1
|
Pochini L, Galluccio M, Console L, Scalise M, Eberini I, Indiveri C. Inflammation and Organic Cation Transporters Novel (OCTNs). Biomolecules 2024; 14:392. [PMID: 38672410 PMCID: PMC11048549 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological condition characterized by a complex interplay between different cells handled by metabolites and specific inflammatory-related molecules. In some pathological situations, inflammation persists underlying and worsening the pathological state. Over the years, two membrane transporters namely OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) have been shown to play specific roles in inflammation. These transporters form the OCTN subfamily within the larger SLC22 family. The link between these proteins and inflammation has been proposed based on their link to some chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, the two transporters show the ability to mediate the transport of several compounds including carnitine, carnitine derivatives, acetylcholine, ergothioneine, and gut microbiota by-products, which have been specifically associated with inflammation for their anti- or proinflammatory action. Therefore, the absorption and distribution of these molecules rely on the presence of OCTN1 and OCTN2, whose expression is modulated by inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors typically activated by inflammation. In the present review, we wish to provide a state of the art on OCTN1 and OCTN2 transport function and regulation in relationships with inflammation and inflammatory diseases focusing on the metabolic signature collected in different body districts and gene polymorphisms related to inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Console
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walker MA, Chen H, Yadav A, Ritterhoff J, Villet O, McMillen T, Wang Y, Purcell H, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Isoherranen N, Tian R. Raising NAD + Level Stimulates Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Proteins to Alleviate Heart Failure Independent of Mitochondrial Protein Deacetylation. Circulation 2023; 148:2038-2057. [PMID: 37965787 PMCID: PMC10842390 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to increase cellular NAD+ (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) level have prevented cardiac dysfunction in multiple models of heart failure, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Little is known about the benefits of NAD+-based therapies in failing hearts after the symptoms of heart failure have appeared. Most pretreatment regimens suggested mechanisms involving activation of sirtuin, especially Sirt3 (sirtuin 3), and mitochondrial protein acetylation. METHODS We induced cardiac dysfunction by pressure overload in SIRT3-deficient (knockout) mice and compared their response with nicotinamide riboside chloride treatment with wild-type mice. To model a therapeutic approach, we initiated the treatment in mice with established cardiac dysfunction. RESULTS We found nicotinamide riboside chloride improved mitochondrial function and blunted heart failure progression. Similar benefits were observed in wild-type and knockout mice. Boosting NAD+ level improved the function of NAD(H) redox-sensitive SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase) family proteins. Upregulation of Mrpp2 (mitochondrial ribonuclease P protein 2), a multifunctional SDR protein and a subunit of mitochondrial ribonuclease P, improves mitochondrial DNA transcripts processing and electron transport chain function. Activation of SDRs in the retinol metabolism pathway stimulates RXRα (retinoid X receptor α)/PPARα (proliferator-activated receptor α) signaling and restores mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Downregulation of Mrpp2 and impaired mitochondrial ribonuclease P were found in human failing hearts, suggesting a shared mechanism of defective mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse and human heart failure. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify SDR proteins as important regulators of mitochondrial function and molecular targets of NAD+-based therapy. Furthermore, the benefit is observed regardless of Sirt3-mediated mitochondrial protein deacetylation, a widely held mechanism for NAD+-based therapy for heart failure. The data also show that NAD+-based therapy can be useful in pre-existing heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Walker
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Hongye Chen
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Aprajita Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Julia Ritterhoff
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Outi Villet
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Tim McMillen
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hayley Purcell
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of
Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Jiang L, Xue L, Wang Y, Sun Y, Fan M, Qian H, Wang L, Li Y. The Enhancement of Acylcarnitine Metabolism by 5-Heptadecylresorcinol in Brown Adipose Tissue Contributes to Improving Glucose and Lipid Levels in Aging Male Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4597. [PMID: 37960251 PMCID: PMC10649465 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Heptadecylresorcinol (AR-C17), a primary biomarker of whole grain (WG) consumption, has been demonstrated to improve the thermogenic activity of aging mice. However, the intricate regulatory mechanism is not fully understood. This study conducted metabolomics analysis on young and aging mice with or without AR-C17 administration after cold exposure. The results showed that the aging mice displayed lower levels of acylcarnitine (ACar) in their plasma compared with the young mice during cold exposure, and 150 mg/kg/day of AR-C17 administration for 8 weeks could increase the plasma ACar levels of aging mice. ACar has been reported to be an essential metabolic fuel for the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT). AR-C17 had similar effects on the ACar levels in the BAT as on the plasma of the aging mice during cold exposure. Furthermore, the aging mice had reduced ACar metabolism in the BAT, and AR-C17 could improve the ACar metabolism in the BAT of aging mice, thereby promoting the metabolic utilization of ACar by BAT. Moreover, the glucose and lipid levels of aging mice could be improved by AR-C17. This study revealed a deeper metabolic mechanism involved in the AR-C17-mediated thermogenic regulation of BAT, providing a new theoretical basis for the nutrition and health benefits of WG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pike B, Zhao J, Hicks JA, Wang F, Hagen R, Liu HC, Odle J, Lin X. Intestinal Carnitine Status and Fatty Acid Oxidation in Response to Clofibrate and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Supplementation in Newborn Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076066. [PMID: 37047049 PMCID: PMC10094207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in carnitine status and intestinal fatty acid oxidation in neonates, a total of 72 suckled newborn piglets were assigned into 8 dietary treatments following a 2 (±0.35% clofibrate) × 4 (diets with: succinate+glycerol (Succ), tri-valerate (TC5), tri-hexanoate (TC6), or tri-2-methylpentanoate (TMPA)) factorial design. All pigs received experimental milk diets with isocaloric energy for 5 days. Carnitine statuses were evaluated, and fatty acid oxidation was measured in vitro using [1-14C]-palmitic acid (1 mM) as a substrate in absence or presence of L659699 (1.6 µM), iodoacetamide (50 µM), and carnitine (1 mM). Clofibrate increased concentrations of free (41%) and/or acyl-carnitine (44% and 15%) in liver and plasma but had no effects in the intestine. The effects on carnitine status were associated with the expression of genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, absorption, and transportation. TC5 and TMPA stimulated the increased fatty acid oxidation rate induced by clofibrate, while TC6 had no effect on the increased fatty acid oxidation induced by clofibrate (p > 0.05). These results suggest that dietary clofibrate improved carnitine status and increased fatty acid oxidation. Propionyl-CoA, generated from TC5 and TMPA, could stimulate the increased fatty acid oxidation rate induced by clofibrate as anaplerotic carbon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Pike
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jinan Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Julie A Hicks
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Rachel Hagen
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ching Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ide T. γ-Linolenic Acid-Rich Oil- and Fish Oil-Induced Alterations of Hepatic Lipogenesis, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Adipose Tissue mRNA Expression in Obese KK-A y Mice. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:313-327. [PMID: 36878585 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological activity of γ-linolenic acid (GLA)-rich evening primrose oil and eicosapentaenoic and doxosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil, which affect hepatic fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, and adipose tissue mRNA expression were compared in diabetic obese KK-A y mice. The mice were fed diets containing 100 g/kg of either palm oil (saturated fat), GLA oil, or fish oil for 21 days. These oils, compared with palm oil, greatly increased the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes. These oils also increased the carnitine concentrations and mRNA levels of carnitine transporter (solute carrier family 22, member 5) in the liver. In general, these effects were comparable between GLA and fish oils. In contrast, GLA and fish oils, compared with palm oil, reduced the activity and mRNA levels of the proteins related to hepatic lipogenesis, except for those of malic enzyme. The reducing effect was stronger for fish oil than for GLA oil. These changes were accompanied by reductions in the triacylglycerol levels in the serum and liver. The reduction in the liver was stronger for fish oil than for GLA oil. These oils also reduced epididymal adipose tissue weight accompanied by a reduction in the mRNA levels of several proteins that regulate adipocyte functions; these effects were stronger for fish oil than for GLA oil. These oils were also effective in reducing serum glucose levels. Therefore, both fish oil and GLA-rich oil were effective at ameliorating metabolic disorders related to obesity and diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ide
- Institute of International Nutrition and Health, Jumonji University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
