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CAPS1 Suppresses Tumorigenesis in Cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1053-1063. [PMID: 31562609 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CAPS1 (calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion) is a multi-domain protein involved in regulating exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and dense-core vesicles. However, the expression and function of CAPS1 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains unclear. In the present study, we explored the role of CAPS1 in CCA carcinogenesis. METHODS CAPS1 expression was explored using western blotting and immunohistochemistry in four CCA cell lines and clinical samples from 90 cases of CCA. The clinical significance of CAPS1 was analyzed. The biological function of CAPS1 in CCA cells was detected in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism of CAPS1 function was explored by detecting the expression of critical molecules in its associated signaling pathways. The mechanism of CAPS1 downregulation in tumor tissues was explored using in silico prediction and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS CAPS1 expression was reduced in CCA cell lines and human tumor tissues. Loss of CAPS1 in tumor tissues was closely associated with poor prognosis of patients with CCA. Moreover, CAPS1 expression correlated significantly with tumor-node-metastasis stage, lymph node metastasis, and vascular invasion. Lentivirus-mediated CAPS1 overexpression substantially prevented clone formation, cell proliferation, and cell cycle progression. CAPS1 overexpression also suppressed carcinogenesis in nude mice. Mechanistically, CAPS1 overexpression greatly accelerated the ERK and p38 MAPK signal pathways. In addition, microRNA miR-30e-5p negatively regulated CAPS1 expression. CONCLUSION These data showed that CAPS1 functions as a tumor suppressor in CCA. Reduced CAPS1 expression could indicate poor prognosis of patients with CCA.
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Yang Q, Wu P, Wang K, Chen D, Zhou J, Ma J, Li M, Xiao W, Jiang A, Jiang Y, Bai L, Zhu L, Li X, Tang G. SNPs associated with body weight and backfat thickness in two pig breeds identified by a genome-wide association study. Genomics 2019; 111:1583-1589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pham Ba VA, Cho DG, Hong S. Nafion-Radical Hybrid Films on Carbon Nanotube Transistors for Monitoring Antipsychotic Drug Effects on Stimulated Dopamine Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9716-9723. [PMID: 30775906 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed floating electrode-based carbon nanotube biosensors for the monitoring of antipsychotic drug effects on the dopamine release from PC12 cells under potassium stimulation. Here, carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with floating electrodes were functionalized with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•) radicals by Nafion films. This method allows us to build selective biosensors for dopamine detection with a detection limit down to 10 nM even in the presence of other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and acetylcholine, resulting from the selective interaction between ABTS• radicals and dopamine. The sensors were also utilized to monitor the real-time release of dopamine from PC12 cells upon the stimulation of high-concentrated potassium solutions. Significantly, the antipsychotic effects of pimozide on the dopamine release from potassium-stimulated PC12 cells could also be evaluated in a concentration-dependent manner by using the sensors. The quantitative and real-time evaluation capability of our strategy should provide a versatile tool for many biomedical studies and applications.
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Shinoda Y, Sadakata T, Akagi T, Sakamaki Y, Hashikawa T, Sano Y, Furuichi T. Calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2) deficiency causes abnormal synapse development in hippocampal mossy fiber terminals. Neurosci Lett 2018; 677:65-71. [PMID: 29689341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal mossy fibers (MFs) project from dentate gyrus granule cells onto the CA2-CA3 region. MF-mediated synaptic transmission plays an important role in hippocampal learning and memory. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MF synaptic development and subsequent functional organization are not fully understood. We previously reported that calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2, also known as CAPS2) regulates the secretion of dense-core vesicles (DCVs). Because CADPS2 is strongly expressed in MF terminals, we hypothesized that CADPS2 regulates the development and functional organization of MF synapses by controlling the secretion of DCVs and their contents. To test this, we compared the synaptic microstructures of hippocampal MF terminals in Cadps2 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice by electron microscopy (EM). On postnatal day 15 (P15), KO mice exhibited morphological abnormalities in MF boutons, including smaller bouton size, a larger number of DCVs and a smaller number of post-synaptic densities (PSDs), compared with WT mice. In adults (P56), MF boutons were larger in KO mice. Synaptic vesicles (SVs) were increased but with a lower density compared with the WT. Furthermore, the number of SVs was decreased near the active zone. Moreover, MF-innervated CA3 postsynapses in KO mice displayed aberrant structures at the postsynaptic density (PSD), with an increased number of PSDs (likely because of a larger number of perforated PSDs), compared with WT mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that CADPS2 plays a critical role in MF synaptic development and functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Shinoda
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takumi Akagi
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan; Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan; Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hashikawa
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Wang XH, Souders CL, Zhao YH, Martyniuk CJ. Paraquat affects mitochondrial bioenergetics, dopamine system expression, and locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:106-117. [PMID: 29031050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dipyridyl herbicide paraquat induces oxidative stress in cells and is implicated in adult neurodegenerative diseases. However, less is known about paraquat toxicity in early stages of vertebrate development. To address this gap, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 1, 10 and 100 μM paraquat for 96 h. Paraquat did not induce significant mortality nor deformity in embryos and larvae, but it did accelerate time to hatch. To evaluate whether mitochondrial respiration was related to earlier hatch times, oxygen consumption rate was measured in whole embryos. Maximal respiration of embryos exposed to 100 μM paraquat for 24 h was reduced by more than 70%, suggesting that paraquat negatively impacts mitochondrial bioenergetics in early development. Based upon this evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, transcriptional responses of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes were measured. Fish exposed to 1 μM paraquat showed higher expression levels of superoxide dismutase 2, heat shock protein 70, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2a compared to control fish. No differences among groups were detected in larvae exposed to 10 and 100 μM paraquat, suggesting a non-monotonic response. We also measured endpoints related to larval behavior and dopaminergic signaling as paraquat is associated with degeneration of dopamine neurons. Locomotor activity was stimulated with 100 μM paraquat and dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor 3 mRNA levels were increased in larvae exposed to 1 μM paraquat, interpreted to be a compensatory response at lower concentrations. This study improves mechanistic understanding into the toxic actions of paraquat on early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao H Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Deletion Involving the 7q31-32 Band at the CADPS2 Gene Locus in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Recurrent Psychotic Syndrome Triggered by Stress. Case Rep Psychiatry 2017; 2017:4254152. [PMID: 29201482 PMCID: PMC5671701 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4254152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impairments in social functioning, language, communication, and behavior. Recent genome-wide association studies show some microdeletions on the 7q31-32 region, including the CADPS2 locus in autistic patients. This paper reports the case of a patient with ASD and recurrent psychotic syndrome, in which a deletion on the 7q31-32 band at the CADPS2 gene locus was evidenced, as well as a brief review of the literature on the CADPS2 gene and its association with ASD.
