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Cullen AE, Labad J, Oliver D, Al-Diwani A, Minichino A, Fusar-Poli P. The Translational Future of Stress Neurobiology and Psychosis Vulnerability: A Review of the Evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:350-377. [PMID: 36946486 PMCID: PMC10845079 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230322145049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is a well-established risk factor for psychosis, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this relationship have yet to be fully elucidated. Much of the research in this field has investigated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and immuno-inflammatory processes among individuals with established psychotic disorders. However, as such studies are limited in their ability to provide knowledge that can be used to develop preventative interventions, it is important to shift the focus to individuals with increased vulnerability for psychosis (i.e., high-risk groups). In the present article, we provide an overview of the current methods for identifying individuals at high-risk for psychosis and review the psychosocial stressors that have been most consistently associated with psychosis risk. We then describe a network of interacting physiological systems that are hypothesised to mediate the relationship between psychosocial stress and the manifestation of psychotic illness and critically review evidence that abnormalities within these systems characterise highrisk populations. We found that studies of high-risk groups have yielded highly variable findings, likely due to (i) the heterogeneity both within and across high-risk samples, (ii) the diversity of psychosocial stressors implicated in psychosis, and (iii) that most studies examine single markers of isolated neurobiological systems. We propose that to move the field forward, we require well-designed, largescale translational studies that integrate multi-domain, putative stress-related biomarkers to determine their prognostic value in high-risk samples. We advocate that such investigations are highly warranted, given that psychosocial stress is undoubtedly a relevant risk factor for psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E. Cullen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Labad
- CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Dominic Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Al-Diwani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amedeo Minichino
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Mázala-de-Oliveira T, Silva BT, Campello-Costa P, Carvalho VF. The Role of the Adrenal-Gut-Brain Axis on Comorbid Depressive Disorder Development in Diabetes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1504. [PMID: 37892186 PMCID: PMC10604999 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are more affected by depression than non-diabetics, and this is related to greater treatment resistance and associated with poorer outcomes. This increase in the prevalence of depression in diabetics is also related to hyperglycemia and hypercortisolism. In diabetics, the hyperactivity of the HPA axis occurs in parallel to gut dysbiosis, weakness of the intestinal permeability barrier, and high bacterial-product translocation into the bloodstream. Diabetes also induces an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression behaviors and neuroinflammation are exacerbated in diabetic mice. In this context, we propose here that hypercortisolism, in association with gut dysbiosis, leads to an exacerbation of hippocampal neuroinflammation, glutamatergic transmission, and neuronal apoptosis, leading to the development and aggravation of depression and to resistance to treatment of this mood disorder in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Mázala-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.M.-d.-O.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Bruna Teixeira Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.M.-d.-O.); (B.T.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil;
| | - Paula Campello-Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil;
| | - Vinicius Frias Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.M.-d.-O.); (B.T.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação—INCT-NIM, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Haass-Koffler CL, Magill M, Cannella N, Brown JC, Aoun EG, Cioe PA, Sinha R, Swift RM, Ciccocioppo R, Leggio L. Mifepristone as a pharmacological intervention for stress-induced alcohol craving: A human laboratory study. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13288. [PMID: 37369125 PMCID: PMC10313137 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical work suggests that mifepristone may be a viable treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This was a Phase 1/2, outpatient, cross-over, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with non-treatment-seeking individuals with AUD (N = 32). We assessed safety, alcohol craving and consumption, after 1-week mifepristone 600 mg/day administration, in a human laboratory study comprised of a single oral yohimbine administration (32.4 mg), a cue-reactivity procedure and alcohol self-administration. Safety was monitored by adverse events and hemodynamic parameters, alcohol craving by alcohol craving questionnaire and cue-induced saliva output. During the alcohol self-administration, we assessed alcohol pharmacokinetics, subjective effects and consumption. Outcomes were assessed using Generalized Estimating Equations and mediation analysis. Mild-moderate adverse events were reported in both conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between mifepristone and placebo in alcohol pharmacokinetics and subjective effects. Furthermore, blood pressure increased only in the placebo condition after the stress-induced laboratory procedures. Mifepristone, compared to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol craving and increased cortisol levels. Mifepristone-induced cortisol increase was not a mediator of alcohol craving. Mifepristone, compared to placebo, did not reduce alcohol consumption in the laboratory or in a naturalistic setting. This study successfully translated a developed preclinical procedure to a human laboratory study, confirming the safety of mifepristone in people with AUD and providing evidence to its role in reducing alcohol craving under stress procedures. The lack of effects on alcohol drinking may be related to the selection of non-treatment seekers and suggests future treatment-oriented trials should investigate mifepristone in people with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L. Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence RI, Brown University
| | - Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Joshua C. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elie G. Aoun
- Division of Law, Ethics and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Patricia A. Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert M. Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, NIDA IRP and NIAAA DICBR, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Linsen F, Broeder C, Sep MSC, Verhoeven JE, Bet PM, Penninx BWJH, Meijer OC, Vinkers CH. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) antagonism as disease-modifying treatment for MDD with childhood trauma: protocol of the RESET-medication randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:331. [PMID: 37170109 PMCID: PMC10173560 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. Childhood trauma (CT, emotional/physical/sexual abuse or neglect before the age of 18) is one of the largest and most consistent risk factors for development and poor course of MDD. Overactivity of the HPA-axis and the stress hormone cortisol is thought to play a role in the vulnerability for MDD following exposure to CT. Rodent experiments showed that antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at adult age reversed the effects of early life stress. Similarly, we aim to target MDD in individuals with CT exposure using the GR antagonist mifepristone. METHODS The RESET-medication study is a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) which aims to include 158 adults with MDD and CT. Participants will be randomized (1:1) to a 7-day treatment arm of mifepristone (1200 mg/day) or a control arm (placebo). Participants are allowed to receive usual care for MDD including antidepressants. Measurements include three face-to-face meetings at baseline (T0), day 8 (T1), week 6 (T2), and two online follow-up meetings at 12 weeks (T3) and 6 months (T4). A subgroup of participants (N = 80) are included in a fMRI sub-study (T0, T2). The main study outcome will be depressive symptom severity as measured with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Rated (IDS-SR) at T2. Secondary outcomes include, among others, depressive symptom severity at other time points, disability, anxiety, sleep and subjective stress. To address underlying mechanisms mifepristone plasma levels, cortisol, inflammation, epigenetic regulation and fMRI measurements are obtained. DISCUSSION The RESET-medication study will provide clinical evidence whether GR antagonism is a disease-modifying treatment for MDD in individuals exposed to CT. If effective, this hypothesis-driven approach may extend to other psychiatric disorders where CT plays an important role. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial protocol has been registered 01-02-2022 on ClinicalTrials.gov with ID "NCT05217758".
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Affiliation(s)
- F Linsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
| | - C Broeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - M S C Sep
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, 1081 HJ, The Netherlands
| | - J E Verhoeven
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, 1081 HJ, The Netherlands
| | - P M Bet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - C H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, 1081 HJ, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Golier JA, Li X, Bizien M, Hurley RA, Bechard BW, Kimbrell T, Flory JD, Baker DG, Yehuda R, Reda DJ. Efficacy and Safety of Mifepristone in the Treatment of Male US Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Phase 2a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2310223. [PMID: 37159200 PMCID: PMC10170341 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance To date, no psychopharmacologic treatment has been found to be uniformly effective in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); novel targets and approaches are needed to treat this disabling disorder. Objective To examine whether treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone yields a signal for clinical efficacy in male veterans with PTSD. Design, Setting, and Participants This phase 2a, double-blind, parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted from November 19, 2012 (accrual started), through November 16, 2016 (final follow-up), within the US Department of Veterans Affairs. Participants were male veterans with chronic PTSD and a screening Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score of 50 or higher. A total of 181 veterans consented to participation. Statistical analysis was conducted between August 2014 and May 2017. Interventions Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to mifepristone (600 mg) or matched placebo taken orally for 7 days. Main Outcomes and Measures The clinical outcome was whether a veteran achieved a clinical response status (a reduction of ≥30% of total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score from baseline) at 4- and 12-week follow-up. On the basis of a binary statistical selection rule, a difference in the proportion of treatment vs control group responders of 15% would be a clinically relevant difference. Self-report measures of PTSD and associated symptoms were also obtained. Neuroendocrine outcomes and plasma levels of mifepristone were measured. Safety was assessed throughout the study. The primary analysis was based on a multiple imputation technique to address missing outcome data; thus, some participant numbers may not appear as whole numbers. Results A total of 81 veterans were enrolled and randomized. Excluding 1 participant randomized in error, 80 were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis (41 randomized to mifepristone and 39 to placebo). The mean (SD) age was 43.1 (13.7) years. A total of 15.6 (38.1%) in the mifepristone group and 12.1 (31.1%) in the placebo group were clinical responders at 4 weeks in the analysis using the multiple imputation technique. The group difference in the proportion of clinical responders (7.0%) was less than the predefined margin of 15% indicating signal for clinical efficacy. In an exploratory analysis, the difference in response to mifepristone vs placebo in the subgroup with no lifetime history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) (7.0 [50.0%] vs 3.0 [27.3%]; difference, 22.7%) exceeded the efficacy margin at 4 weeks and was sustained at 12 weeks. In contrast, in veterans with PTSD and lifetime TBI, the response rate to mifepristone was lower than placebo at 12 weeks (7.4 [27.4%] vs 13.5 [48.3%]; difference, -20.9%). Conclusions and Relevance This study did not detect a signal for efficacy for mifepristone at 600 mg/d for 1 week in male veterans with chronic PTSD. Thus, this study does not support a phase 3 trial in this population. Future studies of mifepristone for the treatment of PTSD may be of interest in those without a history of TBI or in samples with a low base rate of lifetime head trauma. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01946685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Golier
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue Li
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, Hines, Illinois
| | - Marcel Bizien
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Coordinating Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robin A Hurley
- VA Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Brendan W Bechard
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Timothy Kimbrell
- Central Arkansas VA Healthcare, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Janine D Flory
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Zeng Y, Zhang F, Liu H, Li W, Ning Y, Zhou Y. Psychotic symptoms and neurocognition among patients with major depressive disorder: A chained mediation model of depressive symptoms and socio-occupational functioning. J Affect Disord 2023; 332:194-200. [PMID: 37044284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptom and psychotic symptom have been identified as risk factors for impaired socio-occupational functioning in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), while neurocognitive functioning is considered to be a potential protective factor against socio-occupational functioning. Nevertheless, little is known about the complex relationship among these factors in patients with MDD. The purpose of this research was to explore whether the relationship between depressive symptom severity and social-occupational functioning is mediated by neurocognitive functioning and psychotic symptom severity in MDD patients. METHODS A total of 659 eligible MDD patients included male and female, and their depressive symptoms and psychotic symptoms at baseline were assessed by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) respectively. Cognitive domains were assessed by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and subjective and objective functioning were measured by the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). LIMITATION The analysis is cross-sectional, which limits causal inference. RESULT (1) The correlation between depressive symptoms and thought disturbance was positive (r = 0.125, p = 0.001), whereas the correlations with visual learning and memory (r = -0.146, p < 0.001) and socio-occupational functioning (r = -0.175, p < 0.001) were negative. (2) Depressive symptoms mainly affect the socio-occupational functioning of MDD patients via three indirect effects: the single mediating effect of psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive functioning, and the chain mediating effect of psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive functioning. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the relationship between depressive symptom severity and socio-occupational functioning in MDD patients is partially mediated by psychotic symptom severity and neurocognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexian Zeng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanling Zhou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
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Placebo Effect in Randomized Trials of Major Depressive Disorder With Psychotic Features: A Systematic Review and Descriptive Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 42:489-494. [PMID: 35977030 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1980s, the response rate of major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDD-Psy) to placebo pills was reported to be close to 0%. To our knowledge, this placebo response rate has not been systematically reassessed. We undertook a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have used a placebo or sham control group for MDD-Psy. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and identified 9 relevant publications reporting on 10 studies comparing a placebo or sham interventions versus an active intervention. We extracted reported rates of response or of dropout for all causes associated with placebo versus active intervention(s) and aggregated response and dropout rates across trials. RESULTS Two sham-controlled electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) trials did not provide response rates. In the 3 pharmacotherapy studies published in the 1980s, 0 of 12 participants (0%) responded to placebo versus 13 of 38 (34.2%) responding to the active interventions. In contrast, 5 RCTs published in the 2000s, 114 of 339 participants (33.6%) randomized to placebo responded versus 149 of 373 participants (39.9%) randomized to active interventions; dropout rates were 71/236 (30.1%) for placebo versus 84/282 (29.8%) for the active interventions. CONCLUSIONS As expected, response rates to placebo pills in RCTs for MDD-Psy increased markedly from the 1980s to the 2000s. Methodological issues in the design and conduct of more recent RCTs may have contributed to the high placebo response. However, one needs to consider this placebo response rate when interpreting the result of recent trials of MDD-Psy, which typically have not included a "pure" placebo condition.
