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Halloum W, Dughem YA, Beier D, Pellesi L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for headache and pain disorders: a systematic review. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:112. [PMID: 38997662 PMCID: PMC11241973 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a crucial role in metabolic disorders by enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying, thereby improving glycemic control. In recent years, GLP-1 role in neuronal pathways has expanded its therapeutic potential. We aim to comprehensively evaluate the relevance of GLP-1 in headache and pain disorders. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Embase (Ovid) databases using the search terms "GLP-1" and "pain". Animal and human studies published in English language were included. Abstracts, reviews, and articles on other disorders than "pain" were excluded. RESULTS The search strategy identified 833 hits, of which 42 studies were included in the final review. The studies were categorized into four groups: inflammatory pain and osteoarthritis, headaches, neuropathic pain and diabetic neuropathy, and visceral pain and irritable bowel syndrome. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, like liraglutide, have shown analgesic effects by modulating pain hypersensitivity in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. GLP-1 is involved in migraine mechanisms and GLP-1R agonists are beneficial in individuals with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Additionally, GLP-1R agonists reduce visceral hypersensitivity and ameliorate symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic scope of GLP-1R agonists is expanding beyond traditional metabolic targets, highlighting its potential for headache and pain disorders. Engineering bimodal molecules that integrate GLP-1R agonism with specific pain-related mechanisms may offer innovative therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Halloum
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Yousef Al Dughem
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Dagmar Beier
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lanfranco Pellesi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, 5230, Denmark.
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2
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Paramshetti S, Angolkar M, Talath S, Osmani RAM, Spandana A, Al Fatease A, Hani U, Ramesh KVRNS, Singh E. Unravelling the in vivo dynamics of liposomes: Insights into biodistribution and cellular membrane interactions. Life Sci 2024; 346:122616. [PMID: 38599316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes, as a colloidal drug delivery system dating back to the 1960s, remain a focal point of extensive research and stand as a highly efficient drug delivery method. The amalgamation of technological and biological advancements has propelled their evolution, elevating them to their current status. The key attributes of biodegradability and biocompatibility have been instrumental in driving substantial progress in liposome development. Demonstrating a remarkable ability to surmount barriers in drug absorption, enhance stability, and achieve targeted distribution within the body, liposomes have become pivotal in pharmaceutical research. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate details of liposomal drug delivery systems, focusing specifically on their pharmacokinetics and cell membrane interactions via fusion, lipid exchange, endocytosis etc. Emphasizing the nuanced impact of various liposomal characteristics, we explore factors such as lipid composition, particle size, surface modifications, charge, dosage, and administration routes. By dissecting the multifaceted interactions between liposomes and biological barriers, including the reticuloendothelial system (RES), opsonization, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) phenomenon, and Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA) effect, we provide a deeper understanding of liposomal behaviour in vivo. Furthermore, this review addresses the intricate challenges associated with translating liposomal technology into practical applications, offering insights into overcoming these hurdles. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical adoption and patent landscape of liposomes across diverse biomedical domains, shedding light on their potential implications for future research and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Paramshetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mohit Angolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Asha Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - K V R N S Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ekta Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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3
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Dourson AJ, Fadaka AO, Warshak AM, Paranjpe A, Weinhaus B, Queme LF, Hofmann MC, Evans HM, Donmez OA, Forney C, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LC, Lucas D, Deepe GS, Jankowski MP. Macrophage memories of early-life injury drive neonatal nociceptive priming. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114129. [PMID: 38640063 PMCID: PMC11197107 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The developing peripheral nervous and immune systems are functionally distinct from those of adults. These systems are vulnerable to early-life injury, which influences outcomes related to nociception following subsequent injury later in life (i.e., "neonatal nociceptive priming"). The underpinnings of this phenomenon are unclear, although previous work indicates that macrophages are trained by inflammation and injury. Our findings show that macrophages are both necessary and partially sufficient to drive neonatal nociceptive priming, possibly due to a long-lasting remodeling in chromatin structure. The p75 neurotrophic factor receptor is an important effector in regulating neonatal nociceptive priming through modulation of the inflammatory profile of rodent and human macrophages. This "pain memory" is long lasting in females and can be transferred to a naive host to alter sex-specific pain-related behaviors. This study reveals a mechanism by which acute, neonatal post-surgical pain drives a peripheral immune-related predisposition to persistent pain following a subsequent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Dourson
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adewale O Fadaka
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anna M Warshak
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Weinhaus
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Luis F Queme
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Megan C Hofmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heather M Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Omer A Donmez
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carmy Forney
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daniel Lucas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael P Jankowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Pediatric Pain Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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4
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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5
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Tang Y, Du J, Wu H, Wang M, Liu S, Tao F. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Chronic Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:191-203. [PMID: 36173071 PMCID: PMC10788890 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal homeostasis maintained by the gut microbiome and relevant metabolites is essential for health, and its disturbance leads to various intestinal or extraintestinal diseases. Recent studies suggest that gut microbiome-derived metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are involved in different neurological disorders (such as chronic pain). SCFAs are produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers in the gut and contribute to multiple host processes, including gastrointestinal regulation, cardiovascular modulation, and neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis. Although SCFAs have been implicated in the modulation of chronic pain, the detailed mechanisms that underlie such roles of SCFAs remain to be further investigated. In this review, we summarize currently available research data regarding SCFAs as a potential therapeutic target for chronic pain treatment and discuss several possible mechanisms by which SCFAs modulate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Neurology of Xinxiang, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hongfeng Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Dourson AJ, Fadaka AO, Warshak AM, Paranjpe A, Weinhaus B, Queme LF, Hofmann MC, Evans HM, Donmez OA, Forney C, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LT, Lucas D, Deepe GS, Jankowski MP. Macrophage epigenetic memories of early life injury drive neonatal nociceptive priming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528015. [PMID: 36824978 PMCID: PMC9948986 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The developing peripheral nervous and immune systems are functionally distinct from adults. These systems are vulnerable to early life injury, which influences outcomes related to nociception following subsequent injury later in life (neonatal nociceptive priming). The underpinnings of this phenomenon are largely unknown, although previous work indicates that macrophages are epigenetically trained by inflammation and injury. We found that macrophages are both necessary and partially sufficient to drive neonatal nociceptive priming possibly due to a long-lasting epigenetic remodeling. The p75 neurotrophic factor receptor (NTR) was an important effector in regulating neonatal nociceptive priming through modulation of the inflammatory profile of rodent and human macrophages. This pain memory was long lasting in females and could be transferred to a naive host to alter sex-specific pain-related behaviors. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which acute, neonatal post-surgical pain drives a peripheral immune-related predisposition to persistent pain following a subsequent injury.