PGC-1α and MEF2 Regulate the Transcription of the Carnitine Transporter OCTN2 Gene in C2C12 Cells and in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012304. [PMID: 36293168 PMCID: PMC9604316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is a carnitine transporter whose main function is the active transport of carnitine into cells. In skeletal muscle and other organs, the regulation of the SLC22A5 gene transcription has been shown to depend on the nuclear transcription factor PPAR-α. Due to the observation that the muscle OCTN2 mRNA level is maintained in PPAR-α knock-out mice and that PGC-1α overexpression in C2C12 myoblasts increases OCTN2 mRNA expression, we suspected additional regulatory pathways for SLC22A5 gene transcription. Indeed, we detected several binding sites of the myocyte-enhancing factor MEF2 in the upstream region of the SLC22A5 gene, and MEF2C/MEF2D stimulated the activity of the OCTN2 promoter in gene reporter assays. This stimulation was increased by PGC-1α and was blunted for a SLC22A5 promoter fragment with a mutated MEF2 binding site. Further, we demonstrated the specific binding of MEF2 to the SLC22A5 gene promoter, and a supershift of the MEF2/DNA complex in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In immunoprecipitation experiments, we could demonstrate the interaction between PGC-1α and MEF2. In addition, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, blocked and interferon-γ stimulated the transcriptional activity of the SLC22A5 gene promoter. Finally, mice with muscle-specific overexpression of OCTN2 showed an increase in OCTN2 mRNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, we detected and characterized a second stimulatory pathway of SLC22A5 gene transcription in skeletal muscle, which involves the nuclear transcription factor MEF2 and co-stimulation by PGC-1α and which is controlled by the p38 MAPK signaling cascade.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou S, Shu Y. Transcriptional Regulation of Solute Carrier (SLC) Drug Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000704. [PMID: 35644529 PMCID: PMC9488976 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitated transport is necessitated for large size, charged, and/or hydrophilic drugs to move across the membrane. The drug transporters in the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, mainly including organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTNs), peptide transporters (PEPTs), and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), are critical facilitators of drug transport and distribution in human body. The expression of these SLC drug transporters is found in tissues throughout the body, with high abundance in the epithelial cells of major organs for drug disposition, such as intestine, liver, and kidney. These SLC drug transporters are clinically important in drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion. The mechanisms underlying their regulation have been revealing in recent years. Epigenetic and nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation of SLC drug transporters have particularly attracted much attention. This review focuses on the transcriptional regulation of major SLC drug transporter genes. Revealing the mechanisms underlying the transcription of those critical drug transporters will help us understand pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, ultimately improving drug therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing drug toxicity. Significance Statement It has become increasingly recognized that solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters play a crucial, and sometimes determinative, role in drug disposition and response, which is reflected in decision-making during not only clinical drug therapy but also drug development. Understanding the mechanisms accounting for the transcription of these transporters is critical to interpret their abundance in various tissues under different conditions, which is necessary to clarify the pharmacological response, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions for clinically used drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Yan Shu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Erythrocyte transglutaminase-2 combats hypoxia and chronic kidney disease by promoting oxygen delivery and carnitine homeostasis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:299-316.e6. [PMID: 35108516 PMCID: PMC9380699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to lack of nuclei and de novo protein synthesis, post-translational modification (PTM) is imperative for erythrocytes to regulate oxygen (O2) delivery and combat tissue hypoxia. Here, we report that erythrocyte transglutminase-2 (eTG2)-mediated PTM is essential to trigger O2 delivery by promoting bisphosphoglycerate mutase proteostasis and the Rapoport-Luebering glycolytic shunt for adaptation to hypoxia, in healthy humans ascending to high altitude and in two distinct murine models of hypoxia. In a pathological hypoxia model with chronic kidney disease (CKD), eTG2 is critical to combat renal hypoxia-induced reduction of Slc22a5 transcription and OCNT2 protein levels via HIF-1α-PPARα signaling to maintain carnitine homeostasis. Carnitine supplementation is an effective and safe therapeutic approach to counteract hypertension and progression of CKD by enhancing erythrocyte O2 delivery. Altogether, we reveal eTG2 as an erythrocyte protein stabilizer orchestrating O2 delivery and tissue adaptive metabolic reprogramming and identify carnitine-based therapy to mitigate hypoxia and CKD progression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kawase A, Chuma T, Irie K, Kazaoka A, Kakuno A, Matsuda N, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Increased penetration of diphenhydramine in brain via proton-coupled organic cation antiporter in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 10:100188. [PMID: 34589723 PMCID: PMC8474606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake transporters in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are involved in the penetration of basic (cationic) drugs such as diphenhydramine (DPHM) into the brain. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation alters the expression levels and activities of uptake transporters, which change the penetration of DPHM into the brain. A brain microdialysis study showed that the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) for DPHM in LPS rats was approximately two times higher than that in control rats. The transcellular transport of DPHM to BMECs was increased when BMECs were cultured with serum from LPS rats. Compared with control rats or BMECs, the brain uptake of DPHM in LPS rats was increased and the intracellular accumulation of DPHM was increased under a high intracellular pH in BMECs from LPS rats, respectively. Treatment of BMECs with transporter inhibitors or inflammatory cytokines had little impact on the intracellular accumulation of DPHM in BMECs. This study suggests that LPS-induced inflammation promotes unidentified proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporters that improve the penetration of DPHM into rat brain via the blood-brain barrier. The unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient for diphenhydramine (DPHM) was increased in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats. The uptake of DPHM to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) was promoted by treatments of serum from rats with inflammation. Treatment of BMECs with transporter inhibitors or inflammatory cytokines had little impact on the intracellular accumulation of DPHM in BMECs. LPS-induced inflammation promotes unidentified proton-coupled organic cation antiporters that improve the brain penetration of DPHM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author. 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Taihei Chuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Irie
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kazaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Kakuno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li P, Wang Y, Luo J, Zeng Q, Wang M, Bai M, Zhou H, Wang J, Jiang H. Downregulation of OCTN2 by cytokines plays an important role in the progression of inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114115. [PMID: 32579962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by chronic relapsing disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. OCTN2 (SLC22A5) and its substrate l-carnitine (l-Car) play crucial roles in maintaining normal intestinal function. An aim of this study was to delineate the expression alteration of OCTN2 in IBD and its underlying mechanism. We also investigated the impact of OCTN2 on IBD progression and the possibility of improving IBD through OCTN2 regulation. Our results showed decreased OCTN2 expression levels and l-Car content in inflamed colon tissues of IBD patients and mice, which negatively correlated with the degree of colonic inflammation in IBD mice. Mixed proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IFNγ downregulated the expression of OCTN2 and subsequently reduced the l-Car content through PPARγ/RXRα pathways in FHC cells. OCTN2 silencing reduced the proliferation rate of the colon cells, whereas OCTN2 overexpression increased the proliferation rate. Furthermore, the ability of PPARγ agonist, luteolin, to increase OCTN2 expression resulted in the alleviation of colonic inflammatory responses. In conclusion, OCTN2 was downregulated in IBD by proinflammatory cytokines via the PPARγ/RXRα pathways, which reduced l-Car concentration and subsequently induced IBD deterioration. Upregulation of OCTN2 by the PPARγ agonist alleviated colonic inflammation. Our findings suggest that, OCTN2 may serve as a therapeutic target for IBD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Hangzhou Translational Medicine Research Center, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingquan Zeng
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaojuan Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengru Bai
- Hangzhou Translational Medicine Research Center, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhai Wang
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
