1
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Yong J, Toh CH. Rethinking coagulation: from enzymatic cascade and cell-based reactions to a convergent model involving innate immune activation. Blood 2023; 142:2133-2145. [PMID: 37890148 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Advancements in the conceptual thinking of hemostasis and thrombosis have been catalyzed by major developments within health research over several decades. The cascade model of coagulation was first described in the 1960s, when biochemistry gained prominence through innovative experimentation and technical developments. This was followed by the cell-based model, which integrated cellular coordination to the enzymology of clot formation and was conceptualized during the growth period in cell biology at the turn of the millennium. Each step forward has heralded a revolution in clinical therapeutics, both in procoagulant and anticoagulant treatments to improve patient care. In current times, the COVID-19 pandemic may also prove to be a catalyst: thrombotic challenges including the mixed responses to anticoagulant treatment and the vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia have exposed limitations in our preexisting concepts while simultaneously demanding novel therapeutic approaches. It is increasingly clear that innate immune activation as part of the host response to injury is not separate but integrated into adaptive clot formation. Our review summarizes current understanding of the major molecules facilitating such a cross talk between immunity, inflammation and coagulation. We demonstrate how such effects can be layered upon the cascade and cell-based models to evolve conceptual understanding of the physiology of immunohemostasis and the pathology of immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Yong J, Abrams ST, Wang G, Toh CH. Cell-free histones and the cell-based model of coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1724-1736. [PMID: 37116754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The cell-based model of coagulation remains the basis of our current understanding of clinical hemostasis and thrombosis. Its advancement on the coagulation cascade model has enabled new prohemostatic and anticoagulant treatments to be developed. In the past decade, there has been increasing evidence of the procoagulant properties of extracellular, cell-free histones (CFHs). Although high levels of circulating CFHs released following extensive cell death in acute critical illnesses, such as sepsis and trauma, have been associated with adverse coagulation outcomes, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, new information has also emerged on how its local effects contribute to physiological clot formation. CFHs initiate coagulation by tissue factor exposure, either by destruction of the endovascular barrier or induction of endoluminal tissue factor expression on endothelia and monocytes. CFHs can also bind prothrombin directly, generating thrombin via the alternative prothrombinase pathway. In amplifying and augmenting the procoagulant signal, CFHs activate and aggregate platelets, increase procoagulant material bioavailability through platelet degranulation and Weibel-Palade body exocytosis, activate intrinsic coagulation via platelet polyphosphate release, and induce phosphatidylserine exposure. CFHs also inhibit protein C activation and downregulate thrombomodulin expression to reduce anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects. In consolidating clot formation, CFHs augment the fibrin polymer to confer fibrinolytic resistance and integrate neutrophil extracellular traps into the clot structure. Such new information holds the promise of new therapeutic developments, including improved targeting of immunothrombotic pathologies in acute critical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon T Abrams
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool, UK
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
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3
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Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) and Its Importance in Hemostasis—Part I: FSAP Structure, Synthesis and Activity Regulation: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065473. [PMID: 36982544 PMCID: PMC10052181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) was first isolated from human plasma less than 30 years ago. Since then, many research groups have described the biological properties of this protease and its role in hemostasis and other processes in humans and other animals. With the progress of knowledge about the structure of FSAP, several of its relationships with other proteins or chemical compounds that may modulate its activity have been explained. These mutual axes are described in the present narrative review. The first part of our series of manuscripts on FSAP describes the structure of this protein and the processes leading to the enhancement and inhibition of its activities. The following parts, II and III, concern the role of FSAP in hemostasis and in the pathophysiology of human diseases, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases.
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4
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van Smaalen TC, Beurskens DMH, Kox JJHFM, Polonia R, Vos R, Duimel H, van de Wetering WJ, López-Iglesias C, Reutelingsperger CP, Ernest van Heurn LW, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Nicolaes GAF. Extracellular histone release by renal cells after warm and cold ischemic kidney injury: Studies in an ex-vivo porcine kidney perfusion model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279944. [PMID: 36662718 PMCID: PMC9858092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular histones are cytotoxic molecules involved in experimental acute kidney injury. In patients receiving a renal transplant from donors after circulatory death, who suffer from additional warm ischemia, worse graft outcome is associated with higher machine perfusate extracellular histone H3 concentrations. We now investigated temperature-dependent extracellular histone release in an ex vivo porcine renal perfusion model, and subsequently studied histone release in the absence and presence of non-anticoagulant heparin. Seven pairs of ischemically damaged porcine kidneys were machine perfused at 4°C (cold ischemia) or 28°C (warm ischemia). Perfusate histone H3 concentration was higher after warm as compared to cold ischemia (median (IQR) = 0.48 (0.20-0.83) μg/mL vs. 0.02 (0.00-0.06) μg/mL; p = .045, respectively). Employing immune-electron microscopy (EM), histone containing cytoplasmic protrusions of tubular and endothelial cells were found after warm ischemic injury. Furthermore, abundant histone localization was detected in debris surrounding severely damaged glomerular cells, in a "buck shot" pattern. In vitro, histones were cytotoxic to endothelial and kidney epithelial cells in a temperature-dependent manner. In a separate ex vivo experiment, addition of heparin did not change the total histone H3 levels observed in the perfusate but revealed a continuous increase in the level of a lower molecular weight histone H3 variant. Our findings show that ischemically damaged kidneys release more extracellular histones in warm ischemia, which by EM was due to histone release by renal cells. Blocking of histone-mediated damage during transplantation may be beneficial in prevention of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim C. van Smaalen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle M. H. Beurskens
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. H. F. M. Kox
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rasheendra Polonia
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rein Vos
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Duimel
- Microscopy CORE Lab, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Willine J. van de Wetering
- Microscopy CORE Lab, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Microscopy CORE Lab, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P. Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L. W. Ernest van Heurn
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carine J. Peutz-Kootstra
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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5
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Etscheid M, Hanschmann KM, Sandset PM, Kanse SM. Development of a Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) generation assay and its application in studying FSAP in venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 2022; 220:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Cui XY, Stavik B, Thiede B, Sandset PM, Kanse SM. FSAP Protects against Histone-Mediated Increase in Endothelial Permeability In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213706. [PMID: 36430180 PMCID: PMC9690979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor-VII-activating protease (FSAP) is involved in the regulation of hemostasis and inflammation. Extracellular histones play a role in inflammation and the conversion of latent pro-FSAP into active FSAP. FSAP has been shown to regulate endothelial permeability, but the mechanisms are not clear. Here, we have investigated the effects of FSAP on endothelial permeability in vitro. A mixture of histones from calf thymus stimulated permeability, and the wild-type (WT) serine protease domain (SPD) of FSAP blocked this effect. WT-SPD-FSAP did not influence permeability on its own, nor that stimulated by thrombin or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A165. Histones induced a large-scale rearrangement of the junction proteins VE-cadherin and zona occludens-1 from a clear junctional distribution to a diffuse pattern. The presence of WT-SPD-FSAP inhibited these changes. Permeability changes by histones were blocked by both TLR-2 and TLR4 blocking antibodies. Histones upregulated the expression of TLR-2, but not TLR-4, in HUVEC cells, and WT-SPD-FSAP abolished the upregulation of TLR-2 expression. An inactive variant, Marburg I (MI)-SPD-FSAP, did not have any of these effects. The inhibition of histone-mediated permeability may be an important function of FSAP with relevance to sepsis, trauma, and stroke and the need to be investigated further in in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan Cui
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedicte Stavik
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Morten Sandset
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Kim JY, Manna D, Etscheid M, Leergaard TB, Kanse SM. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) inhibits the outcome of ischemic stroke in mouse models. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22564. [PMID: 36165219 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200828r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of ischemic stroke can be improved by further refinements of thrombolysis and reperfusion strategies. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease that could be important in this context. Its levels are raised in patients as well as mice after stroke and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding sequence, which results in an inactive enzyme, is linked to an increased risk of stroke. In vitro, FSAP cleaves fibrinogen to promote fibrinolysis, activates protease-activated receptors, and decreases the cellular cytotoxicity of histones. Based on these facts, we hypothesized that FSAP can be used as a treatment for ischemic stroke. A combination of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a thrombolytic drug, and recombinant serine protease domain of FSAP (FSAP-SPD) improved regional cerebral perfusion and neurological outcome and reduced infarct size in a mouse model of thromboembolic stroke. FSAP-SPD also improved stroke outcomes and diminished the negative consequences of co-treatment with tPA in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke without altering cerebral perfusion. The inactive MI-isoform of FSAP had no impact in either model. FSAP enhanced the lysis of blood clots in vitro, but in the tail transection model of hemostasis, FSAP-SPD treatment provoked a faster clotting time indicating that it also has pro-coagulant actions. Thus, apart from enhancing thrombolysis, FSAP has multiple effects on stroke progression and represents a promising novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Etscheid
