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Yoon DS, Liu C, Jalagam PR, Feng J, Wang W, Swidorski JJ, Xu L, Hartz RA, Nair SK, Beno BR, Panda M, Ghosh K, Kumar A, Sale H, Shah D, Mathur A, Ellsworth BA, Cheng D, Regueiro-Ren A. Atropisomerism Observed in Galactose-Based Monosaccharide Inhibitors of Galectin-3 Comprising 2-Methyl-4-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3 H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39102502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a carbohydrate binding protein that has been implicated in the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. Proof-of-principal animal models have demonstrated that inhibition of Gal-3 is a potentially viable pathway for the treatment of fibrosis─with small molecule Gal-3 inhibitors advanced into clinical trials. We hereby report the discovery of novel galactose-based monosaccharide Gal-3 inhibitors comprising 2-methyl-4-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (compound 20) and 4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (compound 15). Notably, hindered rotation caused by steric interaction between the 3-thione and ortho-trifluoromethyl group of compounds 20, 21 induced formation of thermodynamically stable atropisomers. Distinct X-ray cocrystal structures of 20 and 21 were obtained, which clearly demonstrated that the configuration of 21 proscribes a key halogen bonding σ-hole interaction of 3-chloro with carbonyl oxygen of Gly182, thereby leading to significant loss in potency. Ultimately, 20 and 15 were evaluated in mouse pharmacokinetic studies, and both compounds exhibited oral exposures suitable for further in vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Yoon
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chunjian Liu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Prasada Rao Jalagam
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Jianxin Feng
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Li Xu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Richard A Hartz
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Satheesh K Nair
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Brett R Beno
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Manoranjan Panda
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Harinath Sale
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Devang Shah
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Dong Cheng
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
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2
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Fuster-Martínez I, Calatayud S. The current landscape of antifibrotic therapy across different organs: A systematic approach. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107245. [PMID: 38821150 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological process that can affect virtually all the organs, but there are hardly any effective therapeutic options. This has led to an intense search for antifibrotic therapies over the last decades, with a great number of clinical assays currently underway. We have systematically reviewed all current and recently finished clinical trials involved in the development of new antifibrotic drugs, and the preclinical studies analyzing the relevance of each of these pharmacological strategies in fibrotic processes affecting tissues beyond those being clinically studied. We analyze and discuss this information with the aim of determining the most promising options and the feasibility of extending their therapeutic value as antifibrotic agents to other fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fuster-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain; FISABIO (Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana), Valencia 46020, Spain.
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBERehd (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Spain.
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3
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Spielman AF, Griffin MF, Titan AL, Guardino N, Cotterell AC, Akras D, Wan DC, Longaker MT. Reduction of Tendon Fibrosis Using Galectin-3 Inhibitors. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 154:113-121. [PMID: 37344932 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is a complication of both tendon injuries and repairs. The authors aimed to develop a mouse model to assess tendon fibrosis and to identify an antifibrotic agent capable of overcoming it. METHODS The Achilles tendon of adult C57Bl/6 mice was exposed via skin incision, followed by 50% tendon injury and abrasion with sandpaper. Sham operations were conducted on contralateral hindlimbs. Histologic analyses and immunofluorescent staining for fibrotic markers (collagen type 1 [ Col1 ], α-smooth muscle actin [ α-SMA ]) were used to confirm that the model induced tendon fibrosis. A second experiment further examined the role of α-SMA in adhesion formation using α-SMA.mTmG mice (6 to 8 weeks old; n = 3) with the same injury model. Lastly, α-SMA.mTmG mice were randomized to either condition 1 (tendon injury [control group]) or condition 2 (tendon injury with galectin-3 inhibitor [Gal3i] treatment at time of injury [treatment group]). RESULTS Histologic analyses confirmed tendon thickening and collagen deposition after tendon injury and abrasion compared with control. Immunofluorescence showed higher levels of Col1 and α-SMA protein expression after injury compared with sham ( P < 0.05). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated increased gene expression of Col1 and α-SMA after injury compared with sham ( P < 0.05). Gal3 protein expression also increased after injury and colocalized with α-SMA+ fibroblasts surrounding the fibrotic tendon. Gal3i treatment decreased collagen deposition and scarring observed in the treatment group ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The authors' study provides a reproducible and reliable model to investigate tendon fibrosis. Findings suggest the potential of Gal3i to overcome fibrosis resulting from tendon injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Tendon injuries are common presentations to hand surgeons. Complications include adhesion formation, which results in reduced strength and frequent reinjury. Advancements in management require a better understanding of the mechanisms behind tendon fibrosis in order to identify ways to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Spielman
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Michelle F Griffin
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Ashley L Titan
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Nicholas Guardino
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Asha C Cotterell
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Deena Akras
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Derrick C Wan
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Michael T Longaker
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
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4
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Gasson R, Roper JA, Slack RJ. A Quantitative Human Red Blood Cell Agglutination Assay for Characterisation of Galectin Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6756. [PMID: 38928462 PMCID: PMC11204262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins that are characterised by their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and include galectin-1 and galectin-3. These galectins have been implicated in numerous diseases due to their pleiotropic nature, including cancer and fibrosis, with therapeutic inhibitors being clinically developed to block the CRD. One of the early methods developed to characterise these galectins was the hemagglutination of red blood cells. Although it is insightful, this approach has been hampered by a lack of sensitivity and accurate quantification of the agglutination observed. In this study, we aimed to validate a more precise and quantitative method to enable the further investigation of differences between galectins in respect to agglutination induction in different blood groups, as well as the characterisation of small molecule inhibitors. Quantification of hemagglutination was shown to be optimal using U-bottom plates imaged and analysed with FIJI ImageJ rather than flat-bottom plates read for absorbance on an optical density plate reader. Galectin-3-induced red blood cell agglutination efficacy increased significantly from blood group O to A to B. However, for both the galectin-1 monomer and concatemer, a more comparable effect was observed between blood group B and O, but with more potent effects than in blood group A. Inhibition assays for both galectin-3 and galectin-1 induced-hemagglutination were able to demonstrate clear concentration responses and expected selectivity profiles for a set of small-molecule glycomimetics, confirming the historical profiles obtained in biochemical binding and functional cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J. Slack
- Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
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Zetterberg FR, Peterson K, Nilsson UJ, Andréasson Dahlgren K, Diehl C, Holyer I, Håkansson M, Khabut A, Kahl-Knutson B, Leffler H, MacKinnon AC, Roper JA, Slack RJ, Zarrizi R, Pedersen A. Discovery of the Selective and Orally Available Galectin-1 Inhibitor GB1908 as a Potential Treatment for Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9374-9388. [PMID: 38804039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We have previously described a new series of selective and orally available galectin-1 inhibitors resulting in the thiazole-containing glycomimetic GB1490. Here, we show that the introduction of polar substituents to the thiazole ring results in galectin-1-specific compounds with low nM affinities. X-ray structural analysis of a new ligand-galectin-1 complex shows changes in the binding mode and ligand-protein hydrogen bond interactions compared to the GB1490-galectin-1 complex. These new high affinity ligands were further optimized with respect to affinity and ADME properties resulting in the galectin-1-selective GB1908 (Kd galectin-1/3 0.057/6.0 μM). In vitro GB1908 inhibited galectin-1-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells (IC50 = 850 nM). Pharmacokinetic experiments in mice revealed that a dose of 30 mg/kg b.i.d. results in free levels of GB1908 in plasma over galectin-1 Kd for 24 h. GB1908 dosed with this regimen reduced the growth of primary lung tumor LL/2 in a syngeneic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik R Zetterberg
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8 A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg,Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Peterson
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8 A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg,Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8 A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg,Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Carl Diehl
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian Holyer
- Nine Edinburgh Bioquarter, Galecto Biotech ApS, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K
| | - Maria Håkansson
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Areej Khabut
- Red Glead Discovery AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbro Kahl-Knutson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alison C MacKinnon
- Nine Edinburgh Bioquarter, Galecto Biotech ApS, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K
| | - James A Roper
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech ApS, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Robert J Slack
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech ApS, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | | | - Anders Pedersen
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Souchak J, Mohammed NBB, Lau LS, Dimitroff CJ. The role of galectins in mediating the adhesion of circulating cells to vascular endothelium. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395714. [PMID: 38840921 PMCID: PMC11150550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion is a complex orchestration of events that commonly feature lectin-ligand interactions between circulating cells, such as immune, stem, and tumor cells, and endothelial cells (ECs) lining post-capillary venules. Characteristically, circulating cell adherence to the vasculature endothelium is initiated through interactions between surface sialo-fucosylated glycoprotein ligands and lectins, specifically platelet (P)- or endothelial (E)-selectin on ECs or between leukocyte (L)-selectin on circulating leukocytes and L-selectin ligands on ECs, culminating in circulating cell extravasation. This lectin-ligand interplay enables the migration of immune cells into specific tissue sites to help maintain effective immunosurveillance and inflammation control, the homing of stem cells to bone marrow or tissues in need of repair, and, unfortunately, in some cases, the dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to distant metastatic sites. Interestingly, there is a growing body of evidence showing that the family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, known as galectins, can also play pivotal roles in the adhesion of circulating cells to the vascular endothelium. In this review, we present contemporary knowledge on the significant roles of host- and/or tumor-derived galectin (Gal)-3, -8, and -9 in facilitating the adhesion of circulating cells to the vascular endothelium either directly by acting as bridging molecules or indirectly by triggering signaling pathways to express adhesion molecules on ECs. We also explore strategies for interfering with galectin-mediated adhesion to attenuate inflammation or hinder the metastatic seeding of CTCs, which are often rich in galectins and/or their glycan ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Souchak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Norhan B. B. Mohammed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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7
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Hong S, Kim J, Jung K, Ahn M, Moon C, Nomura Y, Matsuda H, Tanaka A, Jeong H, Shin T. Histopathological evaluation of the lungs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e35. [PMID: 38834505 PMCID: PMC11156594 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis characterized by inflammation within the central nervous system. However, inflammation in non-neuronal tissues, including the lungs, has not been fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the inflammatory response in lungs of EAE mice by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry. METHODS Eight adult C57BL/6 mice were injected with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 to induce the EAE. Lungs and spinal cords were sampled from the experimental mice at the time of sacrifice and used for the western blotting, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory lesions in the lungs of EAE mice, characterized by infiltration of myeloperoxidase (MPO)- and galectin-3-positive cells, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Increased numbers of collagen fibers in the lungs of EAE mice were confirmed by histopathological analysis. Western blotting revealed significantly elevated level of osteopontin (OPN), cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), MPO and galectin-3 in the lungs of EAE mice compared with normal controls (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed both OPN and CD44 in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-positive macrophages within the lungs of EAE mice. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased OPN level in lungs of EAE mice led to inflammation; concurrent increases in proinflammatory factors (OPN and galectin-3) caused pulmonary impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoo Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Scleroprotein and Leather Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hyohoon Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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8
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Bajraktari G, Elger T, Huss M, Loibl J, Albert A, Kandulski A, Müller M, Tews HC, Buechler C. Serum Galectin-3 as a Non-Invasive Marker for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4765. [PMID: 38731984 PMCID: PMC11084718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a serious liver disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Galectin-3, an inflammatory and fibrotic molecule, has elevated circulating levels in patients with chronic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aims to clarify whether galectin-3 can differentiate between patients with IBD, PSC, and PSC-IBD. Our study measured serum galectin-3 levels in 38 healthy controls, 55 patients with IBD, and 22 patients with PSC (11 patients had underlying IBD and 11 patients did not), alongside the urinary galectin-3 of these patients and 18 controls. Serum and urinary galectin-3 levels in IBD patients were comparable to those in controls. Among IBD patients, those with high fecal calprotectin, indicating severe disease, exhibited lower serum and elevated urinary galectin-3 levels compared to those with low calprotectin levels. Serum galectin-3 levels were inversely correlated with C-reactive protein levels. PSC patients displayed higher serum and urinary galectin-3 levels than IBD patients, with the highest serum levels observed in PSC patients with coexisting IBD. There was no correlation between serum and urinary galectin-3 levels and laboratory indicators of liver injury in both IBD and PSC patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that serum and urinary galectin-3 levels can distinguish IBD from PSC patients, and also reveals higher serum galectin-3 levels in PSC-IBD patients compared to those with isolated PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (G.B.); (T.E.); (M.H.); (J.L.); (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.M.); (H.C.T.)