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Lu C, Feng Y, Li H, Gao Z, Zhu X, Hu J. A preclinical study of deep brain stimulation in the ventral tegmental area for alleviating positive psychotic-like behaviors in mice. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:945912. [PMID: 36034113 PMCID: PMC9399924 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.945912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a clinical intervention for the treatment of movement disorders. It has also been applied to the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression can lead to psychosis, which can cause patients to lose touch with reality. The ventral tegmental area (VTA), located near the midline of the midbrain, is an important region involved in psychosis. However, the clinical application of electrical stimulation of the VTA to treat psychotic diseases has been limited, and related mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied. In the present study, hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviors of the mice were employed to mimic and evaluate the positive-psychotic-like behaviors. We attempted to treat positive psychotic-like behaviors by electrically stimulating the VTA in mice and exploring the neural mechanisms behind behavioral effects. Local field potential recording and in vivo fiber photometry to observe the behavioral effects and changes in neural activities caused by DBS in the VTA of mice. Optogenetic techniques were used to verify the neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects induced by DBS. Our results showed that electrical stimulation of the VTA activates local gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, and dopamine (DA) neurons, reduces hyperlocomotion, and relieves stereotyped behaviors induced by MK-801 (dizocilpine) injection. The results of optogenetic manipulation showed that the activation of the VTA GABA neurons, but not DA neurons, is involved in the alleviation of hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviors. We visualized changes in the activity of specific types in specific brain areas induced by DBS, and explored the neural mechanism of DBS in alleviating positive psychotic-like behaviors. This preclinical study not only proposes new technical means of exploring the mechanism of DBS, but also provides experimental justification for the clinical treatment of psychotic diseases by electrical stimulation of the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ji Hu Xiaona Zhu
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ji Hu Xiaona Zhu
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9
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Yao C, Jiang X, Ye X, Xie T, Bai R. Antidepressant Drug Discovery and Development: Mechanism and Drug Design Based on Small Molecules. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Yao
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
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10
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Kruizinga J, Liemburg E, Burger H, Cipriani A, Geddes J, Robertson L, Vogelaar B, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 12:CD004044. [PMID: 34875106 PMCID: PMC8651069 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004044.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited regarding the most effective pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression: monotherapy with an antidepressant, monotherapy with an antipsychotic, another treatment (e.g. mifepristone), or combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic. This is an update of a review first published in 2005 and last updated in 2015. OBJECTIVES 1. To compare the clinical efficacy of pharmacological treatments for patients with an acute psychotic depression: antidepressant monotherapy, antipsychotic monotherapy, mifepristone monotherapy, and the combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic versus placebo and/or each other. 2. To assess whether differences in response to treatment in the current episode are related to non-response to prior treatment. SEARCH METHODS A search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), in the Cochrane Library; the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (CCMDCTR); Ovid MEDLINE (1950-); Embase (1974-); and PsycINFO (1960-) was conducted on 21 February 2020. Reference lists of all included studies and related reviews were screened and key study authors contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included participants with acute major depression with psychotic features, as well as RCTs consisting of participants with acute major depression with or without psychotic features, that reported separately on the subgroup of participants with psychotic features. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias in the included studies, according to criteria from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data were entered into RevMan 5.1. We used intention-to-treat data. Primary outcomes were clinical response for efficacy and overall dropout rate for harm/tolerance. Secondary outcome were remission of depression, change from baseline severity score, quality of life, and dropout rate due to adverse effects. For dichotomous efficacy outcomes (i.e. response and overall dropout), risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Regarding the primary outcome of harm, only overall dropout rates were available for all studies. If the study did not report any of the response criteria as defined above, remission as defined here could be used as an alternative. For continuously distributed outcomes, it was not possible to extract data from the RCTs. MAIN RESULTS: The search identified 3947 abstracts, but only 12 RCTs with a total of 929 participants could be included in the review. Because