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Obergasteiger J, Überbacher C, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Corti C, Volta M. CADPS2 gene expression is oppositely regulated by LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28647363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2) is a member of the CAPS/CADPS protein family that plays crucial roles in synaptic vesicle dynamics. Genomic variability in the CADPS2 gene has been associated to autism spectrum disorders and Alzheimer's disease, both characterized by altered neurotransmission. Biological evidence also linked CADPS2 to Parkinson's disease (PD), as a disease-causing mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) was reported to increase CADPS2 gene and protein expression. Furthermore, restoration of CADPS2 physiologic levels was able to provide neuroprotection in patient-derived neurons, consistent with the synaptic dysfunction postulated to underlie PD. However, little is known about the influence of PD-related proteins on transcriptional regulation of critical synaptic genes such as CADPS2. Here we aimed at investigating the transcriptional effects of LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein (aSyn) on CADPS2 gene expression, using a combination of in silico analyses and cell biology techniques. First, we identified a predicted promoter in the human CADPS2 genomic sequence, which we then utilized in a luciferase-based gene reporter assay. This approach enabled us to disclose a differential effect of high levels of LRRK2 and aSyn on CADPS2 promoter activity. Specifically, CADPS2 transcriptional activity was enhanced by high cellular levels of LRRK2 and reduced by overexpression of aSyn. Consistently, CADPS2 mRNA levels were diminished in aSyn overexpressing cells. Our results indicate that LRRK2 and aSyn participate in the dysregulation of CADPS2 by altering transcription and support the hypothesis that synaptic dysfunctions, through different mechanisms, might contribute to the neuronal defects of diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Obergasteiger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christa Überbacher
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Böhler 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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High-throughput proteomics reveal alarmins as amplifiers of tissue pathology and inflammation after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21607. [PMID: 26899371 PMCID: PMC4761922 DOI: 10.1038/srep21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is characterized by acute cellular and axonal damage followed by aggressive inflammation and pathological tissue remodelling. The biological mediators underlying these processes are still largely unknown. Here we apply an innovative proteomics approach targeting the enriched extracellular proteome after spinal cord injury for the first time. Proteomics revealed multiple matrix proteins not previously associated with injured spinal tissue, including small proteoglycans involved in cell-matrix adhesion and collagen fibrillogenesis. Network analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics datasets uncovered persistent overexpression of extracellular alarmins that can trigger inflammation via pattern recognition receptors. In mechanistic experiments, inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) revealed the involvement of alarmins in inflammatory gene expression, which was found to be dominated by IL1 and NFκΒ signalling. Extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) was identified as the likely endogenous regulator of IL1 expression after injury. These data reveal a novel tissue remodelling signature and identify endogenous alarmins as amplifiers of the inflammatory response that promotes tissue pathology and impedes neuronal repair after spinal cord injury.
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Redina OE, Smolenskaya SE, Klimov LO, Markel AL. Candidate genes in quantitative trait loci associated with absolute and relative kidney weight in rats with Inherited Stress Induced Arterial Hypertension. BMC Genet 2015; 16 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 25707311 PMCID: PMC4331803 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-16-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kidney mass is significantly increased in hypertensive ISIAH rats with Inherited Stress Induced Arterial Hypertension as compared with normotensive WAG rats. The QTL/microarray approach was carried out to determine the positional candidate genes in the QTL for absolute and relative kidney weight. RESULTS Several known and predicted genes differentially expressed in ISIAH and WAG kidney were mapped to genetic loci associated with the absolute and relative kidney weight in 6-month old F2 hybrid (ISIAHxWAG) males. The knowledge-driven filtering of the list of candidates helped to suggest several positional candidate genes, which may be related to the structural and mass changes in hypertensive ISIAH kidney. CONCLUSIONS The further experimental validation of causative genes and detection of polymorphisms will provide opportunities to advance our understanding of the underlying nature of structural and mass changes in hypertensive ISIAH kidney.