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9
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Muchowicz A, Bartoszewicz A, Zaslona Z. The Exploitation of the Glycosylation Pattern in Asthma: How We Alter Ancestral Pathways to Develop New Treatments. Biomolecules 2024; 14:513. [PMID: 38785919 PMCID: PMC11117584 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma has reached epidemic levels, yet progress in developing specific therapies is slow. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that asthma is an umbrella term for various distinct subsets. Due to its high heterogeneity, it is difficult to establish biomarkers for each subset of asthma and to propose endotype-specific treatments. This review focuses on protein glycosylation as a process activated in asthma and ways to utilize it to develop novel biomarkers and treatments. We discuss known and relevant glycoproteins whose functions control disease development. The key role of glycoproteins in processes integral to asthma, such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, and repair, justifies our interest and research in the field of glycobiology. Altering the glycosylation states of proteins contributing to asthma can change the pathological processes that we previously failed to inhibit. Special emphasis is placed on chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1), an enzyme capable of modifying LacNAc- and LacdiNAc-containing glycans. The expression and activity of CHIT1 are induced in human diseased lungs, and its pathological role has been demonstrated by both genetic and pharmacological approaches. We propose that studying the glycosylation pattern and enzymes involved in glycosylation in asthma can help in patient stratification and in developing personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zbigniew Zaslona
- Molecure S.A., Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.); (A.B.)
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10
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Perez-Moreno E, Oyanadel C, de la Peña A, Hernández R, Pérez-Molina F, Metz C, González A, Soza A. Galectins in epithelial-mesenchymal transition: roles and mechanisms contributing to tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer metastasis. Biol Res 2024; 57:14. [PMID: 38570874 PMCID: PMC10993482 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins are soluble glycan-binding proteins that interact with a wide range of glycoproteins and glycolipids and modulate a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. The expression and subcellular localization of different galectins vary among tissues and cell types and change during processes of tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer where epithelial cells loss differentiation while acquiring migratory mesenchymal phenotypes. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs in the context of these processes can include modifications of glycosylation patterns of glycolipids and glycoproteins affecting their interactions with galectins. Moreover, overexpression of certain galectins has been involved in the development and different outcomes of EMT. This review focuses on the roles and mechanisms of Galectin-1 (Gal-1), Gal-3, Gal-4, Gal-7 and Gal-8, which have been involved in physiologic and pathogenic EMT contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Perez-Moreno
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Oyanadel
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adely de la Peña
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronny Hernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Pérez-Molina
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Metz
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso González
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia (CCTE) Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.
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Yoeli D, Mack CL, Luo Y, Chaidez A, De La Rosa NL, Wang Z, Cervantes-Alvarez E, Huang CA, Navarro-Alvarez N. Galectin-3 in biliary atresia and other pediatric cholestatic liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:392-402. [PMID: 37950561 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by intrahepatic inflammation and rapid progression of liver fibrosis. Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside binding protein, is a key regulator of inflammation and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to characterize circulating and hepatic Galectin-3 levels in children with BA. METHODS Plasma and liver samples were obtained from children with early BA at time of Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, late BA at time of transplant, early and late other cholestatic liver diseases (CLD), and controls. Plasma Galectin-3 was measured using standard enzyme-linked immunoassay. Liver tissue was analyzed with multiplex immunohistochemistry and quantified using whole slide analysis. Statistical comparisons were made using nonparametric testing. RESULTS Plasma Galectin-3 in late BA was significantly higher than in early BA (20.82 [12.45-30.46] vs. 11.30 [8.74-16.83] ng/mL, p = 0.0096). Galectin-3 levels correlated with markers of disease severity and interleukin-6. There were significantly more Galectin-3+ M2 macrophages in late BA in comparison to late other CLD (162 [157-233] vs. 49 [33-59] cells/mm2, p = 0.03). The number of Galectin-3+ M2 macrophages correlated with the number of activated hepatic stellate cells and bile duct proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Plasma Galectin-3 is higher in late BA at time of transplant in comparison to early BA at time of Kasai. The number of Galectin-3 expressing M2 macrophages in late BA is elevated relative to late other CLD and was associated with other prognostic histological findings. Galectin-3 targeted therapy may be beneficial in slowing disease progression to cirrhosis in children with BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Yoeli
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara L Mack
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander Chaidez
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathaly Limon De La Rosa
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christene A Huang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Drzewicka K, Zasłona Z. Metabolism-driven glycosylation represents therapeutic opportunities in interstitial lung diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328781. [PMID: 38550597 PMCID: PMC10973144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are coupled with alteration in protein glycosylation. In this review, we will focus on macrophages that are pivotal in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis and thanks to their adaptable metabolism are an attractive therapeutic target. Examples presented in this review demonstrate that protein glycosylation regulates metabolism-driven immune responses in macrophages, with implications for fibrotic processes and granuloma formation. Targeting proteins that regulate glycosylation, such as fucosyltransferases, neuraminidase 1 and chitinase 1 could effectively block immunometabolic changes driving inflammation and fibrosis, providing novel avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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13
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Malik AA, Shariq M, Sheikh JA, Zarin S, Ahuja Y, Fayaz H, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Activation of the lysosomal damage response and selective autophagy: the coordinated actions of galectins, TRIM proteins, and CGAS-STING1 in providing immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38470107 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial immune defense mechanism that controls the survival and pathogenesis of M. tb by maintaining cell physiology during stress and pathogen attack. The E3-Ub ligases (PRKN, SMURF1, and NEDD4) and autophagy receptors (SQSTM1, TAX1BP1, CALCOCO2, OPTN, and NBR1) play key roles in this process. Galectins (LGALSs), which bind to sugars and are involved in identifying damaged cell membranes caused by intracellular pathogens such as M. tb, are essential. These include LGALS3, LGALS8, and LGALS9, which respond to endomembrane damage and regulate endomembrane damage caused by toxic chemicals, protein aggregates, and intracellular pathogens, including M. tb. They also activate selective autophagy and de novo endolysosome biogenesis. LGALS3, LGALS9, and LGALS8 interact with various components to activate autophagy and repair damage, while CGAS-STING1 plays a critical role in providing immunity against M. tb by activating selective autophagy and producing type I IFNs with antimycobacterial functions. STING1 activates cGAMP-dependent autophagy which provides immunity against various pathogens. Additionally, cytoplasmic surveillance pathways activated by ds-DNA, such as inflammasomes mediated by NLRP3 and AIM2 complexes, control M. tb. Modulation of E3-Ub ligases with small regulatory molecules of LGALSs and TRIM proteins could be a novel host-based therapeutic approach for controlling TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javaid Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashika Ahuja
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Haleema Fayaz
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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14
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Cai D, He F, Wu S, Wang Z, Bian Y, Wen C, Ding K. Functional structural domain synthesis of anti-pancreatic carcinoma pectin-like polysaccharide RN1. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121668. [PMID: 38171659 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The great structural and functional diversity supports polysaccharides as favorable candidates for new drug development. Previously we reported that a drug candidate pectin-like natural polysaccharide, RN1 might target galectin-3 (Gal-3) to impede pancreatic cancer cell growth in vivo. However, the quality control of polysaccharide-based drug research faces great challenges due to the heterogeneity. A potential solution is to synthesize structurally identified subfragments of this polysaccharide as alternatives. In this work, we took RN1 as an example, and synthesized five subfragments derived from the putative repeating units of RN1. Among them, pentasaccharide 4 showed an approximative binding affinity to Gal-3 in vitro, as well as an antiproliferative activity against pancreatic BxPC-3 cells comparable to that of RN1. Further, we scaled up pentasaccharide 4 to gram-scale in an efficient synthetic route with a 6.9 % yield from D-galactose. Importantly, pentasaccharide 4 significantly suppressed the growth of pancreatic tumor in vivo. Based on the mechanism complementarity of galactin-3 inhibitor and docetaxel, the combination administration of pentasaccharide 4 and docetaxel afforded better result. The result suggested pentasaccharide 4 was one of the functional structural domains of polysaccharide RN1 and might be a leading compound for anti-pancreatic cancer new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqin Cai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei He
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shengjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya Bian
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang Wen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan 528400, China.
