Traditional knowledge to clinical trials: A review on therapeutic actions of Emblica officinalis

Discovery of quality markers of Phyllanthus emblica by integrating chromatographic fingerprint, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology

Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) is a vital medicinal plant with both medical and edible values. In the quality standard of P. emblica listed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, gallic acid is used as the index component for the content determination. However, a large number of tannin components can be decomposed into gallic acid during its refluxing extraction process, thus affecting the accuracy and specificity of the content determination. Thus, the index component used for the quality control needs to be further determined. In this study, the quality markers of P. emblica was specified by integrating chromatographic fingerprint, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology. The chromatographic fingerprint of 18 batches of P. emblica samples were established by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and 8 differential components causing quality fluctuation were identified by chemometric analysis and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Afterwards, 14 prototype migration components absorbed into the blood after gavage administration to rats were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Subsequently, a network pharmacology approach was used to construct the component-target-disease-pathway network, resulting in the identification of 22 components responsible for efficacy of P. emblica. Finally, by integrating the above results, ellagic acid was screened out as one of the Q-markers and could be employed as a quantitative component of P. emblica to improve the quality standard. The strategy is also informative for discovering Q-markers of other TCMs.

Exploring the anti-gastric cancer mechanism of action of Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cellular experimental validation

The purpose of this study is to explore the potential molecular mechanism of Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba against gastric cancer by using network pharmacology methods, molecular docking, and cellular experimental validation. Medicinal plants related to gastric cancer were queried through TCMSP, SymMap, and Herb databases. The TCSMP database (drug-likeness ≥ 0.18) was used to retrieve the bioactive constituents. TCSMP, SwissTargetPrediction, and Herb databases were used to retrieve the target genes, and Cytoscape software was used to construct the "active ingredient-target" network. After protein interaction analysis using String 11.0 platform, the hub genes were screened using CytoHubba. The obtained hub genes were uploaded to the cBioPortal for pathway enrichment. The genes involved in gastric cancer-related RTK-RAS pathway were molecularly docked and experimentally validated. Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba was common to TCMSP, SymMap, and Herb databases. A total of nine active ingredients were obtained in Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba, acting on 192 targets. Seven hub genes were obtained from these target genes and enriched in the RTK-RAS pathway in gastric cancer. MAPK1 and EGFR had good molecular docking results with their corresponding chemicals. Cellular experiments showed that the treatment of luteolin, quercetin, and Okanin reduced the expression of EGFR in AGS cells; the treatment of luteolin and quercetin could reduce the expression of MAPK1. Bidentis Bipinnatae Herba contained active components, which may be anti-gastric cancer in a multi-target (MAPK1 and EGFR) manner.

Green synthesis, characterization and applications of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract mediated chromium oxide nanoparticles

The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is attributable towards diverse applications in various fields, recently. In this research, we report simple and eco-friendly synthesis of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica as a reducing and capping agent. The absorbance peaks at 350 nm and 450 nm validated the nanoparticle formation in UV-visible spectrum. FTIR spectrum revealed the nature of functional groups. The crystalline properties of nanoparticles were ascertained by XRD analysis. EDX spectrum corroborated the elemental composition of nanoparticles in which chromium and oxygen constituted 68% of total weight. SEM images demonstrated agglomeration of nanoparticles resulting in the formation of large irregularly shaped flakes. Cr2O3 nanoparticles demonstrated excellent antimicrobial properties against 11 bacterial isolates and 1 fungal isolate. The largest inhibition zone (53 mm) was measured against A. baumannii while the smallest inhibition zone (26 mm) was recorded against S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were < 1 µg/ml for all microbes. However, the synthesized nanoparticles did not reveal synergism with any of the selected antibiotics (FICI values > 1). Nanoparticles possessed potent anti-biofilm powers with maximum (77%) inhibition of E. coli biofilms and minimum (45%) inhibition of S. enterica biofilms. Photocatalytic activity of Cr2O3 nanoparticles was evaluated to determine their efficacy in environmental bioremediation. Outcomes demonstrated degradation of methyl red (84%) but not of methylene blue dye. Furthermore, the Cr2O3 nanoparticles displayed considerable antioxidant (43%) as well as anti-inflammatory (44%) potentials. Hence, the present study accounts for the versatile applications of P. emblica-mediated Cr2O3 nanoparticles which could be pursued for future biomedical and environmental applications.

A randomized, controlled, comparative, proof-of-concept study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nisha-Amalaki capsules in prediabetic patients for preventing progression to diabetes

BACKGROUND

Prediabetes is an intermediate state of hyperglycemia, which acts as a precursor to Diabetes mellitus if left untreated. Nisha (Curcuma longa) and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) combination has been advocated as drugs of choice to treat the early manifestations of Diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE

This prospective, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative study was planned to assess the efficacy and safety of Nisha-Amalaki capsules in preventing progression to Diabetes mellitus in prediabetic patients when administered for 6 months.

METHODS

The study was conducted on prediabetic participants randomized to receive either Nisha-Amalaki (500 mg) or placebo one capsule twice a day for six months. The effect of study medications on IDRS (Indian Diabetes Risk Score), BMI (Body Mass Index), blood sugar, serum insulin, HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance), HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), oxidative markers, Ayurvedic symptoms and Quality of Life (QoL) scores was assessed at regular intervals.

RESULTS

58 of the 62 participants enrolled completed the study. Significant fall in IDRS score [p < 0.001], BMI [p < 0.001], fasting, and 2 h post-OGTT sugar, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and oxidative stress markers [p < 0.001] was observed in patients receiving Nisha-Amalaki at 6 months. Ayurvedic symptoms and QoL scores also improved at 6 months in the treatment group.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with Nisha-Amalaki capsules improved all study parameters including insulin sensitivity at 6 months as compared to placebo in prediabetic patients. Thus Nisha-Amalaki should be considered as prophylactic therapy in prediabetics to delay progression to diabetes.

Phyllanthus emblica fruits: a polyphenol-rich fruit with potential benefits for oral management

The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn., which mainly grows in tropical and subtropical regions, is well-known for its medicine and food homology properties. It has a distinctive flavor, great nutritional content, and potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immunoregulatory effects. According to an increasing amount of scientific and clinical evidence, this fruit shows significant potential for application and development in the field of oral health management. Through the supplementation of vitamins, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and other nutrients reduce virulence expression of various oral pathogens, prevent tissue and mucosal damage caused by oxidative stress, etc. Phyllanthus emblica fruit can promote saliva secretion, regulate the balance of the oral microecology, prevent and treat oral cancer early, promote alveolar bone remodeling and aid mucosal wound healing. Thus, it plays a specific role in the prevention and treatment of common oral disorders, producing surprising results. For instance, enhancing the effectiveness of scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis, relieving mucosal inflammation caused by radiotherapy for oral cancer, and regulating the blood glucose metabolism to alleviate oral discomfort. Herein, we systematically review the latest research on the use of Phyllanthus emblica fruit in the management of oral health and examine the challenges and future research directions based on its chemical composition and characteristics.