of clinical heterogeneity, few meta-analyses were possible. The main outcome was reduction in severity (response) of depression, not of psychosis. For depression response, we found no evidence of a difference between antidepressant and placebo (RR 8.40, 95% CI 0.50 to 142.27; participants = 27, studies = 1; very low-certainty evidence) or between antipsychotic and placebo (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.73; participants = 201, studies = 2; very low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, we found no evidence of a difference in overall dropouts with antidepressant (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.34 to 4.51; participants = 27, studies = 1; very low-certainty evidence) or antipsychotic monotherapy (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.08; participants = 201, studies = 2; very low-certainty evidence). No evidence suggests a difference in depression response (RR 2.09, 95% CI 0.64 to 6.82; participants = 36, studies = 1; very low-certainty evidence) or overall dropouts (RR 1.79, 95% CI 0.18 to 18.02; participants = 36, studies = 1; very low-certainty evidence) between antidepressant and antipsychotic. For depression response, low- to very low-certainty evidence suggests that the combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic may be more effective than antipsychotic monotherapy (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.38; participants = 447, studies = 4), more effective than antidepressant monotherapy (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.80; participants = 245, studies = 5), and more effective than placebo (RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.82; participants = 148, studies = 2). Very low-certainty evidence suggests no difference in overall dropouts between the combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic versus antipsychotic monotherapy (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.01; participants = 447, studies = 4), antidepressant monotherapy (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.50; participants = 245, studies = 5), or placebo alone (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.18; participants = 148, studies = 2). No study measured change in depression severity from baseline, quality of life, or dropouts due to adverse events. We found no RCTs with mifepristone that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Risk of bias is considerable: we noted differences between studies with regards to diagnosis, uncertainties around randomisation and allocation concealment, treatment interventions (pharmacological differences between various antidepressants and antipsychotics), and outcome criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Psychotic depression is heavily under-studied, limiting confidence in the conclusions drawn. Some evidence indicates that combination therapy with an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic is more effective than either treatment alone or placebo. Evidence is limited for treatment with an antidepressant alone or with an antipsychotic alone. Evidence for efficacy of mifepristone is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edith Liemburg
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Huibert Burger
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - John Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lindsay Robertson
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, York, UK
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Willem A Nolen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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11
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Dubovsky SL, Ghosh BM, Serotte JC, Cranwell V. Psychotic Depression: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2021; 90:160-177. [PMID: 33166960 DOI: 10.1159/000511348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic depression was initially considered to be at one end of a continuum of severity of major depression. Subsequent experience demonstrated that psychosis is an independent trait that may accompany mood disorders of varying severity. While much has been learned about the impact of severe mood congruent delusions and hallucinations on the course and treatment response of depression, less is known about fleeting or mild psychosis, mood incongruent features, or psychotic symptoms that reflect traumatic experiences. Acute treatment of psychotic unipolar depression generally involves the combination of an antidepressant and an antipsychotic drug or electroconvulsive therapy. There is inadequate information about maintenance treatment of unipolar psychotic depression and acute and chronic treatment of psychotic bipolar disorder. Decision-making therefore still must rely in part on clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Dubovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA, .,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA,
| | - Biswarup M Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jordan C Serotte
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Victoria Cranwell
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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12