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Ye J, Yang Z, Li C, Cai M, Zhou D, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Wang T, Liu Y. NF-κB signaling and vesicle transport are correlated with the reactivation of the memory trace of morphine dependence. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:142. [PMID: 25012590 PMCID: PMC4227096 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine has been widely used as a clinical anesthetic and analgesic. However, abuse of morphine might result in psychological and physiological dependence. Previous studies have indicated that memory mechanisms play critical roles in morphine dependence. METHODS Morphine dependence was established in mice utilizing place preference conditioning (CPP). We observed changes in the methylome and transcriptome of the nucleus accumbens during the reactivation of the memory trace. We also monitored for changes in the methylome and transcriptome of mice that were acutely exposed to morphine. RESULTS We detected 165 and 18 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 6 and 24 significant methyl-sensitive cut counting (MSCC) windows in the acute morphine treatment and the CPP model, respectively. The changes in the methylome and transcriptome during the acute treatment were mainly caused by a response to the morphine stimulus; most of the DEGs were correlated with hormone or transcription factor activity regulation. The expression levels of Lcn2 and Hspb1, which participate in the activation of NF-κB, were significantly decreased in the CPP morphine treatment model. Besides, the alternative splicing of the curtailed isoform of Caps1 was significantly increased in the CPP morphine-treated group, and the methylation levels of Arf4, Vapa, and Gga3 were decreased. These genes play critical roles in the regulation of the Golgi network. CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that NF-κB signaling and vesicular transport are correlated with the reactivation of the memory trace in morphine-dependent mice. The results obtained in our study agree with previous observations and identify additional candidate genes for further research. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1196707364133126.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Axonal localization of Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 is critical for subcellular locality of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 release affecting proper development of postnatal mouse cerebellum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99524. [PMID: 24923991 PMCID: PMC4055771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2) is a protein that is essential for enhanced release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) from cerebellar granule cells. We previously identified dex3, a rare alternative splice variant of CAPS2, which is overrepresented in patients with autism and is missing an exon 3 critical for axonal localization. We recently reported that a mouse model CAPS2Δex3/Δex3 expressing dex3 showed autistic-like behavioral phenotypes including impaired social interaction and cognition and increased anxiety in an unfamiliar environment. Here, we verified impairment in axonal, but not somato-dendritic, localization of dex3 protein in cerebellar granule cells and demonstrated cellular and physiological phenotypes in postnatal cerebellum of CAPS2Δex3/Δex3 mice. Interestingly, both BDNF and NT-3 were markedly reduced in axons of cerebellar granule cells, resulting in a significant decrease in their release. As a result, dex3 mice showed developmental deficits in dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells, vermian lobulation and fissurization, and granule cell precursor proliferation. Paired-pulse facilitation at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses was also impaired. Together, our results indicate that CAPS2 plays an important role in subcellular locality (axonal vs. somato-dendritic) of enhanced BDNF and NT-3 release, which is indispensable for proper development of postnatal cerebellum.
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Bonora E, Graziano C, Minopoli F, Bacchelli E, Magini P, Diquigiovanni C, Lomartire S, Bianco F, Vargiolu M, Parchi P, Marasco E, Mantovani V, Rampoldi L, Trudu M, Parmeggiani A, Battaglia A, Mazzone L, Tortora G, Maestrini E, Seri M, Romeo G. Maternally inherited genetic variants of CADPS2 are present in autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability patients. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:795-809. [PMID: 24737869 PMCID: PMC4203356 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex neuropsychiatric conditions, with overlapping clinical boundaries in many patients. We identified a novel intragenic deletion of maternal origin in two siblings with mild ID and epilepsy in the CADPS2 gene, encoding for a synaptic protein involved in neurotrophin release and interaction with dopamine receptor type 2 (D2DR). Mutation screening of 223 additional patients (187 with ASD and 36 with ID) identified a missense change of maternal origin disrupting CADPS2/D2DR interaction. CADPS2 allelic expression was tested in blood and different adult human brain regions, revealing that the gene was monoallelically expressed in blood and amygdala, and the expressed allele was the one of maternal origin. Cadps2 gene expression performed in mice at different developmental stages was biallelic in the postnatal and adult stages; however, a monoallelic (maternal) expression was detected in the embryonal stage, suggesting that CADPS2 is subjected to tissue- and temporal-specific regulation in human and mice. We suggest that CADPS2 variants may contribute to ID/ASD development, possibly through a parent-of-origin effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bonora
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Graziano
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Minopoli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Magini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Diquigiovanni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Lomartire
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianco
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Vargiolu
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Neurology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Vilma Mantovani
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy CRBA, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Trudu
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Agatino Battaglia
- Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Giada Tortora
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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A 92-gene cancer classifier predicts the site of origin for neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:44-54. [PMID: 23846576 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma is often morphologically straight-forward; however, the tumor site of origin may remain elusive in a metastatic presentation. Neuroendocrine tumor subtyping has important implications for staging and patient management. In this study, the novel use and performance of a 92-gene molecular cancer classifier for determination of the site of tumor origin are described in a series of 75 neuroendocrine tumors (44 metastatic, 31 primary; gastrointestinal (n=12), pulmonary (n=22), Merkel cell (n=10), pancreatic (n=10), pheochromocytoma (n=10), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (n=11)). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples passing multicenter pathologist adjudication were blinded and tested by a 92-gene molecular assay that predicts tumor type/subtype based upon relative quantitative PCR expression measurements for 87 tumor-related and 5 reference genes. The 92-gene assay demonstrated 99% (74/75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-0.99) accuracy for classification of neuroendocrine carcinomas and correctly subtyped the tumor site of origin in 95% (71/75; 95% CI 0.87-0.98) of cases. Analysis of gene expression subsignatures within the 92-gene assay panel showed 4 genes with promising discriminatory value for tumor typing and 15 genes for tumor subtyping. The 92-gene classifier demonstrated excellent accuracy for classifying and determining the site of origin in tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation. These results show promise for use of this test to aid in classifying neuroendocrine tumors of indeterminate primary site, particularly in the metastatic setting.