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7
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Okojie AK, Uweru JO, Coburn MA, Li S, Cao-Dao VD, Eyo UB. Distinguishing the effects of systemic CSF1R inhibition by PLX3397 on microglia and peripheral immune cells. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:242. [PMID: 37865779 PMCID: PMC10590528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are derived from the yolk sac and populate the brain during development. Once microglia migrate to the CNS, they are self-renewing and require CSF1R signaling for their maintenance. Pexidartinib (PLX3397, PLX), a small molecule inhibitor of the CSF1R, has been shown to effectively deplete microglia since microglial maintenance is CSF1R-dependent. There have, however, been several conflicting reports that have shown the potential off-target effects of PLX on peripheral immune cells particularly those of lymphoid origin. Given this controversy in the use of the PLX family of drugs, it has become important to ascertain to what extent PLX affects the peripheral immune profile in lymphoid (spleen, and bone marrow) and non-lymphoid (kidney, lungs, and heart) organs. PLX3397 chow treatment at 660 mg/kg for 7 days significantly reduced CD45+ macrophages, CX3CR1-GFP cells, CD11b+CD45intermediate cells, and P2RY12 expression in the brain. However, there were minimal effects on peripheral immune cells from both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs except in the heart where there was a significant decrease in CD3+ cells, inflammatory and patrolling monocytes, and CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils. We then stimulated the immune system with 1 mg/kg of LPS which resulted in a significant reduction in the number of innate immune cells. In this context, PLX did not alter the cytokine profile in the serum and the brain of naïve mice but did so in the LPS-stimulated group resulting in a significant reduction in TNFα, IL-1α, IFN-γ and IL-1β. Furthermore, PLX did not alter locomotor activity in the open field test suggesting that microglia do not contribute to LPS-induced sickness behavior. Our results provide an assessment of immune cell populations with PLX3397 treatment on brain, lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without and during LPS treatment that can serve as a resource for understanding consequences of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhabue K Okojie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Joseph O Uweru
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Morgan A Coburn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sihan Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vivian D Cao-Dao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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8
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Bian C, Wan Y, Koduri S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Iron-Induced Hydrocephalus: the Role of Choroid Plexus Stromal Macrophages. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:238-249. [PMID: 35543803 PMCID: PMC9794223 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that erythrocyte-derived iron and inflammation both play a role in intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain injury including hydrocephalus. Many immune-associated cells, primarily stromal macrophages, reside at the choroid plexus where they are involved in inflammatory responses and antigen presentation. However, whether intraventricular iron impacts those stromal cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between choroid plexus stromal macrophages and iron-induced hydrocephalus in rats and the impact of minocycline and clodronate liposomes on those changes. Aged (18-month-old) and young (3-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats were used to study choroid plexus stromal macrophages. Rats underwent intraventricular iron injection to induce hydrocephalus and treated with either minocycline, a microglia/macrophage inhibitor, or clodronate liposomes, a macrophage depleting agent. Ventricular volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, and stromal macrophages were quantified by immunofluorescence staining. We found that stromal macrophages accounted for about 10% of the total choroid plexus cells with more in aged rats. In both aged and young rats, intraventricular iron injection resulted in hydrocephalus and increased stromal macrophage number. Minocycline or clodronate liposomes ameliorated iron-induced hydrocephalus and the increase in stromal macrophages. In conclusion, stromal macrophages account for ~10% of all choroid plexus cells, with more in aged rats. Treatments targeting macrophages (minocycline and clodronate liposomes) are associated with reduced iron-induced hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Gelsemine relieves the neuropathic pain by down-regulating DPP4 level in rats. Neurosci Lett 2023; 792:136961. [PMID: 36370955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the previous findings on the relieving role of gelsemine in neuropathic pain, this research aims to further investigate the relevant regulatory mechanism. METHODS Targets of gelsemine were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction. The peripheral neuropathic pain rat model was established by ligating spinal nerves, and then gelsemine (10 μg for one day) or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) oligonucleotides (5 μg/day, for 7 days) was injected into intrathecal bolus of rats. The mechanical threshold (0, 1, 2, 4 h after the last injection) was examined to evaluate the mechanical allodynia of rats. After the mechanical threshold measurement, the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. IBA1- and DPP4-positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn of rats were determined using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays. The expressions of DPP4, IL-1β and TNF-α in the spinal dorsal horn of rats were measured by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS DPP4 was one of the targets of gelsemine. Gelsemine could elevate the down-regulated mechanical threshold, and lessen the up-regulated IBA1- and DPP4-positive cells and expressions of DPP4, IL-1β and TNF-α in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with neuropathic pain. DPP4 overexpression reversed the role of gelsemine in neuropathic pain. CONCLUSION Gelsemine relieves neuropathic pain by down-regulating DPP4 level in rats, providing a novel drug candidate and biomarker for neuropathic pain treatment.
