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Roh YJ, Kim Y, Lee JS, Oh JH, Lee SM, Yoon EL, Lee SR, Jun DW. Regulation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Attenuated Lipotoxicity but Increased Bile Acid Toxicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111682. [PMID: 36362837 PMCID: PMC9699296 DOI: 10.3390/life12111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is a key master transcriptional factor for hepatic fat and bile acid metabolic pathways. We aimed to investigate the role of HNF4α in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The role of HNF4α was evaluated in free fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced bile acid toxicity. Furthermore, the role of HNF4α was evaluated in a methionine choline deficiency (MCD)-diet-induced NAFLD model. The overexpression of HNF4α reduced intracellular lipid contents and attenuated palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity. However, the protective effects of HNF4α were reversed when CDCA was used in a co-treatment with PA. HNF4α knockdown recovered cell death from bile acid toxicity. The inhibition of HNF4α decreased intrahepatic inflammation and the NAFLD activity score in the MCD model. Hepatic HNF4α inhibition can attenuate bile acid toxicity and be more effective as a therapeutic strategy in NAFLD patients; however, it is necessary to study the optimal timing of HNF4α inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yun Kim
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Jae Sun Lee
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Oh
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Eileen Laurel Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sung Ryol Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.L.); (D.W.J.)
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.L.); (D.W.J.)
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Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: a potential therapeutic tool in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35659112 PMCID: PMC9166453 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative disorders are diseases of protein homeostasis, with misfolded aggregates accumulating. The neurodegenerative process is mediated by numerous metabolic pathways, most of which lead to apoptosis. In recent years, hydrophilic bile acids, particularly tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), have shown important anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities, with numerous experimental and clinical evidence suggesting their possible therapeutic use as disease-modifiers in neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental evidence on the mechanisms underlying TUDCA's neuroprotective action derives from animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and cerebral ischemia. Preclinical studies indicate that TUDCA exerts its effects not only by regulating and inhibiting the apoptotic cascade, but also by reducing oxidative stress, protecting the mitochondria, producing an anti-neuroinflammatory action, and acting as a chemical chaperone to maintain the stability and correct folding of proteins. Furthermore, data from phase II clinical trials have shown TUDCA to be safe and a potential disease-modifier in ALS. ALS is the first neurodegenerative disease being treated with hydrophilic bile acids. While further clinical evidence is being accumulated for the other diseases, TUDCA stands as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Circulating Bile Acid Profiles: A Need for Further Examination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3093-3112. [PMID: 34279029 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bile acids (BAs) are increasingly recognized as metabolic and chronobiologic integrators that synchronize the systemic metabolic response to nutrient availability. Alterations in the concentration and/or composition of circulating BAs are associated with a number of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This review summarizes recent evidence that links abnormal circulating BA profiles to multiple metabolic disorders, and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the connections to determine the role of BA profiling as a novel biomarker for these abnormalities. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The review is based on a collection of primary and review literature gathered from a PubMed search of BAs, T2DM, IR, and MAFLD, among other keywords. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Obese and IR subjects appear to have elevated fasting circulating BAs but lower postprandial increase when compared with controls. The possible underlying mechanisms are disruption in the synchronization between the feeding/fasting cycle and the properties of BA-regulated metabolic pathways. Whether BA alterations are associated per se with MAFLD remains inconclusive. However, increased fasting circulating BAs level was associated with higher risk of advanced fibrosis stage. Thus, for patients with MAFLD, dynamically monitoring the circulating BA profiles may be a promising tool for the stratification of MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the concentration, composition, and rhythm of circulating BAs are associated with adverse events in systemic metabolism. Subsequent investigations regarding these aspects of circulating BA kinetics may help predict future metabolic disorders and guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Li J, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Li D, Liu Y, Lee E, Zhang M, Dai X, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang J, Jia W, Zen K, Vidal‐Puig A, Jiang X, Zhang C. Pancreatic β cells control glucose homeostasis via the secretion of exosomal miR-29 family. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12055. [PMID: 33520119 PMCID: PMC7820156 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted microRNAs (miRNAs) are novel endocrine factors that play essential pathological and physiological roles. Here, we report that pancreatic β cell-released exosomal miR-29 family members (miR-29s) regulate hepatic insulin sensitivity and control glucose homeostasis. Cultured pancreatic islets were shown to secrete miR-29s in response to high levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) in vitro. In vivo, high levels of FFAs, promoted by either high-fat diet (HFD) feeding (physiopathological) or fasting (physiological), increased the secretion of miR-29s into plasma. Intravenous administration of exosomal miR-29s attenuated insulin sensitivity. The overexpression of miR-29s in the β cells of transgenic (TG) mice promoted the secretion of miR-29s and inhibited the insulin-mediated suppression of glucose output in the liver. We used selective overexpression of traceable heterogenous mutant miR-29s in β cells to confirm that islet-derived exosomal miR-29s target insulin signalling in the liver and blunt hepatic insulin sensitivity. Moreover, in vivo disruption of miR-29s expression in β cells reversed HFD-induced insulin resistance. In vitro experiments demonstrated that isolated exosomes enriched in miR-29s inhibited insulin signalling in the liver and increased hepatic glucose production. These results unveil a novel β cell-derived secretory signal-exosomal miR-29s-and provide insight into the roles of miR-29s in manipulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yangyang Ye
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Dameng Li
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical PhysiologyGraduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Wellcome‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceAddenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesCambridgeUK
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology & MetabolismShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai Diabetes InstituteShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of GastroenterologyRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Shibei Wang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology & MetabolismShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai Diabetes InstituteShanghaiChina
| | - Ke Zen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Antonio Vidal‐Puig
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Wellcome‐MRC Institute of Metabolic ScienceAddenbrooke's HospitalUniversity of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesCambridgeUK
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and InnovationNanjingChina
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Chen‐Yu Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and TherapyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNAState Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyJiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and BiotechnologyNJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS)Institute of Artificial Intelligence BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Auguet T, Bertran L, Binetti J, Aguilar C, Martínez S, Sabench F, Lopez-Dupla JM, Porras JA, Riesco D, Del Castillo D, Richart C. Relationship between IL-8 Circulating Levels and TLR2 Hepatic Expression in Women with Morbid Obesity and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114189. [PMID: 32545403 PMCID: PMC7312372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is linked to systemic inflammation. Currently, two of the aspects that need further investigation are diagnosis and treatment of NASH. In this sense, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between circulating levels of cytokines, hepatic expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), and degrees of NAFLD, and to investigate whether these levels could serve as noninvasive biomarkers of NASH. The present study assessed plasma levels of cytokines in 29 normal-weight women and 82 women with morbid obesity (MO) (subclassified: normal liver (n = 29), simple steatosis (n = 32), and NASH (n = 21)). We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to quantify cytokine and TLR4 levels and RTqPCR to assess TLRs hepatic expression. IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, tPAI-1, and MCP-1 levels were increased, and adiponectin levels were decreased in women with MO. IL-8 was significantly higher in MO with NASH than in NL. To sum up, high levels of IL-8 were associated with the diagnosis of NASH in a cohort of women with morbid obesity. Moreover, a positive correlation between TLR2 hepatic expression and IL-8 circulating levels was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Auguet
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Servei Medicina Interna, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-97-729-5833
| | - Laia Bertran
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Jessica Binetti
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Salomé Martínez
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Servei Anatomia Patològica, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Servei de Cirurgia, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain; (F.S.); (D.D.C.)
| | - Jesús Miguel Lopez-Dupla
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Servei Medicina Interna, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Servei Medicina Interna, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - David Riesco
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Servei Medicina Interna, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Daniel Del Castillo
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Servei de Cirurgia, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain; (F.S.); (D.D.C.)
| | - Cristóbal Richart
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.B.); (J.B.); (C.A.); (J.M.L.-D.); (J.A.P.); (C.R.)