PPARα-Dependent Modulation by Metformin of the Expression of OCT-2 and MATE-1 in the Kidney of Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020392. [PMID: 31963528 PMCID: PMC7024194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus control. It is established that this drug traffics through OCT-2 and MATE-1 transporters in kidney tubular cells and is excreted in its unaltered form in the urine. Hereby, we provide evidence that points towards the metformin-dependent upregulation of OCT-2 and MATE-1 in the kidney via the transcription factor proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Treatment of wild type mice with metformin led to the upregulation of the expression of OCT-2 and MATE-1 by 34% and 157%, respectively. An analysis in a kidney tubular cell line revealed that metformin upregulated PPARα and OCT-2 expression by 37% and 299% respectively. MK-886, a PPARα antagonist, abrogated the OCT-2 upregulation by metformin and reduced MATE-1 expression. Conversely, gemfibrozil, an agonist of PPARα, elicited the increase of PPARα, OCT-2, and MATE-1 expression by 115%, 144%, and 376%, respectively. PPARα knockout mice failed to upregulate both the expression of OCT-2 and MATE-1 in the kidney upon metformin treatment, supporting the PPARα-dependent metformin upregulation of the transporters in this organ. Taken together, our data sheds light on the metformin-induced mechanism of transporter modulation in the kidney, via PPARα, and this effect may have implications for drug safety and efficacy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Juraszek B, Nałęcz KA. SLC22A5 (OCTN2) Carnitine Transporter-Indispensable for Cell Metabolism, a Jekyll and Hyde of Human Cancer. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010014. [PMID: 31861504 PMCID: PMC6982704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of fatty acids uses l-carnitine to transport acyl moieties to mitochondria in a so-called carnitine shuttle. The process of β-oxidation also takes place in cancer cells. The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5). The expression of SLC22A5 is regulated by transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and estrogen receptor. Transporter delivery to the cell surface, as well as transport activity are controlled by OCTN2 interaction with other proteins, such as PDZ-domain containing proteins, protein phosphatase PP2A, caveolin-1, protein kinase C. SLC22A5 expression is altered in many types of cancer, giving an advantage to some of them by supplying carnitine for β-oxidation, thus providing an alternative to glucose source of energy for growth and proliferation. On the other hand, SLC22A5 can also transport several chemotherapeutics used in clinics, leading to cancer cell death.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gong Y, Zhang H, Geng N, Ren X, Giesy JP, Luo Y, Xing L, Wu P, Yu Z, Chen J. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) disrupt hepatic fatty acid metabolism in liver of male rat via interacting with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:164-171. [PMID: 31185430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are frequently detected in environmental matrices and human tissues. It was hypothesized that SCCPs might interact with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). In the present study, an in vitro, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and in silico molecular docking analysis were employed together to study the interactions between SCCPs congeners and PPARα. Expressions of genes downstream in pathways activated by PPARα in liver of rats exposed to 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg bm/d of C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) for 28 days were examined to confirm activation potencies of SCCPs toward PPARα signaling. Effects of exposure to C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) on fatty acid metabolism in rat liver were also explored via a pseudo-targeted metabolomics strategy. Our results showed that C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) caused a dose-dependent greater expression of luciferase activity of rat PPARα. Molecular docking modeling revealed that SCCPs had a strong capacity to bind with PPARα only through hydrophobic interactions and the binding affinity was dependent on the degree of chlorination in SCCPs congeners. In livers of male rats, exposure to 100 mg/kg bm/d of C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) resulted in up-regulated expressions of 11 genes that are downstream in the PPARα-activated pathway and regulate catabolism of fatty acid. Consistently, accelerated fatty acid oxidation was observed mainly characterized by lesser concentrations of ∑fatty acids in livers of rats. Overall, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that SCCPs could activate rat PPARα signaling and thereby disrupt metabolism of fatty acid in livers of male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China.
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco TX, 76706, Texas, United States
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liguo Xing
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd, Shenyang, 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi B, Zhao X, Wang C, Wang N, Tian M, Shan A. l-carnitine and fat type in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation modify the fatty acid composition and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1207-1217. [PMID: 30994244 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of adding different amounts of maternal dietary l-carnitine and two fat types on fatty acid (FA) composition and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in piglets. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial with two fat types (3.5% soyabean oil, SO, and 3.5% fish oil, FO) and two levels of l-carnitine (0 and 100 mg/kg) added to the sows' diets. A higher proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in sow milk and piglet tissues were observed in the FO groups than in the SO groups. Adding l-carnitine increased the proportion of C16:1 in sow milk and decreased n-3 PUFA in piglet subcutaneous fat. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) was more abundantly expressed in piglets from the FO groups than from the SO groups (p < 0.05), whereas stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) and ∆6-desaturase (D6D) genes were less expressed in the FO groups compared with piglets from the SO groups. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes was decreased in the SO groups with l-carnitine compared to that of the other dietary treatments. No differences among dietary treatments were observed with regard to the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In conclusion, FO and l-carnitine supplementation in sows affect FA composition and hepatic gene expression in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meili Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gessner DK, Schwarz A, Meyer S, Wen G, Most E, Zorn H, Ringseis R, Eder K. Insect Meal as Alternative Protein Source Exerts Pronounced Lipid-Lowering Effects in Hyperlipidemic Obese Zucker Rats. J Nutr 2019; 149:566-577. [PMID: 30726942 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific dietary proteins exert strong health-related effects compared with casein. OBJECTIVE Herein, the hypothesis was tested using screening and conventional biochemical and molecular biological techniques that protein-rich insect meal compared with casein influences metabolic health in hyperlipidemic rats. METHODS A 4-wk feeding trial with male, 8-wk-old homozygous obese Zucker rats (n = 36) and male, 8-wk-old heterozygous lean Zucker rats (n = 12) was performed. Obese rats were randomly divided into 3 obese groups (OC, OI50, and OI100) of 12 rats each and lean rats served as a lean control group (LC). LC and OC were fed a control diet with 20% casein as protein source, whereas in OI50 and OI100 50% and 100% of the casein, respectively, was replaced isonitrogenously by insect meal from Tenebrio molitor L. All data were analyzed by 1-factor ANOVA, except transcriptomic data which were analyzed by groupwise comparisons with the OC group. RESULTS Transcript profiling revealed a coordinated inhibition by -17% to -521% and -37% to -859% of genes involved in fatty acid, triacylglycerol (TG), and cholesterol biosynthesis in the livers of OI100 and OI50, respectively, compared with OC (P < 0.05). Enzyme activities of fatty acid synthase, glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase in the liver were 100-150% greater in OC compared with LC, but reduced by 50-60% in OI100 compared with OC (P < 0.05), to the same level as in LC. Liver and plasma concentrations of TG and cholesterol were 250-1000%, 30-800%, and 40-600% higher in OC, OI50, and OI100, respectively, than in LC (P < 0.05), but 40-60% and 20-60% lower in OI100 and OI50, respectively, than in group OC (P < 0.05). Plasma and liver concentrations of homocysteine were 20-30% lower in group OI100 than in group OC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Insect meal exerts pronounced lipid-lowering effects in hyperlipidemic rats and, thus, might be useful for hyperlipidemic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Schwarz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
| | - Sandra Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics and efficacy of L-carnitine as a feed additive in pigs and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1686-1719. [PMID: 29992642 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A great number of studies have investigated the potential of L-carnitine as feed additive to improve performance of different monogastric and ruminant livestock species, with, however, discrepant outcomes. In order to understand the reasons for these discrepant outcomes, it is important to consider the determinants of L-carnitine status and how L-carnitine status is regulated in the animal's body. While it is a long-known fact that L-carnitine is endogenously biosynthesized in certain tissues, it was only recently recognized that critical determinants of L-carnitine status, such as intestinal L-carnitine absorption, tissue L-carnitine uptake, endogenous L-carnitine synthesis and renal L-carnitine reabsorption, are regulated by specific nutrient sensing nuclear receptors. This review aims to give a more in-depth understanding of the basic mechanisms of the regulation of L-carnitine status in monogastrics taking into account the most recent evidence on nutrient sensing nuclear receptors and evaluates the efficacy of L-carnitine as feed additive in monogastric livestock by providing an up-to-date overview about studies with L-carnitine supplementation in pigs and poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Janine Keller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ide T, Origuchi I. Physiological effects of an oil rich in γ-linolenic acid on hepatic fatty acid oxidation and serum lipid levels in genetically hyperlipidemic mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:148-157. [PMID: 30936627 PMCID: PMC6436035 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the physiological activity of an oil rich in γ-linolenic acid of evening primrose origin (containing 42.6% γ-linolenic acid) affecting hepatic fatty acid metabolism, and serum lipid levels in genetically hyperlipidemic mice deficient in apolipoprotein E expression. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (BALB/c.KOR/StmSlc-Apoeshl) were fed experimental diets containing 100 g/kg of palm oil (saturated fat), safflower oil (rich in linoleic acid), γ-linolenic acid oil (rich in γ-linolenic acid), or fat mixtures composed of safflower and γ-linolenic acid oils (65:35 and 30:70, w/w) for 20 days. γ-Linolenic acid oil, compared with palm and safflower oils, strongly and dose-dependently increased the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes. In general, safflower and γ-linolenic acid oils, compared with palm oil, reduced the activity and mRNA levels of lipogenic enzymes. However, these oils were equivalent in reducing the parameters of lipogenesis, excluding malic enzyme and pyruvate kinase. The diets containing safflower and γ-linolenic acid oils, compared with the palm oil diet, significantly decreased serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. The decreases were greater with γ-linolenic acid oil than with safflower oil. γ-Linolenic acid oil exerted strong serum lipid-lowering effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice apparently through the changes in hepatic fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ide