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Pasquini L, Wies Mancini VB, Di Pietro A. Microglia depletion as a therapeutic strategy: friend or foe in multiple sclerosis models? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:267-272. [PMID: 35900401 PMCID: PMC9396475 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic central nervous system demyelinating disease whose onset and progression are driven by a combination of immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is a key player in multiple sclerosis immunopathology, playing specific roles associated with anatomical location and phase of the disease and controlling demyelination and neurodegeneration. Even though reactive microglia can damage tissue and heighten deleterious effects and neurodegeneration, activated microglia also perform neuroprotective functions such as debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. Astrocytes can be activated into pro-inflammatory phenotype A1 through a mechanism mediated by activated neuroinflammatory microglia, which could also mediate neurodegeneration. This A1 phenotype inhibits oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation and is toxic to both oligodendrocytes and neurons. However, astroglial activation into phenotype A2 may also take place in response to neurodegeneration and as a protective mechanism. A variety of animal models mimicking specific multiple sclerosis features and the associated pathophysiological processes have helped establish the cascades of events that lead to the initiation, progression, and resolution of the disease. The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor is expressed by myeloid lineage cells such as peripheral monocytes and macrophages and central nervous system microglia. Importantly, as microglia development and survival critically rely on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor signaling, colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition can almost completely eliminate microglia from the brain. In this context, the present review discusses the impact of microglial depletion through colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition on demyelination, neurodegeneration, astroglial activation, and behavior in different multiple sclerosis models, highlighting the diversity of microglial effects on the progression of demyelinating diseases and the strengths and weaknesses of microglial modulation in therapy design.
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Basilico B, Ferrucci L, Khan A, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Reverte I. What microglia depletion approaches tell us about the role of microglia on synaptic function and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022431. [PMID: 36406752 PMCID: PMC9673171 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells, constantly surveying their surroundings and interacting with neurons and synapses. Indeed, a wealth of knowledge has revealed a critical role of microglia in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the developing brain. In the past decade, novel pharmacological and genetic strategies have allowed the acute removal of microglia, opening the possibility to explore and understand the role of microglia also in the adult brain. In this review, we summarized and discussed the contribution of microglia depletion strategies to the current understanding of the role of microglia on synaptic function, learning and memory, and behavior both in physiological and pathological conditions. We first described the available microglia depletion methods highlighting their main strengths and weaknesses. We then reviewed the impact of microglia depletion on structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Next, we focused our analysis on the effects of microglia depletion on behavior, including general locomotor activity, sensory perception, motor function, sociability, learning and memory both in healthy animals and animal models of disease. Finally, we integrated the findings from the reviewed studies and discussed the emerging roles of microglia on the maintenance of synaptic function, learning, memory strength and forgetfulness, and the implications of microglia depletion in models of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Azka Khan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Davide Ragozzino,
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- Ingrid Reverte,
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Karri J, Doan J, Vangeison C, Catalanotto M, Nagpal AS, Li S. Emerging Evidence for Intrathecal Management of Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:933422. [PMID: 35965596 PMCID: PMC9371595 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.933422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) suffer from chronic neuropathic pain. Unfortunately, the precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have yet to be clearly elucidated and targeted treatments are largely lacking. As an unfortunate consequence, neuropathic pain in the population with SCI is refractory to standard of care treatments and represents a significant contributor to morbidity and suffering. In recent years, advances from SCI-specific animal studies and translational models have furthered our understanding of the neuronal excitability, glial dysregulation, and chronic inflammation processes that facilitate neuropathic pain. These developments have served advantageously to facilitate exploration into the use of neuromodulation as a treatment modality. The use of intrathecal drug delivery (IDD), with novel pharmacotherapies, to treat chronic neuropathic pain has gained particular attention in both pre-clinical and clinical contexts. In this evidence-based narrative review, we provide a comprehensive exploration into the emerging evidence for the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain following SCI, the evidence basis for IDD as a therapeutic strategy, and novel pharmacologics across impactful animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Karri
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jay Karri
| | - James Doan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System—West Roxbury Division, Spinal Cord Injury Service, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christian Vangeison
