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Powell-Roach KL, Yao Y, Wallace MR, Chamala S, Cruz-Almeida Y, Jhun E, Molokie RE, Wang ZJ, Wilkie DJ. HUMAN STUDY COMT and DRD3 haplotype-associated pain intensity and acute care utilization in adult sickle cell disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1601-1608. [PMID: 35285297 PMCID: PMC9554168 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous exploratory analysis of a COMT gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a DRD3 SNP by our group suggested possible contributions to pain-related acute care utilization in people with sickle cell disease (SCD). Our aim was to extend the analysis to gene-spanning haplotypes of COMT SNPs and DRD3 SNPs to investigate possible associations with pain intensity and pain-related acute care utilization in an SCD cohort. Genotyping was conducted, and clinical data were collected, including self-reported pain intensity using PAINReportIt® (average of current pain and least and worst in past 24 hours, average pain intensity [API]) and medical record-extracted, pain-related acute care utilization data of 130 adults with SCD. Haplotype blocks were identified based on linkage disequilibria (COMT = 7 haploblocks; DRD3 = 8 haploblocks). Regression analyses were tested for association between haplotypes and API and utilization, yielding several significant findings. For COMT block 1 (rs2075507, rs4646310, rs737865), the A-G-G haplotype was associated with higher API compared to the reference A-G-A (p = 0.02), whereas the A-A-A haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p = 0.02). For DRD3 block 2 (rs9817063, rs2134655, rs963468, and rs3773679), relative to reference T-C-G-C, the T-T-G-C haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p = 0.01). For DRD3 block 4 (rs167770, rs324029, and rs324023), the A-G-T haplotype was associated with higher API (p = 0.04) and utilization (p < 0.001) relative to reference G-A-T, whereas the A-A-T haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p = 0.01). We found COMT and DRD3 haplotypes associated with pain-related SCD features, suggesting that in future studies more emphasis be placed on cis effects of SNP alleles in evaluating genetic contributions to SCD pain and acute care utilization for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha L Powell-Roach
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, College of Nursing, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA,Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,Keesha L Powell-Roach.
| | - Yingwei Yao
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Margaret R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Srikar Chamala
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ellie Jhun
- Clinical Development Team, OneOme, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Robert E Molokie
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zajie Jim Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diana J Wilkie
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
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Lin E, Lin CH, Lane HY. Prediction of functional outcomes of schizophrenia with genetic biomarkers using a bagging ensemble machine learning method with feature selection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10179. [PMID: 33986383 PMCID: PMC8119477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been suggested as potential molecular biomarkers to predict the functional outcome of psychiatric disorders. To assess the schizophrenia’ functional outcomes such as Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), we leveraged a bagging ensemble machine learning method with a feature selection algorithm resulting from the analysis of 11 SNPs (AKT1 rs1130233, COMT rs4680, DISC1 rs821616, DRD3 rs6280, G72 rs1421292, G72 rs2391191, 5-HT2A rs6311, MET rs2237717, MET rs41735, MET rs42336, and TPH2 rs4570625) of 302 schizophrenia patients in the Taiwanese population. We compared our bagging ensemble machine learning algorithm with other state-of-the-art models such as linear regression, support vector machine, multilayer feedforward neural networks, and random forests. The analysis reported that the bagging ensemble algorithm with feature selection outperformed other predictive algorithms to forecast the QLS functional outcome of schizophrenia by using the G72 rs2391191 and MET rs2237717 SNPs. Furthermore, the bagging ensemble algorithm with feature selection surpassed other predictive algorithms to forecast the GAF functional outcome of schizophrenia by using the AKT1 rs1130233 SNP. The study suggests that the bagging ensemble machine learning algorithm with feature selection might present an applicable approach to provide software tools for forecasting the functional outcomes of schizophrenia using molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyüan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Identification of a sex-stratified genetic algorithm for opioid addiction risk. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:326-335. [PMID: 33589790 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic has had a devastating impact on our country, with wide-ranging effects on healthcare, corrections, employment, and social systems. Programs have been put in place for monitoring prescriptions, initiating and expanding medications for opioid use disorder, and harm reduction (i.e., naloxone distribution, needle exchanges). However, opportunities for personalization of opioid therapy based on addiction risk have been limited. The goal of the present study was to develop an objective risk assessment algorithm based on genetic markers that are correlated with opioid use disorder (OUD). A total of 180 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in patients with and without OUD. SNPs selected for testing were associated with opioid metabolism and drug reward pathways based on previous studies. Of the 394 patients recruited, 200 had OUD and 194 served as controls without OUD but with prior opioid exposure. Logistic regression analyses stratified by sex identified ten unique SNPs in females and nine unique SNPs in males that were significantly associated with OUD. A Genetics Opioid Risk Score (GenORs) was calculated by counting the number of OUD risk-associated SNPs/genotypes for each patient. To evaluate the discrimination of the GenORs, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each sex was generated and determined to be sensitive and specific. This represents the first published example of a sex-based genetic risk score with potential to predict OUD, and the first OUD algorithm to include opioid-associated pharmacokinetic genes.
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Li XN, Zheng JL, Wei XH, Wang BJ, Yao J. No association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine receptor D3 gene and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of family-based association studies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:85. [PMID: 32316934 PMCID: PMC7171831 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies found that Ser9Gly (rs6280) might be involved in the occurrence of schizophrenia. However, no consist conclusion has yet been achieved. Compared to the case-control study, the family-based study took into account stratification bias. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of family-based studies to measure a pooled effect size of the association between Ser9Gly and the risk of schizophrenia. METHODS The relevant family-based studies were screened using the electronic databases by the inclusion criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the correction between Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia susceptibility. Subgroup analysis was performed by stratification of ethnicity (i.e., East Asian, Caucasian, and other populations). Additionally, publication bias was evaluated by the funnel plot. RESULTS After literature searching, a total of 13 family-based association studies were included, which contained 11 transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) studies with 1219 informative meiosis and 5 haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HRR) studies. No statistical significance of the heterogeneity was detected in TDT and HRR studies. Thus, the pooled effect size was calculated under the fixed effect model. The results found that the association was significantly protective in East Asian in TDT studies (204 informative meiosis, OR = 0.744, 95% CI = 0.564-0.980, Z-value = - 2.104, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis based on the family study found a protective association of Ser9Gly in East Asian. In future, large sample molecular epidemiology studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China.,School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Long Zheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Han Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Osmanova DZ, Freidin MB, Fedorenko OY, Pozhidaev IV, Boiko AS, Vyalova NM, Tiguntsev VV, Kornetova EG, Loonen AJM, Semke AV, Wilffert B, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. A pharmacogenetic study of patients with schizophrenia from West Siberia gets insight into dopaminergic mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:47. [PMID: 30967134 PMCID: PMC6454588 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) is a classical side effect of antipsychotic drugs primarily attributed to blockade of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2s) on the membranes of lactotroph cells within the pituitary gland. Certain antipsychotic drugs, e.g. risperidone, are more likely