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Paemka L, Mahajan VB, Skeie JM, Sowers LP, Ehaideb SN, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Sasaoka T, Tao H, Miyagi A, Ueno N, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Wu S, Darbro BW, Ferguson PJ, Pieper AA, Britt JK, Wemmie JA, Rudd DS, Wassink T, El-Shanti H, Mefford HC, Carvill GL, Manak JR, Bassuk AG. PRICKLE1 interaction with SYNAPSIN I reveals a role in autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80737. [PMID: 24312498 PMCID: PMC3849077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent comorbidity of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) with epilepsy suggests a shared underlying genetic susceptibility; several genes, when mutated, can contribute to both disorders. Recently, PRICKLE1 missense mutations were found to segregate with ASD. However, the mechanism by which mutations in this gene might contribute to ASD is unknown. To elucidate the role of PRICKLE1 in ASDs, we carried out studies in Prickle1(+/-) mice and Drosophila, yeast, and neuronal cell lines. We show that mice with Prickle1 mutations exhibit ASD-like behaviors. To find proteins that interact with PRICKLE1 in the central nervous system, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen with a human brain cDNA library and isolated a peptide with homology to SYNAPSIN I (SYN1), a protein involved in synaptogenesis, synaptic vesicle formation, and regulation of neurotransmitter release. Endogenous Prickle1 and Syn1 co-localize in neurons and physically interact via the SYN1 region mutated in ASD and epilepsy. Finally, a mutation in PRICKLE1 disrupts its ability to increase the size of dense-core vesicles in PC12 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest PRICKLE1 mutations contribute to ASD by disrupting the interaction with SYN1 and regulation of synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Paemka
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Skeie
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Levi P. Sowers
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Salleh N. Ehaideb
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tao
- Hospital for Sick Kids, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asuka Miyagi
- Developmental Biology Department, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki City, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Developmental Biology Department, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki City, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shu Wu
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin W. Darbro
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Polly J. Ferguson
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah K. Britt
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John A. Wemmie
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Rudd
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wassink
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hatem El-Shanti
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Shafallah Medical Genetics Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heather C. Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gemma L. Carvill
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Manak
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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15
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Seeman P. Are dopamine D2 receptors out of control in psychosis? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:146-52. [PMID: 23880595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is known that schizophrenia patients are behaviorally supersensitive to dopamine-like drugs (amphetamine, methylphenidate). There is evidence for an increased release of dopamine, a slight increase of dopamine D2 receptors and an increase of dopamine D2High receptors in schizophrenia, all possibly explaining the clinical supersensitivity to dopamine. The elevation in apparent D2High receptors in vivo in schizophrenia matches the elevation in D2High receptors in many animal models of psychosis. The increased amounts of D2High receptors in psychotic-like behavior in animals may result from a loss of control of D2 by various factors. These factors include the rate of phosphorylation and desensitization of D2 receptors by kinases, the attachment of arrestin to D2 receptors, internalization of D2 receptors, the rate of receptor de-phosphorylation, formation of D2 receptor dimers, and GTP regulation by various GTPases. While at present there are no statistically significant associations of any of these controlling factors and their genes with schizophrenia, investigation of D2High receptors in schizophrenia will require a new radioligand in order to selectively label D2High receptors in vivo in patients. Finally, haloperidol reduces the number of D2High receptors that are elevated by amphetamine, indicating that this therapeutic effect may occur clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Seeman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 260 Heath Street, West, unit 605, Toronto, Ontario M5P 3L6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 260 Heath Street, West, unit 605, Toronto, Ontario, M5P 3L6, Canada.
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16
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Kabbani N, Nordman JC. Capture of D2 dopamine receptor signaling complexes in striatal cells for mass spectrometry proteomic analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 964:43-60. [PMID: 23296777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-251-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years advancements in proteomic techniques have contributed to the understanding of protein interaction networks (Interactomes) in various cell types. Today, high throughput proteomics promises to define virtually all of the components of a signaling and a regulatory network within cells for various molecules including membrane-spanning receptors. The D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) is a primary mediator of dopamine transmission in the brain. Signaling through D2Rs has been linked to dopamine-mediated effects on motivation, reward, locomotion and addiction to drugs of abuse. In the striatum, the D2R is a key mediatory of dopamine transmission. Actions on this receptor are an important pharmacological property of various drugs including typical antipsychotics and drugs of abuse. Here we provide an approach for the identification protein interaction networks of the D2R within striatal cells. We discuss key assays and techniques, such as cellular membrane protein fractionation, western blot analysis, magnetic bead coimmunoprecipitation, and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization (LC-ESI) mass spectrometry, that can be used for the isolation and characterization of D2R protein interaction networks. This approach presents a reliable method for the identification and characterization of D2R signaling within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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17
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Reduced axonal localization of a Caps2 splice variant impairs axonal release of BDNF and causes autistic-like behavior in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21104-9. [PMID: 23213205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210055109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2)(+)-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2 or CADPS2) potently promotes the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A rare splicing form of CAPS2 with deletion of exon3 (dex3) was identified to be overrepresented in some patients with autism. Here, we generated Caps2-dex3 mice and verified a severe impairment in axonal Caps2-dex3 localization, contributing to a reduction in BDNF release from axons. In addition, circuit connectivity, measured by spine and interneuron density, was diminished globally. The collective effect of reduced axonal BDNF release during development was a striking and selective repertoire of deficits in social- and anxiety-related behaviors. Together, these findings represent a unique mouse model of a molecular mechanism linking BDNF-mediated coordination of brain development to autism-related behaviors and patient genotype.
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18
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Blood CADPS2ΔExon3 expression is associated with intelligence and memory in healthy adults. Biol Psychol 2012; 89:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Hattori K, Tanaka H, Wakabayashi C, Yamamoto N, Uchiyama H, Teraishi T, Hori H, Arima K, Kunugi H. Expression of Ca²⁺-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 is increased in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1738-43. [PMID: 21601610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2), a secretory granule associate protein, mediates monoamine transmission and the release of neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the expression of CADPS2deltaExon3, a defective splice variant of CADPS2, has been reported to be associated with autism. Based on these observations, we examined whether expression levels of CADPS2 and CADPS2deltaExon3 are altered in psychiatric disorders. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for postmortem frontal cortex tissues (BA6) from 15 individuals with schizophrenia, 15 with bipolar disorder, 15 with major depression, and 15 controls (Stanley neuropathology consortium). The mean CADPS2 expression levels normalized to human glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or TATA-box binding protein levels was found to be significantly increased in the brains of the schizophrenia group, compared to the control group. On the other hand, the ratio of CADPS2deltaExon3 to total CADPS2 was similar in the 4 diagnostic groups. We then analyzed CADPS2 expression in blood samples from 121 patients with schizophrenia and 318 healthy controls; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Chronic risperidone treatment did not alter the expression of CADPS2 in frontal cortex of mice. The observed increase in the expression of CADPS2 may be related to the impaired synaptic function in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan.