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| | - Izumi Origuchi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Regulation of carnitine status in ruminants and efficacy of carnitine supplementation on performance and health aspects of ruminant livestock: a review. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:1-30. [PMID: 29313385 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1421340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine has long been known to play a critical role for energy metabolism. Due to this, a large number of studies have been carried out to investigate the potential of supplemental carnitine in improving performance of livestock animals including ruminants, with however largely inconsistent results. An important issue that has to be considered when using carnitine as a feed additive is that the efficacy of supplemental carnitine is probably dependent on the animal's carnitine status, which is affected by endogenous carnitine synthesis, carnitine uptake from the gastrointestinal tract and carnitine excretion. The present review aims to summarise the current knowledge of the regulation of carnitine status and carnitine homeostasis in ruminants, and comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of carnitine supplementation on performance and/or health in ruminant livestock by comparing the outcomes of studies with carnitine supplementation in dairy cattle, growing and finishing cattle and sheep. While most of the studies show that supplemental carnitine, even in ruminally unprotected form, is bioavailable in ruminants, its effect on either milk or growth performance is largely disappointing. However, supplemental carnitine appears to be a useful strategy to offer protection against ammonia toxicity caused by consumption of high levels of non-protein N or forages with high levels of soluble N both, in cattle and sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| | - Janine Keller
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology , Justus-Liebig-University Gießen , Gießen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Warren JS, Oka SI, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. Metabolic reprogramming via PPARα signaling in cardiac hypertrophy and failure: From metabolomics to epigenetics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28646024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies using omics-based approaches have advanced our knowledge of metabolic remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Metabolomic analysis of the failing heart has revealed global changes in mitochondrial substrate metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) plays a critical role in synergistic regulation of cardiac metabolism through transcriptional control. Metabolic reprogramming via PPARα signaling in heart failure ultimately propagates into myocardial energetics. However, emerging evidence suggests that the expression level of PPARα per se does not always explain the energetic state in the heart. The transcriptional activities of PPARα are dynamic, yet highly coordinated. An additional level of complexity in the PPARα regulatory mechanism arises from its ability to interact with various partners, which ultimately determines the metabolic phenotype of the diseased heart. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the PPARα regulatory mechanisms in cardiac metabolism and the possible role of PPARα in epigenetic modifications in the diseased heart. In addition, we discuss how metabolomics can contribute to a better understanding of the role of PPARα in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junco Shibayama Warren
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Shin-Ichi Oka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wen G, Pachner LI, Gessner DK, Eder K, Ringseis R. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the sodium/iodide symporter in mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9211-9226. [PMID: 27614840 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which is essential for iodide concentration in the thyroid, is reported to be transcriptionally regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) in rat FRTL-5 thyrocytes. The SREBP are strongly activated after parturition and throughout lactation in the mammary gland of cattle and are important for mammary epithelial cell synthesis of milk lipids. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the NIS gene is regulated also by SREBP in mammary epithelial cells, in which NIS is functionally expressed during lactation. Regulation of NIS expression and iodide uptake was investigated by means of inhibition, silencing, and overexpression of SREBP and by reporter gene and DNA-binding assays. As a mammary epithelial cell model, the human MCF-7 cell line, a breast adenocarcinoma cell line, which shows inducible expression of NIS by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and unlike bovine mammary epithelial cells, is widely used to investigate the regulation of mammary gland NIS and NIS-specific iodide uptake, was used. Inhibition of SREBP maturation by treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol (5 µM) for 48h reduced ATRA (1 µM)-induced mRNA concentration of NIS and iodide uptake in MCF-7 cells by approximately 20%. Knockdown of SREBP-1c and SREBP-2 by RNA interference decreased the mRNA and protein concentration of NIS by 30 to 50% 48h after initiating knockdown, whereas overexpression of nuclear SREBP (nSREBP)-1c and nSREBP-2 increased the expression of NIS in MCF-7 cells by 45 to 60%, respectively, 48h after initiating overexpression. Reporter gene experiments with varying length of NIS promoter reporter constructs revealed that the NIS 5'-flanking region is activated by nSREBP-1c and nSREBP-2 approximately 1.5- and 4.5-fold, respectively, and activation involves a SREBP-binding motif (SRE) at -38 relative to the transcription start site of the NIS gene. Gel shift assays using oligonucleotides spanning either the wild-type or the mutated SRE at -38 of the NIS 5'-flanking region showed that in vitro-translated nSREBP-1c and nSREBP-2 bind only the wild-type but not the mutated SRE at -38 of NIS. Collectively, the present results from cell culture experiments with human mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells and from genetic studies show for the first time that the NIS gene and iodide uptake are regulated by SREBP in cultured human mammary epithelial cells. Future studies are necessary to clarify if the regulation of NIS expression and iodide uptake by SREBP also applies to the lactating bovine mammary epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - L I Pachner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - D K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - R Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alam C, Whyte-Allman SK, Omeragic A, Bendayan R. Role and modulation of drug transporters in HIV-1 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:121-143. [PMID: 27181050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection involves a combination of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) that target different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. This strategy is commonly referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Membrane-associated drug transporters expressed ubiquitously in mammalian systems play a crucial role in modulating ARV disposition during HIV-1 infection. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamilies have been shown to interact with ARVs, including those that are used as part of first-line treatment regimens. As a result, the functional expression of drug transporters can influence the distribution of ARVs at specific sites of infection. In addition, pathological factors related to HIV-1 infection and/or ARV therapy itself can alter transporter expression and activity, thus further contributing to changes in ARV disposition and the effectiveness of HAART. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of drug transporters in regulating ARV transport in the context of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soni NK, Nookaew I, Sandberg AS, Gabrielsson BG. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched high fat diet delays the development of fatty liver in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:74. [PMID: 26193881 PMCID: PMC4509768 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low hepatic content of n-3 PUFA has been associated with NAFLD in humans. Whether this is associated with reduced dietary intake or increased turnover of these FA is not clear. We have here investigated the effects of dietary fat quality on hepatic lipid storage and transcriptomics over time. AIM To investigate the effects of quality of fat in a high fat diet (HFD) over time on hepatic lipid storage and liver transcriptomics. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed control, HFD-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/ docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or HFD-corn oil diet for 8 or 12 weeks. Body weight, body composition, plasma and hepatic triglyceride contents were measured. Hepatic transcriptomes were analysed by microarray followed by gene-set enrichment analyses. At 8 weeks, the HFD-corn oil mice had higher body weight and adipose depot mass than the HFD-EPA/DHA but there were no differences at 12 weeks. Hepatic triglyceride content was lower in HFD-EPA/DHA fed compared with the HFD-corn oil fed mice at both time-points. Enrichment analyses of the hepatic transcriptomes showed that lipid/fatty acid biosynthesis; transport and homeostasis were lower in the HFD-EPA/DHA fed compared with the HFD-corn oil fed mice. Genes encoding proteins associated to cytoplasmic lipid droplets were expressed at higher levels in livers from the HFD-corn oil compared to HFD-EPA/DHA mice. CONCLUSIONS Dietary EPA and DHA counteracted development of HFD-induced fatty liver. The liver transcriptome data implicate that the quality of dietary fat could modulate Ppar-related gene expression that in turn affects hepatic lipid storage and maintenance of metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikul K Soni