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marissa Catalanotto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ameet S. Nagpal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas HSC at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Liposome encapsulated clodronate mediated elimination of pathogenic macrophages and microglia: A promising pharmacological regime to defuse cytokine storm in COVID-19. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 15:100136. [PMID: 35721801 PMCID: PMC9190184 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants continues to pose an enormous public health concern. The SARS-CoV-2 infection disrupted host immune response accounting for cytokine storm has been linked to multiorgan failure and mortality in a significant portion of positive cases. Abruptly activated macrophages have been identified as the key pathogenic determinant of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Besides, reactive microglia have been known to discharge a surplus amount of proinflammatory factors leading to neuropathogenic events in the brains of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Considering the fact, depletion of activated macrophages and microglia could be proposed to eradicate the life-threatening cytokine storm in COVID-19. Clodronate, a non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug has been identified as a potent macrophage and microglial depleting agent. While recent advancement in the field of liposome encapsulation technology offers the most promising biological tool for drug delivery, liposome encapsulated clodronate has been reported to effectively target and induce prominent phagocytic cell death in activated macrophages and microglia compared to free clodronate molecules. Thus, in this review article, we emphasize that depletion of activated macrophages and microglial cells by administration of liposome encapsulated clodronate can be a potential therapeutic strategy to diminish the pathogenic cytokine storm and alleviate multiorgan failure in COVID-19. Moreover, recently developed COVID-19 vaccines appear to render the chronic activation of macrophages accounting for immunological dysregulation in some cases. Therefore, the use of liposome encapsulated clodronate can also be extended to the clinical management of unforeseen immunogenic reactions resulting from activated macrophages associated adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines.
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da Silva A, Lepetre-Mouelhi S, Couvreur P. Micro- and nanocarriers for pain alleviation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114359. [PMID: 35654211 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic pain is a major source of impairment in quality of life and affects a substantial part of the population. To date, pain is alleviated by a limited range of treatments with significant toxicity, increased risk of misuse and inconsistent efficacy, owing, in part, to lack of specificity and/or unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Thanks to the unique properties of nanoscaled drug carriers, nanomedicine may enhance drug biodistribution and targeting, thus contributing to improved bioavailability and lower off-target toxicity. After a brief overview of the current situation and the main critical issues regarding pain alleviation, this review will examine the most advanced approaches using nanomedicine of each drug class, from the preclinical stage to approved nanomedicines.
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Sheikholeslami B, Lam NW, Dua K, Haghi M. Exploring the impact of physicochemical properties of liposomal formulations on their in vivo fate. Life Sci 2022; 300:120574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hall MB, Habash NM, Haas NA, Schwarz JM. A method for the selective depletion of microglia in the dorsal hippocampus in the juvenile rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 374:109567. [PMID: 35306037 PMCID: PMC9070732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the role of microglia in brain function and development, methods have emerged to deplete microglia throughout the brain. Liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC) can be infused into the brain to deplete microglia in a brain-region and time-specific manner. NEW METHOD This study validates methodology to deplete microglia in the rat dorsal hippocampus (dHP) during a specific period of juvenile development. Stereotaxic surgery was performed to infuse LEC at postnatal day (P) 16 or 19 into dHP. Rat brains were harvested at various ages to determine specificity of infusion and duration of depletion. RESULTS P19 infusion of LEC into dHP with a 27G syringe depleted microglia in dHP subregions CA1, dentate gyrus (DG), and CA3 from P24-P30. There was also evidence of depletion in parietal cortex above the infusion site. P16 infusion of LEC with a 32 G syringe depleted microglia only in dHP subregions CA1 and DG from P21-P40. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Previous methods have infused LEC intra-hippocampally in adult rats or intra-cerebroventricularly in neonatal rats. This study is the first to publish methodology to deplete microglia in a brain-region specific manner during juvenile rat development. CONCLUSIONS The timing of LEC infusion during the juvenile period can be adjusted to achieve maximal microglia depletion by a specific postnatal day. A 27G needle results in LEC backflow during the infusion, but also allows LEC to reach all subregions of dHP. Infusion with a 32 G needle prevents backflow during infusion, but results in a more local spread of LEC within dHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Hall
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Nicola M Habash
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Nicole A Haas
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Wies Mancini VSB, Di Pietro AA, de Olmos S, Silva Pinto P, Vence M, Marder M, Igaz LM, Marcora MS, Pasquini JM, Correale JD, Pasquini LA. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition attenuates microgliosis and myelin loss but exacerbates neurodegeneration in the chronic cuprizone model. J Neurochem 2021; 160:643-661. [PMID: 34935149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), especially in its progressive phase, involves early axonal and neuronal damage resulting from a combination of inflammatory mediators, demyelination, and loss of trophic support. During progressive disease stages, a microenvironment is created within the central nervous system (CNS) favoring the arrival and retention of inflammatory cells. Active demyelination and neurodegeneration have also been linked to microglia (MG) and astrocyte (AST)-activation in early lesions. While reactive MG can damage tissue, exacerbate deleterious effects, and contribute to neurodegeneration, it should be noted that activated MG possess neuroprotective functions as well, including debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. The progressive form of MS can be modelled by the prolonged administration to cuprizone (CPZ) in adult mice, as CPZ induces highly reproducible demyelination of different brain regions through oligodendrocyte (OLG) apoptosis, accompanied by MG and AST activation and axonal damage. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the effects of a reduction in microglial activation through orally administered brain-penetrant colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor BLZ945 (BLZ) on neurodegeneration and its correlation with demyelination, astroglial activation and behavior in a chronic CPZ-induced demyelination model. Our results show that BLZ treatment successfully reduced the microglial population and myelin loss. However, no correlation was found between myelin preservation and neurodegeneration, as axonal degeneration was more prominent upon BLZ treatment. Concomitantly, BLZ failed to significantly offset CPZ-induced astroglial activation and behavioral alterations. These results should be taken into account when proposing the modulation of microglial activation in the design of therapies relevant for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S B Wies Mancini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella A Di Pietro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Silva Pinto