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20
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Souza BR, Tropepe V. The role of dopaminergic signalling during larval zebrafish brain development: a tool for investigating the developmental basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:107-19. [PMID: 21615265 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment depends on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the overall pattern of neurogenesis and neural circuit formation, which has a direct impact on behaviour. Defects in dopamine signalling and brain morphology at a relatively early age, and mutations in neurodevelopmental genes are strongly correlated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. This evidence supports the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental origin of at least some forms of mental illness. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an important vertebrate model system in biomedical research. The ease with which intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be altered during early development, the relatively conserved dopaminergic circuit organisation in the larval brain, and the emergence of simple sensorimotor behaviours very early in development are some of the appealing features that make this organism advantageous for developmental brain and behaviour research. Thus, examining the impact of altered dopamine signalling and disease related genetic aberrations during zebrafish development presents a unique opportunity to holistically analyse the in vivo biochemical, morphological and behavioural significance of altered dopamine signalling during a crucial period of development using a highly tractable vertebrate model organism. Ultimately, this information will shed new light on potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and perhaps serve as a paradigm for investigating the neurodevelopmental origin of other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rezende Souza
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, ON, Canada
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21
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Björk K, Svenningsson P. Modulation of monoamine receptors by adaptor proteins and lipid rafts: role in some effects of centrally acting drugs and therapeutic agents. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:211-42. [PMID: 20887195 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The monoamines and their cognate receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and are vital for normal brain function. Dysfunction in these systems underlies several psychiatric and neurological disease states, and consequently monoamines are targets of a host of pharmacotherapies. This review provides an overview on how monoamine receptors are regulated by adaptor proteins and lipid rafts with emphasis on interactions in nerve cells. Monoamine receptors have prominent intracellular loops that provide binding sites for adaptor proteins. Receptor function is further modulated by cholesterol and submembranous microdomains termed lipid rafts. These interactions determine several facets of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function including trafficking, localization, and signaling. Possible roles of adaptor proteins and lipid rafts in disease states and in mediating actions of drugs and therapeutic agents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Björk
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Butler AW, Breen G, Tozzi F, Craddock N, Gill M, Korszun A, Maier W, Middleton LT, Mors O, Owen MJ, Perry J, Preisig M, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Jones L, Farmer AE, Lewis CM, McGuffin P. A genomewide linkage study on suicidality in major depressive disorder confirms evidence for linkage to 2p12. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1465-73. [PMID: 20886545 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is commonly associated with depression. Twin studies indicate that both suicidality and major depressive disorder (MDD) are heritable. However, epidemiological evidence suggests that the inheritance of suicidality is likely to be independent of the underlying psychiatric disorder, implying a distinct genetic contribution to suicidality. We conducted a genomewide linkage search aiming to detect genomic loci that may harbor susceptibility genes contributing to risk for suicidality in recurrent MDD. Affected sibling pair (ASP) variance components analysis was performed using the Depression Network cohort of 971 ASPs. The quantitative trait measuring suicidality as a broad phenotype, encompassing ideation and suicide attempts, was established from Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry interview items. We examined 1,060 genotyped microsatellite markers with an average spacing of 3.3 cM. Empirical thresholds for linkage evidence were set by whole-genome simulations (LOD = 2.71 for genomewide significance, 1.71 for suggestive linkage). No genomewide significant findings were found. Marker D3S1234 on 3p14 achieved suggestive linkage and yielded a maximum LOD of 1.853 (P = 0.0017), loci 9p24.3 and 18q22-q23 achieved LOD scores >1.5. We found some support for linkage to 2p12 (LOD = 1.2, P = 0.0087) which was previously implicated in linkage studies of suicidality. Our follow-up meta-analysis of five studies showed strong linkage to this region (P = 2 × 10(-6) ). In conclusion, this study analyzed suicidality as a continuous trait in MDD. We found modest evidence for linkage on 3p14. Our meta-analysis supports previous evidence of linkage to suicidality on 2p12. Some candidate genes in these regions may plausibly be implicated in suicidality. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Butler
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Current perspectives on the selective regulation of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1521-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Wang M, Pei L, Fletcher PJ, Kapur S, Seeman P, Liu F. Schizophrenia, amphetamine-induced sensitized state and acute amphetamine exposure all show a common alteration: increased dopamine D2 receptor dimerization. Mol Brain 2010; 3:25. [PMID: 20813060 PMCID: PMC2942879 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background All antipsychotics work via dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs), suggesting a critical role for D2Rs in psychosis; however, there is little evidence for a change in receptor number or pharmacological nature of D2Rs. Recent data suggest that D2Rs form dimers in-vitro and in-vivo, and we hypothesized that schizophrenia, as well as preclinical models of schizophrenia, would demonstrate altered dimerization of D2Rs, even though the overall number of D2Rs was unaltered. Methods We measured the expression of D2Rs dimers and monomers in patients with schizophrenia using Western blots, and then in striatal tissue from rats exhibiting the amphetamine-induced sensitized state (AISS). We further examined the interaction between D2Rs and the dopamine transporter (DAT) by co-immunoprecipitation, and measured the expression of dopamine D2High receptors with ligand binding assays in rat striatum slices with or without acute amphetamine pre-treatment. Results We observed significantly enhanced expression of D2Rs dimers (277.7 ± 33.6%) and decreased expression of D2Rs monomers in post-mortem striatal tissue of schizophrenia patients. We found that amphetamine facilitated D2Rs dimerization in both the striatum of AISS rats and in rat striatal neurons. Furthermore, amphetamine-induced D2Rs dimerization may be associated with the D2R-DAT protein-protein interaction as an interfering peptide that disrupts the D2R-DAT coupling, blocked amphetamine-induced up-regulation of D2Rs dimerization. Conclusions Given the fact that amphetamine induces psychosis and that the AISS rat is a widely accepted animal model of psychosis, our data suggest that D2R dimerization may be important in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may be a promising new target for novel antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wang C, Zhou J, Wang S, Ye M, Jiang C, Fan G, Zou H. Combined Comparative and Chemical Proteomics on the Mechanisms of levo-Tetrahydropalmatine-Induced Antinociception in the Formalin Test. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3225-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
| | - Jiangrui Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
| | - Shuowen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
| | - Chunlei Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
