragment spanning residues
44–111, which contains the IKKα/β binding site,
is structurally disordered in the absence of bound IKKβ. Herein
we show that enforcing dimerization of NEMO1–120 or NEMO44–111 constructs through introduction
of one or two interchain disulfide bonds, through oxidation of the
native Cys54 residue and/or at position 107 through a Leu107Cys mutation,
induces a stable α-helical coiled-coil structure that is preorganized
to bind IKKβ with high affinity. Chemical and thermal denaturation
studies showed that, in the context of a covalent dimer, the ordered
structure was stabilized relative to the denatured state by up to
3 kcal/mol. A full-length NEMO-L107C protein formed covalent dimers
upon treatment of mammalian cells with H2O2.
Furthermore, NEMO-L107C bound endogenous IKKβ in A293T cells,
reconstituted TNF-induced NF-κB signaling in NEMO-deficient
cells, and interacted with TRAF6. Our results indicate that the IKKβ
binding domain of NEMO possesses an ordered structure in the unbound
state, provided that it is constrained within a dimer as is the case
in the constitutively dimeric full-length NEMO protein. The stability
of the NEMO coiled coil is maintained by strong interhelix interactions
in the region centered on residue 54. The disulfide-linked constructs
we describe herein may be useful for crystallization of NEMO’s
IKKβ binding domain in the absence of bound IKKβ, thereby
facilitating the structural characterization of small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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39
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Lei Y, Wang K, Deng L, Chen Y, Nice EC, Huang C. Redox Regulation of Inflammation: Old Elements, a New Story. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:306-40. [PMID: 25171147 DOI: 10.1002/med.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400016 P.R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Longfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
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Choi J, Corder NLB, Koduru B, Wang Y. Oxidative stress and hepatic Nox proteins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:267-84. [PMID: 24816297 PMCID: PMC4099059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of HCC. A majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infection that can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, HCC and liver failure. A common pathogenic feature present in HCV infection, and other conditions leading to HCC, is oxidative stress. HCV directly increases superoxide and H2O2 formation in hepatocytes by elevating Nox protein expression and sensitizing mitochondria to reactive oxygen species generation while decreasing glutathione. Nitric oxide synthesis and hepatic iron are also elevated. Furthermore, activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 of host immune cells is likely to exacerbate oxidative stress in HCV-infected patients. Key mechanisms of HCC include genome instability, epigenetic regulation, inflammation with chronic tissue injury and sustained cell proliferation, and modulation of cell growth and death. Oxidative stress, or Nox proteins, plays various roles in these mechanisms. Nox proteins also function in hepatic fibrosis, which commonly precedes HCC, and Nox4 elevation by HCV is mediated by transforming growth factor β. This review summarizes mechanisms of oncogenesis by HCV, highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and hepatic Nox enzymes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Choi
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Nicole L B Corder
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yiyan Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Cote SM, Gilmore TD, Shaffer R, Weber U, Bollam R, Golden MS, Glover K, Herscovitch M, Ennis T, Allen KN, Whitty A. Mutation of nonessential cysteines shows that the NF-κB essential modulator forms a constitutive noncovalent dimer that binds IκB kinase-β with high affinity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9141-54. [PMID: 24266532 DOI: 10.1021/bi401368r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) associates with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ to form the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and is a key regulator of NF-κB pathway signaling. Biochemical and structural characterization of NEMO has been challenging, however, leading to conflicting data about basic biochemical properties such as the oligomeric state of active NEMO and its binding affinity for IKKβ. We show that up to seven of NEMO's 11 cysteine residues can be mutated to generate recombinant full-length NEMO that is highly soluble and active. Using a fluorescence anisotropy binding assay, we show that full-length NEMO binds a 44-mer peptide encompassing residues 701-745 of IKKβ with a K(D) of 2.2 ± 0.8 nM. The IKKβ binding affinities of mutants with five and seven Cys-to-Ala substitutions are indistinguishable from that of wild-type NEMO. Moreover, when expressed in NEMO -/- fibroblasts, the five-Ala and seven-Ala NEMO mutants can interact with cellular IKKβ and restore NF-κB signaling to provide protection against tumor necrosis factor α-induced cell death. Treatment of the NEMO-reconstituted cells with H₂O₂ led to the formation of covalent dimers for wild-type NEMO and the five-Ala mutant, but not for the seven-Ala mutant, confirming that Cys54 and/or Cys347 can mediate interchain disulfide bonding. However, the IKKβ binding affinity of NEMO is unaffected by the presence or absence of interchain disulfide bonding at Cys54, which lies within the IKKβ binding domain of NEMO, or at Cys347, indicating that NEMO exists as a noncovalent dimer independent of the redox state of its cysteines. This conclusion was corroborated by the observation that the secondary structure content of NEMO and its thermal stability were independent of the presence or absence of interchain disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Cote