to induce HPRL because of relative accumulation within the adenohypophysis. Nevertheless, due to competition for pituitary DRD2s by high dopamine levels may limit antipsychotic-induced HPRL. Moreover, the activity of prolactin-producing lactotrophs also depends on other hormones which are regulated by the extra-pituitary activity of dopamine receptors, dopamine transporters, enzymes of neurotransmitter metabolism and other factors. Polymorphic variants in the genes coding for these receptors and proteins can have functional significance and influence on the development of hyperprolactinemia. METHODS A set of 41 SNPs of genes for dopamine receptors DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 and dopamine catabolizing enzymes MAOA and MAOB was investigated in a population of 446 Caucasians (221 males/225 females) with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia (according to ICD-10: F20) with and without HPRL who were treated with classical and/or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Additive genetic model was tested and the analysis was carried out in the total group and in subgroup stratified by the use of risperidone/paliperidone. RESULTS One statistically significant association between polymorphic variant rs1799836 of MAOB gene and HPRL in men was found in the total group. Furthermore, the rs40184 and rs3863145 variants in SLC6A3 gene appeared to be associated with HPRL in the subgroup of patients using the risperidone/paliperidone, but not with HPRL induced by other antipsychotic drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that genetic variants of MAOB and SLC6A3 may have consequences on the modulation of prolactin secretion. A further search for genetic markers associated with the development of antipsychotic-related hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Z. Osmanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russian Federation 36
| | - Maxim B. Freidin
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Live Course Sciences, King’s College London, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Naberezhnaya Ushaiki str, Tomsk, Russian Federation 10
| | - Olga Yu. Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russian Federation 30
| | - Ivan V. Pozhidaev
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russian Federation 36
| | - Anastasiia S. Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
| | - Natalia M. Vyalova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
| | - Vladimir V. Tiguntsev
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
| | - Elena G. Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
| | - Anton J. M. Loonen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Hoofdlaan 8, 4661 AA Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Arkadiy V. Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolay A. Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russian Federation 36
| | - Svetlana A. Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation 634014
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russian Federation 30
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Nimgaonkar VL, Dickerson F, Pouget JG, Chowdari K, O’Dushlaine C, Wood J, Klei L, Devlin B, Yolken R. Joint evaluation of serum C-Reactive Protein levels and polygenic risk scores as risk factors for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:148-153. [PMID: 29306175 PMCID: PMC6941903 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated infectious and immune-related abnormalities in schizophrenia (Scz), including elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) - a well-known proxy for infections/immune abnormalities. A portion of the genetic risk for Scz can be estimated using the polygenic risk score (PGRS). It is not known whether there is an interaction in the risks traceable to CRP and PGRS. Patients with Scz and individuals without psychosis were evaluated systematically using DSM IV criteria (N=794, N=446, respectively). To estimate risk for Scz attributable to CRP and PGRS, serum from these participants was assayed for CRP levels using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. PGRS was estimated from common DNA polymorphisms associated with Scz from genome wide association studies. CRP level and PGRS were not significantly correlated. Using a generalized linear logistic model, case/control status was evaluated in relation to the following predictors: CRP, PGRS, and demographic variables. CRP and PGRS were individually associated with case status; CRP: odds ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.12, 1.43; p = 0.0001; PGRS: OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.47, 1.89; p = 1.28 ×10-15. There were no significant interactions between PGRS and CRP for predicting Scz versus control status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Faith Dickerson
- Stanley Research Program, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Kodavali Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Division of Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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Association study of BDNF and DRD3 genes with alcohol use disorder in Schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:1-6. [PMID: 29357295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a leading risk factor of disease burden in the world. It is also commonly comorbid with over 20% of schizophrenia patients. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) have been implicated in alcohol drinking behaviour. Previous genetic studies of the BDNF and DRD3 genes produced mixed findings; however, only one study investigated two BDNF genetic markers with alcohol dependence in schizophrenia patients. We investigated 15 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DRD3 and four SNPs in BDNF for possible association with alcohol abuse or dependence in schizophrenia patients of European ancestry (N = 195). The patients were assessed for the occurrence of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). We found the BDNF Val66Met to be associated with alcohol dependence (p = 0.004). We also found haplotypes across BDNF to be nominally associated with alcohol dependence. Analyses of DRD3 markers and haplotypes yielded mostly negative findings. Our findings support a role of the BDNF gene in alcohol dependence in schizophrenia patients. Larger samples are required to confirm our findings, particularly those of BDNF haplotypes.
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Attempts to replicate genetic associations with schizophrenia in a cohort from north India. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:28. [PMID: 28855605 PMCID: PMC5577284 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, heritable disorder. Genome-wide association studies, conducted predominantly among Caucasians, have indicated > 100 risk alleles, with most significant SNPs on chromosome 6. There is growing interest as to whether these risk alleles are relevant in other ethnic groups as well. Neither an Indian genome-wide association studies nor a systematic replication of GWAS findings from other populations are reported. Thus, we analyzed 32 SNPs, including those associated in the Caucasian ancestry GWAS and other candidate gene studies, in a north Indian schizophrenia cohort (n = 1009 patients; n = 1029 controls) using a Sequenom mass array. Cognitive functioning was also assessed using the Hindi version of the Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery in a subset of the sample. MICB (rs6916394) a previously noted Caucasian candidate, was associated with schizophrenia at the p = 0.02 level. One SNP, rs2064430, AHI1 (6q23.3, SZ Gene database SNP) was associated at the p = 0.04 level. Other candidates had even less significance with rs6932590, intergenic (p = 0.07); rs3130615, MICB (p = 0.08); rs6916921, NFKBIL1 (p = 0.08) and rs9273012, HLA-DQA1 (p = 0.06) and haplotypic associations (p = 0.01-0.05) of 6p SNPs were detected. Of note, nominally significant associations with cognitive variables were identified, after covarying for age and diagnostic status. SNPs with p < 0.01 were: rs3130375, with working memory (p = 0.007); rs377763, with sensorimotor (p = 0.004); rs6916921, NFKBIL1 with emotion (p = 0.01). This relative lack of significant positive associations is likely influenced by the sample size and/or differences in the genetic architecture of schizophrenia across populations, encouraging population specific studies to identify shared and unique genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. POPULATION GENETICS CAUCASIANS AND INDIANS EXHIBIT GENETIC DISJUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A tenuous link between schizophrenia's genetic basis in Caucasians and Indians calls for more comprehensive research on the latter. Large-scale analyses of the human genome have identified over a hundred genetic variations associated with schizophrenia; however, these have focused largely on European and North American populations. Researchers led by the University of Delhi's BK Thelma, and Smita Deshpande of the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, India, selected 32 gene variations from past studies to look for similar associations in Indians. Many assays met limited success, though the team found significant correlations between certain variations and specific cognitive hallmarks of schizophrenia. Aside from differences in genetic architecture, the lack of adequate and comparable genetic data on schizophrenia in Indians may contribute to this apparent difference to schizophrenia in Caucasian patients. This shows a clear need for more schizophrenia genetic studies in India.