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15
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Liu C, Wang W, Feng J, Beno B, Raja T, Swidorski J, Manepalli RKVLP, Vetrichelvan M, Rao Jalagam P, Nair SK, Gupta A, Panda M, Ghosh K, Kaushikkumar Shukla J, Sale H, Shah D, Singh Gautam S, Patel D, Mathur A, Ellsworth BA, Cheng D, Regueiro-Ren A. Identification of benzothiazole derived monosaccharides as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of human and mouse galectin-3; a rare example of using a S···O binding interaction for drug design. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 101:117638. [PMID: 38394996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
As a result of our continued efforts to pursue Gal-3 inhibitors that could be used to fully evaluate the potential of Gal-3 as a therapeutic target, two novel series of benzothiazole derived monosaccharides as potent (against both human and mouse Gal-3) and orally bioavailable Gal-3 inhibitors, represented by 4 and 5, respectively, were identified. These discoveries were made based on proposals that the benzothiazole sulfur atom could interact with the carbonyl oxygen of G182/G196 in h/mGal-3, and that the anomeric triazole moiety could be modified into an N-methyl carboxamide functionality. The interaction between the benzothiazole sulfur and the carbonyl oxygen of G196 in mGal-3 was confirmed by an X-ray co-crystal structure of early lead 9, providing a rare example of using a S···O binding interaction for drug design. It was found that for both the series, methylation of 3-OH in the monosaccharides caused no loss in h & mGal-3 potencies but significantly improved permeability of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Liu
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
| | - Wei Wang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Jianxin Feng
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Brett Beno
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Thiruvenkadam Raja
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Jacob Swidorski
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | | | | | - Prasada Rao Jalagam
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Satheesh K Nair
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoranjan Panda
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Harinath Sale
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Devang Shah
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Dipal Patel
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Dong Cheng
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
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16
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Sharma JR, Dubey A, Yadav UCS. Cigarette smoke-induced galectin-3 as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in lung tissue remodeling. Life Sci 2024; 339:122433. [PMID: 38237765 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a multifunctional carbohydrate-binding lectin, has emerged as a key player in various biological processes including inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and fibrotic disorders, however it remains unclear if Gal-3 is a bystander or drives lung tissue remodeling (LTR). Persistent exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading cause of oxidative and inflammatory damage to the lung tissues. CS-induced pathological increase in Gal-3 expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer. We and others have reported that CS induces Gal-3 synthesis and secretion, which modulates the pathological signaling pathways in lung epithelial cells implicating Gal-3 as a novel diagnostic marker and a factor driving LTR in CS-exposed lungs. Therefore, pharmacological interventions targeting Gal-3 and its upstream and downstream signaling pathways can help combat CS-induced LTR. Excitingly, preclinical models have demonstrated the efficacy of interventions such as Gal-3 expression inhibition, Gal-3 receptor blockade, and signaling pathways modulation open up promising avenues for future therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, targeting extracellular vesicles-mediated Gal-3 release and the potential of microRNA-based therapy are emerging as novel therapeutic approaches in CS-induced LTR and have been discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiten R Sharma
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anupama Dubey
- Special Center for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Special Center for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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17
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Kersten R, Trampert DC, Hubers LM, Tolenaars D, Vos HR, van de Graaf SFJ, Beuers U. Galectin-3 and prohibitin 1 are autoantigens in IgG4-related cholangitis without clear-cut protective effects against toxic bile acids. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1251134. [PMID: 38332916 PMCID: PMC10851949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) is the hepatobiliary manifestation of IgG4-related disease, a systemic B cell-driven fibro-inflammatory disorder. Four autoantigens have recently been described in IgG4-RD: annexin A11, galectin-3, laminin 511-E8, and prohibitin 1. We have previously reported a protective role of annexin A11 and laminin 511-E8 in human cholangiocytes against toxic bile acids. Here, we explored the potentially protective role of the carbohydrate-binding lectin galectin-3 and the scaffold proteins prohibitins 1 and 2. Methods Anti-galectin-3, anti-prohibitin 1 and 2 autoantibody positivity in IRC and healthy and disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)) control sera was assessed by ELISA/liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Human H69 cholangiocytes were subjected to short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown targeting galectin-3 (LGALS3), prohibitin 1 (PHB1), and prohibitin 2 (PHB2). H69 cholangiocytes were also exposed to recombinant galectin-3, the inhibitor GB1107, recombinant prohibitin 1, and the pan-prohibitin inhibitor rocaglamide. Protection against bile acid toxicity was assessed by intracellular pH (pHi) measurements using BCECF-AM, 22,23-3H-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (3H-GCDC) influx, and GCDC-induced apoptosis using Caspase-3/7 assays. Results Anti-galectin-3 autoantibodies were detected in 13.5% of individuals with IRC but not in PSC. Knockdown of LGALS3 and galectin-3 inhibition with GB1107 did not affect pHi, whereas recombinant galectin-3 incubation lowered pHi. LGALS3 knockdown increased GCDC-influx but not GCDC-induced apoptosis. GB1107 reduced GCDC-influx and GCDC-induced apoptosis. Recombinant galectin-3 tended to decrease GCDC-influx and GCDC-induced apoptosis. Anti-prohibitin 1 autoantibodies were detected in 61.5% and 35.7% of individuals with IRC and PSC, respectively. Knockdown of PHB1, combined PHB1/2 KD, treatment with rocaglamide, and recombinant prohibitin 1 all lowered pHi. Knockdown of PHB1, PHB2, or combined PHB1/2 did not alter GCDC-influx, yet knockdown of PHB1 increased GCDC-induced apoptosis. Conversely, rocaglamide reduced GCDC-influx but did not attenuate GCDC-induced apoptosis. Recombinant prohibitin 1 did not affect GCDC-influx or GCDC-induced apoptosis. Finally, anti-galectin-3 and anti-prohibitin 1 autoantibody pretreatment did not lead to increased GCDC-influx. Conclusions A subset of individuals with IRC have autoantibodies against galectin-3 and prohibitin 1. Gene-specific knockdown, pharmacological inhibition, and recombinant protein substitution did not clearly disclose a protective role of these autoantigens in human cholangiocytes against toxic bile acids. The involvement of these autoantibodies in processes surpassing epithelial secretion remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Kersten
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David C. Trampert
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lowiek M. Hubers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Tolenaars
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R. Vos
- Oncode Institute and Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stan F. J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Ng MS, Kwok I, Tan L, Shi C, Cerezo-Wallis D, Tan Y, Leong K, Yang K, Zhang Y, Jing J, Liong KH, Wu D, He R, Liu D, Teh YC, Bleriot C, Caronni N, Liu Z, Duan K, Narang V, Li M, Chen J, Liu Y, Liu L, Qi J, Liu Y, Jiang L, Shen B, Cheng H, Cheng T, Angeli V, Sharma A, Loh YH, Tey HL, Chong SZ, Ostuni R, Hidalgo A, Ginhoux F, Ng LG. Deterministic reprogramming of neutrophils within tumors. Science 2024; 383:eadf6493. [PMID: 38207030 PMCID: PMC11087151 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf6493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils are increasingly recognized as key players in the tumor immune response and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Despite recent advances characterizing the diversity of neutrophil states in cancer, common trajectories and mechanisms governing the ontogeny and relationship between these neutrophil states remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that immature and mature neutrophils that enter tumors undergo irreversible epigenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic modifications to converge into a distinct, terminally differentiated dcTRAIL-R1+ state. Reprogrammed dcTRAIL-R1+ neutrophils predominantly localize to a glycolytic and hypoxic niche at the tumor core and exert pro-angiogenic function that favors tumor growth. We found similar trajectories in neutrophils across multiple tumor types and in humans, suggesting that targeting this program may provide a means of enhancing certain cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S.F. Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Changming Shi
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital; Shanghai, China
| | - Daniela Cerezo-Wallis
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, USA
| | - Yingrou Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group; Singapore
| | - Keith Leong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Katharine Yang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore (NUS); Singapore
| | - Jingsi Jing
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital; Shanghai, China
| | - Ka Hang Liong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Dandan Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Rui He
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital; Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Ye Chean Teh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Camille Bleriot
- INSERM U1015, Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- CNRS UMR8253, Institut Necker des Enfants Malades; Paris, France
| | - Nicoletta Caronni
- Genomics of the Innate Immune System Unit, San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan, Italy
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Genomics of the Innate Immune System Unit, San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan, Italy
| | - Kaibo Duan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Mengwei Li
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | | | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China; Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cancer Biology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cancer Biology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Pancreatic Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai, China
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Pancreatic Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin, China
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore (NUS); Singapore
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre; Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University; Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University; Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yuin-han Loh
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group; Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Shu Zhen Chong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore (NUS); Singapore
| | - Renato Ostuni
- Genomics of the Innate Immune System Unit, San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Italy
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
- INSERM U1015, Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre; Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital; Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore (NUS); Singapore
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19
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Bahreiny SS, Bastani MN, Aghaei M, Dabbagh MR, Mahdizade AH. Circulating Galectin-3 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 63:37-45. [PMID: 38216266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by multifactorial and intricate pathogenesis. The discovery of novel markers has been a significant step toward understanding the mechanisms of PCOS. Galectin-3 has emerged as a novel factor in metabolic disorders. This meta-analysis examines the association between circulating Galectin-3 and PCOS. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to identify relevant articles in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. The search covered the period from January 2000 to March 2023 and followed a predefined search strategy. Eight articles were included in the analysis with a total of 594 participants (322 patients with PCOS and 272 controls). Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval [CI] were used to evaluate the association between Galectin-3 levels and PCOS. The results indicated a significant association between PCOS and galectin-3 levels (SMD = 0.58; 95 % CI: 0.15-1.01; p = 0.007). In addition, subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in serum Galectin-3 levels in women with PCOS and a higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ratio (SMD = 0.89; 95 % CI: 0.45-1.33; p < 0.001). The researchers also performed meta-regression and subgroup analyses to specify sources of heterogeneity. The results of our meta-analysis suggest an association between increased levels of galectin-3 and PCOS. Galectin-3 plays a significant role in the progression of PCOS and could be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker. Nevertheless, it is essential to perform further studies to confirm and support our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sobhan Bahreiny