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Servei Medicina Interna, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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6
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Voutilainen T, Kärkkäinen O. Changes in the Human Metabolome Associated With Alcohol Use: A Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:225-234. [PMID: 31087088 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolome refers to the functional status of the cell, organ or the whole body. Metabolomic methods measure the metabolome (metabolite profile) which can be used to examine disease progression and treatment responses. Here, our aim was to review metabolomics studies examining effects of alcohol use in humans. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science for reports on changes in the human metabolite profile associated with alcohol use; we found a total of 23 articles published before end of 2018. RESULTS Most studies had investigated plasma, serum or urine samples; only four studies had examined other sample types (liver, faeces and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid). Levels of 51 metabolites were altered in two or more of the reviewed studies. Alcohol use was associated with changes in the levels of lipids and amino acids. In general, levels of fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine diacyls and steroid metabolites tended to increase, whereas those of phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyls and hydroxysphingomyelins declined. Common alterations in circulatory levels of amino acids included decreased levels of glutamine, and increased levels of tyrosine and alanine. CONCLUSIONS More studies, especially with a longitudinal study design, or using more varied sample materials (e.g. organs or saliva), are needed to clarify alcohol-induced diseases and alterations at a target organ level. Hopefully, this will lead to the discovery of new treatments, improved recognition of individuals at high risk and identification of those subjects who would benefit most from certain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Voutilainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland
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Desterke C, Chiappini F. Lipid Related Genes Altered in NASH Connect Inflammation in Liver Pathogenesis Progression to HCC: A Canonical Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225594. [PMID: 31717414 PMCID: PMC6888337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a public health problem worldwide. While the number of research studies on NASH progression rises every year, sometime their findings are controversial. To identify the most important and commonly described findings related to NASH progression, we used an original bioinformatics, integrative, text-mining approach that combines PubMed database querying and available gene expression omnibus dataset. We have identified a signature of 25 genes that are commonly found to be dysregulated during steatosis progression to NASH and cancer. These genes are implicated in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cancer. They are functionally connected, forming the basis necessary for steatosis progression to NASH and further progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also show that five of the identified genes have genome alterations present in HCC patients. The patients with these genes associated to genome alteration are associated with a poor prognosis. In conclusion, using an integrative literature- and data-mining approach, we have identified and described a canonical pathway underlying progression of NASH. Other parameters (e.g., polymorphisms) can be added to this pathway that also contribute to the progression of the disease to cancer. This work improved our understanding of the molecular basis of NASH progression and will help to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Chiappini
- Laboratoire Croissance, Régénération, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET)/ EAC CNRS 7149, Univ Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-45177080; Fax: +33-(0)1-45171816
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8
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Chow MD, Lee YH, Guo GL. The role of bile acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:34-44. [PMID: 28442273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is growing in prevalence worldwide. It is marked by the presence of macrosteatosis on liver histology but is often clinically asymptomatic. However, it can progress into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis which is a more severe form of liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. Further progression leads to cirrhosis, which predisposes patients to hepatocellular carcinoma or liver failure. The mechanism by which simple steatosis progresses to steatohepatitis is not entirely clear. However, multiple pathways have been proposed. A common link amongst many of these pathways is disruption of the homeostasis of bile acids. Other than aiding in the absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, bile acids act as ligands. For example, they bind to farnesoid X receptor, which is critically involved in many of the pathways responsible for maintaining bile acid, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. Alterations to these pathways can lead to dysregulation of energy balance and increased inflammation and fibrosis. Repeated insults over time may be the key to development of steatohepatitis. For this reason, current drug therapies target aspects of these pathways to try to reduce and halt inflammation and fibrosis. This review will focus on the role of bile acids in these various pathways and how changes in these pathways may result in steatohepatitis. While there is no approved pharmaceutical treatment for either hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis, this review will also touch upon the multitude of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Chow
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yi-Horng Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacy and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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9