- Division of Hematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Berge-Seidl S, Nielsen NV, Rodriguez Alfonso AA, Etscheid M, Kandanur SPS, Haug BE, Stensland M, Thiede B, Karacan M, Preising N, Wiese S, Ständker L, Declerck PJ, Løset GÅ, Kanse SM. Identification of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Interacting with the N-Terminal Region of Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) Enables Characterization of Zymogen Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2631-2642. [PMID: 36070465 PMCID: PMC9486805 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Factor VII Activating protease (FSAP) has a protective effect in diverse disease conditions as inferred from studies in FSAP-/- mice and humans deficient in FSAP activity due to single-nucleotide polymorphism. The zymogen form of FSAP in plasma is activated by extracellular histones that are released during tissue injury or inflammation or by positively charged surfaces. However, it is not clear whether this activation mechanism is specific and amenable to manipulation. Using a phage display approach, we have identified a Cys-constrained 11 amino acid peptide, NNKC9/41, that activates pro-FSAP in plasma. The synthetic linear peptide has a propensity to cyclize through the terminal Cys groups, of which the antiparallel cyclic dimer, but not the monocyclic peptide, is the active component. Other commonly found zymogens in the plasma, related to the hemostasis system, were not activated. Binding studies with FSAP domain deletion mutants indicate that the N-terminus of FSAP is the key interaction site of this peptide. In a monoclonal antibody screen, we identified MA-FSAP-38C7 that prevented the activation of pro-FSAP by the peptide. This antibody bound to the LESLDP sequence (amino acids 30-35) in an intrinsically disordered stretch in the N-terminus of FSAP. The plasma clotting time was shortened by NNKC9/41, and this was reversed by MA-FSAP-38C7, demonstrating the utility of this peptide. Peptide NNKC9/41 will be useful as a tool to delineate the molecular mechanism of activation of pro-FSAP, elucidate its biological role, and provide a starting point for the pharmacological manipulation of FSAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nis Valentin Nielsen
- Oslo
University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Pharmacy, University
of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Stensland
- Oslo
University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J. Declerck
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway,Nextera
AS, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Oslo
University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway,
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9
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Zamani Rarani F, Zamani Rarani M, Hamblin MR, Rashidi B, Hashemian SMR, Mirzaei H. Comprehensive overview of COVID-19-related respiratory failure: focus on cellular interactions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:63. [PMID: 35907817 PMCID: PMC9338538 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created health challenges in all parts of the world. Understanding the entry mechanism of this virus into host cells is essential for effective treatment of COVID-19 disease. This virus can bind to various cell surface molecules or receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to gain cell entry. Respiratory failure and pulmonary edema are the most important causes of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, especially proinflammatory cytokines, are the main mediators of these complications. For normal respiratory function, a healthy air-blood barrier and sufficient blood flow to the lungs are required. In this review, we first discuss airway epithelial cells, airway stem cells, and the expression of COVID-19 receptors in the airway epithelium. Then, we discuss the suggested molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel damage in COVID-19. Coagulopathy can be caused by platelet activation leading to clots, which restrict blood flow to the lungs and lead to respiratory failure. Finally, we present an overview of the effects of immune and non-immune cells and cytokines in COVID-19-related respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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10
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Gramstad OR, Kandanur SPS, Etscheid M, Nielsen EW, Kanse SM. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is not essential in the pathophysiology of angioedema in patients with C1 inhibitor deficiency. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:95-104. [PMID: 34973499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive bradykinin (BK) generation from high molecular weight kininogen (HK) by plasma kallikrein (PK) due to lack of protease inhibition is central to the pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema (HAE). Inadequate protease inhibition may contribute to HAE through a number of plasma proteases including factor VII activating protease (FSAP) that can also cleave HK. OBJECTIVE To investigate the interaction between FSAP and C1 inhibitor (C1Inh) and evaluate the potential role of FSAP in HAE with C1Inh deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma samples from 20 persons with HAE types 1 or 2 in remission were studied and compared to healthy controls. We measured and compared antigenic FSAP levels, spontaneous FSAP activity, FSAP generation potential, activation of plasma pre-kallikrein (PPK) by FSAP, and the formation of FSAP-C1Inh and FSAP-alpha2-antiplasmin (FSAP-α2AP) complexes. Furthermore, we measured HK cleavage and PK activation after activation of endogenous pro-FSAP and after addition of exogenous FSAP. RESULTS In plasma from HAE patients, there is increased basal FSAP activity compared to healthy volunteers. HAE plasma exhibits decreased formation of FSAP-C1Inh complexes and increased formation of FSAP-α2AP complexes in histone-activated plasma. Although exogenous FSAP can cleave HK in plasma, this was not seen when endogenous plasma pro-FSAP was activated with histones in either group. PK was also not activated by FSAP in plasma. CONCLUSION In this study, we established that FSAP activity is increased and the pattern of FSAP-inhibitor complexes is altered in HAE patients. However, we did not find evidence suggesting that FSAP contributes directly to HAE attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Rogde Gramstad
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Michael Etscheid
- Department of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Erik Waage Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Surgical Clinic, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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11
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Artunc F, Bohnert BN, Schneider JC, Staudner T, Sure F, Ilyaskin AV, Wörn M, Essigke D, Janessa A, Nielsen NV, Birkenfeld AL, Etscheid M, Haerteis S, Korbmacher C, Kanse SM. Proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by factor VII activating protease (FSAP) and its relevance for sodium retention in nephrotic mice. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:217-229. [PMID: 34870751 PMCID: PMC8766372 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by aberrantly filtered serine proteases is thought to contribute to renal sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome. However, the identity of the responsible proteases remains elusive. This study evaluated factor VII activating protease (FSAP) as a candidate in this context. We analyzed FSAP in the urine of patients with nephrotic syndrome and nephrotic mice and investigated its ability to activate human ENaC expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Moreover, we studied sodium retention in FSAP-deficient mice (Habp2−/−) with experimental nephrotic syndrome induced by doxorubicin. In urine samples from nephrotic humans, high concentrations of FSAP were detected both as zymogen and in its active state. Recombinant serine protease domain of FSAP stimulated ENaC-mediated whole-cell currents in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Mutating the putative prostasin cleavage site in γ-ENaC (γRKRK178AAAA) prevented channel stimulation by the serine protease domain of FSAP. In a mouse model for nephrotic syndrome, active FSAP was present in nephrotic urine of Habp2+/+ but not of Habp2−/− mice. However, Habp2−/− mice were not protected from sodium retention compared to nephrotic Habp2+/+ mice. Western blot analysis revealed that in nephrotic Habp2−/− mice, proteolytic cleavage of α- and γ-ENaC was similar to that in nephrotic Habp2+/+ animals. In conclusion, active FSAP is excreted in the urine of nephrotic patients and mice and activates ENaC in vitro involving the putative prostasin cleavage site of γ-ENaC. However, endogenous FSAP is not essential for sodium retention in nephrotic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany. .,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.
| | - Bernhard N Bohnert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Jonas C Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudner
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Sure
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Ilyaskin
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wörn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Essigke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Janessa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Nis V Nielsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | | | - Silke Haerteis
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Mechanisms of Immunothrombosis by SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111550. [PMID: 34827548 PMCID: PMC8615366 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 contains certain molecules that are related to the presence of immunothrombosis. Here, we review the pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. We also study the imbalance of different molecules participating in immunothrombosis, such as tissue factor, factors of the contact system, histones, and the role of cells, such as endothelial cells, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps. Regarding the pathogenetic mechanism, we discuss clinical trials, case-control studies, comparative and translational studies, and observational studies of regulatory or inhibitory molecules, more specifically, extracellular DNA and RNA, histones, sensors for RNA and DNA, as well as heparin and heparinoids. Overall, it appears that a network of cells and molecules identified in this axis is simultaneously but differentially affecting patients at different stages of COVID-19, and this is characterized by endothelial damage, microthrombosis, and inflammation.