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Vence
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariel Marder
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lionel M Igaz
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Marcora
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juana M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cornell J, Salinas S, Huang HY, Zhou M. Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:705-716. [PMID: 34472455 PMCID: PMC8530121 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Microglia possess varied morphologies and functions. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia mainly exist in a resting state and constantly monitor their microenvironment and survey neuronal and synaptic activity. Through the C1q, C3 and CR3 “Eat Me” and CD47 and SIRPα “Don’t Eat Me” complement pathways, as well as other pathways such as CX3CR1 signaling, resting microglia regulate synaptic pruning, a process crucial for the promotion of synapse formation and the regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. By mediating synaptic pruning, resting microglia play an important role in the regulation of experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex and visual cortex after whisker removal or monocular deprivation, and also in the regulation of learning and memory, including the modulation of memory strength, forgetfulness, and memory quality. As a response to brain injury, infection or neuroinflammation, microglia become activated and increase in number. Activated microglia change to an amoeboid shape, migrate to sites of inflammation and secrete proteins such as cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species. These molecules released by microglia can lead to synaptic plasticity and learning and memory deficits associated with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and other neurological or mental disorders such as autism, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. With a focus mainly on recently published literature, here we reviewed the studies investigating the role of resting microglia in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, as well as how activated microglia modulate disease-related plasticity and learning and memory deficits. By summarizing the function of microglia in these processes, we aim to provide an overview of microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, and to discuss the possibility of microglia manipulation as a therapeutic to ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cornell
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shelbi Salinas
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Hou-Yuan Huang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Miou Zhou
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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da Silva MCM, Gomes GF, de Barros Fernandes H, da Silva AM, Teixeira AL, Moreira FA, de Miranda AS, de Oliveira ACP. Inhibition of CSF1R, a receptor involved in microglia viability, alters behavioral and molecular changes induced by cocaine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15989. [PMID: 34362959 PMCID: PMC8346567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different data suggest that microglia may participate in the drug addiction process as these cells respond to neurochemical changes induced by the administration of these substances. In order to study the role of microglia in drug abuse, Swiss mice aged 8-9 weeks were treated with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) and submitted to behavioral sensitization or conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Thereafter, brains were used to evaluate the effects of CSF1R inhibition and cocaine administration on morphological, biochemical and molecular changes. CSF1R inhibition attenuated behavioral sensitization, reduced the number of Iba-1+ cells and increased ramification and lengths of the branches in the remaining microglia. Additionally, both cocaine and PLX3397 increased the cell body to total cell size ratio of Iba-1+ cells, as well as CD68+ and GFAP+ stained areas, suggesting an activated pattern of the glial cells. Besides, CSF1R inhibition increased CX3CL1 levels in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced CX3CR1 expression in the hippocampus. In this region, cocaine also reduced BDNF levels, an effect that was enhanced by CSF1R inhibition. In summary, our results suggest that microglia participate in the behavioral and molecular changes induced by cocaine. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of microglia in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Neurobiology Laboratory Conceição Machado, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science McGovern School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Neurobiology Laboratory Conceição Machado, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Joshi HP, Jo HJ, Kim YH, An SB, Park CK, Han I. Stem Cell Therapy for Modulating Neuroinflammation in Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094853. [PMID: 34063721 PMCID: PMC8124149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a complex, debilitating, chronic pain state, heterogeneous in nature and caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Its pathogenesis involves a wide range of molecular pathways. NP treatment is extremely challenging, due to its complex underlying disease mechanisms. Current pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches can provide long-lasting pain relief to a limited percentage of patients and lack safe and effective treatment options. Therefore, scientists are focusing on the introduction of novel treatment approaches, such as stem cell therapy. A growing number of reports have highlighted the potential of stem cells for treating NP. In this review, we briefly introduce NP, current pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments, and preclinical studies of stem cells to treat NP. In addition, we summarize stem cell mechanisms—including neuromodulation in treating NP. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed to provide an overview of the neuroprotective effects of stem cells with particular emphasis on recent translational research regarding stem cell-based treatment of NP, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.P.J.); (S.-B.A.)
- Spinal Cord Research Centre, Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Hyun-Jung Jo
- Gachon Pain Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.-J.J.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Yong-Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.-J.J.); (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Seong-Bae An
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.P.J.); (S.-B.A.)
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.-J.J.); (Y.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: (C.-K.P.); (I.H.)
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (H.P.J.); (S.-B.A.)