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Navid Bastani
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Aghaei
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Dabbagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahdizade
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Yakubovich E, Cook DP, Rodriguez GM, Vanderhyden BC. Mesenchymal ovarian cancer cells promote CD8 + T cell exhaustion through the LGALS3-LAG3 axis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:61. [PMID: 38086828 PMCID: PMC10716312 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often metastasize by undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although abundance of CD8+ T-cells in the tumor microenvironment correlates with improved survival, mesenchymal cancer cells acquire greater resistance to antitumor immunity in some cancers. We hypothesized the EMT modulates the immune response to ovarian cancer. Here we show that cancer cells from infiltrated/inflamed tumors possess more mesenchymal cells, than excluded and desert tumors. We also noted high expression of LGALS3 is associated with EMT in vivo, a finding validated with in vitro EMT models. Dissecting the cellular communications among populations in the tumor revealed that mesenchymal cancer cells in infiltrated tumors communicate through LGALS3 to LAG3 receptor expressed by CD8+ T cells. We found CD8+ T cells express high levels of LAG3, a marker of T cell exhaustion. The results indicate that EMT in ovarian cancer cells promotes interactions between cancer cells and T cells through the LGALS3 - LAG3 axis, which could increase T cell exhaustion in infiltrated tumors, dampening antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yakubovich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - David P Cook
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Galaxia M Rodriguez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Meira C, Silva J, Quadros H, Silva L, Barreto B, Rocha V, Bomfim L, Santos E, Soares M. Galectins in Protozoan Parasitic Diseases: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:2671. [PMID: 38067100 PMCID: PMC10705098 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of diseases that generally develop in tropical or subtropical climatic conditions and are related to poverty. Within the spectrum of NTDs, diseases caused by protozoa such as malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis exhibit elevated mortality rates, thereby constituting a substantial public health concern. Beyond their protozoan etiology, these NTDs share other similarities, such as the challenge of control and the lack of affordable, safe, and effective drugs. In view of the above, the need to explore novel diagnostic predictors and therapeutic targets for the treatment of these parasitic diseases is evident. In this context, galectins are attractive because they are a set of lectins bound to β-galactosides that play key roles in a variety of cellular processes, including host-parasite interaction such as adhesion and entry of parasites into the host cells, and participate in antiparasitic immunity in either a stimulatory or inhibitory manner, especially the galectins-1, -2, -3, and -9. These functions bestow upon galectins significant therapeutic prospects in the context of managing and diagnosing NTDs. Thus, the present review aims to elucidate the potential role of galectins in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Meira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Jaqueline Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Helenita Quadros
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Laís Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Breno Barreto
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Larissa Bomfim
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Emanuelle Santos
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Milena Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador 21040-900, Bahia, Brazil; (J.S.); (H.Q.); (L.S.); (B.B.); (V.R.); (L.B.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
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22
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Ren Z, Zhang Z, Ling L, Liu X, Wang X. Drugs for treating myocardial fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1221881. [PMID: 37771726 PMCID: PMC10523299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1221881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, which is a common pathological manifestation of many cardiovascular diseases, is characterized by excessive proliferation, collagen deposition and abnormal distribution of extracellular matrix fibroblasts. In clinical practice, modern medicines, such as diuretic and β receptor blockers, and traditional Chinese medicines, such as salvia miltiorrhiza and safflower extract, have certain therapeutic effects on myocardial fibrosis. We reviewed some representative modern medicines and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and their related molecular mechanisms for the treatment of myocardial fibrosis. These drugs alleviate myocardial fibrosis by affecting related signaling pathways and inhibiting myocardial fibrosis-related protein synthesis. This review will provide more references and help for the research and treatment of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Li Ling
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiufen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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23
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Ortega-Ferreira C, Soret P, Robin G, Speca S, Hubert S, Le Gall M, Desvaux E, Jendoubi M, Saint-Paul J, Chadli L, Chomel A, Berger S, Nony E, Neau B, Fould B, Licznar A, Levasseur F, Guerrier T, Elouej S, Courtade-Gaïani S, Provost N, Nguyen TQ, Verdier J, Launay D, De Ceuninck F. Antibody-mediated neutralization of galectin-3 as a strategy for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5291. [PMID: 37652913 PMCID: PMC10471779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune, inflammatory and fibrotic disease with limited treatment options. Developing new therapies is therefore crucial to address patient needs. To this end, we focused on galectin-3 (Gal-3), a lectin known to be associated with several pathological processes seen in SSc. Using RNA sequencing of whole-blood samples in a cross-sectional cohort of 249 patients with SSc, Gal-3 and its interactants defined a strong transcriptomic fingerprint associated with disease severity, pulmonary and cardiac malfunctions, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. We developed new Gal-3 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which were then evaluated in a mouse model of hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced SSc. We show that two of these antibodies, D11 and E07, reduced pathological skin thickening, lung and skin collagen deposition, pulmonary macrophage content, and plasma interleukin-5 and -6 levels. Moreover, E07 changed the transcriptional profiles of HOCl-treated mice, resulting in a gene expression pattern that resembled that of control mice. Similarly, pathological pathways engaged in patients with SSc were counteracted by E07 in mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the translational potential of Gal-3 blockade as a therapeutic option for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ortega-Ferreira
- Servier R&D Center, Biomarker Assay Development, Translational Medicine, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Perrine Soret
- Servier R&D Center, Biomarker Biostatistics, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Silvia Speca
- U1286 INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Sandra Hubert
- Servier R&D Center, Neurosciences and Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Emiko Desvaux
- Servier R&D Center, Neurosciences and Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Manel Jendoubi
- U1286 INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm, Lille, France
| | | | - Loubna Chadli
- Servier R&D Center, Clinical Biomarker Development, Translational Medicine, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Agnès Chomel
- Servier R&D Center, Protein Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Berger
- Servier R&D Center, Structural Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuel Nony
- Servier R&D Center, Protein Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Neau
- Servier R&D Center, Preclinical Biostatistics, Quantitative Pharmacology, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- Servier R&D Center, Protein Sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Licznar
- Servier R&D Center, DMPK Department, Translational Medicine, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Levasseur
- Servier R&D Center, DMPK Department, Translational Medicine, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Guerrier
- U1286 INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Sahar Elouej
- Servier R&D Center, Computational Medicine, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Nicolas Provost
- Servier R&D Center, Molecular Genomics, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Julien Verdier
- Servier R&D Center, Neurosciences and Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Launay
- U1286 INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Inserm, Lille, France
- Lille University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, North and North-West France (CeRAINO), Lille, France
| | - Frédéric De Ceuninck
- Servier R&D Center, Neurosciences and Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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24
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Mabbitt J, Holyer ID, Roper JA, Nilsson UJ, Zetterberg FR, Vuong L, Mackinnon AC, Pedersen A, Slack RJ. Resistance to anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1: galectin-3 inhibition with GB1211 reverses galectin-3-induced blockade of pembrolizumab and atezolizumab binding to PD-1/PD-L1. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250559. [PMID: 37701441 PMCID: PMC10493609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that is highly expressed within the tumor microenvironment of aggressive cancers and has been suggested to predict a poor response to immune checkpoint therapy with the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab. We aimed to assess if the effect of Gal-3 was a result of direct interaction with the immune checkpoint receptor. Methods The ability of Gal-3 to interact with the PD-1/PD-L1 complex in the absence and presence of blocking antibodies was assessed in in vitro biochemical and cellular assays as well as in an in vivo syngeneic mouse cancer model. Results Gal-3 reduced the binding of the checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1), by potentiating the interaction between the PD-1/PD-L1 complex. In the presence of a highly selective Gal-3 small molecule inhibitor (GB1211) the binding of the anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapeutics was restored to control levels. This was observed in both a surface plasmon resonance assay measuring protein-protein interactions and via flow cytometry. Combination therapy with GB1211 and an anti-PD-L1 blocking antibody reduced tumor growth in an in vivo syngeneic model and increased the percentage of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes. Conclusion Our study suggests that Gal-3 can potentiate the PD-1/PD-L1 immune axis and potentially contribute to the immunosuppressive signalling mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, Gal-3 prevents atezolizumab and pembrolizumab target engagement with their respective immune checkpoint receptors. Reversal of this effect with the clinical candidate GB1211 offers a potential enhancing combination therapeutic with anti-PD-1 and -PD-L1 blocking antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mabbitt
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Holyer
- Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Galecto Biotech AB, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Roper
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lynda Vuong
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Robert J. Slack
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
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25
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Zaborska B, Sikora-Frąc M, Smarż K, Pilichowska-Paszkiet E, Budaj A, Sitkiewicz D, Sygitowicz G. The Role of Galectin-3 in Heart Failure-The Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential-Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13111. [PMID: 37685918 PMCID: PMC10488150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of HF, mainly due to its role in cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. Fibrosis is a hallmark of cardiac remodeling, HF, and atrial fibrillation development. This review aims to explore the involvement of Gal-3 in HF and its role in the pathogenesis and clinical diagnostic and prognostic significance. We report data on Gal-3 structure and molecular mechanisms of biological function crucial for HF development. Over the last decade, numerous studies have shown an association between echocardiographic and CMR biomarkers in HF and Gal-3 serum concentration. We discuss facts and concerns about Gal-3's utility in acute and chronic HF with preserved and reduced ejection fraction for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. Finally, we present attempts to use Gal-3 as a therapeutic target in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Zaborska
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Sikora-Frąc
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Smarż
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Ewa Pilichowska-Paszkiet
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Dariusz Sitkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Grażyna Sygitowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (G.S.)