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Chiappini F, Coilly A, Kadar H, Gual P, Tran A, Desterke C, Samuel D, Duclos-Vallée JC, Touboul D, Bertrand-Michel J, Brunelle A, Guettier C, Le Naour F. Metabolism dysregulation induces a specific lipid signature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46658. [PMID: 28436449 PMCID: PMC5402394 DOI: 10.1038/srep46658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a condition which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Markers for NASH diagnosis are still lacking. We performed a comprehensive lipidomic analysis on human liver biopsies including normal liver, nonalcoholic fatty liver and NASH. Random forests-based machine learning approach allowed characterizing a signature of 32 lipids discriminating NASH with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, we validated this signature in an independent group of NASH patients. Then, metabolism dysregulations were investigated in both patients and murine models. Alterations of elongase and desaturase activities were observed along the fatty acid synthesis pathway. The decreased activity of the desaturase FADS1 appeared as a bottleneck, leading upstream to an accumulation of fatty acids and downstream to a deficiency of long-chain fatty acids resulting to impaired phospholipid synthesis. In NASH, mass spectrometry imaging on tissue section revealed the spreading into the hepatic parenchyma of selectively accumulated fatty acids. Such lipids constituted a highly toxic mixture to human hepatocytes. In conclusion, this study characterized a specific and sensitive lipid signature of NASH and positioned FADS1 as a significant player in accumulating toxic lipids during NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chiappini
- Inserm, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,DHU Hepatinov, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Audrey Coilly
- Inserm, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,DHU Hepatinov, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Hanane Kadar
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Inserm, Unité 1065, Nice, F-06204, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, F-06204, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital L'Archet, Nice Cedex 3, F-06202, France
| | - Albert Tran
- Inserm, Unité 1065, Nice, F-06204, France.,University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, F-06204, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital L'Archet, Nice Cedex 3, F-06202, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- Inserm, US33, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, US33, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Inserm, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,DHU Hepatinov, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - Jean-Charles Duclos-Vallée
- Inserm, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,DHU Hepatinov, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, F-94800, France
| | - David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Inserm, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,DHU Hepatinov, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - François Le Naour
- Inserm, Unité 1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1193, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,DHU Hepatinov, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Inserm, US33, Villejuif, F-94800, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, US33, Villejuif, F-94800, France
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10
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Tillman EM, Guan P, Howze TJ, Helms RA, Black DD. Role of PPARα in the attenuation of bile acid-induced apoptosis by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cultured hepatocytes. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:754-8. [PMID: 26756785 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFA) have been shown to be antiinflammatory in the attenuation of hepatocellular injury. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that inhibits the activation of nuclear factor κB, thereby repressing inflammation, and ωPUFA are PPARα ligands. The purpose of this study was to determine if ω3PUFA attenuate bile acid-induced apoptosis via PPARα. METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) ± ω3PUFA. Activation of PPARα was evaluated, and expression of PPARα, farnesoid X receptor, liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), and retinoid X receptor mRNA was evaluated by reverse-transcriptase PCR. RESULTS PPARα activation was increased in HepG2 cells treated with ω3PUFA, and decreased in the presence of CDCA when compared with untreated cells. PPARα mRNA was reduced by 67% with CDCA and restored to the level of control with ω3PUFA. LXRα mRNA increased twofold with CDCA treatment and was significantly reduced by ω3PUFA. CONCLUSION Expression of PPARα, as well as LXRα mRNA levels, was reduced with CDCA treatment and restored with the addition of ω3PUFA. These results suggest that PPARα and LXRα may be mediators by which ω3PUFA attenuate bile acid-induced hepatocellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Tillman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Peihong Guan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Timothy J Howze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard A Helms
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dennis D Black
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
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11
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Webster CRL, Johnston AN, Anwer MS. Protein kinase Cδ protects against bile acid apoptosis by suppressing proapoptotic JNK and BIM pathways in human and rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1207-15. [PMID: 25359536 PMCID: PMC4269680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00165.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Retained bile acids, which are capable of inducing cell death, activate protein kinase Cδ (PKC-δ) in hepatocytes. In nonhepatic cells, both pro- and antiapoptotic effects of PKC-δ are described. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PKC-δ in glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC)-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes and human HUH7-Na-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) cells. Apoptosis was monitored morphologically by Hoechst staining and biochemically by immunoblotting for caspase 3 cleavage. The role of PKC-δ was evaluated with a PKC activator (phorbol myristate acetate, PMA) and PKC inhibitors (chelerythrine, H-7, or calphostin), PKC-δ knockdown, and wild-type (WT) or constitutively active (CA) PKC-δ. PKC-δ activation was monitored by immunoblotting for PKC-δ Thr505 and Tyr311 phosphorylation or by membrane translocation. JNK and Akt phosphorylation and the amount of total bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) were determined by immunoblotting. GCDC induced the translocation of PKC-δ to the mitochondria and/or plasma membrane in rat hepatocytes and HUH7-Ntcp cells and increased PKC-δ phosphorylation on Thr505, but not on Tyr311, in HUH7-Ntcp cells. GCDC-induced apoptosis was attenuated by PMA and augmented by PKC inhibition in rat hepatocytes. In HUH-Ntcp cells, transfection with CA or WT PKC-δ attenuated GCDC-induced apoptosis, whereas knockdown of PKC-δ increased GCDC-induced apoptosis. PKC-δ silencing increased GCDC-induced JNK phosphorylation, decreased GCDC-induced Akt phosphorylation, and increased expression of BIM. GCDC translocated BIM to the mitochondria in rat hepatocytes, and knockdown of BIM in HUH7-Ntcp cells decreased GCDC-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results suggest that PKC-δ does not mediate GCDC-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Instead PKC-δ activation by GCDC stimulates a cytoprotective pathway that involves JNK inhibition, Akt activation, and downregulation of BIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R. L. Webster