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Nakajima S, Kitamura M. Bidirectional regulation of NF-κB by reactive oxygen species: a role of unfolded protein response. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:162-174. [PMID: 23792277 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death. NF-κB is activated by various inflammatory stimuli including peptide factors and infectious microbes. It is also known as a redox-sensitive transcription factor activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over the past decades, various investigators focused on the role of ROS in the activation of NF-κB by cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. However, recent studies also suggested that ROS have the potential to repress NF-κB activity. Currently, it is not well addressed how ROS regulate activity of NF-κB in a bidirectional fashion. In this paper, we summarize evidence for positive and negative regulation of NF-κB by ROS, possible redox-sensitive targets for NF-κB signaling, and mechanisms underlying biphasic and bidirectional influences of ROS on NF-κB, especially focusing on a role of ROS-mediated induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We herein review recent advances on the role exerted by protein redox machines engaged in tumor progression, focusing on cell adhesion and migration, regulation of transcriptional response, and tumor metabolic reprogramming, all features belonging to the new hallmarks of cancer. RECENT ADVANCES Several recent insights have reported that oxidative stress, either due to intracellular sources of oxidants, which are frequently deregulated in cancers or to microenvironment factors as hypoxia or stromal cell contact, plays a key role in tumor malignancy, as well as in metabolic pathways control. Indeed, many proteins behave as sensors of intracellular oxidative stress, including protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, transcription factors as p53, forkhead box class-Os, nuclear respiratory factor-2, nuclear factor-kB, hypoxia inducible factor, enzymes involved in glycolysis or penthose phosphate pathway as pyruvate kinase-M2 and adenylate monophosphate kinase, or DNA repair enzymes as Ataxia Teleangectasia Mutated. All these proteins have been reported to play essential roles during cancer progression and their sensitivity to oxidative stress has added new levels of complexity to the cancer field. CRITICAL ISSUES Main significant issues that need to be addressed in redox cancer biology are (i) sensitivity to a different level of oxidative stress of sensors, that is, they can respond to different oxidative insults/signals, and (ii) the real susceptibility of cancer cells to redox-based therapies due to the acknowledged plasticity of cancer cells to develop adoptive strategies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Definitely, redox machines have the potentiality to develop into novel biomarkers and related target therapies should attain the goal of personalized medicine in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parri
- 1 Department of Biochemical Science, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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Workman LM, Habelhah H. TNFR1 signaling kinetics: spatiotemporal control of three phases of IKK activation by posttranslational modification. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1654-64. [PMID: 23612498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TNFα is a pleotropic cytokine that plays a central role in the inflammatory response by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and is targeted in a range of chronic inflammatory diseases, underscoring the therapeutic importance of understanding its underlying molecular mechanisms. Although K63-linked ubiquitination of RIP1 by TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 was thought to serve as a scaffold to activate the NF-κB pathway, the recent accumulation of conflicting results has challenged the necessity of these proteins in NF-κB activation. In addition, several serine/threonine kinases have been implicated in TNFα-induced IKK activation; however, the targeted disruption of these kinases had no effect on transient IKK activation. The recent discovery of RIP1-dependent and -independent activation of the early and delayed phases of IKK and TRAF2 phosphorylation-dependent activation of the prolonged phase of IKK offers a reconciliatory model for the interpretation of contradictory results in the field. Notably, the TNFα-induced inflammatory response is not exclusively controlled by the NF-κB pathway but is subject to regulatory crosstalk between NF-κB and other context-dependent pathways. Thus further elucidation of these spatiotemporally-coordinated signaling mechanisms has the potential to provide novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies for NF-κB intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Workman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Burgoyne JR, Eaton P. Detecting disulfide-bound complexes and the oxidative regulation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases by H2O2. Methods Enzymol 2013; 528:111-28. [PMID: 23849862 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405881-1.