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Cardoso MABS, do Nascimento TJ, Bernardo GP, Bernardo LP, Barbosa MMFL, Neto PJN, de Sousa DF, Júnior AGT, de Lima MAP, Moreira MM, de Sousa Gregório D, do Nascimento Santos LC, Rolim Neto ML. Are There Schizophrenia Genetic Markers and Mutations? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.95058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Qi XL, Xuan JF, Xing JX, Wang BJ, Yao J. No association between dopamine D3 receptor gene Ser9Gly polymorphism (rs6280) and risk of schizophrenia: an updated meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:2855-2865. [PMID: 29200860 PMCID: PMC5703163 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s152784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ser9Gly (rs6280) is a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) gene that may be associated with schizophrenia. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether Ser9Gly influences the risk of schizophrenia and examined the relationship between the Ser9Gly SNP and the etiology of schizophrenia. METHODS Case-control studies were retrieved from literature databases in accordance with established inclusion criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association between Ser9Gly and schizophrenia. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS Seventy-three studies comprising 10,634 patients with schizophrenia (cases) and 11,258 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Summary results indicated no association between Ser9Gly and risk of schizophrenia. In the dominant genetic model, the pooled OR using a random effects model was 0.950 (95% CI, 0.847-1.064; P=0.374). CONCLUSION Results of this meta-analysis suggest that the Ser9Gly SNP is not associated with schizophrenia. These data provide possible avenues for future case-control studies related to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ling Qi
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Xuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Lemercier CE, Schulz SB, Heidmann KE, Kovács R, Gerevich Z. Dopamine D3 Receptors Inhibit Hippocampal Gamma Oscillations by Disturbing CA3 Pyramidal Cell Firing Synchrony. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:297. [PMID: 26779018 PMCID: PMC4702013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical gamma oscillations are associated with cognitive processes and are altered in several neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Since dopamine D3 receptors are possible targets in treatment of these conditions, it is of great importance to understand their role in modulation of gamma oscillations. The effect of D3 receptors on gamma oscillations and the underlying cellular mechanisms were investigated by extracellular local field potential and simultaneous intracellular sharp micro-electrode recordings in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in vitro. D3 receptors decreased the power and broadened the bandwidth of gamma oscillations induced by acetylcholine or kainate. Blockade of the D3 receptors resulted in faster synchronization of the oscillations, suggesting that endogenous dopamine in the hippocampus slows down the dynamics of gamma oscillations by activation of D3 receptors. Investigating the underlying cellular mechanisms for these effects showed that D3 receptor activation decreased the rate of action potentials (APs) during gamma oscillations and reduced the precision of the AP phase coupling to the gamma cycle in CA3 pyramidal cells. The results may offer an explanation how selective activation of D3 receptors may impair cognition and how, in converse, D3 antagonists may exert pro-cognitive and antipsychotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément E Lemercier
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen B Schulz
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin E Heidmann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Kovács
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltan Gerevich
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Dai D, Cheng J, Zhou K, Lv Y, Zhuang Q, Zheng R, Zhang K, Jiang D, Gao S, Duan S. Significant association between DRD3 gene body methylation and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:772-7. [PMID: 25262640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study was the first one to reveal the contribution of DRD3 methylation to the risk of different (SCZ) subtypes. This study comprised a total of 30 paranoid (15 males and 15 females) and 29 undifferentiated (15 males and 14 females) SCZ patients and 26 age- and gender-matched controls. Our results showed a significant association of CpG2 with SCZ. A breakdown analysis by gender showed that CpG2 and CpG3 methylation were significantly higher in male patients than male controls, and that CpG5 methylation was significantly higher in female patients than female controls. A further breakdown analysis by both gender and SCZ subtype showed that CpG2 and CpG3 methylation were significantly higher in male paranoid SCZ and male undifferentiated SCZ than male controls. In contrast, CpG2 and CpG3 methylation were significantly lower in female undifferentiated SCZ than female controls. Additionally, CpG5 methylation was significantly higher in female paranoid SCZ than female controls. In conclusion, our findings supported that DRD3 gene body hypermethylation was significantly associated with the risk of SCZ. Future study is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which DRD3 gene body hypermethylation contributes to the risk of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China.
| | - Kena Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yuelong Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qidong Zhuang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Rongjiong Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Danjie Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shugui Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Wolf EJ, Mitchell KS, Logue MW, Baldwin CT, Reardon AF, Aiello A, Galea S, Koenen KC, Uddin M, Wildman D, Miller MW. The dopamine D3 receptor gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2014; 27:379-87. [PMID: 25158632 PMCID: PMC4147673 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene has been implicated in schizophrenia, autism, and substance use-disorders and is related to emotion reactivity, executive functioning, and stress-responding, processes impaired in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this candidate gene study was to evaluate DRD3 polymorphisms for association with PTSD. The discovery sample was trauma-exposed White, non-Hispanic U.S. veterans and their trauma-exposed intimate partners (N = 491); 60.3% met criteria for lifetime PTSD. The replication sample was 601 trauma-exposed African American participants living in Detroit, Michigan; 23.6% met criteria for lifetime PTSD. Genotyping was based on high-density bead chips. In the discovery sample, 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2134655, rs201252087, rs4646996, and rs9868039, showed evidence of association with PTSD and withstood correction for multiple testing. The minor alleles were associated with reduced risk for PTSD (OR range = 0.59 to 0.69). In the replication sample, rs2251177, located 149 base pairs away from the most significant SNP in the discovery sample, was nominally associated with PTSD in men (OR = 0.32). Although the precise role of the D3 receptor in PTSD is not yet known, its role in executive functioning and emotional reactivity, and the sensitivity of the dopamine system to environmental stressors could potentially explain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Karen S. Mitchell
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Mark W. Logue
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Clinton T. Baldwin
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine
- Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Alison Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Monica Uddin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | - Derek Wildman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
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DRD3 variation associates with early-onset heroin dependence, but not specific personality traits. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:1-8. [PMID: 24398431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor-mediated pathways are involved in the mechanism of addiction, and genetic factors play a role in the vulnerability to heroin dependence. The aim of this study was to examine whether the corresponding gene, DRD3, is associated with the development of heroin dependence and specific personality traits in HD patients. Eight polymorphisms in DRD3 were analyzed in 1067 unrelated Han Chinese subjects (566 heroin dependence patients and 501 controls). All participants were screened using the same assessment tool and all patients met the criteria for heroin dependence. A Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was used to assess personality traits in 276 heroin dependence patients. In addition, heroin dependence patients were divided into 4 clinical subgroups based on age-of-onset and family history of substance abuse, to reduce the clinical heterogeneity. The rs6280 and rs9825563 variants showed association with the development of early-onset heroin dependence. The GTA haplotype frequency in the block (rs324029, rs6280, rs9825563) was significantly associated with early-onset heroin dependence (p=0.003). However, these significant associations were weaker after Bonferroni's correction. In addition, these DRD3 polymorphisms did not influence novelty seeking and harm avoidance scores in HD patients. DRD3 is possibly a genetic factor in the development of early-onset heroin dependence, but is not associated with specific personality traits in these patients among the Han Chinese population.