- Divisions of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- The division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Present address: Comparative Genomics Group, Biosciences division, Oak Ridge National Library, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Divisions of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Britt G Gabrielsson
- Divisions of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhou X, Ringseis R, Wen G, Eder K. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α stimulates expression of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 (novel organic cation transporter 2) and carnitine uptake via nuclear factor-κB in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3840-8. [PMID: 25892691 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carnitine uptake into tissues is mediated mainly by the novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), whose expression is upregulated in the liver of early-lactating dairy cows. It has been shown recently that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), stimulate OCTN2 expression and carnitine uptake in intestinal cells and inflamed intestinal mucosa. Given that many early-lactating dairy cows show typical signs of hepatic and systemic inflammation, such as elevated concentrations of circulating TNFα and activation of the key regulator of inflammation, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), in tissues, it is possible that upregulation of OCTN2 and increase of carnitine uptake by TNFα is mediated by NF-κB, a mechanism that might contribute to the upregulation of OCNT2 in the liver of early-lactating dairy cows. Thus, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that TNFα stimulates OCTN2 gene expression and carnitine uptake via NF-κB in the bovine Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line. Treatment with TNFα caused activation of NF-κB, increased the mRNA and protein concentration of OCTN2, and stimulated the uptake of carnitine in MDBK cells. In contrast, combined treatment of MDBK cells with TNFα and the NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7085 completely blocked the effect of TNFα on OCTN2 mRNA and protein concentration and uptake of carnitine. These findings suggest that the bovine OCTN2 gene and carnitine uptake are regulated by NF-κB. Future studies are required to show the in vivo relevance of this regulatory mechanism in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - R Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - G Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Gießen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Luo H, Zhang Y, Guo H, Zhang L, Li X, Ringseis R, Wen G, Hui D, Liang A, Eder K, He D. Transcriptional regulation of the human, porcine and bovine OCTN2 gene by PPARα via a conserved PPRE located in intron 1. BMC Genet 2014; 15:90. [PMID: 25299939 PMCID: PMC4363911 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) is the physiologically most important carnitine transporter in tissues and is responsible for carnitine absorption in the intestine, carnitine reabsorption in the kidney and distribution of carnitine between tissues. Genetic studies clearly demonstrated that the mouse OCTN2 gene is directly regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Despite its well conserved role as an important regulator of lipid catabolism in general, the specific genes under control of PPARα within each lipid metabolic pathway were shown to differ between species and it is currently unknown whether the OCTN2 gene is also a PPARα target gene in pig, cattle, and human. In the present study we examined the hypothesis that the porcine, bovine, and human OCTN2 gene are also PPARα target genes. RESULTS Using positional cloning and reporter gene assays we identified a functional PPRE, each in the intron 1 of the porcine, bovine, and human OCTN2 gene. Gel shift assay confirmed binding of PPARα to this PPRE in the porcine, bovine, and the human OCTN2 gene. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that the porcine, bovine, and human OCTN2 gene, like the mouse OCTN2 gene, is directly regulated by PPARα. This suggests that regulation of genes involved in carnitine uptake by PPARα is highly conserved across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huidi Luo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, P. R. China.
| | - Huihui Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, P. R. China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, P. R. China.
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Dequan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Dongchang He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Couturier A, Ringseis R, Most E, Eder K. Pharmacological doses of niacin stimulate the expression of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis and improve the carnitine status of obese Zucker rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:37. [PMID: 25012467 PMCID: PMC4094635 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARδ causes an elevation of tissue carnitine concentrations through induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake [novel organic cation transporter 2, (OCTN2)], and carnitine biosynthesis [γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), 4-N-trimethyl-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH)]. Recent studies showed that administration of the plasma lipid-lowering drug niacin causes activation of PPARα and/or PPARδ in tissues of obese Zucker rats, which have a compromised carnitine status and an impaired fatty acid oxidation capacity. Thus, we hypothesized that niacin administration to obese Zucker rats is also able to improve the diminished carnitine status of obese Zucker rats through PPAR-mediated stimulation of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis. Methods To test this hypothesis, we used plasma, muscle and liver samples from a recent experiment with obese Zucker rats, which were fed either a niacin-adequate diet (30 mg niacin/kg diet) or a diet with a pharmacological niacin dose (780 mg niacin/kg diet), and determined concentrations of carnitine in tissues and mRNA and protein levels of genes critical for carnitine homeostasis (OCTN2, BBD, TMABA-DH). Statistical data analysis of all data was done by one-way ANOVA, and Fisher’s multiple range test. Results Rats of the obese niacin group had higher concentrations of total carnitine in plasma, skeletal muscle and liver, higher mRNA and protein levels of OCTN2, BBD, and TMABA-DH in the liver and higher mRNA and protein levels of OCTN2 in skeletal muscle than those of the obese control group (P < 0.05), whereas rats of the obese control group had lower concentrations of total carnitine in plasma and skeletal muscle than lean rats (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results show for the first time that niacin administration stimulates the expression of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis and improves the diminished carnitine status of obese Zucker rats. We assume that the induction of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis by niacin administration is mediated by PPAR-activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou X, Ringseis R, Wen G, Eder K. Carnitine transporter OCTN2 and carnitine uptake in bovine kidney cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:21. [PMID: 24716857 PMCID: PMC3998222 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a central regulator of fatty acid catabolism, has recently been shown to be a transcriptional regulator of the gene encoding the carnitine transporter novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) in cattle. Whether PPARβ/δ, another PPAR subtype, which has partially overlapping functions as PPARα and is known to share a large set of common target genes with PPARα, also regulates OCTN2 and carnitine transport in cattle is currently unknown. To close this gap of knowledge, we studied the effect of the PPARβ/δ activator GW0742 on mRNA and protein levels of OCTN2 and carnitine uptake in the presence and absence of the PPARβ/δ antagonist GSK3787 in the bovine Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line. FINDINGS Treatment of MDBK cells with GW0742 caused a strong increase in the mRNA level of the known bovine PPARβ/δ target gene CPT1A in MDBK cells indicating activation of PPARβ/δ. The mRNA and protein level of OCTN2 was clearly elevated in MDBK cells treated with GW0742, but the stimulatory effect of GW0742 on mRNA and protein level of OCTN2 was completely blocked by GSK3787. In addition, GW0742 increased Na⁺-dependent carnitine uptake, which is mediated by OCTN2, into MDBK cells, whereas treatment of cells with the PPARβ/δ antagonist completely abolished the stimulatory effect of GW0742 on carnitine uptake. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows for the first time that gene expression of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 and carnitine transport are regulated by PPARβ/δ in bovine cells. These novel findings extend the knowledge about the molecular regulation of the OCTN2 gene and carnitine transport in cattle and indicate that regulation of OCTN2 gene expression and carnitine transport is not restricted to the PPARα subtype.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rauer C, Ringseis R, Rothe S, Wen G, Eder K. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the rat thyroid peroxidase gene in thyroid cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91265. [PMID: 24625548 PMCID: PMC3953333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs)-1c and -2, which were initially discovered as master transcriptional regulators of lipid biosynthesis and uptake, were recently identified as novel transcriptional regulators of the sodium-iodide symporter gene in the thyroid, which is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Based on this observation that SREBPs play a role for thyroid hormone synthesis, we hypothesized that another gene involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene, is also a target of SREBP-1c and -2. Thyroid epithelial cells treated with 25-hydroxycholesterol, which is known to inhibit SREBP activation, had about 50% decreased mRNA levels of TPO. Similarly, the mRNA level of TPO was reduced by about 50% in response to siRNA mediated knockdown of both, SREBP-1 and SREBP-2. Reporter gene assays revealed that overexpression of active SREBP-1c and -2 causes a strong transcriptional activation of the rat TPO gene, which was localized to an approximately 80 bp region in the intron 1 of the rat TPO gene. In vitro- and in vivo-binding of both, SREBP-1c and SREBP-2, to this region in the rat TPO gene could be demonstrated using gel-shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Mutation analysis of the 80 bp region of rat TPO intron 1 revealed two isolated and two overlapping SREBP-binding elements from which one, the overlapping SRE+609/InvSRE+614, was shown to be functional in reporter gene assays. In connection with recent findings that the rat NIS gene is also a SREBP target gene in the thyroid, the present findings suggest that SREBPs may be possible novel targets for pharmacological modulation of thyroid hormone synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Susanne Rothe