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26
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Coulis G, Jaime D, Guerrero-Juarez C, Kastenschmidt JM, Farahat PK, Nguyen Q, Pervolarakis N, McLinden K, Thurlow L, Movahedi S, Hughes BS, Duarte J, Sorn A, Montoya E, Mozaffar I, Dragan M, Othy S, Joshi T, Hans CP, Kimonis V, MacLean AL, Nie Q, Wallace LM, Harper SQ, Mozaffar T, Hogarth MW, Bhattacharya S, Jaiswal JK, Golann DR, Su Q, Kessenbrock K, Stec M, Spencer MJ, Zamudio JR, Villalta SA. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics identify a macrophage population associated with skeletal muscle fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9984. [PMID: 37418531 PMCID: PMC10328414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for skeletal muscle homeostasis, but how their dysregulation contributes to the development of fibrosis in muscle disease remains unclear. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics to determine the molecular attributes of dystrophic and healthy muscle macrophages. We identified six clusters and unexpectedly found that none corresponded to traditional definitions of M1 or M2 macrophages. Rather, the predominant macrophage signature in dystrophic muscle was characterized by high expression of fibrotic factors, galectin-3 (gal-3) and osteopontin (Spp1). Spatial transcriptomics, computational inferences of intercellular communication, and in vitro assays indicated that macrophage-derived Spp1 regulates stromal progenitor differentiation. Gal-3+ macrophages were chronically activated in dystrophic muscle, and adoptive transfer assays showed that the gal-3+ phenotype was the dominant molecular program induced within the dystrophic milieu. Gal-3+ macrophages were also elevated in multiple human myopathies. These studies advance our understanding of macrophages in muscular dystrophy by defining their transcriptional programs and reveal Spp1 as a major regulator of macrophage and stromal progenitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Coulis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Diego Jaime
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Jenna M. Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip K. Farahat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Quy Nguyen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | - Katherine McLinden
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Thurlow
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saba Movahedi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brandon S. Hughes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Duarte
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Sorn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Montoya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Izza Mozaffar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Dragan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chetan P. Hans
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam L. MacLean
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Wallace
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott Q. Harper
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marshall W. Hogarth
- Children’s National Hospital, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Children’s National Hospital, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jyoti K. Jaiswal
- Children’s National Hospital, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Qi Su
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Michael Stec
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J. Spencer
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R. Zamudio
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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27
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Mackinnon AC, Tonev D, Jacoby B, Pinzani M, Slack RJ. Galectin-3: therapeutic targeting in liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:779-791. [PMID: 37705214 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2258280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rising incidence of liver diseases is a worldwide healthcare concern. However, the therapeutic options to manage chronic inflammation and fibrosis, the processes at the basis of morbidity and mortality of liver diseases, are very limited. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) is a protein implicated in fibrosis in multiple organs. Several Gal-3 inhibitors are currently in clinical development. AREAS COVERED This review describes our current understanding of the role of Gal-3 in chronic liver diseases, with special emphasis on fibrosis. Also, we review therapeutic advances based on Gal-3 inhibition, describing drug properties and their current status in clinical research. EXPERT OPINION Currently, the known effects of Gal-3 point to a direct activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to its activation in liver macrophages and activated macrophages play a key role in tissue fibrogenesis. However, more research is needed to elucidate the role of Gal-3 in the different activation pathways, dissecting the intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of Gal-3, and its role in pathogenesis. Gal-3 could be a target for early therapy of numerous hepatic diseases and, given the lack of therapeutic options for liver fibrosis, there is a strong pharmacologic potential for Gal-3-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitar Tonev
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Jacoby
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Slack
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Luo H, Zhao L, Ou Z, Li T, Liu Y, Yu Z. Novel lncRNA LNC_000113 Drives the Activation of Pulmonary Adventitial Fibroblasts through Modulating PTEN/Akt/FoxO1 Pathway. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:262. [PMID: 37367427 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10060262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts (PAFs) is one of the key components of pulmonary arterial remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs may play fibrotic roles in a range of diseases. In this present study, we identified a novel lncRNA, LNC_000113, in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts (PAFs) and characterised its role in the Galectin-3-induced activation of PAFs in rats. Galectin-3 led to elevated expression of lncRNA LNC_000113 in PAFs. The expression of this lncRNA was primarily PAF enriched. A progressive increase in lncRNA LNC_000113 expression was observed in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats. Knockdown of lncRNA LNC_000113 cancelled the Galectin-3's fibroproliferative effect on PAFs and prevented the transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. The loss-of-function study demonstrated that lncRNA LNC_000113 activated PAFs through the PTEN/Akt/FoxO1 pathway. These results propose lncRNA LNC_000113 drives the activation of PAFs and promotes fibroblast phenotypic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Changsha (Xiangya Medical College Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Central South University), Changsha 410005, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ziwei Ou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Tangzhiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yanghong Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zaixin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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29
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Zheng L, Xia J, Ge P, Meng Y, Li W, Li M, Wang M, Song C, Fan Y, Zhou Y. The interrelation of galectins and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110336. [PMID: 37262957 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital physiological process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by removing damaged organelles and senescent or misfolded molecules. However, excessive autophagy results in cell death and apoptosis, which will lead to a variety of diseases. Galectins are a type of animal lectin that binds to β-galactosides and can bind to the cell surface or extracellular matrix glycans, affecting a variety of immune processes in vivo and being linked to the development of many diseases. In many cases, galectins and autophagy both play important regulatory roles in the cellular life course, yet our understanding of the relationship between them is still incomplete. Galectins and autophagy may share common etiological cofactors for some diseases. Hence, we summarize the relationship between galectins and autophagy, aiming to draw attention to the existence of multiple associations between galectins and autophagy in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, which provide new ideas for etiological diagnosis, drug development, and therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Jing Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Pengyu Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuhan Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mingming Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuying Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Ko FCF, Yan S, Lee KW, Lam SK, Ho JCM. Chimera and Tandem-Repeat Type Galectins: The New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:902. [PMID: 37371482 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, a total of 12 galectins have been identified. Their intracellular and extracellular biological functions are explored and discussed in this review. These galectins play important roles in controlling immune responses within the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the infiltration of immune cells, including different subsets of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, to fight against cancer cells. However, these infiltrating cells also have repair roles and are hijacked by cancer cells for pro-tumorigenic activities. Upon a better understanding of the immunomodulating functions of galectin-3 and -9, their inhibitors, namely, GB1211 and LYT-200, have been selected as candidates for clinical trials. The use of these galectin inhibitors as combined treatments with current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is also undergoing clinical trial investigations. Through their network of binding partners, inhibition of galectin have broad downstream effects acting on CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and macrophages as well as playing pro-inflammatory roles, inhibiting T-cell exhaustion to support the fight against cancer cells. Other galectin members are also included in this review to provide insight into potential candidates for future treatment(s). The pitfalls and limitations of using galectins and their inhibitors are also discussed to cognise their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Chi Fat Ko
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Wai Lee
- Pathology Department, Baptist Hospital, Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Kwan Lam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Chung Man Ho
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Hassamal S. Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1130989. [PMID: 37252156 PMCID: PMC10213648 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1130989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In a subset of patients, chronic exposure to stress is an etiological risk factor for neuroinflammation and depression. Neuroinflammation affects up to 27% of patients with MDD and is associated with a more severe, chronic, and treatment-resistant trajectory. Inflammation is not unique to depression and has transdiagnostic effects suggesting a shared etiological risk factor underlying psychopathologies and metabolic disorders. Research supports an association but not necessarily a causation with depression. Putative mechanisms link chronic stress to dysregulation of the HPA axis and immune cell glucocorticoid resistance resulting in hyperactivation of the peripheral immune system. The chronic extracellular release of DAMPs and immune cell DAMP-PRR signaling creates a feed forward loop that accelerates peripheral and central inflammation. Higher plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, most consistently interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, are correlated with greater depressive symptomatology. Cytokines sensitize the HPA axis, disrupt the negative feedback loop, and further propagate inflammatory reactions. Peripheral inflammation exacerbates central inflammation (neuroinflammation) through several mechanisms including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, immune cellular trafficking, and activation of glial cells. Activated glial cells release cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into the extra-synaptic space dysregulating neurotransmitter systems, imbalancing the excitatory to inhibitory ratio, and disrupting neural circuitry plasticity and adaptation. In particular, microglial activation and toxicity plays a central role in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies most consistently show reduced hippocampal volumes. Neural circuitry dysfunction such as hypoactivation between the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlies the melancholic phenotype of depression. Chronic administration of monoamine-based antidepressants counters the inflammatory response, but with a delayed therapeutic onset. Therapeutics targeting cell mediated immunity, generalized and specific inflammatory signaling pathways, and nitro-oxidative stress have enormous potential to advance the treatment landscape. Future clinical trials will need to include immune system perturbations as biomarker outcome measures to facilitate novel antidepressant development. In this overview, we explore the inflammatory correlates of depression and elucidate pathomechanisms to facilitate the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Hassamal
- California University of Sciences and Medicine, Colton, CA, United States
- Clinicaltriallink, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California Neuropsychiatric Institute, Ontario, CA, United States
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32