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Dai D, Wang Y, Wang L, Li J, Ma Q, Tao J, Zhou X, Zhou H, Jiang Y, Pan G, Xu L, Ru P, Lin D, Pan J, Xu L, Ye M, Duan S. Polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD3 genes and Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:275-281. [PMID: 24649110 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects ~2% of the population aged ≥65 years. The degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra contributes to the pathogenesis of PD. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) and dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) are two key subtypes of dopamine receptors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD3 genes and PD. Meta-analyses were conducted from 16 studies (46 stages) among 4,279 cases and 5,661 controls between PD and 9 polymorphisms (DRD2: rs1800497, rs1079597, rs6278, rs6279, rs273482, rs1799732 and rs1076563; DRD3: rs6280 and rs2134655). A significant association was observed between DRD3 rs2134655 polymorphism and PD [P=0.01, odds ratio (OR)=1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.32] and a borderline association was observed between DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism and PD in Europeans (P=0.05, OR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27). Findings of the current meta-analysis suggested that DRD3 rs2134655 polymorphism was associated with a 17% increased risk of PD and that DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism had a potential to increase the risk of PD by 13% in Europeans. Future large-scale studies are required to confirm the ethnic difference of DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism and to determine whether there were significant associations of PD with other polymorphisms in DRD2 and DRD3 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China ; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of Neurology, 148 Central Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong 255300, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Bank of Blood Products, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, 148 Central Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong 255300, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Tao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Limin Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ru
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jun Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Leiting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Thompson MD, Cole DEC, Capra V, Siminovitch KA, Rovati GE, Burnham WM, Rana BK. Pharmacogenetics of the G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:189-242. [PMID: 25150871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variants on physiological phenotypes related to drug response and disease, while pharmacogenomics takes a genome-wide approach to advancing this knowledge. Both play an important role in identifying responders and nonresponders to medication, avoiding adverse drug reactions, and optimizing drug dose for the individual. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the primary target of therapeutic drugs and have been the focus of these studies. With the advance of genomic technologies, there has been a substantial increase in the inventory of naturally occurring rare and common GPCR variants. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion or deletions that have potential to alter GPCR expression of function. In vivo and in vitro studies have determined functional roles for many GPCR variants, but genetic association studies that define the physiological impact of the majority of these common variants are still limited. Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic data available, GPCR variants have not been included in drug labeling and are only occasionally considered in optimizing clinical use of GPCR-targeted agents. In this chapter, pharmacogenetic and genomic studies on GPCR variants are reviewed with respect to a subset of GPCR systems, including the adrenergic, calcium sensing, cysteinyl leukotriene, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the de-orphanized receptors such as GPR55. The nature of the disruption to receptor function is discussed with respect to regulation of gene expression, expression on the cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (altered ligand binding, G protein coupling, constitutive activity). The large body of experimental data generated on structure and function relationships and receptor-ligand interactions are being harnessed for the in silico functional prediction of naturally occurring GPCR variants. We provide information on online resources dedicated to GPCRs and present applications of publically available computational tools for pharmacogenetic studies of GPCRs. As the breadth of GPCR pharmacogenomic data becomes clearer, the opportunity for routine assessment of GPCR variants to predict disease risk, drug response, and potential adverse drug effects will become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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Kukshal P, Kodavali VC, Srivastava V, Wood J, McClain L, Bhatia T, Bhagwat AM, Deshpande SN, Nimgaonkar VL, Thelma BK. Dopaminergic gene polymorphisms and cognitive function in a north Indian schizophrenia cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1615-22. [PMID: 23932573 PMCID: PMC3831060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of polymorphisms from dopaminergic neurotransmitter pathway genes have mostly been reported in Caucasian ancestry schizophrenia (SZ) samples. As studies investigating single SNPs with SZ have been inconsistent, more detailed analyses utilizing multiple SNPs with the diagnostic phenotype as well as cognitive function may be more informative. Therefore, these analyses were conducted in a north Indian sample. METHODS Indian SZ case-parent trios (n = 601 families); unscreened controls (n = 468) and an independent set of 118 trio families were analyzed. Representative SNPs in the Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3), dopamine transporter (SLC6A3), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (SLC18A2), catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were genotyped using SNaPshot/SNPlex assays (n = 59 SNPs). The Trail Making Test (TMT) was administered to a subset of the sample (n = 260 cases and n = 302 parents). RESULTS Eight SNPs were nominally associated with SZ in either case-control or family based analyses (p < 0.05, rs7631540 and rs2046496 in DRD3; rs363399 and rs10082463 in SLC18A2; rs4680, rs4646315 and rs9332377 in COMT). rs6271 at DBH was associated in both analyses. Haplotypes of DRD3 SNPs incorporating rs7631540-rs2134655-rs3773678-rs324030-rs6280-rs905568 showed suggestive associations in both case-parent and trio samples. At SLC18A2, rs10082463 was nominally associated with psychomotor performance and rs363285 with executive functions using the TMT but did not withstand multiple corrections. CONCLUSIONS Suggestive associations with dopaminergic genes were detected in this study, but convincing links between dopaminergic polymorphisms and SZ or cognitive function were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India; C. B. Patel Research Centre, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.
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Schulz SB, Heidmann KE, Mike A, Klaft ZJ, Heinemann U, Gerevich Z. First and second generation antipsychotics influence hippocampal gamma oscillations by interactions with 5-HT3 and D3 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1480-91. [PMID: 22817643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Disturbed cortical gamma band oscillations (30-80 Hz) have been observed in schizophrenia: positive symptoms of the disease correlate with an increase in gamma oscillation power, whereas negative symptoms are associated with a decrease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here we investigated the effects of first and second generation antipsychotics (FGAs and SGAs, respectively) on gamma oscillations. The FGAs haloperidol, flupenthixol, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene and the SGAs clozapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, amisulpride were applied on gamma oscillations induced by acetylcholine and physostigmine in the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices. KEY RESULTS Antipsychotics inhibited the power of gamma oscillations and increased the bandwidth of the gamma band. Haloperidol and clozapine had the highest inhibitory effects. To determine which receptor is responsible for the alterations in gamma oscillations, the effects of the antipsychotics were plotted against their pK(i) values for 19 receptors and analysed for correlation. Our results indicated that 5-HT(3) receptors have an enhancing effect on gamma oscillations whereas dopamine D(3) receptors inhibit them. To test this prediction, m-chlorophenylbiguanide, PD 128907 and CP 809101, selective agonists at 5-HT(3) , D(3) and 5-HT(2C) receptors were applied and revealed that 5-HT(3) receptors indeed enhanced the gamma power whereas D(3) receptors reduced it. As predicted, 5-HT(2C) receptors had no effects on gamma oscillations. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that antipsychotics alter hippocampal gamma oscillations by interacting with 5-HT(3) and dopamine D(3) receptors. Moreover, a correlation of receptor affinities with the biological effects can be used to predict targets for the pharmacological effects of multi-target drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen B Schulz
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany NeuroCure Research Centre, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common disorder that runs in families. It has a relatively high heritability, i.e., inherited factors account for the major proportion of its etiology. The high heritability has motivated gene mapping studies that have improved in sophistication through the past two decades. Belying earlier expectations, it is now becoming increasingly clear that the cause of SZ does not reside in a single mutation, or even in a single gene. Rather, there are multiple DNA variants, not all of which have been identified. Additional risk may be conferred by interactions between individual DNA variants, as well as 'gene-environment' interactions. We review studies that have accounted for a fraction of the heritability. Their relevance to the practising clinician is discussed. We propose that continuing research in DNA variation, in conjunction with rapid ongoing advances in allied fields, will yield dividends from the perspective of diagnosis, treatment prediction through pharmacogenetics, and rational treatment through discoveries in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - B. K. Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Smita N. Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Huang W, Li S, Hu Y, Yu H, Luo F, Zhang Q, Zhu F. Implication of the env gene of the human endogenous retrovirus W family in the expression of BDNF and DRD3 and development of recent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:988-1000. [PMID: 20100784 PMCID: PMC3160218 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retrovirus has been suggested as one of agents involved in the development of schizophrenia. In the present study, we examined the role of the human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W) env gene in the etiopathogenesis of recent-onset schizophrenia, using molecular and epidemiological approaches. METHODS Nested RT-PCR was used to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) of the HERV-w env gene in plasmas. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the viral reverse transcriptase activity in human sera. Human U251 glioma cells were used to study the potential role of the HERV-W env gene in the etiopathogenesis of recent-onset schizophrenia. RESULTS We identified genes with mRNA sequences homologous to HERV-W env gene from plasmas of 42 out of 118 individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia but not from any of 106 normal persons (P < .01, t test). Quantitative real-time PCR showed a significantly increase in the reverse transcriptase activity in the sera of patients (by 35.59%) compared with controls (by 2.83%) (P < .05, t test). Overexpression of HERV-w env in human U251 glioma cells upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an important schizophrenia-associated gene, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2, also called TrkB), and dopamine receptor D3 and increased the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding (CREB) protein. BDNF promoter reporter gene assays showed that the HERV-W env triggers BDNF production in human U251 glioma cells. Using gene knockdown, we found that CREB is required for the expression of BDNF that is regulated by env. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that the transcriptional activation of HERV is associated with the development of schizophrenia in some patients and indicated that HERV-W env regulates the expression of schizophrenia-associated genes. This report is the first to elucidate the signaling pathway responsible for the upregulation of HERV-W env-triggered BDNF. Our study provides new evidence for the involvement of HERV-W in the central nervous system, which will benefit the diagnosis and treatment of the devastating schizophrenia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenJie Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - YuanMing Hu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglian Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 86-27-68759906, e-mail:
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Greenwood TA, Lazzeroni LC, Murray SS, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Green MF, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hardiman G, Kelsoe JR, Leonard S, Light GA, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Radant AD, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Freedman R, Braff DL. Analysis of 94 candidate genes and 12 endophenotypes for schizophrenia from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:930-46. [PMID: 21498463 PMCID: PMC3751972 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used a custom array of 1,536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to interrogate 94 functionally relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia and identify associations with 12 heritable neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes in data collected by the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. METHOD Variance-component association analyses of 534 genotyped subjects from 130 families were conducted by using Merlin software. A novel bootstrap total significance test was also developed to overcome the limitations of existing genomic multiple testing methods and robustly demonstrate significant associations in the context of complex family data and possible population stratification effects. RESULTS Associations with endophenotypes were observed for 46 genes of potential functional significance, with three SNPs at p<10(-4), 27 SNPs at p<10(-3), and 147 SNPs at p<0.01. The bootstrap analyses confirmed that the 47 SNP-endophenotype combinations with the strongest evidence of association significantly exceeded that expected by chance alone, with 93% of these findings expected to be true. Many of the genes interact on a molecular level, and eight genes (e.g., NRG1 and ERBB4) displayed evidence for pleiotropy, revealing associations with four or more endophenotypes. The results collectively support a strong role for genes related to glutamate signaling in mediating schizophrenia susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS This study supports use of relevant endophenotypes and the bootstrap total significance test for identifying genetic variation underlying the etiology of schizophrenia. In addition, the observation of extensive pleiotropy for some genes and singular associations for others suggests alternative, independent pathways mediating pathogenesis in the "group of schizophrenias."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
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Moskvina V, Craddock N, Müller-Myhsok B, Kam-Thong T, Green E, Holmans P, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. An examination of single nucleotide polymorphism selection prioritization strategies for tests of gene-gene interaction. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:198-203. [PMID: 21481336 PMCID: PMC3125485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of psychiatric disorders have identified only a small number of convincingly associated variants (single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]), there is interest in seeking additional evidence for associated variants with tests of gene-gene interaction. Comprehensive pair-wise single SNP-SNP interaction analysis is computationally intensive, and the penalty for multiple testing is severe, given the number of interactions possible. Aiming to minimize these statistical and computational burdens, we have explored approaches to prioritize SNPs for interaction analyses. METHODS Primary interaction analyses were performed with the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium bipolar disorder GWAS (1868 cases, 2938 control subjects). Replication analyses were performed with the Genetic Association Information Network bipolar disorder dataset (1001 cases, 1033 control subjects). The SNPs were prioritized for interaction analysis that showed evidence for association that surpassed a number of nominally significant thresholds, are within genome-wide significant genes, or are within genes that are functionally related. RESULTS For no set of prioritized SNPs did we obtain evidence to support the hypothesis that the selection strategy identified pairs of variants that were enriched for true (statistical) interactions. CONCLUSIONS The SNPs prioritized according to a number of criteria do not have a raised prior probability for significant interaction that is detectable in samples of this size. We argue that the use of significance levels reflecting only the number of tests performed, as is now widely accepted for single SNP analysis, does not offer an appropriate degree of protection against the potential for GWAS studies to generate an enormous number of false positive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Moskvina
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Tee S, Tang P, Loh H. No evidence for association between DRD3 and COMT with schizophrenia in a Malay population. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:1850-5. [DOI: 10.4238/vol10-3gmr1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zai CC, Manchia M, De Luca V, Tiwari AK, Squassina A, Zai GC, Strauss J, Shaikh SA, Freeman N, Meltzer HY, Lieberman J, Le Foll B, Kennedy JL. Association study of BDNF and DRD3 genes in schizophrenia diagnosis using matched case-control and family based study designs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1412-8. [PMID: 20667458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with prominent genetic etiologic factors. The dopamine receptor DRD3 gene is a strong candidate in genetic studies of SCZ because of the dopamine hypothesis of SCZ and the selective expression of D(3) in areas of the limbic system implicated in the disease. We examined 15 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DRD3 in our sample of European origin consisting of 95 small nuclear SCZ families and 167 case-control pairs. We also examined four BDNF SNPs in our samples because of evidence for BDNF regulation of DRD3 expression (Guillin et al., 2001). We found a nominally significant genotypic association with rs7633291 and allelic association with rs1025398 alleles. However, these observations did not survive correction for multiple testing. We did not find a statistically significant association with the other DRD3 and BDNF polymorphisms. Taken together, the results from the present study suggest that BDNF and DRD3 may not be involved in SCZ susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement C Zai
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
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Machine learning techniques for single nucleotide polymorphism--disease classification models in schizophrenia. Molecules 2010; 15:4875-89. [PMID: 20657396 PMCID: PMC6257637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15074875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as inputs in disease computational studies such as pattern searching and classification models. Schizophrenia is an example of a complex disease with an important social impact. The multiple causes of this disease create the need of new genetic or proteomic patterns that can diagnose patients using biological information. This work presents a computational study of disease machine learning classification models using only single nucleotide polymorphisms at the HTR2A and DRD3 genes from Galician (Northwest Spain) schizophrenic patients. These classification models establish for the first time, to the best knowledge of the authors, a relationship between the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule and schizophrenia (Quantitative Genotype – Disease Relationships) that can automatically recognize schizophrenia DNA sequences and correctly classify between 78.3–93.8% of schizophrenia subjects when using datasets which include simulated negative subjects and a linear artificial neural network.
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DeMichele-Sweet MA, Sweet RA. Genetics of psychosis in Alzheimer's disease: a review. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19:761-80. [PMID: 20157235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In and of itself, late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be a devastating illness. However, a sub-group of AD patients develop psychosis as the disease progresses. These patients have an added burden of greater cognitive impairment, higher rates of institutionalization, and higher mortality than AD patients without psychosis. While the etiopathogenesis such as psychosis in AD (AD+P) is not known, mounting evidence accrued over the past ten years indicates that AD+P represents a distinct phenotype with a genetic basis. Elucidating the genetic mechanism of AD+P is crucial if better pharmaceutical treatments are to be developed for these patients. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known regarding the genetic basis of psychosis in AD. Specific attention is given to familial aggregation and heritability, linkage to chromosomal loci, and associations of candidate genes of APOE and the monoamine neurotransmitter system.