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts;
| | - Andrea N. Johnston
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts;
| | - M. Sawkat Anwer
- 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts
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12
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Pan CX, Tang J, Wang XY, Wu FR, Ge JF, Chen FH. Role of interleukin-22 in liver diseases. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:519-25. [PMID: 24623532 PMCID: PMC4050291 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin (IL)-22, originally referred to as IL-TIF for IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor, is a member of the IL-10-like cytokine family. IL-22 is highly expressed by Th17 cells and is tightly linked to chronic inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease and local intestinal inflammation among others. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PubMed and Web of Science databases search was performed for studies providing evidences on the role of IL-22 in liver diseases. CONCLUSION IL-22 plays an important role in ameliorating liver injury in many rodent models by targeting hepatocytes that express high levels of IL-22 receptor 1 and IL-10 receptor 2. This review concisely summarizes the role of IL-22 in the development progression of liver disease of different etiologies. It is focused mainly on the IL-22 intracellular signaling and its influence on liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-xiao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-shan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-shan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Xiao-yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-shan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Fan-rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-shan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Jin-fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-shan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Fei-hu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei-shan Road, Hefei, 230032 China
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13
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14
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Sanyal AJ. An integrated view of liver injury and disease progression in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Int 2013. [PMID: 26202294 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-013-9479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease globally. NAFLD represents a host of pathophysiologic mechanisms that culminate in the accumulation of fat, in a predominantly macrovesicular pattern, in the liver along with varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocellular injury, apoptosis and fibrosis. The most common mechanism for the development of NAFLD is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is commonly associated with obesity, although it can develop in individuals who do not have obesity. A consequence of insulin resistance is increased peripheral lipolysis and increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver. The concept of lipotoxicity emerged as the mechanisms by which fatty acids produce cell injury, promote apoptosis and activate inflammatory pathways were elucidated. While much work has been done mainly in cell culture models, the free fatty acid concentration in the liver is not significantly changed in NAFLD. Recently, the focus has shifted to alterations in other lipid metabolic pathways that appear to play an important role in the genesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the aggressive form of NAFLD. The innate immune system and the intestinal microbiota have been implicated in the development of NAFLD. These mechanisms are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, MCV Box 980342, Richmond, VA, 23298-0342, USA.
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15
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Sun X, Hou N, Han F, Guo Y, Hui Z, Du G, Zhang Y. Effect of high free fatty acids on the anti-contractile response of perivascular adipose tissue in rat aorta. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 63:169-74. [PMID: 23939490 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether high free fatty acids (FFA) could affect the anti-contractile properties of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in rat aortas. Wistar rats were divided into normal, obesity and fenofibrate groups and fed a normal, high-fat, and high-fat plus fenofibrate diet, respectively. Thoracic aortas with or without PVAT (PVAT+ and PVAT-) were prepared with either intact endothelium (E+) or with endothelium removed (E-). Aortas pre-treated with either 500μmol/L of palmitic acid (PA) or physiological salt solution (PSS), as a control, were used for in vitro study. Concentration-dependent responses of aortas to norepinephrine were measured. The anti-contractile effects of PVAT were attenuated in both obese rats with high FFA levels and in the PA group in the presence of endothelium, but not in the absence of endothelium. The attenuation of the anti-contractile effect was restored by reducing FFA levels in the fenofibrate group (P<0.05). Incubation of aortas (PVAT+ E+) with nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the normal group caused attenuation of the anti-contractile effect of PVAT (P<0.05). Incubation of aortas (PVAT+ E+) in the obese and PA groups with a NO donor, anti-TNF-α antibodies or free radical scavengers partially restored the anti-contractile effect of PVAT (P<0.05). Under both acute and chronic conditions, high FFA levels could attenuate the anti-contractile properties of PVAT by an endothelium-dependent rather than an endothelium-independent mechanism, in which inflammation and oxidative stress may play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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16
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Primary hepatocytes and their cultures in liver apoptosis research. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:199-212. [PMID: 24013573 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis not only plays a key role in physiological demise of defunct hepatocytes, but is also associated with a plethora of acute and chronic liver diseases as well as with hepatotoxicity. The present paper focuses on the modelling of this mode of programmed cell death in primary hepatocyte cultures. Particular attention is paid to the activation of spontaneous apoptosis during the isolation of hepatocytes from the liver, its progressive manifestation upon the subsequent establishment of cell cultures and simultaneously to strategies to counteract this deleterious process. In addition, currently applied approaches to experimentally induce controlled apoptosis in this in vitro setting for mechanistic research purposes and thereby its detection using relevant biomarkers are reviewed.