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Davison BA, Edwards C, Cotter G, Kimmoun A, Gayat É, Latosinska A, Mischak H, Takagi K, Deniau B, Picod A, Mebazaa A. Plasma and Urinary Biomarkers Improve Prediction of Mortality through 1 Year in Intensive Care Patients: An Analysis from FROG-ICU. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093311. [PMID: 37176751 PMCID: PMC10179283 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the value of blood and urine biomarkers in addition to routine clinical variables in risk stratification of patients admitted to ICU. METHODS Multivariable prognostic models were developed in this post hoc analysis of the French and EuRopean Outcome ReGistry in Intensive Care Units study, a prospective observational study of patients admitted to ICUs. The study included 2087 patients consecutively admitted to the ICU who required invasive mechanical ventilation or a vasoactive agent for more than 24 h. The main outcome measures were in-ICU, in-hospital, and 1 year mortality. RESULTS Models including only SAPS II or APACHE II scores had c-indexes for in-hospital and 1 year mortality of 0.64 and 0.65, and 0.63 and 0.61, respectively. The c-indexes for a model including age and estimated glomerular filtration rate were higher at 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. Models utilizing available clinical variables increased the c-index for in-hospital and 1 year mortality to 0.80 and 0.76, respectively. The addition of biomarkers and urine proteomic markers increased c-indexes to 0.83 and 0.78. CONCLUSIONS The commonly used scores for risk stratification in ICU patients did not perform well in this study. Models including clinical variables and biomarkers had significantly higher predictive values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Davison
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Momentum Research, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | | | - Gad Cotter
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Momentum Research, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Antoine Kimmoun
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Brabois, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54511 Nancy, France
- Inserm U1116, F-CRIN INI-CRCT, 54500 Nancy, France
| | - Étienne Gayat
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Koji Takagi
- Momentum Research, Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Benjamin Deniau
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Picod
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Inserm UMR-S 942, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Conditions (MASCOT), University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
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33
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Ahmed R, Anam K, Ahmed H. Development of Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs for Therapeutic Applications in Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8116. [PMID: 37175823 PMCID: PMC10179732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes. As a multifunctional protein involved in multiple pathways of many diseases, Gal3 has generated significant interest in pharmaceutical industries. As a result, several Gal3-targeting therapeutic drugs are being developed to address unmet medical needs. Based on the PubMed search of Gal3 to date (1987-2023), here, we briefly describe its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, endogenous ligands, and roles in various diseases. We also discuss its potential antagonists that are currently being investigated clinically or pre-clinically by the public and private companies. The updated knowledge on Gal3 function in various diseases could initiate new clinical or pre-clinical investigations to test therapeutic strategies, and some of these strategies could be successful and recognized as novel therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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34
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Sharma JR, Agraval H, Yadav UCS. Cigarette smoke induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, stemness, and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma cells via upregulated RUNX-2/galectin-3 pathway. Life Sci 2023; 318:121480. [PMID: 36775116 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS An elevated level of galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding lectin implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been found in cigarette smokers. However, the regulation of its expression and role in the pathogenesis of CS-induced EMT and lung cancer metastasis is unclear. Here, we have investigated the mechanism of CS-induced and galectin-3-mediated EMT in airway epithelial cells (AECs). MAIN METHODS A549 adenocarcinoma cells and primary small airway epithelial cells cultured on an air-liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE), and MTT, trypan blue, migration, invasion, tumor spheroid and colony formation assays were performed to assess EMT phenotype. Immunoblotting was performed to assess EMT and stemness markers and other regulatory proteins. KEY FINDINGS CSE exposure affected cell survival and morphology, migration, invasion, and clonogenicity of AECs, which were concomitant with an increase in the expression of EMT markers, galectin-3, and runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX-2), an osteogenic transcription factor and upstream regulator of galectin-3. Chemical inhibition or silencing of RUNX-2 downregulated galectin-3 and modulated EMT marker expression, migration, invasion, and clonogenicity in CSE-exposed AECs. Recombinant human galectin-3 also induced EMT and stemness-associated changes in the AECs, and GB1107, a galectin-3 inhibitor, ameliorated these changes. Further, CSE-induced intracellular ROS enabled an increase in RUNX-2 and galectin-3 expression, which were reversed by n-acetyl-cysteine. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a novel mechanistic insight into CSE-induced EMT via RUNX-2/galectin-3 axis mediated through ROS, which promoted EMT-associated changes, including invasion, migration, and stemness in AECs, which could be implicated in CS-induced lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiten R Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030, India
| | - Hina Agraval
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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A Structural-Reporter Group to Determine the Core Conformation of Sialyl Lewisx Mimetics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062595. [PMID: 36985569 PMCID: PMC10054758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The d-GlcNAc moiety in sialyl Lewisx (sLex, 1) acts predominantly as a linker to position the d-Gal and the l-Fuc moieties in the bioactive spatial orientation. The hypothesis has been made that the NHAc group of GlcNAc pushes the fucose underneath the galactose and, thus, contributes to the stabilization of the bioactive conformation of the core of sLex (1). To test this hypothesis, GlcNAc mimetics consisting of (R,R)-1,2-cyclohexanediols substituted with alkyl and aryl substituents adjacent to the linking position of the fucose moiety were synthesized. To explore a broad range of extended and spatially demanding R-groups, an enzymatic approach for the synthesis of 3-alkyl/aryl-1,2-cyclohexanediols (3b-n) was applied. These cyclohexanediol derivatives were incorporated into the sLex mimetics 2b-n. For analyzing the relationship of affinity and core conformation, a 1H NMR structural-reporter-group concept was applied. Thus, the chemical shift of H-C5Fuc proved to be a sensitive indicator for the degree of pre-organization of the core of this class of sLex mimetics and therefore could be used to quantify the contribution of the R-groups.
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36
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Aslanis V, Slack RJ, MacKinnon AC, McClinton C, Tantawi S, Gravelle L, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H, Brooks A, Khindri SK, Marshall RP, Pedersen A, Schambye H, Zetterberg F. Safety and pharmacokinetics of GB1211, an oral galectin-3 inhibitor: a single- and multiple-dose first-in-human study in healthy participants. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 91:267-280. [PMID: 36914828 PMCID: PMC10010643 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, plays a key role in several cellular pathways involved in chronic inflammation, heart disease and cancer. GB1211 is an orally bioavailable galectin-3 inhibitor, developed to be systemically active. We report safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of GB1211 in healthy participants. METHODS This phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human study (NCT03809052) included a single ascending-dose phase (with a food-effect cohort) where participants across seven sequential cohorts were randomized 3:1 to receive oral GB1211 (5, 20, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg) or placebo. In the multiple ascending-dose phase, participants received 50 or 100 mg GB1211 or placebo twice daily for 10 days. All doses were administered in the fasted state except in the food-effect cohort where doses were given 30 min after a high-fat meal. RESULTS All 78 participants received at least one GB1211 dose (n = 58) or placebo (n = 20) and completed the study. No safety concerns were identified. Following single and multiple oral doses under fasted conditions, maximum GB1211 plasma concentrations were reached at 1.75-4 h (median) post-dose; mean half-life was 11-16 h. There was a ~ twofold GB1211 accumulation in plasma with multiple dosing, with steady-state reached within 3 days; 30% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as unchanged drug. Absorption in the fed state was delayed by 2 h but systemic exposure was unaffected. CONCLUSION GB1211 was well tolerated, rapidly absorbed, and displayed favorable PK, indicating a potential to treat multiple disease types. These findings support further clinical development of GB1211. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT03809052).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
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Kram M. Galectin-3 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis liver fibrosis. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:201-207. [PMID: 36926236 PMCID: PMC10011901 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease continues to be one of the major health challenges facing the world, with estimates of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) prevalence in over 25 percent of the world’s population. NASH represents a spectrum of disease that may lead to hepatic fibrosis and eventual cirrhosis, with the risk of cirrhosis decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. New therapies are desperately needed for NASH, especially for later stages of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Galectin-3 inhibition is being explored as a new liver antifibrotic therapy. This concise review will outline the state of the art of this new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kram
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bon Secours Health System Inc, Monsey, NY 10952, United States
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Wiering L, Subramanian P, Hammerich L. Hepatic Stellate Cells: Dictating Outcome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1277-1292. [PMID: 36828280 PMCID: PMC10148161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast growing, chronic liver disease affecting ∼25% of the global population. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease severity ranges from the less severe simple hepatic steatosis to the more advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The presence of NASH predisposes individuals to liver fibrosis, which can further progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This makes hepatic fibrosis an important indicator of clinical outcomes in patients with NASH. Hepatic stellate cell activation dictates fibrosis development during NASH. Here, we discuss recent advances in the analysis of the profibrogenic pathways and mediators of hepatic stellate cell activation and inactivation, which ultimately determine the course of disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leke Wiering
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pallavi Subramanian
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Li W, Jin Q, Zhang L, He S, Song Y, Xu L, Deng C, Wang L, Qin X, Xie M. Ultrasonic Microbubble Cavitation Deliver Gal-3 shRNA to Inhibit Myocardial Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030729. [PMID: 36986588 PMCID: PMC10051524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) participates in myocardial fibrosis (MF) in a variety of ways. Inhibiting the expression of Gal-3 can effectively interfere with MF. This study aimed to explore the value of Gal-3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection mediated by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) in anti-myocardial fibrosis and its mechanism. A rat model of myocardial infarction (MI) was established and randomly divided into control and Gal-3 shRNA/cationic microbubbles + ultrasound (Gal-3 shRNA/CMBs + US) groups. Echocardiography measured the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) weekly, and the heart was harvested to analyze fibrosis, Gal-3, and collagen expression. LVEF in the Gal-3 shRNA/CMB + US group was improved compared with the control group. On day 21, the myocardial Gal-3 expression decreased in the Gal-3 shRNA/CMBs + US group. Furthermore, the proportion of the myocardial fibrosis area in the Gal-3 shRNA/CMBs + US group was 6.9 ± 0.41% lower than in the control group. After inhibition of Gal-3, there was a downregulation in collagen production (collagen I and III), and the ratio of Col I/Col III decreased. In conclusion, UTMD-mediated Gal-3 shRNA transfection can effectively silence the expression of Gal-3 in myocardial tissue, reduce myocardial fibrosis, and protect the cardiac ejection function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqu Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shukun He
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yishu Song
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lufang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: (X.Q.); (M.X.); Tel.: +86-136-0710-8938 (M.X.); Fax: +86-27-85726386 (M.X.)