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide regulates intracellular signaling by oxidatively converting susceptible cysteine thiols to a modified state, which includes the formation of intermolecular disulfides. This type of oxidative modification can occur within the cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases often referred to as PKA and PKG, which have important roles in regulating cardiac contractility and systemic blood pressure. Both kinases are stimulated through conical pathways that elevate their respective cyclic nucleotides leading to direct kinase stimulation. However, PKA and PKG can also be functionally modulated independently of cyclic nucleotide stimulation through direct cysteine thiol oxidation leading to intermolecular disulfide formation. In the case of PKG, the formation of an intermolecular disulfide between two parallel dimeric subunits leads to enhanced kinase affinity for substrate. For PKA, the formation of two intermolecular disulfides between antiparallel dimeric regulatory RI subunits increases the affinity of this kinase for its binding partners, the A-kinase anchoring proteins, leading to increased PKA localization to its substrates. In this chapter, we describe the methods for detecting intermolecular disulfide-bound proteins and monitoring PKA and PKG oxidation within biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Burgoyne
- King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Inflammation is a biological response mounted by the immune system against dangerous assaults that threaten the integrity and normal physiology of an organism. During the past decades, cross-disciplinary research from immunology and endocrinology has much broadened this knowledge by demonstrating that chronic conditions of nutritional excess constitute an independent category of inflammatory activators, and the resulting chronic and low-grade inflammation is an important characteristic of overnutrition-induced diseases. A large body of research has demonstrated that these diseases are pathogenically associated with the local, negative actions of inflammation in peripheral tissues predominantly including the liver, muscle, and fat. In this research background, more recent research has advanced to a new level, with the important discoveries showing that overnutrition-induced inflammation occurs in the brain and thus plays a broad and leadership role in overnutrition-induced diseases. While much more research establishments are expected in this emerging and quickly expanding research, the appreciated understandings have been mainly based on proinflammatory IKKβ/NF-κB pathway and related molecules in the hypothalamus. In this chapter, the author focuses on describing IKKβ/NF-κB-induced neural inflammation in the context of overnutrition-induced metabolic inflammation and especially the central roles of this neural inflammation in the development of a spectrum of overnutrition-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Aging, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Abstract
cGMP-dependent protein kinase, also known as protein kinase G (PKG), is activated independently of cGMP by a novel thiol-reactive mechanism involving the formation of an intermolecular disulfide. This oxidative modification within PKG is generally not detected by conventional Western immunoblot analysis due to the experimental conditions used. Here, we describe the proteomic approach that lead to PKG being identified as a kinase susceptible to oxidant-dependent disulfide dimer formation, these methods being applicable for the identification of other disulfide bound protein complexes. In addition a nonreducing Western immunoblot method for routinely measuring PKG oxidation in complex protein mixtures generated from cell lysates or tissue homogenates is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Robert Burgoyne