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17
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Bechmann LP, Kocabayoglu P, Sowa JP, Sydor S, Best J, Schlattjan M, Beilfuss A, Schmitt J, Hannivoort RA, Kilicarslan A, Rust C, Berr F, Tschopp O, Gerken G, Friedman SL, Geier A, Canbay A. Free fatty acids repress small heterodimer partner (SHP) activation and adiponectin counteracts bile acid-induced liver injury in superobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2013; 57:1394-406. [PMID: 23299969 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in industrialized countries and may proceed to steatohepatitis (NASH). Apoptosis and free fatty acid (FFA)-induced lipotoxicity are important features of NASH pathogenesis. We have shown a hepatoprotective effect of adiponectin in steatotic livers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients and recent data links bile acid (BA) metabolism to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of this study was to identify potential interactions between BA and FFA metabolism in NAFLD. Liver biopsies and serum samples from 113 morbidly obese patients receiving bariatric surgery, healthy individuals, and moderately obese NAFLD patients were studied. Serum FFA, BA, and M30 were increased in NASH versus simple steatosis, while adiponectin was significantly decreased. The NAFLD activity score (NAS) score correlated with BA levels and reversely with adiponectin. Adiponectin reversely correlated with CD95/Fas messenger RNA (mRNA) and hepatocellular apoptosis. The BA transporter high-affinity Na+ /taurocholate cotransporter (NTCP) and the BA synthesizing enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) were significantly up-regulated in obese patients and hepatoma cells exposed to FFA. Up-regulation of NTCP and CYP7A1 indicate failure to activate small heterodimer partner (SHP) upon farnesoid X receptor (FXR) stimulation by increasing BA concentrations. In line with the NAS score, adiponectin levels were reversely correlated with BA levels. Adiponectin correlated with NTCP and affects Cyp7A1 expression both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION BA synthesis and serum BA levels correlated with disease severity in NAFLD, while adiponectin is reversely correlated. FFA exposure prevented SHP-mediated repression of NTCP and Cyp7A1 expression, which lead to increased BA synthesis and uptake. In NASH, BA accumulation induced hepatocyte cell death and late FXR activation failed to prevent hepatocyte injury due to decreased adiponectin levels. Early treatment with FXR ligands and/or adiponectin-receptor agonists might prevent NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P Bechmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Cobleigh MA, Robek MD. Protective and pathological properties of IL-22 in liver disease: implications for viral hepatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:21-8. [PMID: 23159948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affect >500 million people worldwide and are significant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of HBV and HCV infection can vary widely with respect to the outcome of initial infection to self-resolving acute or chronic disease, the extent of viremia and liver inflammation during chronic infection, and the eventual development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The host immune response is an important factor in the variable consequences of these infections, because the innate and adaptive intrahepatic antiviral responses are an intricate balance of immune effector cells and cytokines that control virus replication but can also cause liver damage. IL-22 is an important cytokine that plays a pleiotropic protective, but sometimes also pathological, role in several tissues/organs, including the liver. Therefore, IL-22 is likely to be an important factor in the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of HBV and HCV infection. However, the precise beneficial, and possible detrimental, effects of this cytokine may vary among different disease states that are associated with distinct inflammatory microenvironments. This review summarizes our understanding of the protective and pathological activities of IL-22, with an emphasis on the liver, and discusses the implications of these effects as they relate to viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Cobleigh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA
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19
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Watanabe S, Tsuneyama K. Eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates hepatic accumulation of cholesterol esters but aggravates liver injury and inflammation in mice fed a cholate-supplemented high-fat diet. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:379-90. [PMID: 23665937 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The administration of a sodium cholate-supplemented high-fat (CAHF) diet in mice induced the predominant accumulation of cholesterol esters (CE) in the liver and biochemical and histological features of liver injury. Cholesteryl oleate was the most abundant CE found in the liver of the mice fed the CAHF diet. We examined the effect of ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) on hepatic CE accumulation and liver injury in the mice fed the CAHF diet. The EPA supplementation suppressed the elevation in the level of cholesteryl oleate in the liver. The expression levels of sterol O-acyltransferase-2 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 mRNA in the liver were elevated in the mice fed the CAHF diet, but they were normalized by the EPA supplementation. However, the elevation in serum transaminase activity, the sign of inflammatory cell exudation and inflammatory gene responses in the liver of the mice fed the EPA-supplemented diet were enhanced compared with those of the mice fed the CAHF diet. We demonstrated that EPA supplementation attenuated CE accumulation but aggravated liver injury and liver inflammation in the mice fed the CAHF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Watanabe
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan.