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: (X.Q.); (M.X.); Tel.: +86-136-0710-8938 (M.X.); Fax: +86-27-85726386 (M.X.)
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Targeting galectin-driven regulatory circuits in cancer and fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:295-316. [PMID: 36759557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of endogenous glycan-binding proteins that have crucial roles in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. As a group, these proteins use both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms as well as glycan-dependent and independent pathways to reprogramme the fate and function of numerous cell types. Given their multifunctional roles in both tissue fibrosis and cancer, galectins have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we focus on the therapeutic relevance of galectins, particularly galectin 1 (GAL1), GAL3 and GAL9 to tumour progression and fibrotic diseases. We consider an array of galectin-targeted strategies, including small-molecule carbohydrate inhibitors, natural polysaccharides and their derivatives, peptides, peptidomimetics and biological agents (notably, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and truncated galectins) and discuss their mechanisms of action, selectivity and therapeutic potential in preclinical models of fibrosis and cancer. We also review the results of clinical trials that aim to evaluate the efficacy of galectin inhibitors in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cancer. The rapid pace of glycobiology research, combined with the acute need for drugs to alleviate fibrotic inflammation and overcome resistance to anticancer therapies, will accelerate the translation of anti-galectin therapeutics into clinical practice.
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Abstract
The galectin family consists of carbohydrate (glycan) binding proteins that are expressed by a wide variety of cells and bind to galactose-containing glycans. Galectins can be located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, or can be secreted into the extracellular space. They can modulate innate and adaptive immune cells by binding to glycans on the surface of immune cells or intracellularly via carbohydrate-dependent or carbohydrate-independent interactions. Galectins expressed by immune cells can also participate in host responses to infection by directly binding to microorganisms or by modulating antimicrobial functions such as autophagy. Here we explore the diverse ways in which galectins have been shown to impact immunity and discuss the opportunities and challenges in the field.
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Gaughan EE, Quinn TM, Mills A, Bruce AM, Antonelli J, MacKinnon AC, Aslanis V, Li F, O’Connor R, Boz C, Mills R, Emanuel P, Burgess M, Rinaldi G, Valanciute A, Mills B, Scholefield E, Hardisty G, Findlay EG, Parker RA, Norrie J, Dear JW, Akram AR, Koch O, Templeton K, Dockrell DH, Walsh TS, Partridge S, Humphries D, Wang-Jairaj J, Slack RJ, Schambye H, Phung D, Gravelle L, Lindmark B, Shankar-Hari M, Hirani N, Sethi T, Dhaliwal K. An Inhaled Galectin-3 Inhibitor in COVID-19 Pneumonitis: A Phase Ib/IIa Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (DEFINE). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:138-149. [PMID: 35972987 PMCID: PMC9893334 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202203-0477oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: High circulating galectin-3 is associated with poor outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We hypothesized that GB0139, a potent inhaled thiodigalactoside galectin-3 inhibitor with antiinflammatory and antifibrotic actions, would be safely and effectively delivered in COVID-19 pneumonitis. Objectives: Primary outcomes were safety and tolerability of inhaled GB0139 as an add-on therapy for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonitis. Methods: We present the findings of two arms of a phase Ib/IIa randomized controlled platform trial in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonitis. Patients received standard of care (SoC) or SoC plus 10 mg inhaled GB0139 twice daily for 48 hours, then once daily for up to 14 days or discharge. Measurements and Main Results: Data are reported from 41 patients, 20 of which were assigned randomly to receive GB0139. Primary outcomes: the GB0139 group experienced no treatment-related serious adverse events. Incidences of adverse events were similar between treatment arms (40 with GB0139 + SoC vs. 35 with SoC). Secondary outcomes: plasma GB0139 was measurable in all patients after inhaled exposure and demonstrated target engagement with decreased circulating galectin (overall treatment effect post-hoc analysis of covariance [ANCOVA] over days 2-7; P = 0.0099 vs. SoC). Plasma biomarkers associated with inflammation, fibrosis, coagulopathy, and major organ function were evaluated. Conclusions: In COVID-19 pneumonitis, inhaled GB0139 was well-tolerated and achieved clinically relevant plasma concentrations with target engagement. The data support larger clinical trials to determine clinical efficacy. Clinical trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04473053) and EudraCT (2020-002230-32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Gaughan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Tom M. Quinn
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Li
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
| | | | - Cecilia Boz
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
| | - Ross Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
| | | | | | | | | | - Bethany Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
| | | | | | | | | | - John Norrie
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute, and
| | - James W. Dear
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ahsan R. Akram
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Oliver Koch
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Infectious Diseases Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - David H. Dockrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Infectious Diseases Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. Walsh
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Critical Care, New Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - De Phung
- Galecto Inc., Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | | | | | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Critical Care, New Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Hirani
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | | | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh BioQuarter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
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Sukphokkit S, Kiatwuthinon P, Kumkate S, Janvilisri T. Distinct cholangiocarcinoma cell migration in 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid culture based on galectin-3 expression and localization. Front Oncol 2023; 12:999158. [PMID: 36713574 PMCID: PMC9881414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.999158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is difficult to cure due to its ineffective treatment and advanced stage diagnosis. Thoroughly mechanistic understandings of CCA pathogenesis crucially help improving the treatment success rates. Using three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platform offers several advantages over a traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture as it resembles more closely to in vivo tumor. Methods Here, we aimed to establish the 3D CCA spheroids with lowly (KKU-100) and highly (KKU-213A) metastatic potentials to investigate the CCA migratory process and its EMT-associated galectin-3 in the 3D setting. Results and discussion Firstly, the growth of lowly metastatic KKU-100 cells was slower than highly metastatic KKU-213A cells in both 2D and 3D systems. Hollow formation was observed exclusively inside the KKU-213A spheroids, not in KKU-100. Additionally, the migration activity of KKU-213A cells was higher than that of KKU-100 cells in both 2D and 3D systems. Besides, altered expression of galectin-3 were observed across all CCA culture conditions with substantial relocalization from inside the 2D cells to the border of spheroids in the 3D system. Notably, the CCA migration was inversely proportional to the galectin-3 expression in the 3D culture, but not in the 2D setting. This suggests the contribution of culture platforms to the alternation of the CCA cell migration process. Conclusions Thus, our data revealed that 3D culture of CCA cells was phenotypically distinct from 2D culture and pointed to the superiority of using the 3D culture model for examining the CCA cellular mechanisms, providing knowledges that are better correlated with CCA phenotypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwat Sukphokkit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pichamon Kiatwuthinon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Kumkate
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Tavan Janvilisri,
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Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Nivetha R, Ramaraj P, Hilda K, Meenakumari M, Janarthanan S. Insect galectin stimulates the human CD4+ T cell proliferation by regulating inflammation (T cell and monocyte) through Th2 immune response. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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De Vitis C, D’Ascanio M, Sacconi A, Pizzirusso D, Salvati V, Mancini M, Scafetta G, Cirombella R, Ascenzi F, Bruschini S, Esposito A, Castelli S, Salvucci C, Teodonio L, Sposato B, Catizone A, Di Napoli A, Vecchione A, Ciliberto G, Sciacchitano S, Ricci A, Mancini R. B4GALT1 as a New Biomarker of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315040. [PMID: 36499368 PMCID: PMC9738382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease characterized by progressive scarring of the lung that involves the pulmonary interstitium. The disease may rapidly progress, leading to respiratory failure, and the long-term survival is poor. There are no accurate biomarkers available so far. Our aim was to evaluate the expression of the B4GALT1 in patients with IPF. Analysis of B4GALT1 gene expression was performed in silico on two gene sets, retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Expression of B4GALT1 was then evaluated, both at the mRNA and protein levels, on lung specimens obtained from lung biopsies of 4 IPF patients, on one IPF-derived human primary cell and on 11 cases of IPF associated with cancer. In silico re-analysis demonstrated that the B4GALT1 gene was overexpressed in patients and human cell cultures with IPF (p = 0.03). Network analysis demonstrated that B4GALT1 upregulation was correlated with genes belonging to the EMT pathway (p = 0.01). The overexpression of B4GALT1 was observed, both at mRNA and protein levels, in lung biopsies of our four IPF patients and in the IPF-derived human primary cell, in other fibrotic non-lung tissues, and in IPF associated with cancer. In conclusion, our results indicate that B4GALT1 is overexpressed in IPF and could represent a novel marker of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia De Vitis
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Sacconi
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Pizzirusso
- UOC Respiratory Disease, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvati
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mancini
- Morphologic and Molecular Pathology Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scafetta
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirombella
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ascenzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bruschini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Esposito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Castelli
- UOC Respiratory Disease, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Salvucci
- UOC Respiratory Disease, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Teodonio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Sposato