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13
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Semeraro F, Ammollo CT, Semeraro N, Colucci M. Extracellular histones promote fibrinolysis by single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator in a factor seven activating protease-dependent way. Thromb Res 2020; 196:193-199. [PMID: 32891905 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular histones inhibit tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)-mediated fibrinolysis by modifying fibrin structure and rheological properties. However, other plasminogen activators involved in intravascular and extravascular fibrinolysis have not been considered yet. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of histones on fibrinolysis driven by different plasminogen activators. METHODS Clot lysis induced by t-PA, urokinase (u-PA) and its single chain precursor (scu-PA) was evaluated by turbidimetry. Conversion of scu-PA to u-PA and activation of factor seven activating protease (FSAP) were assessed by fluorogenic and chromogenic assays, respectively. RESULTS Histones delayed t-PA- and u-PA-mediated fibrinolysis but strongly accelerated scu-PA-driven clot lysis through the enhancement of scu-PA to u-PA conversion. This effect required a plasma factor identified as FSAP by the following findings: 1) histones enhanced neither scu-PA activation nor scu-PA-mediated clot lysis under purified conditions; 2) in plasma, the enhancement of fibrinolytic activity by histones was abolished by a neutralizing anti-FSAP antibody; and 3) histones promoted the activation of plasma FSAP. The effect of the natural mixture of histones on scu-PA-driven fibrinolysis was differentially recapitulated by the individual recombinant histones, H4 displaying the strongest activity. When complexed to DNA, histones still accelerated scu-PA-mediated fibrinolysis but with a lesser efficiency due to a reduced FSAP activation. Finally, preincubation of histones with heparin or activated protein C, two known inhibitors of histones, further amplified histone-mediated boost of scu-PA-driven fibrinolysis. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of FSAP-mediated scu-PA activity by histones may play yet unforeseen roles in intravascular fibrinolysis and contribute to extravascular proteolysis and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Semeraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Concetta T Ammollo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Semeraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Colucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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14
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Byskov K, Etscheid M, Kanse SM. Cellular effects of factor VII activating protease (FSAP). Thromb Res 2020; 188:74-78. [PMID: 32087413 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease of broad specificity that is likely to be involved in many pathophysiological processes. The activation of the circulating zymogen form of FSAP by histones, released from damaged cells, underlines its roles in regulating host responses to tissue damage and inflammation. Some of the direct cellular effects of FSAP are mediated through protease-activated receptors (PARs). Knock-down of each one of the four PARs in endothelial cells indicated that PAR-1 and -3 are involved in regulating endothelial permeability in response to FSAP. Overexpression of PARs in cell lines led to the conclusion that PAR-2 and -1 were the main receptors for FSAP. Studies with synthetic peptides and receptor mutants demonstrate that FSAP cleaves PAR-1 and -2 at their canonical cleavage site. However, PAR-1 is not activated by FSAP in all cells, which may be related to other, as yet, undefined factors. Inhibition of apoptosis by FSAP is mediated through PAR-1 and was observed in neurons, astrocytes and A549 cells. FSAP also mediates cellular effects by modulating the activity of growth factors, generation of bradykinin, C5a and C3a generation or histone inactivation. These cellular effects need to be further investigated at the in vivo level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Byskov
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Characterization of the enzymatic activity of the serine protease domain of Factor VII activating protease (FSAP). Sci Rep 2019; 9:18990. [PMID: 31831842 PMCID: PMC6908674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor VII (FVII) activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease. Human genetic studies, based on the Marburg I (MI) (Gly221Glu, chymotrypsin numbering system) polymorphism, implicate FSAP in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Here, we describe the molecular and functional changes caused by the Gly221Glu substitution in the 220 loop using recombinant proteins expressed in E. coli. The serine protease domain (SPD) of wild type (WT) FSAP displayed auto-catalytic activation whereas the MI isoform displayed very low autocatalytic activation and low proteolytic activity against the chromogenic substrate S-2288, Factor VII, tissue factor pathway inhibitor as well as pro-urokinase. Introduction of a thermolysin cleavage site in the activation position (Arg15Gln) led to cleavage of both WT- and MI-SPD and the resulting WT-SPD, but not the MI-SPD, was active. Mutating the Gly221 position to Asp, Gln and Leu led to a loss of activity whereas the Ala substitution was partially active. These results suggest a disturbance of the active site, or non-accessibility of the substrate to the active site in MI-SPD. With respect to regulation with metal ions, calcium, more than sodium, increased the enzymatic activity of WT-SPD. Thus, we describe a novel method for the production of recombinant FSAP-SPD to understand the role of the MI-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the regulation of its activity.
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16
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Byskov K, Le Gall SM, Thiede B, Camerer E, Kanse SM. Protease activated receptors (PAR)-1 and -2 mediate cellular effects of factor VII activating protease (FSAP). FASEB J 2019; 34:1079-1090. [PMID: 31914657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801986rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease implicated in thrombosis, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Using an overexpression strategy, we have systematically investigated the role of protease activated receptors (PAR)-1, -2, -3, and -4 on FSAP-mediated signaling in HEK293T and A549 cells. Cleavage of PAR-reporter constructs and MAPK phosphorylation was used to monitor receptor activation. FSAP cleaved PAR-2 and to a lesser degree PAR-1, but not PAR-3 or PAR-4 in both cell types. Robust MAPK activation in response to FSAP was observed after PAR-2, but not PAR-1 overexpression in HEK293T. Recombinant serine protease domain of wild type FSAP, but not the Marburg I isoform of FSAP, could reproduce the effects of plasma purified FSAP. Canonical cleavage of both PARs was suggested by mass spectrometric analysis of synthetic peptide substrates from the N-terminus of PARs and site directed mutagenesis studies. Surprisingly, knockdown of endogenous PAR-1, but not PAR-2, prevented the apoptosis-inhibitory effect of FSAP, suggesting that PAR1 is nevertheless a direct or indirect target in some cell types. This molecular characterization of PAR-1 and -2 as cellular receptors of FSAP will help to define the actions of FSAP in the context of cancer and vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Byskov
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvain M Le Gall
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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17
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VEGF-A-Cleavage by FSAP and Inhibition of Neo-Vascularization. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111396. [PMID: 31698750 PMCID: PMC6912458 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing leads to the secretion of multiple forms of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) that differ in their activity profiles with respect to neovascularization. FSAP (factor VII activating protease) is the zymogen form of a plasma protease that is activated (FSAPa) upon tissue injury via the release of histones. The purpose of the study was to determine if FSAPa regulates VEGF-A activity in vitro and in vivo. FSAP bound to VEGF165, but not VEGF121, and VEGF165 was cleaved in its neuropilin/proteoglycan binding domain. VEGF165 cleavage did not alter its binding to VEGF receptors but diminished its binding to neuropilin. The stimulatory effects of VEGF165 on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and signal transduction were not altered by FSAP. Similarly, proliferation of VEGF receptor-expressing BAF3 cells, in response to VEGF165, was not modulated by FSAP. In the mouse matrigel model of angiogenesis, FSAP decreased the ability of VEGF165, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and their combination, to induce neovascularization. Lack of endogenous FSAP in mice did not influence neovascularization. Thus, FSAP inhibited VEGF165-mediated angiogenesis in the matrigel model in vivo, where VEGF’s interaction with the matrix and its diffusion are important.