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Sáiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Arango C, Morales B, Arias B, Corcoran P, Fernández JM, Alvarez V, Coto E, Bascarán MT, Bousoño M, Fañanas L, Bobes J. Genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine-2 receptor (DRD2), dopamine-3 receptor (DRD3), and dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) genes in schizophrenia: Data from an association study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:26-31. [PMID: 19766158 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between dopaminergic polymorphisms [DRD2 -141C Ins/Del, DRD3 Ser9Gly, and SLC6A3 VNTR] and schizophrenia. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-eight outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) [mean age (SD)=36.4 (12.4), 60.1% males] and 421 unrelated healthy controls [mean age (SD)=40.6 (11.3), 51.3% males] from a homogeneous Spanish Caucasian population were genotyped using standard methods. RESULTS There was a significant difference in genotype distribution for the DRD2 -141C Ins/Del polymorphism [(chi(2) (2)=12.35, corrected p=0.012]. The -141C Del allele was more common in patients than in controls [0.19 vs. 0.13; chi(2) (1)=9.14, corrected p=0.018, OR (95% CI)=1.57 (1.17-2.10)]. Genotype and allele distributions for DRD3 Ser9Gly and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms were similar in both groups. However, there was tentative evidence of an interaction effect between DRD3 Ser9Gly and SLC6A3 VNTR [Wald=9.56 (4), p=0.049]. Compared to the SLC6A3 10/10 genotype category, the risk of schizophrenia was halved among those with 9/10 [OR=0.51 (95% CI=0.30-0.89), p=0.017]. This protective effect was only present in combination with DRD3 Ser/Ser genotype because of the significant interaction between 9/10 and both Ser/Gly [OR=2.45 (95% CI=1.16-5.17), p=0.019] and Gly/Gly [OR=3.80 (95% CI=1.24-11.63), p=0.019]. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that a genetic variant in the DRD2 gene and possible interaction between DRD3 and SLC6A3 genes are associated with schizophrenia. These findings warrant examination in replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar A Sáiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Julian Claveria 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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Nunokawa A, Watanabe Y, Kaneko N, Sugai T, Yazaki S, Arinami T, Ujike H, Inada T, Iwata N, Kunugi H, Sasaki T, Itokawa M, Ozaki N, Hashimoto R, Someya T. The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene and risk of schizophrenia: case-control studies and an updated meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2010; 116:61-7. [PMID: 19897343 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. DRD3 has been tested for an association with schizophrenia, but with conflicting results. A recent meta-analysis suggested that the haplotype T-T-T-G for the SNPs rs7631540-rs1486012-rs2134655-rs963468 may confer protection against schizophrenia. However, almost all previous studies of the association between DRD3 and schizophrenia have been performed using a relatively small sample size and a limited number of markers. To assess whether DRD3 is implicated in vulnerability to schizophrenia, we conducted case-control association studies and performed an updated meta-analysis. In the first population (595 patients and 598 controls), we examined 16 genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including tagging SNPs selected from the HapMap database and SNPs detected through resequencing, as well as 58 imputed SNPs that are not directly genotyped. To confirm the results obtained, we genotyped the SNPs rs7631540-rs1486012-rs2134655-rs963468 in a second, independent population (2126 patients and 2228 controls). We also performed an updated meta-analysis of the haplotype, combining the results obtained in five populations, with a total sample size of 7551. No supportive evidence was obtained for an association between DRD3 and schizophrenia in our Japanese subjects. Our updated meta-analysis also failed to confirm the existence of a protective haplotype. To draw a definitive conclusion, further studies using larger samples and sufficient markers should be carried out in various ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nunokawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Asahimachidori-ichibancho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Hwang R, Zai C, Tiwari A, Müller DJ, Arranz MJ, Morris AG, McKenna PJ, Munro J, Potkin SG, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL. Effect of dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphisms and clozapine treatment response: exploratory analysis of nine polymorphisms and meta-analysis of the Ser9Gly variant. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2009; 10:200-18. [PMID: 20029384 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
D2 blockade has been implicated in having a central role in antipsychotic response. However, treatment refractoriness, in spite of complete D2 blockade, as well as the efficacy of clozapine (CLZ) in a portion of this patient population, indicates the involvement of other factors as well. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for D3. Furthermore, an earlier meta-analysis by Jönsson et al. (2003) (n=233) suggested a role for genetic variation in the D3 gene. Relevant to this study, Jönsson et al. found the Ser allele of the D3 serine-to-glycine substitution at amino acid position 9 (Ser9Gly) polymorphism to be associated with worse CLZ response compared with the Gly allele. In this study, we attempt to validate these findings by performing a meta-analysis in a much larger sample (n=758). Eight other variants were also tested in our own sample to explore the possible effect of other regions of the gene. We report a negative but consistent trend across individual studies in our meta-analysis for the DRD3 Ser allele and poor CLZ response. A possible minor role for this single-nucleotide polymorphism cannot be disregarded, as our sample size may have been insufficient. Other DRD3 variants and haplotypes of possible interest were also identified for replication in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hwang
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mansour HA, Talkowski ME, Wood J, Chowdari KV, McClain L, Prasad K, Montrose D, Fagiolini A, Friedman ES, Allen MH, Bowden CL, Calabrese J, El-Mallakh RS, Escamilla M, Faraone SV, Fossey MD, Gyulai L, Loftis JM, Hauser P, Ketter TA, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Nierenberg AA, Patel J, Sachs GS, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Laird N, Keshavan M, Thase ME, Axelson D, Birmaher B, Lewis D, Monk T, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. Association study of 21 circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:701-10. [PMID: 19839995 PMCID: PMC3401899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Published studies suggest associations between circadian gene polymorphisms and bipolar I disorder (BPI), as well as schizoaffective disorder (SZA) and schizophrenia (SZ). The results are plausible, based on prior studies of circadian abnormalities. As replications have not been attempted uniformly, we evaluated representative, common polymorphisms in all three disorders. METHODS We assayed 276 publicly available 'tag' single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 21 circadian genes among 523 patients with BPI, 527 patients with SZ/SZA, and 477 screened adult controls. Detected associations were evaluated in relation to two published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Using gene-based tests, suggestive associations were noted between EGR3 and BPI (p = 0.017), and between NPAS2 and SZ/SZA (p = 0.034). Three SNPs were associated with both sets of disorders (NPAS2: rs13025524 and rs11123857; RORB: rs10491929; p < 0.05). None of the associations remained significant following corrections for multiple comparisons. Approximately 15% of the analyzed SNPs overlapped with an independent study that conducted GWAS for BPI; suggestive overlap between the GWAS analyses and ours was noted at ARNTL. CONCLUSIONS Several suggestive, novel associations were detected with circadian genes and BPI and SZ/SZA, but the present analyses do not support associations with common polymorphisms that confer risk with odds ratios greater than 1.5. Additional analyses using adequately powered samples are warranted to further evaluate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hader A Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Kodavali V Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Konasale Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Debra Montrose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy
| | - Edward S Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Michael H Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Depression Center, Denver, CO
| | - Charles L Bowden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joseph Calabrese
- Department of Psychiatry, Case University School of Medicine, Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rif S El-Mallakh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Michael Escamilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Mark D Fossey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Laszlo Gyulai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Behavioral Health & Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Peter Hauser
- Behavioral Health & Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Terence A Ketter
- Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Andrew A Nierenberg
- Clinical Depression and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jayendra Patel
- Schizophrenia Research Program, Bipolar Disorder Program and Center for Psychopharmacology Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Gary S Sachs
- Bipolar Clinic and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetics Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nan Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Michael E Thase