| | - Guorong Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No.325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, No.457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Department of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
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Jin J, Kittanakom S, Wong V, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Stagljar I, Berrettini W, Levenson R. Interaction of the mu-opioid receptor with GPR177 (Wntless) inhibits Wnt secretion: potential implications for opioid dependence. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:33. [PMID: 20214800 PMCID: PMC2841195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid agonist drugs produce analgesia. However, long-term exposure to opioid agonists may lead to opioid dependence. The analgesic and addictive properties of opioid agonist drugs are mediated primarily via the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). Opioid agonists appear to alter neuronal morphology in key brain regions implicated in the development of opioid dependence. However, the precise role of the MOR in the development of these neuronal alterations remains elusive. We hypothesize that identifying and characterizing novel MOR interacting proteins (MORIPs) may help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of opioid dependence. RESULTS GPR177, the mammalian ortholog of Drosophila Wntless/Evi/Sprinter, was identified as a MORIP in a modified split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screen. GPR177 is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays a critical role in mediating Wnt protein secretion from Wnt producing cells. The MOR/GPR177 interaction was validated in pulldown, coimmunoprecipitation, and colocalization studies using mammalian tissue culture cells. The interaction was also observed in rodent brain, where MOR and GPR177 were coexpressed in close spatial proximity within striatal neurons. At the cellular level, morphine treatment caused a shift in the distribution of GPR177 from cytosol to the cell surface, leading to enhanced MOR/GPR177 complex formation at the cell periphery and the inhibition of Wnt protein secretion. CONCLUSIONS It is known that chronic morphine treatment decreases dendritic arborization and hippocampal neurogenesis, and Wnt proteins are essential for these processes. We therefore propose that the morphine-mediated MOR/GPR177 interaction may result in decreased Wnt secretion in the CNS, resulting in atrophy of dendritic arbors and decreased neurogenesis. Our results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for GPR177 in regulating cellular response to opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Physical and functional interaction between the dopamine transporter and the synaptic vesicle protein synaptogyrin-3. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4592-604. [PMID: 19357284 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4559-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake through the dopamine transporter (DAT) represents the primary mechanism used to terminate dopaminergic transmission in brain. Although it is well known that dopamine (DA) taken up by the transporter is used to replenish synaptic vesicle stores for subsequent release, the molecular details of this mechanism are not completely understood. Here, we identified the synaptic vesicle protein synaptogyrin-3 as a DAT interacting protein using the split ubiquitin system. This interaction was confirmed through coimmunoprecipitation experiments using heterologous cell lines and mouse brain. DAT and synaptogyrin-3 colocalized at presynaptic terminals from mouse striatum. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, we show that both proteins interact in live neurons. Pull-down assays with GST (glutathione S-transferase) proteins revealed that the cytoplasmic N termini of both DAT and synaptogyrin-3 are sufficient for this interaction. Furthermore, the N terminus of DAT is capable of binding purified synaptic vesicles from brain tissue. Functional assays revealed that synaptogyrin-3 expression correlated with DAT activity in PC12 and MN9D cells, but not in the non-neuronal HEK-293 cells. These changes were not attributed to changes in transporter cell surface levels or to direct effect of the protein-protein interaction. Instead, the synaptogyrin-3 effect on DAT activity was abolished in the presence of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor reserpine, suggesting a dependence on the vesicular DA storage system. Finally, we provide evidence for a biochemical complex involving DAT, synaptogyrin-3, and VMAT2. Collectively, our data identify a novel interaction between DAT and synaptogyrin-3 and suggest a physical and functional link between DAT and the vesicular DA system.
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Sadakata T, Furuichi T. Developmentally regulated Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2) is involved in BDNF secretion and is associated with autism susceptibility. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 8:312-22. [PMID: 19238500 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The postnatal development of the cerebellum is accomplished via a series of cytogenetic and morphogenetic events encoded in the genome. To decipher the underlying genetic basis of these events we have systematized the spatio-temporal gene expression profiles during mouse cerebellar development in the Cerebellar Development Transcriptome Database (CDT-DB). Using the CDT-DB, Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2 or CADPS2) was identified as a developmentally regulated gene that is predominantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) with an expression peak around the first or second postnatal week. CAPS2 protein is concentrated in parallel fiber (PF) terminals and is associated with secretory vesicles containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). CAPS2 enhances release of BDNF and NT-3, both of which are essential for normal cerebellar development. CAPS2-deficient (CAPS2(-/-)) mice show reduced secretion of BDNF and NT-3; consequently, the cerebella of these mice exhibit developmental deficits, such as delayed development and increased cell death in GCs, fewer branched dendrites on Purkinje cells (PCs), and loss of the intercrural fissure. The PF-PC synapses have aberrant cytoarchitectures and electrophysiological properties. These abnormal cellular and morphological phenotypes are more severe around the cerebellar vermis, in which hypoplasia has been reported in autism patients. Moreover, CAPS2(-/-) mice had fewer cortical and hippocampal parvalbumin-positive interneurons and some autistic-like behavioral phenotypes. In the CAPS2 genes of some autistic patients an aberrant splicing variant and non-synonymous SNPs have been identified. These recent studies implicate CAPS2 in autism susceptibility. Therefore, CAPS2(-/-) mice will be a useful model animal in which to study aspects of the neuropathology and behaviors characteristic of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Sadakata
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Gilchrist A. A perspective on more effective GPCR-targeted drug discovery efforts. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:375-89. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Interaction with dopamine D2 receptor enhances expression of transient receptor potential channel 1 at the cell surface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:974-82. [PMID: 18261457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor signaling is mediated by direct protein interaction with various types of cytoskeletal, adapter, effector, and additional receptor molecules. In brain tissue and in cultured neurons, activation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) has been found to impact cellular calcium signaling. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we have uncovered a direct physical interaction between the D2R and the transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) subtypes 1, 4 and 5. The TRPC/D2R interaction was further validated by GST-pulldown assays and coimmunoprecipitation from mammalian brain. Ultrastructural analysis of TRPC1 and D2R expression indicates colocalization of the two proteins within the cell body and dendrites of cortical neurons. In cultured cells, expression of D2Rs was found to increase expression of TRPC1 at the cell surface by 50%. These findings shed new light on the constituents of the D2R signalplex, and support the involvement of D2Rs in cellular calcium signaling pathways via a novel link to TRPC channels.