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Integrated physiology and systems biology of PPARα. Mol Metab 2014; 3:354-71. [PMID: 24944896 PMCID: PMC4060217 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα) is a transcription factor that plays a major role in metabolic regulation. This review addresses the functional role of PPARα in intermediary metabolism and provides a detailed overview of metabolic genes targeted by PPARα, with a focus on liver. A distinction is made between the impact of PPARα on metabolism upon physiological, pharmacological, and nutritional activation. Low and high throughput gene expression analyses have allowed the creation of a comprehensive map illustrating the role of PPARα as master regulator of lipid metabolism via regulation of numerous genes. The map puts PPARα at the center of a regulatory hub impacting fatty acid uptake, fatty acid activation, intracellular fatty acid binding, mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, triglyceride turnover, lipid droplet biology, gluconeogenesis, and bile synthesis/secretion. In addition, PPARα governs the expression of several secreted proteins that exert local and endocrine functions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou X, Wen G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Short communication: The pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist WY-14,643 increases expression of novel organic cation transporter 2 and carnitine uptake in bovine kidney cells. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:345-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Effect of carnitine, acetyl-, and propionylcarnitine supplementation on the body carnitine pool, skeletal muscle composition, and physical performance in mice. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:1313-25. [PMID: 24337254 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pharmacokinetics and effects on skeletal muscle and physical performance of oral acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine are not well characterized. We therefore investigated the influence of oral acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, and carnitine on body carnitine homeostasis, energy metabolism, and physical performance in mice and compared the findings to non-supplemented control animals. METHODS Mice were supplemented orally with 2 mmol/kg/day carnitine, acetylcarnitine, or propionylcarnitine for 4 weeks and studied either at rest or after exhaustive exercise. RESULTS In the supplemented groups, total plasma and urine carnitine concentrations were significantly higher than in the control group receiving no carnitine, whereas the skeletal muscle carnitine content remained unchanged. The supplemented acylcarnitines were hydrolyzed in intestine and liver and reached the systemic circulation as carnitine. Bioavailability of carnitine and acylcarnitines, determined as the urinary excretion of total carnitine, was in the range of 19 %. Skeletal muscle morphology, including fiber-type composition, was not affected, and oxygen consumption by soleus or gastrocnemius fibers was not different between the groups. Supplementation with carnitine or acylcarnitines had no significant impact on the running capacity, but was associated with lower plasma lactate levels and a higher glycogen content in white skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise. CONCLUSIONS Oral supplementation of carnitine, acetylcarnitine, or propionylcarnitine in mice is associated with increased plasma and urine total carnitine concentrations, but does not affect the skeletal muscle carnitine content. Despite better preservation of skeletal muscle glycogen and lower plasma lactate levels, physical performance was not improved by carnitine or acylcarnitine supplementation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Vamecq J, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Andreoletti P, Latruffe N. The human peroxisome in health and disease: the story of an oddity becoming a vital organelle. Biochimie 2013; 98:4-15. [PMID: 24075875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report by Rhodin in 1954, our knowledge on mammalian microbodies/peroxisomes has known several periods. An initial two decades period (1954-1973) has contributed to the biochemical individualisation of peroxisomes as a new class of subcellular organelles (de Duve, 1965). The corresponding research period failed to define a clear role of mammalian peroxisomes in vital functions and intermediary metabolism, explaining why feeling that peroxisomes might be in the human cell oddities has prevailed during several decades. The period standing from 1973 to nowadays has progressively removed this cell oddity view of peroxisomes by highlighting vital function and metabolic role of peroxisomes in health and disease along with genetic and metabolic regulation of peroxisomal protein content, organelle envelope formation and protein signal targeting mechanisms. Research on peroxisomes and their response to various drugs and metabolites, dietary and physiological conditions has also played a key role in the discovery of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and for which impact in science and medicine goes now by far beyond that of the peroxisomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hormonology-Metabolism-Nutrition-Oncology, Centre of Biology and Pathology (CBP), CHU Lille, France.
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation & Lipids Metabolism (BioPeroxIL-EA7270), University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation & Lipids Metabolism (BioPeroxIL-EA7270), University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation & Lipids Metabolism (BioPeroxIL-EA7270), University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters in the brain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:361-72. [PMID: 23769624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette membrane-associated drug efflux transporters and solute carrier influx transporters, expressed at the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and in brain parenchyma, are important determinants of drug disposition in the central nervous system. Targeting the regulatory pathways that govern the expression of these transporters could provide novel approaches to selectively alter drug permeability into the brain. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors which regulate the gene expression of several metabolic enzymes and drug efflux/influx transporters. Although efforts have primarily been focused on investigating these regulatory pathways in peripheral organs (i.e., liver and intestine), recent findings demonstrate their significance in the brain. This review addresses the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporter functional expression in the brain. An in-depth understanding of these pathways could guide the development of novel pharmacotherapy with either enhanced efficacy in the central nervous system or minimal associated neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ringseis R, Rauer C, Rothe S, Gessner DK, Schütz LM, Luci S, Wen G, Eder K. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the NIS gene in thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:781-800. [PMID: 23542164 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of iodide into the thyroid, an essential step in thyroid hormone synthesis, is an active process mediated by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Despite its strong dependence on TSH, the master regulator of the thyroid, the NIS gene was also reported to be regulated by non-TSH signaling pathways. In the present study we provide evidence that the rat NIS gene is subject to regulation by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), which were initially identified as master transcriptional regulators of lipid biosynthesis and uptake. Studies in FRTL-5 thyrocytes revealed that TSH stimulates expression and maturation of SREBPs and expression of classical SREBP target genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and uptake. Almost identical effects were observed when the cAMP agonist forskolin was used instead of TSH. In TSH receptor-deficient mice, in which TSH/cAMP-dependent gene regulation is blocked, the expression of SREBP isoforms in the thyroid was markedly reduced when compared with wild-type mice. Sterol-mediated inhibition of SREBP maturation and/or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of SREBPs reduced expression of NIS and NIS-specific iodide uptake in FRTL-5 cells. Conversely, overexpression of active SREBPs caused a strong activation of the 5'-flanking region of the rat NIS gene mediated by binding to a functional SREBP binding site located in the 5'-untranslated region of the rat NIS gene. These findings show that TSH acts as a regulator of SREBP expression and maturation in thyroid epithelial cells and that SREBPs are novel transcriptional regulators of NIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rosenbaum S, Ringseis R, Most E, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Eder K. Genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake are up-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:24. [PMID: 23497718 PMCID: PMC3608077 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convincing evidence exist that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation. Sows are typically in a negative energy balance during peak lactation. We investigated the hypothesis that genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver of sows are up-regulated during peak lactation. Findings Transcript levels of several PPARα target genes involved in fatty acid uptake (FABP4, SLC25A20), fatty acid oxidation (ACOX1, CYP4A24) and ketogenesis (HMGCS2, FGF21) were elevated in the liver of lactating compared to non-lactating sows (P < 0.05). In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis (ALDH9A1, TMLHE, BBOX1) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5) in the liver were greater in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P < 0.05). Carnitine concentrations in liver and plasma were about 20% and 50%, respectively, lower in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P < 0.05), which is likely due to an increased loss of carnitine via the milk. Conclusions The results of the present study show that PPARα is activated in the liver of sows during lactation which leads to an up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake. The PPARα mediated up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver of lactating sows may be regarded as an adaptive mechanism to maintain hepatic carnitine levels at a level sufficient to transport excessive amounts of fatty acids into the mitochondrion.