Phyllanthi Fructus: A modal medicinal and food homologous item in quality evaluation

Phyllanthi Fructus is a highly unique medicine and food homologous item, which exhibits distinctive flavor, notable nutritional value, and abundant pharmacological activity. It has enormous potential in the creation of health products and pharmaceuticals. However, due to the unique laws of quality formation and transfer of Phyllanthi Fructus, its appearance, shape, chemical compositions, nutrients, and sensory flavors are frequently greatly influenced by botanical resources, the processing and storage conditions. As a result, the current quality evaluation model is difficult to meet the needs of Phyllanthi Fructus as a medicine and food homologous item in the development of diversified products. This paper constructs the hierarchical utilization mode of Phyllanthi Fructus based on its unique quality formation and transmission laws, explores the quality evaluation model for food-oriented use and medicinal-oriented use, respectively, and systematically describes the quality evaluation idea under diversified application scenarios. This paper aims to serve as a reference for the construction of a quality evaluation model suitable for the medicine and food homologous item of Phyllanthi Fructus.

Management of allergic rhinitis with Rajanyadi Churna and Guduchi Kwatha- A case report

Allergic Rhinitis is an immunological inflammatory response of the nasal mucosa to airborne allergens. Although Allergic Rhinitis is not a life-threatening disease, the symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis can be particularly bothersome and disruptive to a patient's sleep and overall quality of life. The coexistence of other allergic conditions like Asthma is very common. No satisfactory treatment is available in modern medicine for this disease. There is a need to search for satisfactory treatment available in another medical system. We present a case of Allergic Rhinitis that was successfully treated with Ayurvedic medicines. Allergic Rhinitis is characterized by watery nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, nasal mucosal pallor, sneezing, and itching in the eyes, palate, and pharynx. A 18-year-old female patient presented with complaints of sneezing (80-100/day), rhinorrhea (watery discharge from nose), heaviness in the head region, weakness, and loss of concentration hampering daily life activity for one year. The patient's clinical findings and symptoms were suggestive of Allergic Rhinitis, which is of perennial type. According to Ayurveda diagnosis was done as Vata-Kaphaj Pratishyay. Rajanyadi Churna was given to the patient for 15 days along with Guduchi Kwath (∼Guduchi decoction) followed by Shaman Snehapan (∼internal oleation) with Mahatiktak Ghrita. The patient experienced a reduction in all the symptoms after 15 days. Allergy markers i.e. Absolute Eosinophil Count reduced to 360 cells/cu mm from 704 cells/cu mm and eosinophils in CBC reduced to 4.1%. The primary complaint of sneezing was significantly reduced to 3-4 times/day after completing the treatment. Ayurvedic therapeutic interventions other than Nasya (∼Nasal oleation), and Dhoompana (∼medicated smoke) modalities showed encouraging results in managing Allergic Rhinitis in a short duration of time. This approach may be taken into consideration for further treatment and research work for Allergic Rhinitis.

Clinical effects of Emblica officinalis fruit consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Emblica officinalis (EO) fruit consumption has been found to have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) physiological risk factors in preliminary clinical intervention trials; however, questions remain regarding the overall effectiveness of EO on CVD risk. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to: 1) systematically describe the clinical research examining EO; and 2) quantitatively assess the effects of EO on CVD physiological risk factors.

METHODS

The Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar electronic platforms were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until April 7, 2021. Studies were included if they involved adults (age ≥ 18 years) ingesting a form of EO fruit; included blood lipids, blood pressure, and/or inflammatory biomarkers as outcomes; had clearly defined intervention and control treatments with pre- and post-intervention data; were peer-reviewed; and were written in English. Studies were excluded if they compared EO with another risk reduction intervention without a usual care control group. RCTs were assessed for methodological quality using the Cochrane risk-of-bias version 2 (ROB2) tool, qualitatively described, and quantitatively evaluated using random and fixed effect meta-analysis models.

RESULTS

A total of nine RCTs (n = 535 participants) were included for review. Included studies followed parallel-group (n = 6) and crossover (n = 3) designs, with EO dosage ranging from 500 mg/day to 1500 mg/day, and treatment duration ranging from 14 to 84 days. Meta-analyses revealed EO to have a significant composite effect at lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; Mean difference (MD) = -15.08 mg/dL [95% Confidence interval (CI) = -25.43 to -4.73], I² = 77%, prediction interval = -48.29 to 18.13), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C; MD = -5.43 mg/dL [95% CI = -8.37 to -2.49], I² = 44%), triglycerides (TG; MD = -22.35 mg/dL [95% CI = -39.71 to -4.99], I² = 62%, prediction interval = -73.47 to 28.77), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; MD = -1.70 mg/L [95% CI = -2.06 to -1.33], I² = 0%) compared with placebo.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to statistical and clinical heterogeneity in the limited number of clinical trials to date, the promising effects of EO on physiologic CVD risk factors in this review should be interpreted with caution. Further research is needed to determine if EO offers an efficacious option for primary or secondary prevention of CVD as either monotherapy or adjunct to evidence-based dietary patterns and/or standard pharmacotherapy.

Bioactivity and applications of saffron floral bio-residues (tepals): a natural by-product for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries

Saffron "Crocus sativus" is a plant of the Iridaceae family. Its therapeutic virtues have been known since antiquity; it is used in traditional medicine and culinary preparations. It is also known for its use in cosmetics because of its beneficial pharmacological activities for human skin. In particular, saffron tepals are the main by-product of saffron processing; they contain several bioactive compounds such as mineral agents, anthocyanins, monoterpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and flavonols (kaempferol). This review aims to describe the different properties of saffron flower tepals, including their botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, biological activities, and cosmetology and perfumery uses.