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18
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Rut W, Nielsen NV, Czarna J, Poreba M, Kanse SM, Drag M. Fluorescent activity-based probe for the selective detection of Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) in human plasma. Thromb Res 2019; 182:124-132. [PMID: 31479940 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The zymogen form of circulating Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is activated by histones that are released as a consequence of tissue damage or excessive inflammation. This is likely to have consequences in a number of disease conditions such as stroke, atherosclerosis, liver fibrosis, thrombosis and cancer. To investigate the existence, as well as the concentration of active FSAP (FSAPa) in complex biological systems an active site probe is needed. We used Hybrid Combinatorial Substrate Library (HyCoSuL) to screen for natural and unnatural amino acids that specifically bind to P4-P2 pockets of FSAPa. This information was used to designing a fluorogenic substrate (Ac-Pro-DTyr-Lys-Arg-ACC) as well as an irreversible, fluorogenic activity-based probe Cy5-6-Ahx-Pro-DTyr-Lys-ArgP(OPh)2. In normal human plasma the probe showed very low non-specific reactivity with some plasma proteins but upon activation of pro-FSAP with histones, strong labelling of FSAPa was observed. This labelling could be inhibited by aprotinin and was not found in the plasma of a subject that was homozygous for a polymorphism, which leads to loss of activity, or in plasma that was depleted of FSAP by antibodies. This 2nd generation substrate exhibited 6-fold higher catalytic efficiency than the 1st generation substrate and a much higher selectivity for FSAPa over other plasma proteases. This substrate and probe can be useful to detect and localize FSAPa in normal and pathological tissue and plasma to gain more insight into its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Czarna
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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19
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Olsson M, Stanne TM, Pedersen A, Lorentzen E, Kara E, MartinezâPalacian A, RÃnnow Sand NP, Jacobsen AF, Sandset PM, Sidelmann JJ, EngstrÃm G, Melander O, Kanse SM, Jern C. Genome-wide analysis of genetic determinants of circulating factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) activity. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2024-2034. [PMID: 30070759 PMCID: PMC6485504 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Knowledge of genetic regulators of plasma factor VII activating protease (FSAP) levels is limited. We performed a genome-wide analysis of variants influencing FSAP activity in Scandinavian cohorts. We replicated an association for Marburg-1 and identified an association for a HABP2 stop variant. We identified a novel locus near ADCY2 as a potential additional regulator of FSAP activity. SUMMARY Background Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) has roles in both coagulation and fibrinolysis. Recent data indicate its involvement in several other processes, such as vascular remodeling and inflammation. Plasma FSAP activity is highly variable among healthy individuals and, apart from the low-frequency missense variant Marburg-I (rs7080536) in the FSAP-encoding gene HABP2, determinants of this variation are unclear. Objectives To identify novel genetic variants within and outside of the HABP2 locus that influence circulating FSAP activity. Patients/Methods We performed an exploratory genome-wide association study (GWAS) on plasma FSAP activity amongst 3230 Swedish subjects. Directly genotyped rare variants were also analyzed with gene-based tests. Using GWAS, we confirmed the strong association between the Marburg-I variant and FSAP activity. HABP2 was also significant in the gene-based analysis, and remained significant after exclusion of Marburg-I carriers. This was attributable to a rare HABP2 stop variant (rs41292628). Carriers of this stop variant showed a similar reduction in FSAP activity as Marburg-I carriers, and this finding was replicated. A secondary genome-wide significant locus was identified at a 5p15 locus (rs35510613), and this finding requires future replication. This common variant is located upstream of ADCY2, which encodes a protein catalyzing the formation of cAMP. Results and Conclusions This study verified the Marburg-I variant to be a strong regulator of FSAP activity, and identified an HABP2 stop variant with a similar impact on FSAP activity. A novel locus near ADCY2 was identified as a potential additional regulator of FSAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Olsson
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - T. M. Stanne
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - A. Pedersen
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - E. Lorentzen
- Bioinformatics Core FacilityUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - E. Kara
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - A. MartinezâPalacian
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - N. P. RÃnnow Sand
- Department of CardiologyHospital of South West DenmarkEsbjerg and Department of Regional Health ResearchFaculty of Health ScienceUniversity of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
| | - A. F. Jacobsen
- Department of ObstetricsOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - P. M. Sandset
- Department of HematologyOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - J. J. Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis ResearchDepartment of Regional Health ResearchFaculty of Health ScienceUniversity of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
| | - G. EngstrÃm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, MalmÃLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - O. Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, MalmÃLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - S. M. Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - C. Jern
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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20
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Etscheid M, Subramaniam S, Lochnit G, Zabczyk M, Undas A, Lang IM, Hanschmann KM, Kanse SM. Altered structure and function of fibrinogen after cleavage by Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3397-3406. [PMID: 30076961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) is a plasma protease affecting both coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although a role in hemostasis is still unclear, the identification of additional physiologic substrates will help to elucidate its role in this context. FSAP has been reported to cleave fibrinogen, but the functional consequences of this are not known. We have therefore undertaken this study to determine the implications of this cleavage for fibrin-clot formation and its lysis. Treatment of human fibrinogen with FSAP released an N-terminal peptide from the Bβ chain (Bβ1-53) and subsequently the fibrinopeptide B; within the Aα chain a partial truncation of the αC-region by multiple cleavages was seen. The truncated fibrinogen showed a delayed thrombin-catalyzed polymerization and formed fibrin clots of reduced turbidity, indicative of thinner fibrin fibers. Confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy of these clots revealed a less coarse fibrin network with thinner fibers and a smaller pore size. A lower pore size was also seen in permeability studies. Unexpectedly, FSAP-treated fibrinogen or plasma exhibited a significantly faster tPA-driven lysis, which correlated exclusively with cleavage of fibrinogen and not with activation of plasminogen activators. Similar observations were also made in plasma after activation of endogenous zymogen FSAP, but not in plasma of carrier of the rare Marburg I single nucleotide polymorphism. In conclusion, altering fibrin clot properties by fibrinogenolysis is a novel function of FSAP in the vasculature, which facilitates clot lysis and may in vivo contribute to reduced fibrin deposition during thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Etscheid
- Department of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany.
| | | | - Günther Lochnit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michal Zabczyk
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irene M Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sandip M Kanse
- University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Impact of Elevated Circulating Histones on Systemic Inflammation after Radiofrequency Ablation in Lung Cancer Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6894832. [PMID: 29457035 PMCID: PMC5804403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6894832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background This study investigated the changes of circulating histones following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in lung cancer patients and their impact on systemic inflammation. Methods Serial blood samples were obtained from a total of 65 primary and metastatic lung cancer patients undergoing RFA at 2 time points: pre-RFA and post-RFA within 48 h. Circulating histones, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and multiple inflammatory cytokines were measured. Moreover, the patient's sera were incubated overnight with human monocytic U937 cells in the presence or absence of anti-histone antibody, and cytokine production was evaluated. Results Compared to pre-RFA, there was a significant increase in circulating histones within 48 h after RFA, along with an elevation of MPO and several canonical inflammatory cytokines. Circulating histones were correlated with these inflammatory markers. Notably, compared to the sera obtained before RFA, the patients' post-RFA sera significantly stimulated cytokine production in the supernatant of U937 cells, which could be prevented by anti-histone antibody, thereby confirming a cause-effect relationship between circulating histones and systemic inflammation. Conclusions This study showed that circulating histones may serve as a marker indicating RFA-related systemic inflammation as well as represent a therapeutic target for resolution of inflammation.
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22
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Etscheid M, Kanse SM. Factor VII activating protease. Hamostaseologie 2017; 31:174-178. [DOI: 10.5482/ha-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryFactor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease with high homology to fibrinolytic enzymes. A role in the regulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis is suspected based on in vitro studies demonstrating activation of FVII or pro-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). However, considering the paucity of any studies in animal models or any correlative studies in humans the role of FSAP in haemostasis remains unclear. In relation to vascular remodeling processes or inflammation it has been convincingly shown that FSAP interacts with growth factors as well as protease activated receptors (PAR). Against this sparse background there are a plethora of studies which have investigated the linkage of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the FSAP gene (HABP2) to various diseases. The G534E SNP of FSAP is associated with a low proteolytic activity due to an amino acid exchange in the protease domain. This and other SNPs have been linked to carotid stenosis, stroke as well as thrombosis in the elderly and plaque calcification. These SNP analyses indicate an important role for FSAP in the regulation of the haemostasis system as well as fibroproliferative inflammatory processes.
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Stephan F, Aarden LA, Zeerleder S. FSAP, a new player in inflammation? Hamostaseologie 2017; 32:51-5. [DOI: 10.5482/ha-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryFactor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is a serine protease in plasma that has a role in coagulation and fibrinolysis. FVII could be activated by purified FSAP in a tissue factor independent manner and pro-urokinase has been demonstrated to be a substrate for purified FSAP in-vitro. However, the physiological role of FSAP in haemostasis remains unclear. More recently FSAP is suggested to be involved in inflammation. It modulates vascular permeability directly and indirectly by the generation of bradykinin. Furthermore, FSAP is activated by dead cells induced by the inflammatory response and subsequently removes nucleosomes from apoptotic cells. FSAP activation can be detected in sepsis patients as well. However, whether FSAP activation upon inflammation is beneficial or detrimental remains an open question.In this review the structure, activation mechanisms and the possible role of FSAP in inflammation are discussed.