Collapse
|
35
|
Shibani M, Keller J, König B, Kluge H, Hirche F, Stangl G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on carnitine homeostasis in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:431-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.713464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shibani
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| | - J. Keller
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| | - B. König
- b Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - H. Kluge
- b Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - F. Hirche
- b Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - G.I. Stangl
- b Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - R. Ringseis
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| | - K. Eder
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , 35392 Gießen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ringseis R, Wen G, Eder K. Regulation of Genes Involved in Carnitine Homeostasis by PPARα across Different Species (Rat, Mouse, Pig, Cattle, Chicken, and Human). PPAR Res 2012; 2012:868317. [PMID: 23150726 PMCID: PMC3486131 DOI: 10.1155/2012/868317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in rodents convincingly demonstrated that PPARα is a key regulator of genes involved in carnitine homeostasis, which serves as a reasonable explanation for the phenomenon that energy deprivation and fibrate treatment, both of which cause activation of hepatic PPARα, causes a strong increase of hepatic carnitine concentration in rats. The present paper aimed to comprehensively analyse available data from genetic and animal studies with mice, rats, pigs, cows, and laying hens and from human studies in order to compare the regulation of genes involved in carnitine homeostasis by PPARα across different species. Overall, our comparative analysis indicates that the role of PPARα as a regulator of carnitine homeostasis is well conserved across different species. However, despite demonstrating a well-conserved role of PPARα as a key regulator of carnitine homeostasis in general, our comprehensive analysis shows that this assumption particularly applies to the regulation by PPARα of carnitine uptake which is obviously highly conserved across species, whereas regulation by PPARα of carnitine biosynthesis appears less well conserved across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Treatment with pharmacological PPARα agonists stimulates the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and myofibrillar protein breakdown in skeletal muscle of rodents. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2105-17. [PMID: 23041501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of hyperlipidemic patients with fibrates, agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), provokes muscle atrophy as a side effect. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that activation of PPARα leads to an up-regulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) which plays a major role in protein degradation in muscle. METHODS Rats, wild-type and PPARα-deficient mice (PPARα(-/-)) were treated with synthetic PPARα agonists (clofibrate, WY-14,643) to study their effect on the UPS and myofibrillar protein breakdown in muscle. RESULTS In rats and wild-type mice but not PPARα(-/-) mice, clofibrate or WY-14,643 caused increases in mRNA and protein levels of the ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in muscle. Wild-type mice treated with WY-14,643 had a greater 3-methylhistidine release from incubated muscle and lesser muscle weights. In addition, wild-type mice but not PPARα(-/-) mice treated with WY-14,643 had higher amounts of ubiquitin-protein conjugates, a decreased activity of PI3K/Akt1 signalling, and an increased activity of FoxO1 transcription factor in muscle. Reporter gene and gel shift experiments revealed that the atrogin-1 and MuRF1 promoter do not contain functional PPARα DNA-binding sites. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that fibrates stimulate ubiquitination of proteins in skeletal muscle which in turn stimulates protein degradation. Up-regulation of ubiquitin ligases is probably not mediated by PPARα-dependent gene transcription but by PPARα-dependent inhibition of the PI3K/Akt1 signalling pathway leading to activation of FoxO1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PPARα plays a role in the regulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system.
Collapse
|
38
|
Schlegel G, Ringseis R, Keller J, Schwarz FJ, Windisch W, Eder K. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the liver of dairy cows in the transition period and during lactation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:820-9. [PMID: 22805261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a novel hormonal factor involved in the regulation of metabolic adaptations during energy deprivation. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of the FGF21 gene in the liver of dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Therefore, the relative mRNA abundance of FGF21 in liver biopsy samples of 20 dairy cows in late pregnancy (3 weeks pre-partum) and early lactation (1, 5, 14 weeks post-partum) was determined. It was observed that hepatic mRNA abundance of FGF21 at 1 week post-partum was dramatically increased (110-fold) compared to 3 weeks pre-partum (p < 0.001). With progress of lactation, mRNA concentration of FGF21 was declining; nevertheless, mRNA abundance at 5 and 14 weeks post-partum remained 25- and 10-fold increased compared to 3 weeks pre-partum (p < 0.001). Using a gene array technique, it was found that many genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis were up-regulated during early lactation compared to late pregnancy. Moreover, there were positive linear correlations between hepatic mRNA concentration of FGF21 and mRNA concentrations of genes involved in ketogenesis as well as carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake at various time-points during lactation, indicating that FGF21 could play a role in ketogenesis and carnitine metabolism in the liver of dairy cows (p < 0.05). In overall, the present study shows that expression of the FGF21 gene is strongly up-regulated during the transition period. It is assumed that the up-regulation of FGF21 might play an important role in the adaptation of liver metabolism during early lactation in dairy cows such as in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Schlegel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - R Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - J Keller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - F J Schwarz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - W Windisch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany Chair of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Association analyses identify multiple new lung cancer susceptibility loci and their interactions with smoking in the Chinese population. Nat Genet 2012; 44:895-9. [PMID: 22797725 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To find additional susceptibility loci for lung cancer, we tested promising associations from our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lung cancer in the Chinese population in an extended validation sample size of 7,436 individuals with lung cancer (cases) and 7,483 controls. We found genome-wide significant (P < 5.0 × 10(-8)) evidence for three additional lung cancer susceptibility loci at 10p14 (rs1663689, close to GATA3, P = 2.84 × 10(-10)), 5q32 (rs2895680 in PPP2R2B-STK32A-DPYSL3, P = 6.60 × 10(-9)) and 20q13.2 (rs4809957 in CYP24A1, P = 1.20 × 10(-8)). We also found consistent associations for rs247008 at 5q31.1 (IL3-CSF2-P4HA2, P = 7.68 × 10(-8)) and rs9439519 at 1p36.32 (AJAP1-NPHP4, P = 3.65 × 10(-6)). Four of these loci showed evidence for interactions with smoking dose (P = 1.72 × 10(-10), P = 5.07 × 10(-3), P = 6.77 × 10(-3) and P = 4.49 × 10(-2) for rs2895680, rs4809957, rs247008 and rs9439519, respectively). These results advance our understanding of lung cancer susceptibility and highlight potential pathways that integrate genetic variants and smoking in the development of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ide T, Azechi A, Kitade S, Kunimatsu Y, Suzuki N, Nakajima C. Combined effect of sesamin and α-lipoic acid on hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1015-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Schlegel G, Keller J, Hirche F, Geissler S, Schwarz FJ, Ringseis R, Stangl GI, Eder K. Expression of genes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis and uptake in dairy cows in the transition period and at different stages of lactation. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:28. [PMID: 22417075 PMCID: PMC3361467 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In rodents and pigs, it has shown that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation. Dairy cows are typically in a negative energy balance during early lactation. We investigated the hypothesis that genes of carnitine synthesis and uptake in dairy cows are enhanced during early lactation. Results mRNA abundances of PPARA and some of its classical target genes and genes involved in carnitine biosynthesis [trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLHE), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH9A1), γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBOX1)] and uptake of carnitine [novel organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A5)] as well as carnitine concentrations in liver biopsy samples of 20 dairy cows in late pregnancy (3 wk prepartum) and early lactation (1 wk, 5 wk, 14 wk postpartum) were determined. From 3 wk prepartum to 1 wk postpartum, mRNA abundances of PPARΑ and several PPARΑ target genes involved in fatty acid uptake, fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the liver were strongly increased. Simultaneously, mRNA abundances of enzymes of carnitine synthesis (TMLHE: 10-fold; ALDH9A1: 6-fold; BBOX1: 1.8-fold) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5: 13-fold) and the concentration of carnitine in the liver were increased from 3 wk prepartum to 1 wk postpartum (P < 0.05). From 1 wk to 5 and 14 wk postpartum, mRNA abundances of these genes and hepatic carnitine concentrations were declining (P < 0.05). There were moreover positive correlations between plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic carnitine concentrations at 1 wk, 5 wk and 14 wk postpartum (P < 0.05). Conclusions The results of this study show for the first time that the expression of hepatic genes of carnitine synthesis and cellular uptake of carnitine is enhanced in dairy cows during early lactation. These changes might provide an explanation for increased hepatic carnitine concentrations observed in 1 wk postpartum and might be regarded as a physiologic means to provide liver cells with sufficient carnitine required for transport of excessive amounts of NEFA during a negative energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Schlegel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The mouse gene encoding the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:357-65. [PMID: 22285688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genes involved in carnitine uptake and synthesis, such as organic cation transporter-2 (OCTN2) and γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD), have been shown to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α directly. Whether other genes encoding enzymes involved in the carnitine synthesis pathway, such as 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABA-DH) and trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), are also direct PPARα target genes is less clear. In silico-analysis of the mouse TMLD promoter and first intron and the TMABA-DH promoter revealed several putative peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE) with high similarity to the consensus PPRE. Luciferase reporter gene assays using either a 2kb TMLD promoter or a 4kb TMLD first intron reporter constructs revealed no functional PPRE. In contrast, reporter gene assays using wild-type and mutated 5´-truncation TMABA-DH promoter reporter constructs showed that one PPRE located at position -132 in the proximal promoter is probably functional. Using gel shift assays we observed in vitro-binding of PPARα to this PPRE. Moreover, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays we found that PPARα also binds in vivo to a nucleotide sequence spanning the PPRE at -132, which confirms that this PPRE is functional. In conclusion, the present study shows that the mouse TMABA-DH gene is a direct PPARα target gene. Together with the recent identification of the mouse BBD and the mouse OCTN2 genes as PPARα target genes this finding confirm that PPARα plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.