- Correspondence: (C.-K.P.); (I.H.)
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21
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Vieira ÉLM, da Silva MCM, Gonçalves AP, Martins GL, Teixeira AL, de Oliveira ACP, Reis HJ. Serotonin and dopamine receptors profile on peripheral immune cells from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 354:577534. [PMID: 33713941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation and immune cells has been demonstrated in neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Leukocytes, as well as inflammatory mediators, contribute to abnormal processes that lead to a reduction in seizure threshold and synaptic reorganization. In this sense, identifying different phenotypes of circulating immune cells is essential to understanding the role of these cells in epilepsy. Immune cells can express a variety of surface markers, including neurotransmitter receptors, such as serotonin and dopamine. Alteration in these receptors expression patterns may affect the level of inflammatory mediators and the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Therefore, in the current study, we evaluated the expression of dopamine and serotonin receptors on white blood cells from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). Blood samples from 17 patients with TLE-HS and 21 controls were collected. PBMC were isolated and stained ex vivo for flow cytometry. We evaluated the expression of serotonin (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT4), and dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) on the cell surface of lymphocytes and innate immune cells (monocytes and granulocytes). Our results demonstrated that innate cells and lymphocytes from patients with TLE-HS showed high mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4 compared to controls. No difference was observed for 5-HT2B. For dopamine receptors, the expression of D1, D2, D4, and D5 receptors was higher on innate cells from patients with TLE-HS when compared to controls for the MFI. Regarding lymphocytes population, D2 expression was increased in patients with TLE-HS. In conclusion, there are alterations in the expression of serotonin and dopamine receptors on immune blood cells of patients with TLE-HS. Although the biological significance of these findings still needs to be further investigated, these changes may contribute to the understanding of TLE-HS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves
- Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Lopes Martins
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte 30260-070, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program and Immuno-Psychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Helton José Reis
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-first consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2018 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (2), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (3) and humans (4), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (5), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (6), stress and social status (7), learning and memory (8), eating and drinking (9), drug abuse and alcohol (10), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (11), mental illness and mood (12), seizures and neurologic disorders (13), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (14), general activity and locomotion (15), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (16), cardiovascular responses (17), respiration and thermoregulation (18), and immunological responses (19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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Lu G, Pang C, Chen Y, Wu N, Li J. Aquaporin 4 is involved in chronic pain but not acute pain. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112810. [PMID: 32681852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that spinal glia plays an important role in the processing of pain, particularly chronic pain. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the predominant water channel exists in astrocytes, has been proved to modulate astrocytic function and thus participate in many diseases of the central nervous system. However, there is still controversy over whether AQP4 is involved in pain modulation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AQP4 on pain by examining chronic inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli-induced acute pain in AQP4 knockout mice. In Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain and spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain models, AQP4-/- mice attenuated pain-related behavioral responses compared with AQP4+/+ mice, demonstrating that AQP4 deficiency relieved chronic inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. In the tail-flick and hot-plate tests, two acute pain models of thermal stimuli, no differences in pain-related behaviors were detected between AQP4+/+ and AQP4-/- mice. In the formalin and capsaicin tests, two models of chemical stimuli-induced acute pain, no differences in the durations of licking the injected hindpaw were found between AQP4+/+ and AQP4-/- mice. In the von Frey hair test, a model of mechanical stimuli-induced acute pain, no significant differences in withdrawal thresholds were found between these two genotypes mice as well. These results indicated that AQP4 deficiency did not affect acute pain induced by thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Taken together, our findings suggested that AQP4 contributes to chronic pain, but not acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chong Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Mert T, Sahin E, Yaman S, Sahin M. Effects of immune cell-targeted treatments result from the suppression of neuronal oxidative stress and inflammation in experimental diabetic rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1293-1302. [PMID: 32361779 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that reduction of immune cell activation as well as their oxidant or inflammatory mediators with minocycline (MCN), liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC), or anti-Ly6G treatments can be neuroprotective approaches in diabetic neuropathy. MCN (40 mg/kg) for reduction of microglial activation, LEC (25 mg/kg) for of macrophage inhibition, or anti-Ly6G (150 μg/kg) for neutrophil suppression injected to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats twice, 3 days, and 1 week (half dose) after STZ. Animal mass and blood glucose levels were measured; thermal and mechanical sensitivities were tested for in pain sensations. The levels of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL8, and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues of rats. LEC significantly reduced the glucose level of diabetic rats compared with drug control. However, MCN or anti-LY6G did not change the glucose level. While diabetic rats showed a marked decrease in both thermal and mechanical sensations, all treatments alleviated these abnormal sensations. The levels of chemokines and oxidative stress parameters increased in diabetic rats. All drug treatments significantly decreased the CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL8 levels of spinal cord tissues and ameliorated the neuronal oxidative stress compared with control treatments. Present findings suggest that the neuroprotective actions of MCN, LEC, or anti-Ly6G treatments may be due to the modulation of neuronal oxidative stress and/or inflammatory mediators of immune cells in diabetic rats with neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tufan Mert