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Stephan F, Bulder I, Luken BM, Hazelzet J, Wuillemin WA, Zeerleder S. Complexes of factor VII-activating protease with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human sepsis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:219-21. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-12-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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DNA and factor VII-activating protease protect against the cytotoxicity of histones. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2491-2502. [PMID: 29296900 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating histones have been implicated as major mediators of inflammatory disease because of their strong cytotoxic effects. Histones form the protein core of nucleosomes; however, it is unclear whether histones and nucleosomes are equally cytotoxic. Several plasma proteins that neutralize histones are present in plasma. Importantly, factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is activated upon contact with histones and subsequently proteolyzes histones. We aimed to determine the effect of FSAP on the cytotoxicity of both histones and nucleosomes. Indeed, FSAP protected against histone-induced cytotoxicity of cultured cells in vitro. Upon incubation of serum with histones, endogenous FSAP was activated and degraded histones, which also prevented cytotoxicity. Notably, histones as part of nucleosome complexes were not cytotoxic, whereas DNA digestion restored cytotoxicity. Histones in nucleosomes were inefficiently cleaved by FSAP, which resulted in limited cleavage of histone H3 and removal of the N-terminal tail. The specific isolation of either circulating nucleosomes or free histones from sera of Escherichia coli challenged baboons or patients with meningococcal sepsis revealed that histone H3 was present in the form of nucleosomes, whereas free histone H3 was not detected. All samples showed signs of FSAP activation. Markedly, we observed that all histone H3 in nucleosomes from the patients with sepsis, and most histone H3 from the baboons, was N-terminally truncated, giving rise to a similarly sized protein fragment as through cleavage by FSAP. Taken together, our results suggest that DNA and FSAP jointly limit histone cytotoxicity and that free histone H3 does not circulate in appreciable concentrations in sepsis.
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Sperling C, Maitz MF, Grasso S, Werner C, Kanse SM. A Positively Charged Surface Triggers Coagulation Activation Through Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40107-40116. [PMID: 29091393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact between biomedical materials and blood often initiates undesirable pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory processes. On negatively charged materials, blood coagulation is known to be triggered through autoactivation of Factor XII, while activation on cationic surfaces follows a distinct and so far enigmatic mechanism. Because Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is known to be activated on positively and on negatively charged macromolecules in plasma, we have investigated its interaction with charged biomaterials and its consequences for coagulation. Several activation processes in blood and plasma were characterized after contact with material surfaces with varied charge. FSAP was found to be exclusively activated by the positively charged surfaces polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly-l-lysine (PLL), not by the negatively charged glass or self-assembled monolayer with carboxyl group termination (SAM-COOH), as well as uncharged (Teflon AF) surfaces. Whole blood incubation on PEI showed that this activation was concomitant with coagulation as determined by thrombin and fibrin formation, which was high for glass (F1+2, 138 nM) and PEI (F1+2, 44 nM) but low for Teflon AF (F1+2, 3.3 nM) and SAM COOH (F1+2, 5.8 nM). Contact phase inhibitor diminished coagulation to background levels for all surfaces except PEI (F1+2: ^PEI 43 to 25 nM; glass, 58 to 1.5 nM) indicating that coagulation activation is not dependent on FXII activation on the PEI surface. A decisive role of endogenous FSAP for coagulation however was confirmed with the use of FSAP inhibitory antibodies which showed no influence on Teflon AF, glass and SAM COOH but diminished F1+2 on PEI to less than 50%. We propose that FSAP activation could be a novel mechanism of surface-driven coagulation. An inhibition of this protease might improve hemocompatibility of cationic surfaces and therefore facilitate the application of polycationic surfaces in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sperling
- Institute Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred F Maitz
- Institute Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simona Grasso
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carsten Werner
- Institute Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , 0372 Oslo, Norway
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Grasso S, Neumann A, Lang IM, Etscheid M, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Kanse SM. Interaction of factor VII activating protease (FSAP) with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Thromb Res 2017; 161:36-42. [PMID: 29178989 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circulating zymogen form of Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) can be activated by histones and nucleosomes in vivo. These cell-death-associated nuclear factors are also actively extruded into the extracellular space by neutrophils through a process called neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis). NETs are thought to be involved in host defense, inflammation as well as thrombosis. We have investigated the bidirectional interactions of FSAP and NETs. Phorbol ester-mediated NET formation was marginally stimulated by FSAP. Plasma-derived FSAP as well as exogenous FSAP bound to NETs. There was co-localization of FSAP and NETs in coronary thrombi from patients with acute myocardial infarction. Contrary to our expectations no activation of pro-FSAP by NETs was evident. However, after disintegration of NETs with DNase, a robust activation of pro-FSAP, due to release of histones from nucleosomes, was detected. The released histones were in turn degraded by FSAP. Histone cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells was neutralized by FSAP more potently than by activated protein C (APC). One more consequence of histone degradation was a decrease in nucleosome release from apoptotic neutrophils. Taken together, NETs bind to FSAP, but do not activate pro-FSAP unless histones are released from NETs by DNAse. This activation of FSAP is likely to be important in diminishing the cytotoxic effect of histones, thus limiting the damaging effect of NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Grasso
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Olso, Norway
| | - Ariane Neumann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Olso, Norway.
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Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) regulates the expression of inflammatory genes in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Kara E, Manna D, Løset GÅ, Schneider EL, Craik CS, Kanse S. Analysis of the substrate specificity of Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) and design of specific and sensitive peptide substrates. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1750-1760. [PMID: 28726978 DOI: 10.1160/th17-02-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Factor VII (FVII) activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease that is likely to be involved in a number of disease conditions such as stroke, atherosclerosis, liver fibrosis, thrombosis and cancer. To date, no systematic information is available about the substrate specificity of FSAP. Applying phage display and positional scanning substrate combinatorial library (PS-SCL) approaches we have characterised the specificity of FSAP towards small peptides. Results were evaluated in the context of known protein substrates as well as molecular modelling of the peptides in the active site of FSAP. The representative FSAP-cleaved sequence obtained from the phage display method was Val-Leu-Lys-Arg-Ser (P4-P1'). The sequence X-Lys/Arg-Nle-Lys/Arg (P4-P1) was derived from the PS-SCL method. These results show a predilection for cleavage at a cluster of basic amino acids on the nonprime side. Quenched fluorescent substrate (Ala-Lys-Nle-Arg-AMC) (amino methyl coumarin) and (Ala-Leu-Lys-Arg-AMC) had a higher selectivity for FSAP compared to other proteases from the hemostasis system. These substrates could be used to measure FSAP activity in a complex biological system such as plasma. In histone-treated plasma there was a specific activation of pro-FSAP as validated by the use of an FSAP inhibitory antibody, corn trypsin inhibitor to inhibit Factor XIIa and hirudin to inhibit thrombin, which may account for some of the haemostasis-related effects of histones. These results will aid the development of further selective FSAP activity probes as well as specific inhibitors that will help to increase the understanding of the functions of FSAP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandip Kanse
- Dr. Sandip M. Kanse, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Sognvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway, E-mail:
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Toh CH, Alhamdi Y, Abrams ST. Current Pathological and Laboratory Considerations in the Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Ann Lab Med 2017; 36:505-12. [PMID: 27578502 PMCID: PMC5011102 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2016.36.6.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemically sustained thrombin generation in vivo is the hallmark of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Typically, this is in response to a progressing disease state that is associated with significant cellular injury. The etiology could be infectious or noninfectious, with the main pathophysiological mechanisms involving cross-activation among coagulation, innate immunity, and inflammatory responses. This leads to consumption of both pro- and anticoagulant factors as well as endothelial dysfunction and disrupted homeostasis at the blood vessel wall interface. In addition to the release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) following cellular activation and damage, respectively, there is the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as extracellular histones and cell-free DNA. Extracellular histones are increasingly recognized as significantly pathogenic in critical illnesses through direct cell toxicity, the promotion of thrombin generation, and the induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Clinically, high circulating levels of histones and histone–DNA complexes are associated with multiorgan failure, DIC, and adverse patient outcomes. Their measurements as well as that of other DAMPs and molecular markers of thrombin generation are not yet applicable in the routine diagnostic laboratory. To provide a practical diagnostic tool for acute DIC, a composite scoring system using rapidly available coagulation tests is recommended by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Its usefulness and limitations are discussed alongside the advances and unanswered questions in DIC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hock Toh
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Roald Dahl Haemostasis & Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Yasir Alhamdi