Collapse
|
43
|
Role of carnitine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies with carnitine supplementation and carnitine deficiency. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:1-18. [PMID: 22134503 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although carnitine is best known for its role in the import of long-chain fatty acids (acyl groups) into the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent β-oxidation, carnitine is also necessary for the efflux of acyl groups out of the mitochondria. Since intracellular accumulation of acyl-CoA derivatives has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, carnitine supplementation has gained attention as a tool for the treatment of insulin resistance. More recent studies even point toward a causative role for carnitine insufficiency in developing insulin resistance during states of chronic metabolic stress, such as obesity, which can be reversed by carnitine supplementation. METHODS The present review provides an overview about data from both animal and human studies reporting effects of either carnitine supplementation or carnitine deficiency on parameters of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in order to establish the less well-recognized role of carnitine in regulating glucose homeostasis. RESULTS Carnitine supplementation studies in both humans and animals demonstrate an improvement of glucose tolerance, in particular during insulin-resistant states. In contrast, less consistent results are available from animal studies investigating the association between carnitine deficiency and glucose intolerance. The majority of studies dealing with this question could either find no association or even reported that carnitine deficiency lowers blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS In view of the abovementioned beneficial effect of carnitine supplementation on glucose tolerance during insulin-resistant states, carnitine supplementation might be an effective tool for improvement of glucose utilization in obese type 2 diabetic patients. However, further studies are necessary to explain the conflicting observations from studies dealing with carnitine deficiency.
Collapse
|
44
|
Gu J, Li Z, Sun Y, Wei LL. Identification of functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α response element in the human Ppsig gene. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:253-9. [PMID: 21568859 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791102012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), one of the key ligand-activated nuclear receptors interacting with PPAR response elements (PPREs), may trigger the expression of PPAR-responsive genes and be involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, energy balance, and some diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mouse Ppsig gene is a novel PPARα target gene taking a pivotal role in maintaining energy balance during fasting. Disparity between humans and rodents in their PPAR systems requires corroborating experiments to determine whether the hPpsig gene (Ppsig homologous gene in human) is also a PPARα target gene. In this work, eight putative PPREs in the promoter and first intron of hPpsig were identified. However, only one intronic PPRE could respond to PPARα by transient transfection. Furthermore, the binding activity of PPARα with this intronic PPRE was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay in vitro. This investigation might help to elucidate the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of Ppsig in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ringseis R, Mooren FC, Keller J, Couturier A, Wen G, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Eder K, Krüger K. Regular endurance exercise improves the diminished hepatic carnitine status in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S193-202. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
46
|
Wen G, Kühne H, Rauer C, Ringseis R, Eder K. Mouse γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α through a PPRE located in the proximal promoter. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:175-83. [PMID: 21549104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Convincing evidence from studies with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α-deficient mice suggested that the carnitine biosynthetic enzyme γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD) is regulated by PPARα. However, the identification of BBD as a direct PPARα target gene as well as its exact regulation remained to be demonstrated. In silico-analysis of the mouse BBD promoter revealed seven putative peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE) with high similarity to the consensus PPRE. Luciferase reporter gene assays using mutated and non-mutated serial 5'-truncation BBD promoter reporter constructs revealed that one PPRE located at -75 to -87 relative to the transcription start site in the proximal BBD promoter is probably functional. Using gel shift assays we observed in vitro-binding of PPARα/RXRα heterodimer to this PPRE confirming that it is functional. In conclusion, the present study clearly shows that mouse BBD is a direct PPARα target gene and that transcriptional up-regulation of mouse BBD by PPARα is likely mediated by binding of the PPARα/RXR heterodimer to one PPRE located in its proximal promoter region. The results confirm emerging evidence from recent studies that PPARα plays a key role in the regulation of carnitine homeostasis by controlling genes involved in both, carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Lipid storage myopathy (LSM) is pathologically characterized by prominent lipid accumulation in muscle fibers due to lipid dysmetabolism. Although extensive molecular studies have been performed, there are only four types of genetically diagnosable LSMs: primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, and neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy. Making an accurate diagnosis, by specific laboratory tests including genetic analyses, is important for LSM as some of the patients are treatable: individuals with PCD show dramatic improvement with high-dose oral L-carnitine supplementation and increasing evidence indicates that MADD due to ETFDH mutations is riboflavin responsive.
Collapse
|
48
|
Silvério R, Laviano A, Rossi Fanelli F, Seelaender M. L-Carnitine induces recovery of liver lipid metabolism in cancer cachexia. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1783-92. [PMID: 21465256 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia causes metabolic alterations with a marked effect on hepatic lipid metabolism. L-Carnitine modulates lipid metabolism and its supplementation has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in many diseases. In the present study, the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on gene expression and on liver lipid metabolism-related proteins was investigated in cachectic tumour-bearing rats. Wistar rats were assigned to receive 1 g/kg of L-carnitine or saline. After 14 days, supplemented and control animals were assigned to a control (N), control supplemented with L-carnitine (CN), tumour-bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (TB) and tumour-bearing supplemented with L-carnitine (CTB) group. The mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and II (CPT I and II), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) was assessed, and the maximal activity of CPT I and II in the liver measured, along with plasma and liver triacylglycerol content. The gene expression of MTP, and CPT I catalytic activity were reduced in TB, who also showed increased liver (150%) and plasma (3.3-fold) triacylglycerol content. L-Carnitine supplementation was able to restore these parameters back to control values (p<0.05). These data show that L-carnitine preserves hepatic lipid metabolism in tumour-bearing animals, suggesting its supplementation to be of potential interest in cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Silvério
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, CEP 05508-900, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ringseis R, Heller K, Kluge H, Eder K. mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid utilization in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissues of sows during lactation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:450-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
50
|
Chamouton J, Hansmannel F, Bonzo JA, Clémencet MC, Chevillard G, Battle M, Martin P, Pineau T, Duncan S, Gonzalez FJ, Latruffe N, Mandard S, Nicolas-Francès V. The Peroxisomal 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase B Gene Expression Is under the Dual Control of PPARα and HNF4α in the Liver. PPAR Res 2011; 2010:352957. [PMID: 21437216 PMCID: PMC3061263 DOI: 10.1155/2010/352957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARα and HNF4α are nuclear receptors that control gene transcription by direct binding to specific nucleotide sequences. Using transgenic mice deficient for either PPARα or HNF4α, we show that the expression of the peroxisomal 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase B (Thb) is under the dependence of these two transcription factors. Transactivation and gel shift experiments identified a novel PPAR response element within intron 3 of the Thb gene, by which PPARα but not HNF4α transactivates. Intriguingly, we found that HNF4α enhanced PPARα/RXRα transactivation from TB PPRE3 in a DNA-binding independent manner. Coimmunoprecipitation assays supported the hypothesis that HNF4α was physically interacting with RXRα. RT-PCR performed with RNA from liver-specific HNF4α-null mice confirmed the involvement of HNF4α in the PPARα-regulated induction of Thb by Wy14,643. Overall, we conclude that HNF4α enhances the PPARα-mediated activation of Thb gene expression in part through interaction with the obligate PPARα partner, RXRα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chamouton
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - F. Hansmannel
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM U744, Laboratoire d'Épidémiologie et Santé Publique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - J. A. Bonzo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. C. Clémencet
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - G. Chevillard
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - M. Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
| | - P. Martin
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, UR66, INRA, 31931, Toulouse, France
| | - T. Pineau
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, UR66, INRA, 31931, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Duncan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
| | - F. J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - N. Latruffe
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - S. Mandard
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - V. Nicolas-Francès
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U866, LBMN 6, Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|