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Emel Sahin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Selma Yaman
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Tang X, Wu H, Mao X, Li X, Wang Y. The GLP-1 receptor herbal agonist morroniside attenuates neuropathic pain via spinal microglial expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:494-499. [PMID: 32595037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the protective effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist morroniside against neuropathic pain and its downstream mechanisms of activating microglial GLP-1R/interleukin-10 (IL-10)/β-endorphin antinociceptive pathway. METHODS Spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain rats were intrathecally injected with morroniside, with mechanical paw withdrawal threshold being assessed. The expression of spinal and cultured microglia IL-10 and β-endorphin were detected with qRT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS Morroniside alleviated mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats, which was blocked by inhibiting or depleting microglia. In addition, neutralizing spinal IL-10 or β-endorphin with specialized antibodies or blocking the μ-opioid receptor was able to fully reverse the morroniside-induced mechanical antiallodynia. Morroniside treatment stimulated the gene expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin in the spinal lumbar enlargements of neuropathic rats as well as in primary cultured microglia. Furthermore, pretreatment with the IL-10 antibody blocked morroniside-stimulated β-endorphin expression in the spinal cords of neuropathic rats and cultured primary microglia, whereas the β-endorphin antibody failed to affect morroniside-stimulated gene expression of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that morroniside produces therapeutic effects in neuropathy through spinal microglial expression of IL-10 and subsequent β-endorphin after activation of GLP-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Tang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haiyun Wu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaofang Mao
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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26
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Kuthati Y, Navakanth Rao V, Busa P, Tummala S, Davuluri Venkata Naga G, Wong CS. Scope and Applications of Nanomedicines for the Management of Neuropathic Pain. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1015-1027. [PMID: 32142287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, resulting from the dysfunction of the peripheral and central nervous system, occurs in a variety of pathological conditions including trauma, diabetes, cancer, HIV, surgery, multiple sclerosis, ischemic attack, alcoholism, spinal cord damage, and many others. Despite the availability of various treatment strategies, the percentage of patients achieving adequate pain relief remains low. The clinical failure of most effective drugs is often not due to a lack of drug efficacy but due to the dose-limiting central nervous system (CNS) toxicity of the drugs that preclude dose escalation. There is a need for cross-disciplinary collaborations to meet these challenges. In this regard, the integration of nanotechnology with neuroscience is one of the most important fields. In recent years, promising preclinical research has been reported in this field. This review highlights the current challenges associated with conventional neuropathic pain treatments, the scope for nanomaterials in delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier, and the state and prospects of nanomaterials for the management of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 280, Taiwan
| | - Vaikar Navakanth Rao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Prabhakar Busa
- Department of Life Sciences, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Srikrishna Tummala
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei 280, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 280, Taiwan
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27
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Tzschentke TM. Pharmacology of bisphosphonates in pain. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 178:1973-1994. [PMID: 31347149 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of pain, in particular, chronic pain, remains a clinical challenge. This is particularly true for pain associated with severe or rare conditions, such as bone cancer pain, vulvodynia, or complex regional pain syndrome. Over the recent years, there is an increasing interest in the potential of bisphosphonates in the treatment of pain, although there are few papers describing antinociceptive and anti-hypersensitizing effects of bisphosphonates in various animal models of pain. There is also increasing evidence for clinical efficacy of bisphosphonates in chronic pain states, although the number of well-controlled studies is still limited. However, the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of bisphosphonates are still largely elusive. This review provides an overview of preclinical and clinical studies of bisphosphonates in pain and discusses various pharmacological mechanisms that have been postulated to explain their analgesic effects. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The molecular pharmacology of bone and cancer-related bone diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.9/issuetoc.
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28
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Microglial Cells Depletion Increases Inflammation and Modifies Microglial Phenotypes in an Animal Model of Severe Sepsis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7296-7304. [PMID: 31020614 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is highly prevalent and has impact both in early and late morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms by which sepsis induces brain dysfunction include neuroinflammation, disrupted blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, and microglial activation, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these events are not completely understood. Our objective was to determine the effects of microglial depletion in the early systemic and brain inflammatory response and its impact in phenotypes expression in an animal model of sepsis. Animals were subjected to CLP, and depletion of microglial cells was accomplished by administration of (Lipo)-encapsulated clodronate and microglial repopulation by doxycycline. Clod-lip treatment was effective in decreasing microglia density in the hippocampus of animals. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in the CLP+PBS, and liposomes administration increased even further these cytokines mainly 7 days, suggesting that microglial depletion exacerbates both local and systemic inflammation. In contrast, repopulation with doxycycline was able to revert the cytokine levels in both serum and cerebral structures on day 7 and 14 after repopulation. There were no differences in the correlation between M1 and M2 markers by real-time PCR, but immunohistochemistry showed significant increase in CD11b expression in CLP+PBS with greater expression in CLP + liposomes in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the depletion of microglia during severe sepsis development could be associated with early exacerbation of brain and systemic inflammation and repopulation is able to revert this condition, once a rapid neurological recovery is noticed until 7 days after sepsis.