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T Abrams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Pozzi N, Di Cera E. Dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1814-8. [PMID: 27359051 PMCID: PMC5035593 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Prothrombin converts slowly to thrombin upon interaction with histone H4. Histone H4 may also affect the reactivity of prothrombin toward factor Xa. Histone H4 enhances or inhibits activation by factor Xa depending on cofactor Va. The results reveal an unanticipated dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation by factor Xa. SUMMARY Background Recent studies have documented the ability of prothrombin to convert to the mature protease thrombin upon interaction with histone H4. The effect is abrogated by mutation of the catalytic Ser and requires the Gla domain. Objectives To explore the effect of histone H4 on the reactivity of prothrombin to its physiological activator factor (F) Xa, free or assembled in the prothrombinase complex. Methods The effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation by FXa and prothrombinase is studied with kinetic assays. The potential epitope of prothrombin recognizing histone H4 is explored with electrostatic calculations using recent crystal structures. Results and Conclusions Binding of histone H4 has a dual effect on prothrombin activation by FXa that is of mechanistic significance: it enhances the reaction > 10-fold in the absence of cofactor Va, but produces complete inhibition in the presence of cofactor. Histone H4 binding to prothrombin produces very slow autoactivation independent of the coagulation cascade and promotes slow thrombin generation by FXa in the absence of phospholipids. In addition, histone H4 has a rapid and drastic inhibitory effect on prothrombin activation by prothrombinase that is likely to dominate pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - E Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Leiting S, Seidl S, Martinez-Palacian A, Muhl L, Kanse SM. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Inhibits the Expression of Factor VII-activating Protease (FSAP) in Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21020-21028. [PMID: 27462075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the Habp2 gene encoding Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) increases liver fibrosis in mice. A single nucleotide polymorphism (G534E) in HABP2 leads to lower enzymatic activity and is associated with enhanced liver fibrosis in humans. Liver fibrosis is associated with a decrease in FSAP expression but, to date, nothing is known about how this might be regulated. Primary mouse hepatocytes or the hepatocyte cell line, AML12, were treated with different factors, and expression of FSAP was determined. Of the various regulatory factors tested, only transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of FSAP expression at the mRNA and protein level. The TGF-β-Type I receptor (ALK-5) antagonist SB431542 and Smad2 siRNA, but neither SIS3, which inhibits SMAD3, nor siRNA against Smad3 could block this effect. Various regions of the HABP2 promoter region were cloned into reporter constructs, and the promoter activity was determined. Accordingly, the promoter activity, which could phenocopy changes in Habp2 mRNA in response to TGF-β, was found to be located in the 177-bp region upstream of the transcription start site, and this region did not contain any SMAD binding sites. Mutation analysis of the promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to identify an important role for the ATF3 binding element. Thus, TGF-β is the most likely mediator responsible for the decrease in FSAP expression in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Leiting
- From the Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- From the Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany, Oslo University Hospital and Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway, and
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Alhamdi Y, Toh CH. The role of extracellular histones in haematological disorders. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:805-11. [PMID: 27062156 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, chromosomal alterations have been extensively investigated for their pathophysiological relevance in haematological malignancies. In particular, epigenetic modifications of intra-nuclear histones are now known as key regulators of healthy cell cycles that have also evolved into novel therapeutic targets for certain blood cancers. Thus, for most haematologists, histones are DNA-chained proteins that are buried deep within chromatin. However, the plot has deepened with recent revelations on the function of histones when unchained and released extracellularly upon cell death or from activated neutrophils as part of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Extracellular histones and NETs are increasingly recognized for profound cytotoxicity and pro-coagulant effects. This article highlights the importance of recognizing this new paradigm of extracellular histones as a key player in host defence through its damage-associated molecular patterns, which could translate into novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in various haematological and critical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alhamdi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Roald Dahl Haemostasis & Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Marsman G, Stephan F, de Leeuw K, Bulder I, Ruinard JT, de Jong J, Westra J, Bultink IE, Voskuyl AE, Aarden LA, Luken BM, Kallenberg CG, Zeerleder S. FSAP-mediated nucleosome release from late apoptotic cells is inhibited by autoantibodies present in SLE. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:762-71. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Femke Stephan
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karina de Leeuw
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bulder
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jessica T. Ruinard
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Jong
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Irene E.M. Bultink
- Department of Rheumatology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre E. Voskuyl
- Department of Rheumatology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lucien A. Aarden
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda M. Luken
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cees G.M. Kallenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Ammollo CT, Semeraro N, Carratù MR, Colucci M, Semeraro F. Histones Differentially Modulate the Anticoagulant and Profibrinolytic Activities of Heparin, Heparin Derivatives, and Dabigatran. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:305-13. [PMID: 26578266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The antithrombin activity of unfractionated heparin (UFH) is offset by extracellular histones, which, along with DNA, represent a novel mediator of thrombosis and a structural component of thrombi. Here, we systematically evaluated the effect of histones, DNA, and histone-DNA complexes on the anticoagulant and profibrinolytic activities of UFH, its derivatives enoxaparin and fondaparinux, and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran. Thrombin generation was assessed by calibrated automated thrombinography, inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin by synthetic substrates, tissue plasminogen activator-mediated clot lysis by turbidimetry, and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) activation by a functional assay. Histones alone delayed coagulation and slightly stimulated fibrinolysis. The anticoagulant activity of UFH and enoxaparin was markedly inhibited by histones, whereas that of fondaparinux was enhanced. Histones neutralized both the anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities of UFH and preferentially blocked the anti-IIa activity of enoxaparin. The anti-Xa activity of fondaparinux was not influenced by histones when analyzed by chromogenic substrates, but was potentiated in a plasma prothrombinase assay. Histones inhibited the profibrinolytic activity of UFH and enoxaparin and enhanced that of fondaparinux by acting on the modulation of TAFI activation by anticoagulants. Histone H1 was mainly responsible for these effects. Histone-DNA complexes, as well as intact neutrophil extracellular traps, impaired the activities of UFH, enoxaparin, and fondaparinux. Dabigatran was not noticeably affected by histones and/or DNA, whatever the assay performed. In conclusion, histones and DNA present in the forming clot may variably influence the antithrombotic activities of anticoagulants, suggesting a potential therapeutic advantage of dabigatran and fondaparinux over heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Tiziana Ammollo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General and Experimental Pathology (C.T.A., N.S., M.C., F.S.), and Section of Pharmacology (M.R.C), University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Semeraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General and Experimental Pathology (C.T.A., N.S., M.C., F.S.), and Section of Pharmacology (M.R.C), University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Carratù
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General and Experimental Pathology (C.T.A., N.S., M.C., F.S.), and Section of Pharmacology (M.R.C), University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Colucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General and Experimental Pathology (C.T.A., N.S., M.C., F.S.), and Section of Pharmacology (M.R.C), University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Semeraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General and Experimental Pathology (C.T.A., N.S., M.C., F.S.), and Section of Pharmacology (M.R.C), University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
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Increased Nucleosomes and Neutrophil Activation Link to Disease Progression in Patients with Scrub Typhus but Not Murine Typhus in Laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003990. [PMID: 26317419 PMCID: PMC4552835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity is essential in protection against rickettsial illnesses, but the role of neutrophils in these intracellular vasculotropic infections remains unclear. This study analyzed the plasma levels of nucleosomes, FSAP-activation (nucleosome-releasing factor), and neutrophil activation, as evidenced by neutrophil-elastase (ELA) complexes, in sympatric Lao patients with scrub typhus and murine typhus. In acute scrub typhus elevated nucleosome levels correlated with lower GCS scores, raised respiratory rate, jaundice and impaired liver function, whereas neutrophil activation correlated with fibrinolysis and high IL-8 plasma levels, a recently identified predictor of severe disease and mortality. Nucleosome and ELA complex levels were associated with a 4.8-fold and 4-fold increased risk of developing severe scrub typhus, beyond cut off values of 1,040 U/ml for nucleosomes and 275 U/ml for ELA complexes respectively. In murine typhus, nucleosome levels associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and the duration of illness, while ELA complexes correlated strongly with inflammation markers, jaundice and increased respiratory rates. This study found strong correlations between circulating nucleosomes and neutrophil activation in patients with scrub typhus, but not murine typhus, providing indirect evidence that nucleosomes could originate from neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation. High circulating plasma nucleosomes and ELA complexes represent independent risk factors for developing severe complications in scrub typhus. As nucleosomes and histones exposed on NETs are highly cytotoxic to endothelial cells and are strongly pro-coagulant, neutrophil-derived nucleosomes could contribute to vascular damage, the pro-coagulant state and exacerbation of disease in scrub typhus, thus indicating a detrimental role of neutrophil activation. The data suggest that increased neutrophil activation relates to disease progression and severe complications, and increased plasma levels of nucleosomes and ELA complexes represent independent risk factors for developing severe scrub typhus. Tropical rickettsial illnesses, especially scrub typhus and murine typhus, are increasingly recognized as a leading cause of treatable undifferentiated febrile illness in Asia, but remain severely neglected and under appreciated diseases in many areas. In this study we investigated the relationship of markers of neutrophil activation and cell death with disease severity in patients with acute scrub typhus and murine typhus in Laos. These easily measurable circulating markers were associated with a 4 to 5-fold increased risk of developing severe clinical disease manifestations in scrub typhus and represent independent predictors of severe disease, and possibly death. We also found strong correlations between circulating markers of cell death and neutrophil activation in patients with scrub typhus, but not murine typhus, providing indirect evidence that neutrophil extracellular traps could contribute to the vascular damage and pro-coagulant state leading to exacerbation of disease in scrub typhus, thus indicating a detrimental role of neutrophil activation. The data suggest that increased neutrophil activation relates to disease progression and severe complications, and increased plasma levels of nucleosomes and ELA complexes represent independent risk factors for developing severe scrub typhus.