Enhancing the Chemical Composition of Kombucha Fermentation by Adding Indian Gooseberry as a Substrate

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage obtained by the symbiosis of yeast, acetic acid bacteria and some lactic acid bacteria, and it has many health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of adding Indian gooseberry as a substrate to enhance the chemical properties of kombucha. In this study, traditional kombucha made from green tea was compared to kombucha made from green tea blended with various forms of Indian gooseberry, including whole fruit, dried fruit and juice. The fermentation was performed for 21 days and samples were collected every 3 days to enumerate the total number of yeast and bacteria. Physical and chemical properties, including total soluble solids, alcohol content, pH, acetic acid content, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and organic acids, were analyzed. The results revealed that the dried Indian gooseberry kombucha (DIGK) demonstrated significantly high total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. In addition, DIGK had the highest D-Saccharic acid-1,4 lactone (DSL) on the 9th day of fermentation. This discovery suggests that dried Indian gooseberry can be used as an alternative substrate for kombucha fermentation to create a new type of kombucha beverage with enhanced chemical properties.

The impact of Emblica Officinalis (Amla) on lipid profile, glucose, and C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Emblica Officinalis (Amla) is a plant often utilized in traditional medicine due to its purported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties. However, current evidence regarding its potential for preventing and treating metabolic abnormalities associated with chronic diseases remains unclear.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of Amla supplementation on lipid profile, glucose, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in adults. We completed a systematic search (current as of December 2022) of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the database including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Any effect's mean difference (MD) was calculated using a random-effects model. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated also calculated using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Five RTCs were included in the meta-analysis. Following Amla supplementation, pooled results showed a significant reduction in CRP (p = 0.002), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.001), and serum triglyceride (TG) (p < 0.001) concentrations as well as an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p < 0.001). The baseline concentration of biochemical indicators was used for subgroup analysis.

CONCLUSION

Amla supplementation shows promise for improving metabolic parameters in adults. In general, the populations included in the analysis were generally 40-58 years with an average BMI of 25.5 and a length of intervention ranging from 3 to 12 weeks. Thus additional investigations are warranted to confirm and expand the findings presented herein.

Zingiber officinale, Phyllanthus emblica, Cinnamomum verum, and Curcuma longa to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes: An Integrative Review

Diabetes mellitus has become a global pandemic progressively rising and affecting almost every household in all world regions. Diet is a significant root cause of type II diabetes; thus, the significance of dietary interventions in preventing and managing the disease cannot be neglected. Lowering the glycemic impact of diet is an alternative way of managing type II diabetes while improving insulin sensitivity. Medicinal plants are rich in therapeutic phytochemicals which possess hypoglycemic properties. Therefore, it could be speculated that the glycemic impact of diet can be reduced by adding hypoglycemic plant ingredients without altering the sensory properties of food. The main aim of this review is to discuss dietary interventions to manage diabetes and summarize available information on the hypoglycemic properties of four prime herbs of Asian origin. This article collected, tabulated, and summarized groundbreaking reveals from promising studies. This integrative review provides information on the hypoglycemic properties of ginger, Indian gooseberry, cinnamon, and turmeric and discusses the possibility of those herbs reducing the glycemic impact of a diet once incorporated. Further research should be done regarding the incorporation of these herbs successfully into a regular diet.

Novel Emblica officinalis extract containing β-glucogallin vs. metformin: a randomized, open-label, comparative efficacy study in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia

The efficacy of Emblica officinalis extract (EOE) containing 10% β-glucogallin was compared against metformin in newly diagnosed subjects with diabetic dyslipidemia which is a significant factor in cardiovascular disease. Daily administration with EOE-1 g, EOE-2 g, or metformin 500 mg for 90 days significantly decreased fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar (FBS and PPBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid levels in all three treatment groups. The FBS, PPBS and HbA1c were significantly lower in the EOE-2 g group compared with metformin and EOE-1 g groups. The reductions in LDL and TC in the EOE-2 g group were also significantly higher than in the EOE-1 g group and were comparable to the metformin group. No serious adverse effects were observed in any study participants. EOE-1 g and 2 g day^-1 are safe and potent antidiabetic agents, with comparable efficacy to the pharmaceutical drug, metformin. Supplementation with EOE-2 g day^-1 showed greater efficacy than metformin in reducing circulating glucose levels.

A review of the Phyllanthus genus plants: Their phytochemistry, traditional uses, and potential inhibition of xanthine oxidase

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for gout and other cardiovascular diseases. One of the therapies used is Allopurinol. Unfortunately, it has unwanted side effects. These conditions made researchers continue to seek and develop alternative treatments from natural products. One of which is from plants of the Phyllanthus genus. One of their contents was polyphenols, especially flavonoids. It is an alternative treatment for hyperuricemia because of its minimal side effects. The flavonoids in this genus were reported to have xanthine oxidase inhibitory: quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin with IC50 values ​​from 0.44 M to &gt; 100μM. The presence of π-π interactions between planar rings A and C on flavones with phe 1009 and phe 914 and the addition of hydroxyl groups on flavonoid compounds plays a crucial role in inhibiting xanthine oxidase.

A review on the potential of underutilized Blackjack (Biden Pilosa) naturally occurring in sub-Saharan Africa

Several Indigenous edible vegetables in sub-Saharan countries have potential bioactive compounds, including underutilized Biden pilosa (BP). Bioactives from Indigenous edible vegetables are re-evolving as an alternative medicine potential for drug formulations. BP has also been used to mitigate over 40 different diseases in people and animals as herbal medication. Due to globalization and urbanization, people move from more active to more sedentary lifestyles, home-cooked meals to fast foods and snacks, organic foods to processed food with high sugar, salt, and fat. The consumption of native fruits and vegetables is now replaced by a highly processed calory diet, leading to metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, obesity, and other diet-related non-communicable diseases. Hence this article was designed to investigate the existing reports on the use, knowledge and the need to utilize the potentiality of BP further to overcome nutritional deficiencies, food scarcity and mitigation of medical conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of plant-based drugs will aid to decrease the health capitation load as most countries do not have enough funds for purchasing synthetic chemicals used to mitigate diseases.

Oral acute toxicity study extract ethanol of balakka fruit (Phyllanthus emblica)

Phyllanthus emblica (PE) is a plant widely found in Indonesia, especially in Sumatra island, and in India. This study followed the OECD No. 420. The groups were divided based on gender, male and female rats. Male rats were divided into 6 groups, which were male/female control, male/female 2000 mg/kgBW, and male/female 5000 mg/kgBW. This study revealed that the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica (EEPE) doses of 2000 mg/kgBW and 5000 mg/kgBW did not cause histological changes in the heart, liver, testes, ovaries, and kidneys, and did not cause changes to the hematological parameters, kidney biochemical parameters, liver biochemical parameters, and electrolyte parameters both in male and female rats. The results show that the LD50 of EEPE is higher than 5000 mg/kgBW. In short, this study provides information regarding the antioxidant activity and the safe use of EEPE. The LD50 of extract ethanol of Phyllanthus emblica is higher than 5000 mg/kgBW.