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20
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Hohenester S, Beuers U. Phosphatidylcholines as regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis: promises and potential risks. Hepatology 2011; 54:2265-7. [PMID: 22139705 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hohenester
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Janevski M, Antonas KN, Sullivan-Gunn MJ, McGlynn MA, Lewandowski PA. The effect of cocoa supplementation on hepatic steatosis, reactive oxygen species and LFABP in a rat model of NASH. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2011; 10:10. [PMID: 22081873 PMCID: PMC3227569 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Non alcoholic steatohepatitis is hypothesised to develop via a mechanism involving fat accumulation and oxidative stress. The current study aimed to investigate if an increase in oxidative stress was associated with changes in the expression of liver fatty acid binding protein in a rat model of non alcoholic steatohepatitis and whether cocoa supplementation attenuated those changes. Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high fat control diet, a high fat methionine choline deficient diet, or one of four 12.5% cocoa supplementation regimes in combination with the high fat methionine choline deficient diet. Results Liver fatty acid binding protein mRNA and protein levels were reduced in the liver of animals with fatty liver disease when compared to controls. Increased hepatic fat content was accompanied by higher levels of oxidative stress in animals with fatty liver disease when compared to controls. An inverse association was found between the levels of hepatic liver fatty acid binding protein and the level of hepatic oxidative stress in fatty liver disease. Elevated NADPH oxidase protein levels were detected in the liver of animals with increased severity in inflammation and fibrosis. Cocoa supplementation was associated with partial attenuation of these pathological changes, although the severity of liver disease induced by the methionine choline deficient diet prevented complete reversal of any disease associated changes. Red blood cell glutathione was increased by cocoa supplementation, whereas liver glutathione was reduced by cocoa compared to methionine choline deficient diet fed animals. Conclusion These findings suggest a potential role for liver fatty acid binding protein and NADPH oxidase in the development of non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, cocoa supplementation may have be of therapeutic benefit in less sever forms of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mile Janevski
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia.
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22
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Garcia MC, Amankwa-Sakyi M, Flynn TJ. Cellular glutathione in fatty liver in vitro models. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1501-6. [PMID: 21620948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The range of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes simple hepatic steatosis, the inflammatory non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. The accumulation of specific lipids in hepatocytes has been associated with oxidative stress and progression of the disease. Elevated serum free fatty acids and hepatocyte lipotoxicity can be studied in an in vitro cellular model. For this purpose, we cultured the human liver cell line, HepG2/C3A, in medium supplemented with increasing amounts of oleic acid (C18:1) and evaluated oxidative stress by measuring the content of the cellular antioxidant, glutathione (GSH). We observed a dose-dependent steatosis, as determined by Nile Red staining, with concurrent increases of GSH; similar findings were also observed in cultured human hepatocytes. Cells cultured with palmitic acid (C16:0) or the combination oleic/palmitic acids (2:1 ratio) also exhibited a dose-dependent increase of GSH; however palmitic-supplemented cultures did not sustain the GSH increase after 24h. We also detected an increase in the formation of lipid peroxides (LPO) indicating that the increase of GSH was a cellular mechanism that may be related to the high exposure of fatty acids. The results of this in vitro study suggest an antioxidant response against fat overloading and indicate potential differences in response to specific fatty acid-induced hepatic steatosis and associated lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Garcia
- FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Toxicology, Laurel, MD 20708, United States.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent advances in the study of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS Study of hepatic lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, genetic variants and predisposition to altered metabolism and cell injury have contributed to our current understanding of NAFLD. Differential expression of microRNA in fatty liver and its implication in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential have continued to advance over the year. The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in steatohepatitis continues to be explored. The diagnostic utility of imaging and noninvasive markers seems promising in estimating the severity of steatosis and fibrosis. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for accurately assessing NAFLD and steatohepatitis. Lifestyle modification and weight loss improve both metabolic profile and liver histology. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of NAFLD remains lacking. SUMMARY The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of NAFLD remain elusive despite ongoing researches to make significant advances in the understanding of its natural history, pathogenesis and management. Pharmacotherapy has yet to indicate a promising therapeutic intervention. Current treatment focuses on managing underlying cardio-metabolic risks.