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Zhou P, Wu E, Alam HB, Li Y. Histone cleavage as a mechanism for epigenetic regulation: current insights and perspectives. Curr Mol Med 2015; 14:1164-72. [PMID: 25323999 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666141015155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovered over a century ago, histones constitute one of the oldest families of proteins and have been remarkably conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. However, only for the past 30 years have histones demonstrated that their influence extends far beyond packaging DNA. To create the various chromatin structures that are necessary for DNA function in higher eukaryotes, histones undergo posttranslational modifications. While many such modifications are well documented, others, such as histone tail cleavage are less understood. Recent studies have discovered several proteases that cleave histones and have suggested roles for clipped histones in stem cell differentiation and aging in addition to infection and inflammation; the underlying mechanisms, however, are uncertain. One histone class in particular, histone H3, has received outstanding interest due to its numerous N-terminal modification sites and prevalence in regulating homeostatic processes. Here, with special consideration of H3, we will discuss the novel findings regarding histone proteolytic cleavage as well as their significance in the studies of immunology and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y Li
- University of Michigan Medical School, Section of General Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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38
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Kalbitz M, Grailer JJ, Fattahi F, Jajou L, Herron TJ, Campbell KF, Zetoune FS, Bosmann M, Sarma JV, Huber-Lang M, Gebhard F, Loaiza R, Valdivia HH, Jalife J, Russell MW, Ward PA. Role of extracellular histones in the cardiomyopathy of sepsis. FASEB J 2015; 29:2185-93. [PMID: 25681459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the relationship in polymicrobial sepsis (in adult male C57BL/6 mice) between heart dysfunction and the appearance in plasma of extracellular histones. Procedures included induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture and measurement of heart function using echocardiogram/Doppler parameters. We assessed the ability of histones to cause disequilibrium in the redox status and intracellular [Ca(2+)]i levels in cardiomyocytes (CMs) (from mice and rats). We also studied the ability of histones to disturb both functional and electrical responses of hearts perfused with histones. Main findings revealed that extracellular histones appearing in septic plasma required C5a receptors, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), and the Nacht-, LRR-, and PYD-domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. In vitro exposure of CMs to histones caused loss of homeostasis of the redox system and in [Ca(2+)]i, as well as defects in mitochondrial function. Perfusion of hearts with histones caused electrical and functional dysfunction. Finally, in vivo neutralization of histones in septic mice markedly reduced the parameters of heart dysfunction. Histones caused dysfunction in hearts during polymicrobial sepsis. These events could be attenuated by histone neutralization, suggesting that histones may be targets in the setting of sepsis to reduce cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kalbitz
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jamison J Grailer
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Fattahi
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lawrence Jajou
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Todd J Herron
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katherine F Campbell
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Firas S Zetoune
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Vidya Sarma
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Randall Loaiza
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hector H Valdivia
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - José Jalife
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark W Russell
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter A Ward
- *Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Parahuleva MS, Kanse S, Hölschermann H, Zheleva K, Zandt D, Worsch M, Parviz B, Güttler N, Tillmanns H, Böning A, Erdogan A. Association of circulating factor seven activating protease (FSAP) and of oral Omega-3 fatty acids supplements with clinical outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation: the OMEGA-AF study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 37:317-25. [PMID: 23575879 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-013-0921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) activates factor VII (FVII) as well as pro-urokinase (uPA). Our goal was to evaluate the relation between plasma levels of FSAP and clinical instability in atrial fibrillation (AF) and possible effects of oral omega-3 fatty acids (FA) supplements. 101 patients with persistent AF were analyzed in the OMEGA-AF Study. Plasma FSAP levels were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with omega-3 FA. The median FSAP antigen concentration, in contrast to FSAP activity, was higher in patients with persistent AF. The maintenance of SR after successful cardioversion (CV) did not lead to a normalization of FSAP concentration. Supplementation with omega-3 FA but not placebo significantly reduced elevated FSAP concentration. Furthermore, elevated FSAP levels did not indicate a significantly increased risk of recurrence of AF after electrical CV or cardiovascular clinical events during 1 year of follow-up. Plasma FSAP concentration was increased in patients with AF and may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. The possible effects of omega-3 FA on clinical AF potential could be linked with modulation of circulating FSAP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Parahuleva
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Klinikstr. 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany,
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Joshi AU, Orset C, Engelhardt B, Baumgart-Vogt E, Gerriets T, Vivien D, Kanse SM. Deficiency of Factor VII activating protease alters the outcome of ischemic stroke in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:965-75. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. U. Joshi
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
- Chemical & Systems Biology; School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - C. Orset
- Inserm; Inserm UMR-S U919; Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Caen France
| | - B. Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - E. Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - T. Gerriets
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - D. Vivien
- Inserm; Inserm UMR-S U919; Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Caen France
| | - S. M. Kanse
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
- Institute for Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Sognvannsveien 9 Oslo 0372 Norway
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41
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de Jong HK, Koh GCKW, Bulder I, Stephan F, Wiersinga WJ, Zeerleder SS. Diabetes-independent increase of factor VII-activating protease activation in patients with Gram-negative sepsis (melioidosis). J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:41-6. [PMID: 25370187 PMCID: PMC4309501 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasma protease factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) can release nucleosomes from late apoptotic cells. Nucleosomes are markers of cell death, and extracellular cell-free DNA has been suggested to play an important role in inflammation and has been demonstrated to correlate with severity and outcome in sepsis patients. OBJECTIVE To investigate FSAP activation in patients suffering from Burkholderia pseudomallei infection (melioidosis), an important cause of Gram-negative sepsis in Southeast Asia. As diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most important risk factor for both melioidosis and sepsis, we were also able to examine the role of DM in FSAP activation in this cohort of patients. METHODS In a prospective observational study, complexes of FSAP with α2 -antiplasmin (AP) were assayed in 44 patients with melioidosis, 34 of whom were classified as diabetic. Eighty-two healthy subjects served as controls (52 with DM and 30 without). RESULTS FSAP-AP complex levels were markedly elevated in patients as compared with controls. The FSAP level increased by 16.82 AU mL(-1) in patients with melioidosis after adjustment for the effect of DM in the regression model. As expected, FSAP activation was correlated with nucleosome release (slope = 0.74). No difference in FSAP activation on admission was seen between survivors and non-survivors, but the extent of FSAP activation correlated with stage of the disease; repeated testing during convalescence showed a return towards normal values (day 0 vs. day 28, 4.16 AU mL(-1) , 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-12.22). CONCLUSION Patients with Gram-negative sepsis caused by B. pseudomallei have abundant FSAP activation, which significantly correlates with stage of disease. The presence of DM, however, does not influence the extent of FSAP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K de Jong
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G C K W Koh
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - I Bulder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Stephan
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W J Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S S Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
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Subramaniam S, Thielmann I, Morowski M, Pragst I, Sandset PM, Nieswandt B, Etscheid M, Kanse SM. Defective thrombus formation in mice lacking endogenous factor VII activating protease (FSAP). Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:870-80. [PMID: 25427855 DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Factor VII (FVII) activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating protease with a putative function in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Genetic epidemiological studies have implied a role for FSAP in carotid stenosis, stroke and thrombosis. To date, no in vivo evidence is available to support these claims. We have, for the first time, used FSAP-/- mice to define its role in thrombosis and haemostasis in vivo and to characterise the molecular mechanisms involved. FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis in carotid and mesenteric artery revealed that the occlusion time was significantly increased in FSAP-/- mice (p< 0.01) and that some FSAP-/- mice did not occlude at all. FSAP-/- mice were protected from lethal pulmonary thromboembolism induced by collagen/ epinephrine infusion (p< 0.01). Although no spontaneous bleeding was evident, in the tail bleeding assay a re-bleeding pattern was observed in FSAP-/- mice. To explain these observations at a mechanistic level we then determined how haemostasis factors and putative FSAP substrates were altered in FSAP-/- mice. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) levels were higher in FSAP-/- mice compared to WT mice whereas FVIIa levels were unchanged. Other coagulation factors as well as markers of platelet activation and function revealed no significant differences between WT and FSAP-/- mice. This phenotype of FSAP-/- mice could be reversed by application of exogenous FSAP. In conclusion, a lack of endogenous FSAP impaired the formation of stable, occlusive thrombi in mice. The underlying in vivo effect of FSAP is more likely to be related to the modulation of TFPI rather than FVIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandip M Kanse
- Dr. Sandip M. Kanse, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway, Tel.: +47 228 51464, E-mail:
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43
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Dexmedetomidine: a review of applications for cardiac surgery during perioperative period. J Anesth 2014; 122:127-39. [PMID: 24913070 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular and other complications during the perioperative period that translate into increased mortality and prolonged hospital stays. Safe comprehensive perioperative management is required to eliminate these adverse events. Dexmedetomidine is a selective α2-adrenoreceptor agonist that has been described as an ideal medication in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. The major clinical effects of dexmedetomidine in this perioperative period can be summarized as attenuating the hemodynamic response, cardioprotective effects, antiarrhythmic effects, sedation in the ICU setting, treatment of delirium, and procedural sedation. Although there are some side effects of dexmedetomidine, it is emerging as an effective therapeutic agent in the management of a wide range of clinical conditions with an efficacious, safe profile. The present review serves as an overview update in the diverse applications of dexmedetomidine for cardiac surgery during the perioperative period.