Purification of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica L. pomace using macroporous resins: Antioxidant activity and potential anti-Alzheimer's effects

Phyllanthus emblica L. pomace is a waste residue obtained following juicing that contains many polyphenols. In this study, NKA-II resin was selected as the optimal macroporous resin for separation and employed to separate the crude polyphenol extract of P. emblica pomace. The separation conditions were optimized, and the polyphenol content, polyphenol components, antioxidant activity, and potential anti-Alzheimer's effects of the extract were measured before and after purification. Results showed that the polyphenol content of the purified extract was 656.85 mg/g, which was 2.1 times higher than that of the nonpurified form. Further, the polyphenol components of the pomace, which was like that of the fruit, did not vary after purification. The antioxidant activity of the purified extract was also significantly improved. Moreover, purified extract significantly reduced the paralysis rate of the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease, and the mechanism was related to maintenance of redox homeostasis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of purified polyphenol from Phyllanthus emblica L. pomace extracts were significantly improved using optimal separation methods with NKA-II macroporous resin and 70% aqueous ethanol as the eluent in this study. Moreover, purified polyphenols showed potential effects in alleviating Alzheimer's disease. These results suggest that polyphenols separated from P. emblica pomace are valuable for further research and development, and the utilization rate of P. emblica fruit is improved due to the further development of P. emblica pomace.

Traditional uses, bioactive composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of Phyllanthus emblica fruits: A comprehensive review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn or Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Phyllanthaceae), (FPE) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, gained immense importance in indigenous traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. It is used to cure several diseases such as common cold, fever, cough, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, cephalalgia, ophthalmopathy, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, erysipelas, skin diseases, leprosy, hematogenesis, inflammation, anemia, emaciation, hepatopathy, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, cardiac disorders, and premature greying of hair.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In the present review, we presented a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, and toxicity of P. emblica to identify the gap between research and the current applications and to help explore the trends and perspectives for future studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We collected the literature published before April 2021 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of FPE. Literature in English from scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and Google Scholar, books. These reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified by "The Plant List" database (http://www.theplantlist.org).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

s: FPE have been used as a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, and amino acids. Several bioactive molecules were isolated and identified from FPE such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid etc. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on FPE revealed its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, wound healing, HIV-reverse transcriptase effect. Toxicological studies on fruits indicated the absence of any adverse effect even at a high dose after oral administration.

CONCLUSIONS

Although FPE showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis B virus, and malaria, there were several drawbacks in some previous reports including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract. Further in-depth studies are required to explain the mechanism of action of the extracts to reveal the role of the bioactive compounds in the reported activities.

Herbal drugs and natural bioactive products as potential therapeutics: A review on pro-cognitives and brain boosters perspectives

Memory, one of the most vital aspects of the human brain, is necessary for the effective survival of an individual. 'Memory' can be defined in various ways but in an overall view, memory is the retention of the information that the brain grasps. Different factors are responsible for the disbalance in the brain's hippocampus region and the acetylcholine level, which masters the memory and cognitive functions. Plants are a source of pharmacologically potent drug molecules of high efficacy. Recently herbal medicine has evolved rapidly, gaining great acceptance worldwide due to their natural origin and fewer side effects. In this review, the authors have discussed the mechanisms and pharmacological action of herbal bioactive compounds to boost memory. Moreover, this review presents an update of different herbs and natural products that could act as memory enhancers and how they can be potentially utilized in the near future for the treatment of severe brain disorders. In addition, the authors also discuss the differences in biological activity of the same herb and emphasize the requirement for a higher standardization in cultivation methods and plant processing. The demand for further studies evaluating the interactions of herbal drugs is mentioned.

Inflammation and ROS in arthritis: management by Ayurvedic medicinal plants

Chronic joint inflammatory disorders like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which are manifested by joint dysfunction, show an upsurge in inflammation and oxidative stress. Although conventional anti-arthritic drugs are being used to relieve pain from arthritic symptoms, they usually cause severe side effects. Traditionally used Ayurvedic medicinal plants are a promising alternative for the management of arthritic symptoms, as they are safe and effective. Ayurvedic medicinal plants improve arthritic symptoms by reducing joint tenderness, joint pain, swelling, bone and cartilage damage, and increasing knee flexion, walking distance and sports activities. These beneficial effects of Ayurvedic medicinal plants on arthritis are mediated through various cellular mechanisms including inhibition of the inflammatory markers NF-κB, cytokines, adipokines, PGE2, NO, iNOS, COX-2, and MMPs and induction of antioxidant status by decreasing free radicals, lipid peroxidation, and myeloperoxidase, and increasing antioxidant enzymes, Nrf2, and HO-1. Thus, a strategy requires using these Ayurvedic medicinal plants to treat arthritis. This article describes the status of inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic conditions. We also provide evidence that Ayurvedic medicinal plants and their bioactive components are highly effective in improving arthritic symptoms.

Exploring scientific validation of Triphala Rasayana in ayurveda as a source of rejuvenation for contemporary healthcare: An update

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ayurveda remains the classical and comprehensive part of the ancient Indian medicine system for well-being promotive, disease preventive, and revival approach for the human body. Triphala Rasayana is mentioned in Ayurveda, comprising fruits of three plant species viz. Phyllanthus emblica L. (P. emblica), Terminalia chebula Retz (T. chebula), and Terminalia bellirica Roxb (T.bellirica). Triphala Rasayana has been utilized in various traditional medicine systems, viz., Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Traditionally Rasayana based drugs are utilized in different kinds of diseases without pathophysiological associations as indicated by current medication. Various medicinal attributes of Triphala Rasayana include antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anticataract and is also considered as a pillar for gastrointestinal treatment, specifically in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Due to Rasayana's accessible mode of administration, availability, and affordability, there is an increase in its global acceptance.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review article summarizes the scientific validation, traditional uses, bioactive compounds, and ethnopharmacological properties of Triphala Rasayana. It also documents recent data on in vivo and in vitro pharmacological studies and clinical effects of Triphala Rasayana.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A literature review is carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, web of science, Ayush Research Portal, and Clinical Trials Registry-India. In addition to an electronic search, traditional ayurvedic texts and books were used as sources of information.