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Han J, Zhu K, Zhang X, Harris RA. Enforced microglial depletion and repopulation as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Glia 2018; 67:217-231. [PMID: 30378163 PMCID: PMC6635749 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are prominent immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical players in both neurological development and homeostasis, and in neurological diseases when dysfunctional. Our previous understanding of the phenotypes and functions of microglia has been greatly extended by a dearth of recent investigations. Distinct genetically defined subsets of microglia are now recognized to perform their own independent functions in specific conditions. The molecular profiling of single microglial cells indicates extensively heterogeneous reactions in different neurological disorders, resulting in multiple potentials for crosstalk with other kinds of CNS cells such as astrocytes and neurons. In settings of neurological diseases it could thus be prudent to establish effective cell‐based therapies by targeting entire microglial networks. Notably, activated microglial depletion through genetic targeting or pharmacological therapies within a suitable time window can stimulate replenishment of the CNS niche with new microglia. Additionally, enforced repopulation through provision of replacement cells also represents a potential means of exchanging dysfunctional with functional microglia. In each setting the newly repopulated microglia might have the potential to resolve ongoing neuroinflammation. In this review, we aim to summarize the most recent knowledge of microglia and to highlight microglial depletion and subsequent repopulation as a promising cell replacement therapy. Although glial cell replacement therapy is still in its infancy and future translational studies are still required, the approach is scientifically sound and provides new optimism for managing the neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation induced by activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Keying Zhu
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Xing‐Mei Zhang
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
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30
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Wu HY, Mao XF, Tang XQ, Ali U, Apryani E, Liu H, Li XY, Wang YX. Spinal interleukin-10 produces antinociception in neuropathy through microglial β-endorphin expression, separated from antineuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:504-519. [PMID: 29928964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is antinociceptive in various animal models of pain without induction of tolerance, and its mechanism of action was generally believed to be mediated by inhibition of neuroinflammation. Here we reported that intrathecal IL-10 injection dose dependently attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesiain male and female neuropathic rats, with ED50 values of 40.8 ng and 24 ng, and Emax values of 61.5% MPE and 100% MPE in male rats. Treatment with IL-10 specifically increased expression of the β-endorphin (but not prodynorphin) gene and protein in primary cultures of spinal microglia but not in astrocytes or neurons. Intrathecal injection of IL-10 stimulated β-endorphin expression from microglia but not neurons or astrocytes in both contralateral and ipsilateral spinal cords of neuropathic rats. However, intrathecal injection of the β-endorphin neutralizing antibody, opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, or μ-opioid receptor antagonist CTAP completely blocked spinal IL-10-induced mechanical antiallodynia, while the microglial inhibitor minocycline and specific microglia depletor reversed spinal IL-10-induced β-endorphin overexpression and mechanical antiallodynia. IL-10 treatment increased spinal microglial STAT3 phosphorylation, and the STAT3 inhibitor NSC74859 completely reversed IL-10-increased spinal expression of β-endorphin and neuroinflammatory cytokines and mechanical antiallodynia. Silence of the Bcl3 and Socs3 genes nearly fully reversed IL-10-induced suppression of neuroinflammatory cytokines (but not expression of β-endorphin), although it had no effect on mechanical allodynia. In contrast, disruption of the POMC gene completely blocked IL-10-stimulated β-endorphin expression and mechanical antiallodynia, but had no effect on IL-10 inhibited expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines. Thus this study revealed that IL-10 produced antinociception through spinal microglial β-endorphin expression, but not inhibition of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Wu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Mao
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xue-Qi Tang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Usman Ali
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Evhy Apryani
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China.
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31
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Sun ML, Ao JP, Wang YR, Huang Q, Li TF, Li XY, Wang YX. Lappaconitine, a C18-diterpenoid alkaloid, exhibits antihypersensitivity in chronic pain through stimulation of spinal dynorphin A expression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2559-2571. [PMID: 29926144 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lappaconitine is a representative C18-diterpenoid alkaloid extracted from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai and has been prescribed as a pain relief medicine in China for more than 30 years. This study evaluated its antihypersensitivity activity in the rat models of neuropathic and cancer pains and explored its underlying mechanisms. Subcutaneous injection of cumulative doses of lappaconitine produced dose-dependent mechanical antiallodynia and thermal antihyperalgesia in spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic rats. The cumulative dose-response analysis exhibited their Emax values of 53.3 and 58.3% MPE, and ED50 values of 1.1 and 1.6 mg/kg. Single intrathecal lappaconitine dose in neuropathy also dose- and time-dependently blocked mechanical allodynia, with an Emax of 66.1% MPE and an ED50 of 0.8 μg. Its multiple twice-daily intrathecal administration over 7 days did not induce mechanical antiallodynic tolerance. Subcutaneous cumulative doses of lappaconitine also produced dose-dependent blockade of mechanical allodynia in the rat bone cancer pain model induced by tibia implantation of cancer cells, with the Emax of 57.9% MPE and ED50 of 2.0 mg/kg. Furthermore, lappaconitine treatment stimulated spinal dynorphin A expression in neuropathic rats, and in primary cultures of microglia but not neurons or astrocytes. Intrathecal pretreatment with the specific microglia depletor liposome-encapsulated clodronate, dynorphin A antibody, and κ-opioid receptor antagonist GNTI totally suppressed intrathecal and subcutaneous lappaconitine-induced mechanical antiallodynia. This study suggests that lappaconitine exhibits antinociception through directly stimulating spinal microglial dynorphin A expression. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Sun
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun-Ping Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Rui Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Huang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Teng-Fei Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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