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Axelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - David Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Tim Monk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Ellen Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - David J Kupfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Costas J, Carrera N, Domínguez E, Vilella E, Martorell L, Valero J, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Labad A, Carracedo Á. A common haplotype of DRD3 affected by recent positive selection is associated with protection from schizophrenia. Hum Genet 2008; 124:607-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Utsunomiya K, Shinkai T, De Luca V, Hwang R, Sakata S, Fukunaka Y, Chen HI, Ohmori O, Nakamura J. Genetic association between the dopamine D3 gene polymorphism (Ser9Gly) and schizophrenia in Japanese populations: Evidence from a case–control study and meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Selective dopamine D3receptor antagonists. A decade of progress: 1997 – 2007. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.8.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Basal ganglia shape abnormalities in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:111-20. [PMID: 18295189 PMCID: PMC2486271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities of basal ganglia structure in schizophrenia have been attributed to the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are intrinsic features of schizophrenia by assessing basal ganglia volume and shape in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects. METHOD The study involved 25 pairs of schizophrenia subjects and their unaffected siblings and 40 pairs of healthy control subjects and their siblings. Large-deformation, high-dimensional brain mapping was used to obtain surface representations of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Surfaces were derived from transformations of anatomic templates, and shapes were analyzed using reduced-dimensional measures of surface variability (i.e., principal components and canonical analysis). Canonical functions were derived using schizophrenia and control groups and were then used to compare shapes in the sibling groups. To visualize shape differences, maps of the estimated surface displacement between groups were created. RESULTS In the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, the degree of shape abnormality observed in the siblings of the schizophrenia subjects was intermediate between the schizophrenia and control subjects. In the schizophrenia subjects, significant correlations were observed between measures of caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus structure and the selected measures of lifetime psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Attenuated abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are present in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects. This finding implies that basal ganglia structural abnormalities observed in subjects with schizophrenia are at least in part an intrinsic feature of the illness.
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Swant J, Stramiello M, Wagner JJ. Postsynaptic dopamine D3 receptor modulation of evoked IPSCs via GABA(A) receptor endocytosis in rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 2008; 18:492-502. [PMID: 18240318 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is known to be an important modulator of learning and memory processes, but its mechanisms of action at the cellular level are diverse and are not fully characterized. In the hippocampus, pharmacologically isolated monosynaptic IPSCs were measured using the whole-cell voltage-clamp recording technique. Both electrically evoked and spontaneous miniature GABA(A) receptor currents were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices obtained from mature rats in the presence of the D3-selective agonist PD128907. The activation of D3 receptors inhibited synaptic GABAergic input without affecting presynaptic function or passive membrane properties. Inhibition of IPSCs evoked from stratum radiatum occurred via regulation of dynamin-dependent trafficking of the GABA(A) receptor, as inclusion of dynamin inhibitory peptide (50 microM) in the recording solution prevented the inhibitory effects of PD128907 (1 microM). This effect of D3 receptor activation could be prevented by intracellular application of either an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKI, 20 microM) or an activator of protein kinase A (8-OH-cAMP, 50 microM). Neither synchronous IPSCs evoked from the stratum oriens nor asynchronous miniature IPSCs recorded from the stratum radiatum were affected by D3 agonist. The induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of the extracellular field response in both the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens demonstrated that only potentiation in the stratum radiatum was significantly enhanced by PD128907 (1 microM). Our results suggest that the activation of D3 receptors can modulate GABA(A) receptor endocytosis in the hippocampus in a lamina specific manner, and thereby alter the efficacy of GABAergic transmission in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region through a postsynaptic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod Swant
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7389, USA
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36
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Ma G, He Z, Fang W, Tang W, Huang K, Li Z, He G, Xu Y, Feng G, Zheng T, Zhou J, He L, Shi Y. The Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene and risk of schizophrenia: an association study and a large meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2008; 101:26-35. [PMID: 18295456 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) binds antipsychotic drugs and is abundant in the limbic system of the brain. It has been shown to play important roles in schizophrenia. A number of studies investigated the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the DRD3 gene to test its possible association with schizophrenia; however, the results were inconsistent. Our study aims to further evaluate the possible association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia using a case-control association study within the Han Chinese population as well as a meta-analysis covering all previous studies. Our study, based on 329 schizophrenic patients and 288 controls, found no significant difference in the genotype or allele distributions of Ser9Gly polymorphism, the meta-analysis showed that the Ser9Gly polymorphism was not associated with Schizophrenia. Our study does not support the contention that the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the DRD3 gene plays a major role in schizophrenia in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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37
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Talkowski ME, Kirov G, Bamne M, Georgieva L, Torres G, Mansour H, Chowdari KV, Milanova V, Wood J, McClain L, Prasad K, Shirts B, Zhang J, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. A network of dopaminergic gene variations implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:747-58. [PMID: 18045777 PMCID: PMC3777405 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the hypothesis that dopaminergic polymorphisms are risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ). In stage I, we screened 18 dopamine-related genes in two independent US Caucasian samples: 150 trios and 328 cases/501 controls. The most promising associations were detected with SLC6A3 (alias DAT), DRD3, COMT and SLC18A2 (alias VMAT2). In stage II, we comprehensively evaluated these four genes by genotyping 68 SNPs in all 478 cases and 501 controls from stage I. Fifteen (23.1%) significant associations were found (p < or = 0.05). We sought epistasis between pairs of SNPs providing evidence of a main effect and observed 17 significant interactions (169 tests); 41.2% of significant interactions involved rs3756450 (5' near promoter) or rs464049 (intron 4) at SLC6A3. In stage III, we confirmed our findings by genotyping 65 SNPs among 659 Bulgarian trios. Both SLC6A3 variants implicated in the US interactions were overtransmitted in this cohort (rs3756450, p = 0.035; rs464049, p = 0.011). Joint analyses from stages II and III identified associations at all four genes (p(joint) < 0.05). We tested 29 putative interactions from stage II and detected replication between seven locus pairs (p < or = 0.05). Simulations suggested our stage II and stage III interaction results were unlikely to have occurred by chance (p = 0.008 and 0.001, respectively). In stage IV we evaluated rs464049 and rs3756450 for functional effects and found significant allele-specific differences at rs3756450 using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual-luciferase promoter assays. Our data suggest that a network of dopaminergic polymorphisms increase risk for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mikhil Bamne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyudmila Georgieva
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gonzalo Torres
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hader Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kodavali V. Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konasale Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian Shirts
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Sand PG, Langguth B, Prikryl R, Kucerova H, Ceskova E. A putative DRD3 schizophrenia risk haplotype deconstructed. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:e21; author reply e23-5. [PMID: 18068689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fathalli F, Rouleau GA, Xiong L, Tabbane K, Benkelfat C, Deguzman R, Zoltan D, Lal S, D'cruz S, Joober R. No association between the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:98-104. [PMID: 17698325 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between a Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) and schizophrenia. METHODS 408 schizophrenic patients and 172 control subjects were compared with regard to their DRD3 Ser9Gly genotypic and allelic frequencies. In addition, we carried out a family-based association study including 183 pedigrees (472 subjects) using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). RESULTS No significant differences of genotype or homozygosity distribution were identified between patients and controls. When patients were stratified according to gender, response to treatment, age at onset, no significant differences were observed. Neither allele A (Ser), or G (Gly) were preferentially transmitted from parents to affected offspring. CONCLUSION The hypothesis that the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism plays a predisposing role in schizophrenia is not supported by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferid Fathalli