RESULTS

Traditionally, "Triphala Rasayana" is classified as a tridoshic rasayana and one of the most well-studied ayurvedic Rasayana. It showed various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic. Besides this, Rasayana has reported ethnopharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anticataract, wound healing, and radioprotection. It has shown a good impact on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) system with the reported pharmacological activities in gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, gastric ulcer, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Phytochemical studies of Triphala Rasayana revealed chemical constituents like gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid, chebulinic acid, methyl gallate, emblicanin A, and emblicanin B. Additionally, clinical studies found Triphala Rasayana to be effective against diabetes, constipation, and obesity.

CONCLUSION

The present review revealed that Triphala Rasayana may treat a diverse range of diseases, especially GIT disorders. Considering the beneficial properties of Triphala Rasayana and it's proven non-toxic nature could be a source of rejuvenation in contemporary healthcare. Nevertheless, its clinical data effectively provided precious signals to correlate ayurvedic biology and modern medicine.

Effect of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit pomace on methane emission, ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, and milk production performance in buffaloes

Effects of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit (Indian gooseberry) pomace (EFP), a waste from fruit processing plants and rich in polyphenolic compounds, were investigated for ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, methane production, and milk production performance in buffaloes. An in vitro experiment was conducted using 0 to 50 g/kg of EFP (six treatments) to select an optimum dose for feeding of buffaloes. Organic matter (OM) degradability, total volatile fatty acid concentration, and acetate proportion decreased, but propionate proportion increased at the higher doses (> 30 g/kg). Methane production also decreased at the higher doses (≥ 20 g/kg). In the in vivo study, ten lactating buffaloes were randomly allotted into control and EFP groups (n = 5/group). The control group was fed a total mixed ration, whereas the EFP group was fed the control ration along with EFP at 20 g/kg of dry matter (DM) intake for 120 days. Feeding of EFP to buffaloes improved milk yield (P < 0.01) and milk production efficiency (P < 0.01). Concentration of milk protein tended (P = 0.071) to increase and that of solid not fat increased (P = 0.032) due to the EFP feeding. Yields (kg/day) of milk fat (P = 0.026), solid not fat (P = 0.011), and protein (P = 0.002) were greater in the EFP group than the control group. Somatic cell count in milk decreased (P = 0.032) due to EFP feeding. Digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.001) increased and OM (P = 0.051) tended to increase by EFP feeding. Methane production (g/d), yield (g/kg DM intake or g/kg digestible organic matter intake), and intensity (g/kg milk, g/kg milk fat, or g/kg milk protein), and methane conversion rate (percentage of gross energy intake) were lower (P < 0.01) in the EFP group than the control group. For milk fatty acid (FA) profiles, total saturated FA proportion tended to be greater (P = 0.057) in the EFP group than the control group, which was due to increased (P = 0.045) proportion of total short- and medium-chain FA (C4 to C14). Feed intake, digestibility of crude protein and fiber, and total n-6, n-3, mono-unsaturated FA, poly-unsaturated FA, and long-chain FA (C18 to C24) proportions were similar between the groups. This study suggests that feeding of EFP at 20 g/kg DM intake increases milk production and decreases methane production and intensity without impacting health of buffaloes and FA profiles of milk. This is a win-win situation for sustainable and cleaner buffalo production by improving milk production and decreasing environmental burdens of greenhouse gas emission and EFP residue disposal problems.

Chitosan and glyceryl monooleate nanostructures containing gallic acid isolated from amla fruit: targeted delivery system

Gallic acid, active constituent of amla fruit its natural abundance with beneficial multi actions in body make them attractive for clinical applications. In present study, we focused on extracting, separating and characterizing gallic acid from amla and further formulated into chitosan nanoparticles, so bring it to increase its aqueous solubility and thereby bioactivity. Gallic acid nanoparticles were prepared by using poloxamer 407, chitosan and Glyceryl Monooleate (GMO) using probe sonicator and high pressure homogenization method. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, DSC, XRD, SEM, entrapment efficiency, loading content, in-vitro release and stability study. They showed approximately 76.80% encapsulation of gallic acid with average size of 180.8 ± 0.21 nm, and zeta potential +24.2 mV. The cumulative in vitro drug release upto 24 hrs 77.16% was achieved suggesting that from all our findings, it can be concluded that work will facilitate extraction, design and fabrication of nanoparticles for protection and sustained release of gallic acid particularly to colonic region.

Advances in biotechnology of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.: a nutraceuticals-rich fruit tree with multifaceted ethnomedicinal uses

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L., universally known as ‘Amla’ or ‘Aonla’ or ‘Indian gooseberry’, is a popular fruit tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and order Geraniales. It is said to be the very first tree that originated on earth, as claimed by age-old Indian mythology. Almost all parts of the tree i.e., root, bark, leaf, flower, fruit and seed are utilized in Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal formulations to improve the overall digestive process, decrease fever, act as a blood purifier, relieve asthma and cough, improve heart health, etc. This tree contains major secondary metabolites like emblicanin-A and emblicanin-B, and also is an affluent source of vitamin-C. Additionally, some other secondary metabolites like tannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, and pectin are also present in significant amounts. Conventional propagation has been improved via suitable interventions of agrotechnology both in production and protection areas. However, the rate of propagation remains slower; therefore, attempts have been made for biotechnological advancements on E. officinalis. The present review makes an attempt to highlight the botanical description, geographical distribution, ethnopharmacological importance, conventional propagation and protection of this medicinal tree, describing the in vitro-based plant organ and tissue culture methods like direct and indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis along with interventions of molecular marker-based biotechnology and nanotechnology. Further, the prospect of the yet-to-be-explored biotechnological methods for secondary metabolite enhancement like cell suspension, protoplast culture, genetic transformation, etc. and their potential for enhanced emblicanin production have also been discussed in this appraisal.

Potential effect of tropical fruits Phyllanthus emblica L. for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetic complications: a systematic review of recent advances

Phyllanthus emblica is a fruit widely consumed in subtropical areas, which is rich in polyphenols and other nutrients. There are increasing evidences that as a daily and nutritious fruit, it may have a positive role in controlling diabetic complications. According to the new study, its mechanisms include enhancing the functioning of insulin, reducing insulin resistance, activating the insulin-signaling pathway, protecting β-cells, scavenging free radicals, alleviating inflammatory reactions, and reducing the accumulation of advanced glycation end products. Owing to its few side effects, and low price, it should be easily accepted by patients and has potential for preventing diabetes. Taken together, Phyllanthus emblica may be an ideal fruit for controlling diabetic complications. This review highlights the latest findings of the role of Phyllanthus emblica in anti-diabetes and its complications, especially clarifies the molecular mechanism of the chemical components related to this effect, and prospects some existing problems and future research directions.