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, a network of medical disorders that greatly increase the risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, has reached epidemic levels in many areas of today's world. Despite this alarming medicare situation, scientific understandings on the root mechanisms of metabolic syndrome are still limited, and such insufficient knowledge contributes to the relative lack of effective treatments or preventions for related diseases. Recent interdisciplinary studies from neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology fields have revealed that overnutrition can trigger intracellular stresses to cause inflammatory changes mediated by molecules that control innate immunity. This type of nutrition-related molecular inflammation in the central nervous system, particularly in the hypothalamus, can form a common pathogenic basis for the induction of various metabolic syndrome components such as obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Proinflammatory NF-κB pathway has been revealed as a key molecular system for pathologic induction of brain inflammation, which translates overnutrition and resulting intracellular stresses into central neuroendocrine and neural dysregulations of energy, glucose, and cardiovascular homeostasis, collectively leading to metabolic syndrome. This article reviews recent research advances in the neural mechanisms of metabolic syndrome and related diseases from the perspective of pathogenic induction by intracellular stresses and NF-κB pathway of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Finn NA, Kemp ML. Pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine regulate doxorubicin-induced NF-kappa B activity in leukemic cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:650-62. [PMID: 22134636 PMCID: PMC3337722 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical debate has arisen over the consequences of antioxidant supplementation during cancer chemotherapy. While antioxidants may impede the efficacy of chemotherapy by scavenging reactive oxygen species and free radicals, it is also possible that antioxidants alleviate unwanted chemotherapy-induced toxicity, thus allowing for increased chemotherapy doses. These contradictory assertions suggest that antioxidant supplementation during chemotherapy treatment can have varied outcomes depending on the cellular context. To gain a more robust understanding of the role that antioxidants play in chemotherapy, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on the redox-mediated regulation of intracellular signaling. In this study, we systematically evaluated the effect of Dox-induced ROS on the NF-κB pathway in a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line by measuring the thiol-based oxidative modifications of redox-sensitive proteins within the pathway. We report a functional consequence of NAC supplementation during doxorubicin (Dox) chemotherapy administration via the NF-kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway. The ability of NAC to alter Dox-induced NF-κB activity is contingent on the ROS-mediated S-glutathionylation of IKK-β. Moreover, the NAC-dependent alteration of intracellular glutathione redox balance, through pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, can be exploited to either promote or inhibit Dox-induced NF-κB activity in an NAC-concentration-dependent manner. We developed an electron-transfer-based computational model that predicts the effect of NAC pretreatment on Dox-induced NF-κB signaling for a range of NAC and Dox treatment combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenna Adimora Finn
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30032-0363, USA; Fax: +1 404-894-4243; Tel: +1 404-385-6341
| | - Melissa Lambeth Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30032-0363, USA; Fax: +1 404-894-4243; Tel: +1 404-385-6341
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Brigelius-Flohé R, Flohé L. Basic principles and emerging concepts in the redox control of transcription factors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2335-81. [PMID: 21194351 PMCID: PMC3166203 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Convincing concepts of redox control of gene transcription have been worked out for prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, whereas the knowledge on complex mammalian systems still resembles a patchwork of poorly connected findings. The article, therefore, reviews principles of redox regulation with special emphasis on chemical feasibility, kinetic requirements, specificity, and physiological context, taking well investigated mammalian transcription factor systems, nuclear transcription factor of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (NF-κB), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1)/Nrf2, as paradigms. Major conclusions are that (i) direct signaling by free radicals is restricted to O(2)•- and •NO and can be excluded for fast reacting radicals such as •OH, •OR, or Cl•; (ii) oxidant signals are H(2)O(2), enzymatically generated lipid hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite; (iii) free radical damage is sensed via generation of Michael acceptors; (iv) protein thiol oxidation/alkylation is the prominent mechanism to modulate function; (v) redox sensors must be thiol peroxidases by themselves or proteins with similarly reactive cysteine or selenocysteine (Sec) residues to kinetically compete with glutathione peroxidase (GPx)- and peroxiredoxin (Prx)-type peroxidases or glutathione-S-transferases, respectively, a postulate that still has to be verified for putative mammalian sensors. S-transferases and Prxs are considered for system complementation. The impact of NF-κB and Nrf2 on hormesis, management of inflammatory diseases, and cancer prevention is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- Department Biochemistry of Micronutrients, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany.
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