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Kabbani N, Levenson R. A proteomic approach to receptor signaling: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications derived from discovery of the dopamine D2 receptor signalplex. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 572:83-93. [PMID: 17662712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent research in cell signaling has shown that the assembly of G protein coupled receptors into signaling complexes or signalplexes represents the primary mechanism by which receptor-mediated signaling is established and maintained. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding protein interactions that comprise the dopamine D2 receptor signalplex within the brain. Studies based on conventional and advanced two-hybrid methodologies, as well as bioinformatic and computational analysis of sequence information from completed genomes have demonstrated interactions between dopamine D2 receptors and a cohort of dopamine receptor interacting proteins (DRIPs). DRIP interactions appear to regulate key aspects of receptor function including the signaling and membrane trafficking of dopamine D2 receptors. Disruptions or modifications of the signalplex, using membrane permeant competing peptide or dominant negative approaches, may represent promising new strategies for the selective targeting of the dopamine D2 receptor in cells and in native tissue. DRIP interactions provide a novel platform for understanding the mechanisms of dopamine receptor signaling, and for the potential development of novel treatments for brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Neuroscience, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France.
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Alternative splicing variations in mouse CAPS2: differential expression and functional properties of splicing variants. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:25. [PMID: 17428348 PMCID: PMC1853102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ca2+-dependent activator protein 2 (CAPS2/CADPS2) is a secretory vesicle-associated protein involved in the release of neurotrophin. We recently reported that an aberrant, alternatively spliced CAPS2 mRNA that lacks exon 3 (CAPS2Δexon3) is detected in some patients with autism. Splicing variations in mouse CAPS2 and their expression and functions remain unclear. Results In this study, we defined 31 exons in the mouse CAPS2 gene and identified six alternative splicing variants, CAPS2a-f. CAPS2a is an isoform lacking exons 22 and 25, which encode part of the Munc13-1-homologous domain (MHD). CAPS2b lacks exon 25. CAPS2c lacks exons 11 and 22. CAPS2d, 2e, and 2f have C-terminal deletions from exon 14, exon 12, and exon 5, respectively. On the other hand, a mouse counterpart of CAPS2Δexon3 was not detected in the mouse tissues tested. CAPS2b was expressed exclusively in the brain, and the other isoforms were highly expressed in the brain, but also in some non-neural tissues. In the brain, all isoforms showed predominant expression patterns in the cerebellum. In the developing cerebellum, CAPS2b showed an up-regulated expression pattern, whereas the other isoforms exhibited transiently peaked expression patterns. CAPS2 proteins were mostly recovered in soluble fractions, but some were present in membrane fractions, except for CAPS2c and 2f, both of which lack the PH domain, suggesting that the PH domain is important for membrane association. In contrast to CAPS2a and 2b, CAPS2c showed slightly decreased BDNF-releasing activity, which is likely due to the C-terminal truncation of the PH domain in CAPS2c. Conclusion This study indicates that, in mouse, there are six splicing variants of CAPS2 (CAPS2a-f), and that these are subdivided into two groups: a long form containing the C-terminal MHD and a short form lacking the C-terminal MHD. These results demonstrate that the splicing variations correlate with their expression patterns and intracellular distribution, and affect BDNF release; however, whether or not the short forms possess activities other than BDNF release, for example as natural dominant-negative isoforms, remains to be determined.