An Evaluation of Traditional Persian Medicine for the Management of SARS-CoV-2

A new coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged and with it, a global investigation of new antiviral treatments and supportive care for organ failure due to this life-threatening viral infection. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known with the manuscripts of Avicenna and Rhazes. In this paper, we first introduce a series of medicinal plants that would potentially be beneficial in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection according to TPM textbooks. Then, we review medicinal plants based on the pharmacological studies obtained from electronic databases and discuss their mechanism of action in SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are several medicinal plants in TPM with cardiotonic, kidney tonic, and pulmonary tonic activities, protecting the lung, heart, and kidney, the three main vulnerable organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some medicinal plants can prevent "humor infection", a situation described in TPM which has similar features to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pharmacological evaluations are in line with the therapeutic activities of several plants mentioned in TPM, mostly through antiviral, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Amongst the primarily-introduced medicinal plants from TPM, rhubarb, licorice, garlic, saffron, galangal, and clove are the most studied plants and represent candidates for clinical studies. The antiviral compounds isolated from these plants provide novel molecular structures to design new semisynthetic antiviral agents. Future clinical studies in healthy volunteers as well as patients suffering from pulmonary infections are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants as complementary and integrative interventions in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent

Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds present in many plants, fruits, vegetables, and leaves, with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability. These cost-effective medicinal components have significant biological activities, and their effectiveness has been proved for a variety of diseases. The most recent work is focused on their isolation, synthesis of their analogs, and their effects on human health using a variety of techniques and animal models. Thousands of flavonoids have been successfully isolated, and this number increases steadily. We have therefore made an effort to summarize the isolated flavonoids with useful activities in order to gain a better understanding of their effects on human health.

Plant Fortification of the Diet for Anti-Ageing Effects: A Review

Ageing is an enigmatic and progressive biological process which undermines the normal functions of living organisms with time. Ageing has been conspicuously linked to dietary habits, whereby dietary restrictions and antioxidants play a substantial role in slowing the ageing process. Oxygen is an essential molecule that sustains human life on earth and is involved in the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that pose certain health complications. The ROS are believed to be a significant factor in the progression of ageing. A robust lifestyle and healthy food, containing dietary antioxidants, are essential for improving the overall livelihood and decelerating the ageing process. Dietary antioxidants such as adaptogens, anthocyanins, vitamins A/D/C/E and isoflavones slow the ageing phenomena by reducing ROS production in the cells, thereby improving the life span of living organisms. This review highlights the manifestations of ageing, theories associated with ageing and the importance of diet management in ageing. It also discusses the available functional foods as well as nutraceuticals with anti-ageing potential.

Glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus Precatorius (L.) leaf extract in normoglycemic and STZ/Nicotinamide - Induced diabetic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Abrus precatorius (L.) leaves are used as folk medicine by the local communities in the western region of Ghana to treat diabetes mellitus; however, this health claim remains unverified scientifically.

OBJECTIVE

The study investigated glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus precatorius leaf extract (APLE) in normoglycemic and STZ/nicotinamide (NIC)-induced diabetic rats.

METHOD

after preparation of APLE, it was subjected to phytochemical screening, proximate composition and elemental assessments by using standard methods. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and maltose, lactose and sucrose oral challenge were assessed in normoglycemic rats post-APLE. Morphological characteristics of glucose response curve (time of glucose peak and shape of glucose response curve) were determined. Subsequently, diabetes mellitus was experimentally established in normoglycaemic adult Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 150-250 g) of both sexes by sequential injection of Streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg ip)-reconstituted in sodium citrate buffer and NIC (110 mg/kg ip)-reconstituted in normal saline (1:1 v/v) for 16 weeks. Except control rats (normal saline 5 ml/kg ip; baseline fasting blood glucose [FBG] of 6.48 mmol/L), rats having FBG (stable at 11.1 mmol/L or ≥ 250 mg/dL) 3 days post-STZ/NIC injection were randomly re-assigned to one of the following groups: model (STZ/NIC-induced diabetic rats), APLE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively po) and metformin (300 mg/kg po) and treated daily for 28 days. Bodyweight and FBG were measured on weekly basis. FBG was measured by using standard glucometers. On day 28, rats were sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia, blood collected via cardiac puncture; kidney, liver and pancreas surgically harvested. While the pancreas was processed, sectioned and H&E-stained for histological examination, fresh kidney and liver were homogenized for assessment of total anti-oxidant capacity. Median cross-sectional area of pancreatic islets of Langerhans was determined for each group by using Amscope.

RESULTS

Cumulatively, APLE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively) dose-dependently decreased the initial FBG by 55.22, 76.15 and 77.77% respectively compared to model (-1.04%) and metformin (72.29%) groups. APLE treatment recovered damaged pancreatic β-cells and also increased median cross-sectional area (x10⁶ μm²) of pancreatic islets compared to that of model group. APLE significantly (P < 0.05) increased total anti-oxidant capacity (5.21 ± 0.02 AscAE μg/mL) of plasma, kidney and liver compared to model (4.06 ± 0.04 AscAE μg/mL) and metformin (4.87 ± 0.03 AscAE μg/mL) groups.

CONCLUSION

APLE has demonstrated glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects in rats and arrested the characteristic loss in bodyweight associated with diabetes mellitus. This finding preliminarily confirms folk use of APLE as an anti-diabetic herbal medicine, whiles providing a rationale for further translational studies on APLE.

Homology modeling and molecular dynamics based insights into Chalcone synthase and Chalcone isomerase in Phyllanthus emblica L

Chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) plays a major role in the biosynthesis of flavonoid in plants. In this study, we made extensive bioinformatics analysis to gain functional and structural insight into PeCHS and PeCHI proteins. The phylogenetic distribution of PeCHS and PeCHI genes encoding proteins demonstrated the close evolutionary relationship with different CHS and CHI proteins of other dicot plants. MicroRNA target analysis showed miR169n and 3p miR5053 targeting PeCHS gene while miR169c-3p and miR4248 are targeting PeCHI gene, respectively. Three-dimensional structural models of PeCHS and PeCHI proteins were elucidated by homology modeling with Ramachandran plots showing the excellent geometry of the proteins structure. Molecular docking revealed that cinnamoyl-coa and naringenin chalcone substrates are strongly bound to PeCHS and PeCHI proteins, respectively. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for 30 ns, further yielded stability checks of ligands in the binding pocket and behavior of protein complexes. Thus MD simulation and interaction fraction analysis showed the stable conformation of PeCHS and PeCHI proteins with their respective substrates during theee simulation. Our study provides first-hand structural prospective of PeCHS and PeCHI proteins towards understanding the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in P. emblica.