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montréal University, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
Common G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants that encode receptor proteins with a distinct sequence may alter drug efficacy without always resulting in a disease phenotype. GPCR genetic loci harbor numerous variants, such as DNA insertions or deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms that alter GPCR expression and function, thereby contributing to interindividual differences in disease susceptibility/progression and drug responses. In this chapter, these pharmacogenetic phenomena are reviewed with respect to a limited sampling of GPCR systems, including the beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, and the calcium-sensing receptor. In each example, the nature of the disruption to receptor function that results from each variant is discussed with respect to the regulation of gene expression, expression on cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (by altering ligand binding, G protein coupling, and receptor constitutive activity). Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic knowledge available, assessment for genetic variants is only occasionally applied to drug development projects involving pharmacogenomics or to optimizing the clinical use of GPCR drugs. The continued effort by the basic science of pharmacogenetics may draw the attention of drug discovery projects and clinicians alike to the utility of personalized pharmacogenomics as a means to optimize novel GPCR drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wilkosz PA, Kodavali C, Weamer EA, Miyahara S, Lopez OL, Nimgaonkar VL, DeKosky ST, Sweet RA. Prediction of psychosis onset in Alzheimer disease: the role of depression symptom severity and the HTR2A T102C polymorphism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:1054-62. [PMID: 17525976 PMCID: PMC2818007 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD + P) identify a heritable phenotype associated with a more severe course. We recently found an association of AD + P with depression symptom severity. Reports have shown an association of a serotonin-2A receptor (HTR2A) gene T102C polymorphism with AD + P and with depression during AD. We examined the interaction of this common genetic polymorphism with depression and increased psychosis risk. Subjects with possible or probable AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without psychosis at study entry were genotyped for the HTR2A T102C polymorphism and reassessed every 6 months until psychosis onset. Psychotic and depressive symptoms were rated using the CERAD behavioral rating scale (CBRS). Cox proportional hazard models with time-dependent covariates were used to examine associations with psychosis onset. A total of 324 Caucasian subjects completed at least one follow-up exam. Depressive symptom severity was a strong predictor of psychosis onset. Neither psychosis onset nor depression severity was associated with the HTR2A genotype. Genotype interacted with depression severity to moderate the risk of AD + P onset. This did not result from an interaction of HTR2A genotype with antidepressant use. Psychosis onset in AD is strongly associated with severity of depressive symptoms, an association that may be modified by HTR2A genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elise A. Weamer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sachiko Miyahara
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Steven T. DeKosky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Chang HA, Lu RB, Lin WW, Chang CC, Chen CL, Shy MJ, Huang SY. Lack of association between dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2007; 19:344-50. [PMID: 26952999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ser9Gly polymorphism in dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) was considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Allele and genotype frequencies of this polymorphism were studied in different ethnic groups of schizophrenic patients. However, the results have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia or influences its psychopathological symptoms in Han Chinese population. METHOD We recruited 256 schizophrenic patients and 285 normal controls matched for gender, age and ethnicity. Pretreatment psychotic symptoms were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) in 128 acutely exacerbated schizophrenic in-patients. Genotyping of Ser9Gly polymorphism was performed with a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method and reconfirmed by a direct sequencing technique. RESULTS No significant difference was found between either patients with schizophrenia or with more homogeneous schizophrenic subgroups and healthy controls in genotype distributions and allele frequencies for the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism. Similarly, DRD3 Ser9Gly genotype differences failed to reach significance in PANSS global, positive, negative and general symptoms scores. There is a trend (P = 0.064) towards higher PANSS positive symptoms scores in subjects carrying the Gly/Gly genotype. CONCLUSION This study does not support the role of DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism in increasing genetic risk for schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. Still, there is a possibility that the DRD3 Ser9Gly variant may reflect genetic variation of severity of positive symptoms in acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effect of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism in relation to longer time course of schizophrenia, including treatment response to antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-An Chang
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- 2Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Lin
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chia Chang
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lun Chen
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mee-Jen Shy
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cho EY, Cho DI, Park JH, Kurose H, Caron MG, Kim KM. Roles of Protein Kinase C and Actin-Binding Protein 280 in the Regulation of Intracellular Trafficking of Dopamine D3 Receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:2242-54. [PMID: 17536008 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractD3 dopamine receptor (D3R) is expressed mainly in parts of the brain that control the emotional behaviors. It is believed that the improper regulation of D3R is involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. Desensitization of D3R is weakly associated with G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)/β-arrestin-directed internalization. This suggests that there might be an alternative pathway that regulates D3R signaling. This report shows that D3R undergoes robust protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent sequestration that is accompanied by receptor phosphorylation and the desensitization of signaling. PKC-dependent D3R sequestration, which was enhanced by PKC-β or -δ, was dynamin dependent but independent of GRK, β-arrestin, or caveolin 1. Site-directed mutagenesis of all possible phosphorylation sites within the intracellular loops of D3R identified serine residues at positions 229 and 257 as the critical amino acids responsible for phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced D3R phosphorylation, sequestration, and desensitization. In addition, the LxxY endocytosis motif, which is located between residues 252 and 255, was found to play accommodating roles for PMA-induced D3R sequestration. A continuous interaction with the actin-binding protein 280 (filamin A), which was previously known to interact with D3R, is required for PMA-induced D3R sequestration. In conclusion, the PKC-dependent but GRK-/β-arrestin-independent phosphorylation of D3R is the main pathway responsible for the sequestration and desensitization of D3R. Filamin A is essential for both the efficient signaling and sequestration of D3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwang-Ju 500-757, Korea
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Abstract
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) has motivated a large number of genetic association studies but few if any dopaminergic (DA) polymorphisms are accepted as credible risk factors at present. To evaluate whether dopamine-related genes have been investigated adequately, we surveyed public genetic databases and published SZ association studies with regard to 14 conventional DA genes and 7 selected dopamine-interacting proteins. We estimate that 325 polymorphisms would be required to evaluate the impact of common variation on SZ risk among Caucasian samples. To date, 98 polymorphisms have been analyzed in published association studies. We estimate that only 19 of these variations have been evaluated in samples with at least 50% power to detect an association of the effect size commonly found in genetically complex disorders. While it is possible that DA genes do not harbor genetic risk factors for SZ, our review suggests that satisfactory conclusions for most genes cannot be drawn at present. Whole-genome association studies have begun to fill this void, but additional analyses are likely to be needed. Recommendations for future association studies include analysis of adequately powered samples, judiciously selected polymorphisms, multiple ethnic groups, and concurrent evaluation of function at associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Talkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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