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. The use of hepatocytes to investigate drug toxicity. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 640:389-415. [PMID: 20645064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver is very active in metabolizing foreign compounds and the major target for toxicity caused by drugs. Hepatotoxicity may be the result of the drug itself or, more frequently, a result of the bioactivation process and the production of reactive metabolites. Prioritization of compounds based on human hepatotoxicity potential is currently a key unmet need in drug discovery, as it can become a major problem for several lead compounds in later stages of the drug discovery pipeline. Therefore, evaluation of potential hepatotoxicity represents a critical step in the development of new drugs. Cultured hepatocytes are increasingly used by the pharmaceutical industry for the screening of hepatotoxic potential of new molecules. Hepatocytes in culture retain hepatic key functions and constitute a valuable tool to identify chemically induced cellular damage. Their use has notably contributed to the understanding of mechanisms responsible for hepatotoxicity (disruption of cellular energy status, alteration of Ca(2+) homeostasis, inhibition of transport systems, metabolic activation, oxidative stress, covalent binding, etc.). Assessment of current cytotoxicity and hepatic-specific biochemical effects is limited by the inability to measure a wide spectrum of potential mechanistic changes involved in the drug-induced toxic injury. A convenient selection of endpoints allows a multiparametric evaluation of drug toxicity. In this regard, cytomic, proteomic, toxicogenomic and metabonomic approaches help to define patterns of hepatotoxicity for early identification of potential adverse effects of the drug to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Trauner M, Arrese M, Wagner M. Fatty liver and lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1801:299-310. [PMID: 19857603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease comprises a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis which can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Hepatic lipotoxicity may ensue when the hepatic capacity to utilize, store and export fatty acids (FA) as triglycerides is overwhelmed. Additional mechanisms of hepatic lipotoxicity include abnormal FA oxidation with formation of reactive oxygen species, disturbances in cellular membrane FA and phospholipid composition, alterations of cholesterol content and ceramide signalling. Lipotoxicity is a key factor for the progression of fatty liver disease by inducing hepatocellular death, activating Kupffer cells and an inflammatory response, impairing hepatic insulin signalling resulting in insulin resistance, and activation of a fibrogenic response in hepatic stellate cells that can ultimately lead to cirrhosis. Therefore, the concept of hepatic lipotoxicity should be considered in future therapeutic concepts for fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trauner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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Bechmann LP, Zahn D, Gieseler RK, Fingas CD, Marquitan G, Jochum C, Gerken G, Friedman SL, Canbay A. Resveratrol amplifies profibrogenic effects of free fatty acids on human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:601-8. [PMID: 19207580 PMCID: PMC2893585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To ascertain whether resveratrol affects the expression of free fatty acids (FFA)-induced profibrogenic genes, death receptors, and/or apoptosis-related molecules in human hepatic stellate cells, using the LX-2 cell line. METHODS Cells were cultured in the presence of FFAs (2:1 oleate : palmitate) and subsequently treated with resveratrol. Gene expression rates were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of resveratrol in the presence of FFAs was assessed with the MTT viability test. RESULTS Compared to vehicle controls, incubation of LX-2 cells with 0.5 mM FFAs induced profibrogenic genes (alpha-SMA x 2.9; TGF-beta1 x 1.6; TIMP-1 x 1.4), death receptors (CD95/Fas x 3.8; TNFR-1 x 1.4), and anti-apoptotic molecules (Bcl-2 x 2.3; Mcl-1 x 1.3). Subsequent addition of 15 microM resveratrol (LD(50) = 23.2 microM) significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated further these genes (alpha-SMA x 6.5; TGF-beta1 x 1.9; TIMP-1 x 2.2; CD95/Fas x 13.1, TNFR-1 x 2.1; Bcl-2 x 3.6; Mcl-1 x 1.9). Importantly, this effect was only observed in the presence of FFAs. CONCLUSION Resveratrol amplifies the profibrogenic activation of human hepatic LX-2 stellate cells. This finding raises the possibility that in obese patients with elevated FFAs reserveratrol could provoke hepatic fibrogenesis. In-vivo studies are necessary to further validate this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P. Bechmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany,Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis Zahn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian D. Fingas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Guido Marquitan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Jochum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Canbay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent advances in the study of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS Study of hepatic lipid metabolism with respect to the contribution of de-novo lipogenesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance and the dysregulation of cellular adaptive response to stress, that is, the unfolded protein response has added to our current understanding of NAFLD. microRNA has recently emerged and has been shown to be differentially expressed in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Its mechanism of action remains to be further explored. There is no proven pharmacotherapy for the treatment of NAFLD. Lifestyle intervention to achieve weight loss and increase exercise is persistently associated with improved liver histology. The diagnostic utility of noninvasive markers and imaging modalities in assessing fibrosis remains to be elucidated. SUMMARY The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of NAFLD remain elusive. Although research effort has advanced the understanding of the natural history, pathogenesis and management of the disease, there is no proven therapy for this medical condition. At present, treatment concentrates on managing underlying metabolic risk factors.
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