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids against the Emerging Opportunistic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are the causative agent of severe chronic pulmonary diseases and is accountable for post-traumatic wound infections, lymphadenitis, endometritis, cutaneous, eye infections and disseminated diseases. These infections are extremely challenging to treat due to multidrug resistance, which encompasses the classical and existing antituberculosis agents. Hence, current studies are aimed to appraise the antimycobacterial activity of flavonoids against NTM, their capacity to synergize with pharmacological agents and their ability to block virulence. Flavonoids have potential antimycobacterial effects at minor quantities by themselves or in synergistic combinations. A cocktail of flavonoids used with existing antimycobacterial agents is a strategy to lessen side effects. The present review focuses on recent studies on naturally occurring flavonoids and their antimycobacterial effects, underlying mechanisms and synergistic effects in a cocktail with traditional agents.

Traditional Tibetan Medicine in Cancer Therapy by Targeting Apoptosis Pathways

Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world. Apoptosis, one of the pathways of programmed cell death, is a promising target for cancer therapy. Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) has been used by Tibetan people for thousands of years, and many TTMs have been proven to be effective in the treatment of cancer. This paper summarized the medicinal plants with anticancer activity in the Tibetan traditional system of medicine by searching for Tibetan medicine monographs and drug standards and reviewing modern research literatures. Forty species were found to be effective in treating cancer. More importantly, some TTMs (e.g., Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Phyllanthus emblica L. and Rhodiola kirilowii (Regel) Maxim.) and their active ingredients (e.g., cordycepin, salidroside, and gallic acid) have been reported to possess anticancer activity by targeting some apoptosis pathways in cancer, such as Bcl-2/Bax, caspases, PI3K/Akt, JAK2/STAT3, MAPK, and AMPK. These herbs and natural compounds would be potential drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.

HPLC fingerprint analysis of Phyllanthus emblica ethanol extract and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Phyllanthus emblica L. (P. emblica) as a medical plant has been used to treat diseases in Asia. It is famous for a wide range of biological activities, especially for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, quality control underlying the bioactivity of P. emblica fruits remains to be studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we evaluated the HPLC fingerprint and bioactivity of polyphenols extracted from P. emblica fruits grown in different habitats.

RESULTS

P. emblica fruits collected from 10 different habitats in Guangdong, Fujian, Yunnan, and Guangxi provinces in China were used to establish a simple and reliable HPLC fingerprint assay. Simultaneous quantification of three monophenols was also performed to determine assay quality and consistency. Additionally, chemical assessment of the different ethanolic extract (PEEE) from 10 P. emblica fruits demonstrated that they exhibited antioxidant activity by enhancing reducing power and total antioxidant capacity, scavenging hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. PEEE protected RAW264.7 cells from oxidative damage by increasing glutathione content and total superoxide dismutase activity, suppressing MDA content. PEPE also alleviated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells by decreasing release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Notably, the PEEE samples from Yunnan province showed the optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects among all the PEEE samples.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, The PEEE HPLC fingerprint may help improve P. emblica quality control, and P. emblica with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may be potentially applied in functional foods or in adjuvant therapy for medicinal development.

Muscadine or amla extracts standardized to ellagic acid content ameliorate glucolipotoxicity associated β-cell dysfunction via inhibition of IL-1β and improved insulin secretion

Glucolipotocixity induces IL-1 β secretion which impairs pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion. Ellagic acid and urolithin A have strong anti-inflammatory effect on cells. Muscadine and amla are very good sources of ellagic acid. The present study examined the effect of ellagic acid, ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extract, or urolothin A on inflammation in β cells under glucolipotoxic conditions. Rat NIT-1 β cells were incubated in glucolipotoxic conditions (33.3 mM glucose, 250 μM palmitic acid or 33.3 mM glucose + 250 μM palmitic acid with or without ellagic acid, ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts standardized to its ellagic acid content, or urolithin A). Inflammatory status was evidenced by ELISA analysis of insulin and IL-1β secretion. Ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts dose-dependently stimulated insulin secretion and down-regulated IL-1β better than pure ellagic acid, or urolithin A. Urolithin A did not statistically stimulate insulin secretion and did not inhibit IL-1β.

Anti-diabetic Effect of Emblica-officinalis (Amla) Against Arsenic Induced Metabolic Disorder in Mice

Chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water and occupational exposure has been found to be associated with the diabetic symptoms. Earlier, we reported that arsenic induced enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation, dislipidemia and hepatotoxicity in mice have been protected by treatment with Emblica officinalis (amla). The present study has therefore been focused to investigate the efficacy of amla in mitigation of arsenic induced hyperglycemia in mice. Arsenic exposure (3 mg/kg b.w./day for 30 days) in mice altered glucose homeostasis and significantly decreases hepatic glucose regulatory enzyme, glucokinase (43%), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (38%), malic enzyme (60%) and significantly increases the level of glucose-6 phosphates (65%), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (43%), lactate, (59%) Na+ (6.8%) Cl- (10.4%), anion gap (13.9%) and pancreatic (IL-1β, TNF-α) inflammation markers (52%, 53%) as compared to controls. Arsenic exposure also significantly decreased serum insulin (44%) and c-peptide protein (38%) in mice as compared to controls. Co-administration of arsenic and amla (500 mg/kg b.w./day for 30 days) balanced blood sugar level, hepatic glucose regulatory enzyme (glucokinase, glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme (68%, 37%, 45%) and significantly decreases glucose-6 phosphatase (25%), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (22%), blood ion concentration and also lactate, Na+, Cl- and anion gap (20%, 4.6%, 6.7%, 5.2%), pancreatic (IL-1β, TNF-α) inflammation marker (21%, 24%) and significantly increased the serum insulin (57%) and c-peptide protein (31%) as compared to those treated with arsenic alone. Results of the present study suggests that the hypoglycemic and antioxidant property of amla could be responsible for its protective efficacy in arsenic induced hyperglycemia.

Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract attenuates lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activating apoptosis mediated cell death

BACKGROUND

Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry) is widely used in the Ayurveda for thousands of years to treat health complications including disorders of the immune system, diabetes, and obesity.

PURPOSE

For the first time, our study aims to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms of the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica (PEFE) involved in the promotion of fat cell apoptosis and alleviation of adipogenesis.