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Sadakata T, Kakegawa W, Mizoguchi A, Washida M, Katoh-Semba R, Shutoh F, Okamoto T, Nakashima H, Kimura K, Tanaka M, Sekine Y, Itohara S, Yuzaki M, Nagao S, Furuichi T. Impaired cerebellar development and function in mice lacking CAPS2, a protein involved in neurotrophin release. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2472-82. [PMID: 17344385 PMCID: PMC6672497 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2279-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2/CADPS2) is a secretory granule-associated protein that is abundant at the parallel fiber terminals of granule cells in the mouse cerebellum and is involved in the release of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both of which are required for cerebellar development. The human homolog gene on chromosome 7 is located within susceptibility locus 1 of autism, a disease characterized by several cerebellar morphological abnormalities. Here we report that CAPS2 knock-out mice are deficient in the release of NT-3 and BDNF, and they consequently exhibit suppressed phosphorylation of Trk receptors in the cerebellum; these mice exhibit pronounced impairments in cerebellar development and functions, including neuronal survival, differentiation and migration of postmitotic granule cells, dendritogenesis of Purkinje cells, lobulation between lobules VI and VII, structure and vesicular distribution of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, paired-pulse facilitation at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, rotarod motor coordination, and eye movement plasticity in optokinetic training. Increased granule cell death of the external granular layer was noted in lobules VI-VII and IX, in which high BDNF and NT-3 levels are specifically localized during cerebellar development. Therefore, the deficiency of CAPS2 indicates that CAPS2-mediated neurotrophin release is indispensable for normal cerebellar development and functions, including neuronal differentiation and survival, morphogenesis, synaptic function, and motor learning/control. The possible involvement of the CAPS2 gene in the cerebellar deficits of autistic patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, and
| | | | - Ritsuko Katoh-Semba
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisako Nakashima
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, and
| | - Kazushi Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan, and
| | | | | | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Sadakata T, Washida M, Iwayama Y, Shoji S, Sato Y, Ohkura T, Katoh-Semba R, Nakajima M, Sekine Y, Tanaka M, Nakamura K, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Mori N, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Ichikawa H, Itohara S, Yoshikawa T, Furuichi T. Autistic-like phenotypes in Cadps2-knockout mice and aberrant CADPS2 splicing in autistic patients. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:931-43. [PMID: 17380209 PMCID: PMC1821065 DOI: 10.1172/jci29031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism, characterized by profound impairment in social interactions and communicative skills, is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder, and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2; also known as CAPS2) mediates the exocytosis of dense-core vesicles, and the human CADPS2 is located within the autism susceptibility locus 1 on chromosome 7q. Here we show that Cadps2-knockout mice not only have impaired brain-derived neurotrophic factor release but also show autistic-like cellular and behavioral phenotypes. Moreover, we found an aberrant alternatively spliced CADPS2 mRNA that lacks exon 3 in some autistic patients. Exon 3 was shown to encode the dynactin 1-binding domain and affect axonal CADPS2 protein distribution. Our results suggest that a disturbance in CADPS2-mediated neurotrophin release contributes to autism susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Sadakata
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miwa Washida
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shoji
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yumi Sato
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkura
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Katoh-Semba
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nakajima
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sekine
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mika Tanaka
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sevilla D. Detera-Wadleigh
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ichikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis and Laboratory
for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
Tokyo Metropolitan Umegaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research,
Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. Research Resource
Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan. Department of
Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics,
RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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Sadakata T, Itakura M, Kozaki S, Sekine Y, Takahashi M, Furuichi T. Differential distributions of the Ca2+ -dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2006; 495:735-53. [PMID: 16506193 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS/Cadps) family consists of two members, CAPS1 and CAPS2, and plays an important role in secretory granule exocytosis. It has been shown that CAPS1 regulates catecholamine release from neuroendocrine cells, whereas CAPS2 is involved in the release of two neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), from parallel fibers of cerebellar granule cells. Although both CAPS proteins are expressed predominantly in the brain, their cellular and regional distributions in the brain are largely unknown. In this study we analyzed the immunohistochemical distributions of the CAPS family proteins in the mouse brain. In most areas of the embryonic nervous system CAPS1 and CAPS2 proteins were complementarily expressed. In the postnatal brain, CAPS1 was widespread at different levels. On the other hand, CAPS2 was localized to distinct cell types and fibers of various brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, hippocampal formation, thalamus, mesencephalic tegmentum, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord, except for some regions that overlapped with CAPS1. These CAPS2 cellular distribution patterns had the marked feature of coinciding with those of BDNF in various brain regions. Immunolabels for CAPS2 were also colocalized with those for some proteins related to exocytosis (VAMP and SNAP-25) and endocytosis (Dynamin I) in the cell soma and processes of the mesencephalic tegmentum and cerebellum, suggesting that these proteins might be involved in the dynamics of CAPS2-associated vesicles, although their colocalization on vesicles remains elusive. These results demonstrate that the CAPS family proteins are involved in the secretion of different secretory substances in developing and postnatal brains, and that CAPS2 is probably involved in BDNF secretion in many brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Sadakata
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-1098, Japan
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Haynes LP, Fitzgerald DJ, Wareing B, O'Callaghan DW, Morgan A, Burgoyne RD. Analysis of the interacting partners of the neuronal calcium-binding proteins L-CaBP1, hippocalcin, NCS-1 and neurocalcin delta. Proteomics 2006; 6:1822-32. [PMID: 16470652 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signals are transduced by the binding of Ca2+ to sensor proteins, which subsequently modify the activity of their target proteins. Identification of these target proteins is, therefore, important for an understanding of cellular signalling processes. We have investigated the binding partners of four EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins. Three proteins of the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family, hippocalcin, NCS-1 and neurocalcin delta were prepared as N-terminally tagged GST fusion proteins, and the less closely related protein L-CaBP1 was prepared in both N- and C-terminally tagged forms, the latter requiring generation of a new vector. Immobilised fusion proteins were used to purify binding partners from bovine brain cytosol and membrane extracts in the presence of 1 microM free Ca2+. Bound proteins were eluted with Ca2+-free and high-salt buffers and eluted proteins were identified by MALDI-MS and Western blotting. New protein targets detected included ARF1, Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 1, cyclic nucleotide 3',5'-phosphodiesterase, the vacuolar ATPase, AP1 and AP2 complexes and the type I TGF-beta receptor. While certain of these interactions occurred with more than one of the Ca2+-binding proteins, others were found to be specific targets for particular Ca2+ sensors, and many of these did not overlap with known calmodulin-binding proteins. These findings provide new clues to the functional roles of the neuronal calcium sensor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee P Haynes
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Kabbani N, Levenson R. Antipsychotic-induced alterations in D2 dopamine receptor interacting proteins within the cortex. Neuroreport 2006; 17:299-301. [PMID: 16462601 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000199460.24412.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic treatment involves the regulation of D2 dopamine receptor activity in the brain. Here, we examined the effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine on cortical D2 dopamine receptors and six different dopamine receptor interacting proteins. Using comparative immunoblot analysis, we found that treatment with either haloperidol or clozapine increased D2 dopamine receptors, calcium activator protein for secretion, protein 4.1N, and neuronal calcium sensor-1 expression. Treatment with clozapine increased calmodulin and spinophilin expression, while treatment with haloperidol decreased expression of these two dopamine receptor interacting proteins. Neither antipsychotic drug was found to have an effect on filamin-A expression. These findings underscore a role for cortical D2 dopamine receptor in the mechanism of antipsychotic drug action, and suggest dopamine receptor interacting proteins as novel targets in antipsychotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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