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44
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Martinez-Palacian A, Kanse SM, Weiskirchen R. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP): A novel protective factor in liver fibrosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:438-46. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; RWTH University Hospital; Aachen Germany
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Stephan F, Marsman G, Bakker LM, Bulder I, Stavenuiter F, Aarden LA, Zeerleder S. Cooperation of Factor VII-Activating Protease and Serum DNase I in the Release of Nucleosomes From Necrotic Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:686-93. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Stephan
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Marsman
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Liza M. Bakker
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bulder
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, and Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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46
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Barranco-Medina S, Pozzi N, Vogt AD, Di Cera E. Histone H4 promotes prothrombin autoactivation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35749-57. [PMID: 24178300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have documented the ability of prothrombin to spontaneously convert to the mature protease thrombin when Arg-320 becomes exposed to solvent for proteolytic attack upon mutation of residues in the activation domain. Whether prothrombin autoactivation occurs in the wild-type under conditions relevant to physiology remains unknown. Here, we report that binding of histone H4 to prothrombin under physiological conditions generates thrombin by autoactivation. The effect is abrogated by mutation of the catalytic Ser-525 and requires the presence of the Gla domain. Fluorescence titrations document direct binding of histone H4 to prothrombin with an affinity in the low nm range. Stopped flow data and luminescence resonance energy transfer measurements indicate that the binding mechanism obeys conformational selection. Among the two conformations of prothrombin, collapsed and fully extended, histone H4 binds selectively to the collapsed form and induces a transition toward a new conformation where the distance between Ser-101 in kringle-1 and Ser-210 in kringle-2 increases by 13 Å. These findings confirm the molecular plasticity of prothrombin emerged from recent structural studies and suggest that different conformations of the inter-kringle linker domain determine the functional behavior of prothrombin. The results also broaden our mechanistic understanding of the prothrombotic phenotype observed during cellular damage due to the release of histones in the blood stream. Prothrombin autoactivation induced by histone H4 emerges as a mechanism of pathophysiological relevance through which thrombin is generated independently of activation of the coagulation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barranco-Medina
- From the Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
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47
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A methodological and functional proteomic approach of human follicular fluid en route for oocyte quality evaluation. J Proteomics 2013; 90:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Parahuleva MS, Maj R, Hölschermann H, Parviz B, Abdallah Y, Erdogan A, Tillmanns H, Kanse SM. Regulation of monocyte/macrophage function by factor VII activating protease (FSAP). Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:365-72. [PMID: 24075769 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a novel regulator of vascular inflammation and hemostasis. However, the molecular mechanism by which circulating FSAP influences inflammatory events and progression of atherosclerosis is not yet entirely understood. Here we have investigated the influence of FSAP on monocyte/macrophage functions. METHODS We stimulated human monocyte-derived macrophages with FSAP and analyzed their cellular responses. RESULTS FSAP induced IκB-dependent NF-κB activation in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. FSAP also activated the phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation of the inhibitor protein IκBα. The phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB was induced by FSAP, which is known to contribute to the enhancement of DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Concomitantly, FSAP up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, cell adhesion molecules and tissue factor. In the presence of FSAP there was increased monocytes adhesion and transendothelial migration in a beta2 integrin dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that FSAP activates the NF-κB pathway and the associated downstream pro-inflammatory factors in monocytic cells. This adds to a spectrum of FSAP effects on the vascular system that may explain its association with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Parahuleva
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, Innere Medizin I - Kardiologie, Bad Homburg, Germany.
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49
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Roedel EK, Schwarz E, Kanse SM. The factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) enhances the activity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7193-203. [PMID: 23341458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating protease involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, calcification, and fibrotic processes. To understand how FSAP controls the balance of local growth factors, we have investigated its effect on the regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMP-2 is produced as a large pro-form and secreted as a mature heparin-binding growth factor after intracellular processing by pro-protein convertases (PCs). In this study, we discovered that FSAP enhances the biological activity of mature BMP-2 as well as its pro-form, as shown by osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. These findings were complemented by knockdown of FSAP in hepatocytes, which revealed BMP-2 processing by endogenous FSAP. N-terminal sequencing indicated that pro-BMP-2 was cleaved by FSAP at the canonical PC cleavage site, giving rise to mature BMP-2 (Arg(282)↓Gln(283)), as well as in the N-terminal heparin binding region of mature BMP-2, generating a truncated mature BMP-2 peptide (Arg(289)↓Lys(290)). Similarly, mature BMP-2 was also cleaved to a truncated peptide within its N-terminal region (Arg(289)↓Lys(290)). Plasmin exhibited a similar activity, but it was weaker compared with FSAP. Thrombin, Factor VIIa, Factor Xa, and activated protein C were not effective. These results were further supported by the observation that the mutation of the heparin binding region of BMP-2 inhibited the processing by FSAP but not by PC. Thus, the proteolysis and activation of pro-BMP-2 and mature BMP-2 by FSAP can regulate cell differentiation and calcification in vasculature and may explain why polymorphisms in the gene encoding for FSAP are related to vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfie Kathrin Roedel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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50
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Zimmermann HW, Gassler N, Bissels U, Bosio A, Tacke F, Weiskirchen R, Kanse SM. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in liver fibrosis in mice and men. J Hepatol 2013; 58:104-11. [PMID: 22989567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease produced in the liver. A single nucleotide polymorphism (G534E, Marburg I, MI-SNP) in the gene encoding FSAP (HABP2) leads to lower enzymatic activity and is associated with enhanced liver fibrosis in humans. FSAP is activated by damaged cells and its substrates include growth factors and hemostasis proteins. METHODS We have investigated the progression of liver fibrosis in FSAP deficient mice and FSAP expression in human liver fibrosis. RESULTS Serum FSAP concentrations declined in patients with end-stage liver disease, and hepatic FSAP expression was decreased in patients with advanced liver fibrosis and liver inflammation. Moreover, there was an inverse correlation between hepatic FSAP expression and inflammatory chemokines, chemokine receptors as well as pro-fibrotic mediators. Upon experimental bile duct ligation, FSAP(-/-) mice showed enhanced liver fibrosis in comparison to wild type mice, alongside increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I and fibronectin that are markers of stellate cell activation. Microarray analyses indicated that FSAP modulates inflammatory pathways. CONCLUSIONS Lower FSAP expression is associated with enhanced liver fibrosis and inflammation in patients with chronic hepatic disorders and murine experimental liver injury. This strengthens the concept that FSAP is a "protective factor" in liver fibrosis and explains why carriers of the Marburg I SNP have more pronounced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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