METHODS

The active constituents from PEFE were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). We carried out the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of PEFE using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. The colonogenic assay was carried out to determine the inhibitory effect of 3T3-L1 adipocytes after PEFE treatment. In addition, inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity was performed and the lipolytic activity of PEFE and digallic acid was compared with the well-known standard drug orlistat. Besides, the molecular interaction and ligand optimization between digallic and adipogenesis/apoptosis markers were also carried out. Furthermore, to confirm fat cell apoptosis we have used several detection methods that includes Hoechst staining, PI staining, Oil staining and qPCR respectively.

RESULTS

Digallic acid was identified as a major component in the PEFE. The IC₅₀ values of digallic acid and PEFE were found to be 3.82 µg/ml and 21.85 µg/ml respectively. PEFE and digallic acid showed significant anti-lipolytic activity compared to the standard drug orlistat. In the mature adipocytes, PEFE significantly decreased triglyceride accumulation by downregulating adiponectin, PPARγ, cEBPα, and FABP4 respectively. We further analyzed the expression of apoptosis related genes upon PEFE treatment. Apoptotic process initiated through upregulation of BAX and downregulation of BCL2 resulting in an increased caspase-3 activity. In addition, we have also confirmed the apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in 3T3-L1 cells using Hoechst, PI and TUNEL assays.

CONCLUSION

PEFE negatively regulates adipogenesis by initiating fat cell apoptosis and therefore it can be considered as a potential herbal medicinal product for treating obesity.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Efficacies of an Indian Traditional Herbo-Mineral Medicine "Divya Amvatari Ras" in Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis (CAIA) Mouse Model Through Modulation of IL-6/IL-1β/TNF-α/NFκB Signaling

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is defined as a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that causes damage to limb joints and progressive injuries to secondary organs. Medical practitioners prescribe Methotrexate (MTX) as standard care medicine for treating RA. However, the long-term application of MTX has shown to have adverse health-related effects. Divya Amvatari Ras (DAR), an Indian Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation, has been described in ancient texts to provide relief from RA inflammation associated distress. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic efficacy of DAR using in vivo and in vitro disease models. Using carrageenan (CA)-stimulated Wistar rat paw edema model, we showed a reduction in inflammation-induced paw edema at human equivalent dose of DAR. Anti-rheumatic efficacy of DAR was studied using collagen-antibody cocktail (C-Ab) Induced Arthritis (CAIA) mouse model. The onset of RA in the CAIA mice was determined using parameters such as the increase in arthritis score, and induction of disease associated lesions in the ankle and knee joints, and increase in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Treatment of CAIA animals with a human equivalent dose of DAR significantly reversed the RA-associated pathogenesis. These effects were comparable with the standard of care RA drug, MTX. DAR acted at multiple levels of inflammation associated with RA to reduce progressive pathogenesis. Animal serum biochemistry showed DAR was capable of ameliorating RA induced increase in liver enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). In the lipopolysaccharide stimulated THP-1 cells, DAR was found to inhibit the release of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and upstream inflammatory gene regulatory protein, NFκB. The study endorsed the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of the Indian Traditional herbo-mineral medicine, DAR. These results also confirm that DAR was highly biocompatible and would show minimal health-related side effects than those associated with standard of care MTX. Taken together, we show that the DAR could be utilized as a promising alternative or complementary therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis.

Protective effects of ethyl gallate on H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells

Oxidative stress has been suggested to play an important role in neuronal injury. Ethyl gallate (EG) is the ethyl ester of gallic acid which has been acknowledged as an antioxidant. We previously demonstrated that EG effectively inhibited H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity and decreased the ROS levels in PC12 cells, while the relevant mechanisms of action of this compound remain largely uncharacterized. The present study was carried out in an attempt to clarify the underlying mechanisms of EG against H₂O₂-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. EG pretreatment attenuated H₂O₂-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as indicated by the decreased caspase-9/-3 activation, PARP cleavage, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depletion, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release and ROS overproduction. Furthermore, EG treatment resulted in nuclear translocation of Nrf2 along with increased expression of ARE-dependent cytoprotective genes, such as γ-GCS and NQO1, which indicated EG as an Nrf2 pathway activator. Silencing of Nrf2 signaling by siRNA abrogated the protective effects offered by EG on H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells injury, which suggested the important role of Nrf2 pathway in the protection of EG against oxidative stress induced PC12 cell apoptosis. These results taken together indicated that EG protects PC12 cells against H₂O₂-induced cell mitochondrial dysfunction possibly through activation of Nrf2 pathway. EG might be a potential candidate for further preclinical study aimed at the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Role of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus: a review

Medicinal plants have a vast potential in the treatment of various ailments due to the presence of therapeutically important phytochemicals. Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder and several marketed medications are available to alleviate the symptoms of diabetes. However, these over the counter drugs are expensive and associated with several complications. Herbal medicines are gaining importance as they are cost-effective and also display improved therapeutic effects with lesser side effects. The present review includes the reports available on medicinal plants used for treating diabetes complications. The aim of the review is to categorize and summarize the available information on medicinal plants with anti-diabetic properties and suggesting outlooks for future research. A systematic search was performed on medicinal plants with anti-diabetic properties using several search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and other online journals and books. All the plants listed in this review are native to Asian countries and are routinely used by the traditional practitioners for the treatment of various ailments. Based on the literature data available, a total of 81 medicinal plants with anti-diabetic, anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, anti-lipidemic and insulin mimetic properties have been compiled in this review. This review provides useful information about the different medicinal plants for treating diabetes-associated complications. Further research can be carried out to study the active constituents and mechanism of these plants.

A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus urinaria L

The genus Phyllanthus (L.) is one of the most important groups of plants belonging to the Phyllantaceae family. Phyllanthus urinaria (L.) is an annual perennial herbal species found in tropical Asia, America, China, and the Indian Ocean islands. P. urinaria is used in folk medicine as a cure to treat jaundice, diabetes, malaria, and liver diseases. This review provides traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. urinaria. The literature reviewed for this article was obtained from the Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar journal papers published prior to December 2017. Phytochemical investigations reveal that the plant is a rich source of lignans, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and other secondary metabolites. Pharmacological activities include anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. Thus, this present review summarizes the phytochemical constituents and their biological activities including biological studies on various crude extracts and fractions both in vitro and in vivo, and on clinical trial information about P. urinaria. This review compiles 93 naturally occurring compounds from P. urinaria along with their structures and pharmacological activities. The review is expected to stimulate further research on P. urinaria, and its pharmacological potential to yield novel therapeutic agents.