- Pneumology Department, Azienda USL Toscana Sud-Est, “Misericordia” Hospital, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Napoli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Richter B, Koller L, Hofer F, Kazem N, Hammer A, Silbert BI, Laufer G, Steinlechner B, Wojta J, Hengstenberg C, Niessner A, Sulzgruber P. Galectin-3 is an independent predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation and survival after elective cardiac surgery. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:1774-1780. [PMID: 35718316 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a frequent complication after heart surgery and is associated with thromboembolic events, prolonged hospital stay, and adverse outcomes. Inflammation and fibrosis are involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess whether galectin-3, which reflects preexisting atrial fibrosis, has the potential to predict POAF and mortality after cardiac surgery. METHODS Four hundred seventy-five consecutive patients (mean age 67.4 ± 11.8 years; 336 (70.7%) male) undergoing elective heart surgery at the Medical University of Vienna were included in this prospective single-center cohort study. Galectin-3 plasma levels were assessed on the day before surgery. RESULTS The 200 patients (42.1%) who developed POAF had significantly higher galectin-3 levels (9.60 ± 6.83 ng/mL vs 7.10 ± 3.54 ng/mL; P < .001). Galectin-3 significantly predicted POAF in multivariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio per 1-SD increase 1.44; 95% confidence interval 1.15-1.81; P = .002). During a median follow-up of 4.3 years (interquartile range 3.4-5.4 years), 72 patients (15.2%) died. Galectin-3 predicted all-cause mortality in multivariable Cox regression analysis (adjusted hazard ratio per 1-SD increase 1.56; 95% confidence interval 1.16-2.09; P = .003). Patients with the highest-risk galectin-3 levels according to classification and regression tree analysis (>11.70 ng/mL) had a 3.3-fold higher risk of developing POAF and a 4.4-fold higher risk of dying than did patients with the lowest-risk levels (≤5.82 ng/mL). CONCLUSION The profibrotic biomarker galectin-3 is an independent predictor of POAF and mortality after cardiac surgery. This finding highlights the role of the underlying arrhythmogenic substrate in the genesis of POAF. Galectin-3 may help to identify patients at risk of POAF and adverse outcome after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Richter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Koller
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Hofer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niema Kazem
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Hammer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin I Silbert
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guenther Laufer
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Steinlechner
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Niessner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Sulzgruber
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Balan V, Raz A. Chimeric galectin-3 and collagens: Biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in fibroproliferative diseases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102622. [PMID: 36272642 PMCID: PMC9706532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, stiffening and scarring of an organ/tissue due to genetic abnormalities, environmental factors, infection, and/or injury, is responsible for > 40% of all deaths in the industrialized world, and to date, there is no cure for it despite extensive research and numerous clinical trials. Several biomarkers have been identified, but no effective therapeutic targets are available. Human galectin-3 is a chimeric gene product formed by the fusion of the internal domain of the collagen alpha gene [N-terminal domain (ND)] at the 5'-end of galectin-1 [C-terminal domain (CRD)] that appeared during evolution together with vertebrates. Due to the overlapping structural similarities between collagen and galectin-3 and their shared susceptibility to cleavage by matrix metalloproteases to generate circulating collagen-like peptides, this review will discuss present knowledge on the role of collagen and galectin-3 as biomarkers of fibrosis. We will also highlight the need for transformative approaches targeting both the ND and CRD domains of galectin-3, since glycoconjugate binding by the CRD is triggered by ND-mediated oligomerization and the therapies targeted only at the CRD have so far achieved limited success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA,For correspondence: Pratima Nangia-Makker; Avraham Raz
| | - Victor Hogan
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Vitaly Balan
- Guardant Health, Bioinformatics, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA,For correspondence: Pratima Nangia-Makker; Avraham Raz
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48
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Wu Y, Pei C, Wang X, Wang Y, Huang D, Shi S, Shen Z, Li S, He Y, Wang Z, Wang J. Probiotics ameliorates pulmonary inflammation via modulating gut microbiota and rectifying Th17/Treg imbalance in a rat model of PM2.5 induced lung injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114060. [PMID: 36115151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance of intestinal microbiota and inflammatory response is crucial in the development of lung injury induced by PM2.5. In recent years, probiotics have attracted great attention for their health benefits in inflammatory diseases and regulating intestinal balance, but their intricate mechanisms need further experiments to elucidate. In our research, a rat lung damage model induced by PM2.5 exposure in real environment was established to explore the protective properties of probiotics on PM2.5 exposure injury and its related mechanism. The results indicated that compared with the AF control group, rats in the PM2.5 group gained weight slowly, ate less and had yellow hair. The results of pathological and immunohistochemical examinations showed that the inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue was alleviated after probiotic treatment. The Lung function results also showed the improvement effects of probiotics administration. In addition, probiotics could promote the balance of Th17 and Treg cells, inhibit cytokines expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17A), and increase the concentration of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β). In addition, 16 S rRNA sequence analysis showed that probiotic treatment could reduce microbiota abundance and diversity, increase the abundance of possible beneficial bacteria, and decrease the abundance of bacteria associated with inflammation. In general, probiotic intervention was found to have preventive effects on the occurrence of PM2.5 induced pathological injury, and the mechanism was associate with to the inhibition of inflammatory response, regulation of Th17/Treg balance and maintenance of intestinal internal environment stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Caixia Pei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yilan Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Demei Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Shihua Shi
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Zherui Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Shuiqin Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yacong He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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49
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Zetterberg FR, MacKinnon A, Brimert T, Gravelle L, Johnsson RE, Kahl-Knutson B, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ, Pedersen A, Peterson K, Roper JA, Schambye H, Slack RJ, Tantawi S. Discovery and Optimization of the First Highly Effective and Orally Available Galectin-3 Inhibitors for Treatment of Fibrotic Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12626-12638. [PMID: 36154172 PMCID: PMC9574852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
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Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein central
to regulating
mechanisms of diseases such as fibrosis, cancer, metabolic, inflammatory,
and heart disease. We recently found a high affinity (nM) thiodigalactoside
GB0139 which currently is in clinical development (PhIIb) as an inhaled
treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. To enable treatment of
systemically galectin-3 driven disease, we here present the first
series of selective galectin-3 inhibitors combining high affinity
(nM) with oral bioavailability. This was achieved by optimizing galectin-3
specificity and physical chemical parameters for a series of disubstituted
monogalactosides. Further characterization showed that this class
of compounds reduced profibrotic gene expression in liver myofibroblasts
and displayed antifibrotic activity in CCl4-induced liver
fibrosis and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis mouse models. On the
basis of the overall pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety
profile, GB1211 was selected as the clinical candidate and is currently
in phase IIa clinical trials as a potential therapy for liver cirrhosis
and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik R Zetterberg
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8 A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alison MacKinnon
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Nine Edinburgh Bioquarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K
| | - Thomas Brimert
- Red Glead Discovery AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden.,Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lise Gravelle
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Cobis Science Park, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Barbro Kahl-Knutson
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8 A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Pedersen
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Cobis Science Park, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Peterson
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8 A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - James A Roper
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, SG1 2FX Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Hans Schambye
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Cobis Science Park, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert J Slack
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, SG1 2FX Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Susan Tantawi
- Galecto Biotech ApS, Cobis Science Park, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Haid ME, Zylla S, Paulista Markus MR, Friedrich N, Ewert R, Gläser S, Felix SB, Dörr M, Bahls M. Sex-specific associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and galectin-3 in the general population. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:4240-4249. [PMID: 36113868 PMCID: PMC9773777 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with greater mortality and morbidity. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a prognostic biomarker for fibrosis and heart failure. Gal-3 is also associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular mortality. Whether CRF is related with Gal-3 is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the sex-specific associations of CRF and Gal-3 levels in the general population. METHODS Gal-3 concentrations were determined using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). Sex-stratified linear regression models adjusted for age, current smoking status, and renal function were used. Individuals with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic lung disease, severe renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/mm2 ), a history of cancer, and extreme values for Gal-3 (<1st percentile; >99th percentile) were excluded. RESULTS A total of n = 1515 participants with a median age of 49 (IQR: 39-60 years, 48% males) were included. In men, a 1 L/min greater VO2 peak was significantly related to 0.50 ng/mL (95% CI -0.8068 to -0.1938, P < 0.01) less Gal-3. In males, a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2 peak adjusted for body weight was associated with -0.0286 ng/mL (95% CI -0.0052 to -0.0005, P = 0.02) less Gal-3. When VO2 peak was adjusted for lean mass 1 mL/kg/min more was correlated with a -0.0022 ng/mL (95% CI -0.0043 to -0.0007, P = 0.04) less Gal-3. In women, VO2 peak (β -0.2046 95% CI -0.6541 to 0.2449, P = 0.37) and VO2 peak adjusted for lean mass (β -0.0019 95% CI -0.0421 to -0.0050, P = 0.12) were not related with Gal-3, whereas a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2 peak adjusted for body weight was significantly associated with a -0.0064 ng/mL lower Gal-3 (95% CI -0.0092 to -0.0035, P < 0.01). There were no differences between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. CONCLUSIONS VO2 peak was associated with Gal-3 only in men, but VO2 peak adjusted for body weight in women and men. Our results suggest that the adverse consequences of low CRF may be mediated by Gal-3. Further research is needed to understand the sex-specific association between CRF and Gal-3 and whether they are clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena E. Haid
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Stephanie Zylla
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Sven Gläser
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,Vivantes Klinikum SpandauBerlinGermany,Vivantes Klinikum NeuköllnBerlinGermany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
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