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Ding Y, Wei Z, Yan H, Guo W. Efficacy of Treatments Targeting Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Systems for Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732157. [PMID: 34566653 PMCID: PMC8461240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). A number of studies have attempted to use HPA-modulating medications to treat depression. However, their results are inconsistent. The efficacy of these drugs for MDD remains uncertain. The aims of this meta-analysis were to determine the effect and safety profile of HPA-targeting medications for MDD. World of Science and PubMed databases were comprehensively searched up to March 2021. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label trials exploring antiglucocorticoid and related medications in patients with depression were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for continuous or dichotomous outcomes, respectively. In the meta-analysis, we identified 16 RCTs and seven open-label studies that included 2972 subjects. Pooling the change data that assessed the efficacy across all included HPA-targeting medications for depression showed a significant difference between interventions and controls with very small heterogeneity after influence analysis (SMD = 0.138, 95%CI = 0.052, 0.224, p = 0.002; I2 = 20.7%, p = 0.212). No obvious publication bias was observed (p = 0.127). Effectiveness remained significant in patients with MDD (SMD = 0.136, 95%CI = 0.049, 0.223, p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference favoring mifepristone and vasopressin 1B (V1B) receptor antagonist treatment. Adverse events were reported by 14 studies and our analysis of high-quality studies showed a significant difference in favor of controls (RR = 1.283, 95%CI = 1.134, 1.452, p = 0). Our study suggested that patients with MDD may benefit from mifepristone and V1B receptor antagonist treatments that have tolerable side effects. HPA-based medications are promising for depression treatment. However, additional high-quality RCTs, including head-to-head trials, are needed. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier registration number: CRD42021247279
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zirou Wei
- Mental Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Zhu Y, Wu X, Zhou R, Sie O, Niu Z, Wang F, Fang Y. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-End-Organ Axes: Hormone Function in Female Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1176-1187. [PMID: 33909242 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hypothalamic-pituitary-end-organ feedback loops - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal axis (HPTA), and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) - are associated with the neuroendocrine and immune systems in major depressive disorder (MDD). Female patients with MDD present with evident neuroendocrine and immunological changes. Glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, and reproductive steroid levels fluctuate with menstrual cycles, which might lead to glucocorticoid receptor resistance, impairment of triiodothyronine conversion, and sex hormone secretion disorders. In this review, we summarize the independent and interactive functions of these three axes in female MDD patients. The similar molecular structure of steroids implies an interrelationship between the hypothalamic-pituitary-end-organ axes and the competitive inhibitory effects at the receptor level, especially when considering the HPAA and HPGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Zhu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Hongkou Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200083, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Rubai Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Oliver Sie
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiang Niu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Shanghai Yangpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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14
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Islam MS, Afrin S, Jones SI, Segars J. Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Utility. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa012. [PMID: 32365199 PMCID: PMC8659360 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are a new class of compounds developed to target the progesterone receptor (PR) with a mix of agonist and antagonist properties. These compounds have been introduced for the treatment of several gynecological conditions based on the critical role of progesterone in reproduction and reproductive tissues. In patients with uterine fibroids, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate have consistently demonstrated efficacy, and vilaprisan is currently under investigation, while studies of asoprisnil and telapristone were halted for safety concerns. Mifepristone demonstrated utility for the management of endometriosis, while data are limited regarding the efficacy of asoprisnil, ulipristal acetate, telapristone, and vilaprisan for this condition. Currently, none of the SPRMs have shown therapeutic success in treating endometrial cancer. Multiple SPRMs have been assessed for efficacy in treating PR-positive recurrent breast cancer, with in vivo studies suggesting a benefit of mifepristone, and multiple in vitro models suggesting the efficacy of ulipristal acetate and telapristone. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate, vilaprisan, and asoprisnil effectively treated heavy menstrual bleeding (HBM) in patients with uterine fibroids, but limited data exist regarding the efficacy of SPRMs for HMB outside this context. A notable class effect of SPRMs are benign, PR modulator-associated endometrial changes (PAECs) due to the actions of the compounds on the endometrium. Both mifepristone and ulipristal acetate are effective for emergency contraception, and mifepristone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome due to its additional antiglucocorticoid effect. Based on current evidence, SPRMs show considerable promise for treatment of several gynecologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Isabel Jones
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Donoghue K, Rose A, Coulton S, Coleman R, Milward J, Philips T, Drummond C, Little H. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of mifepristone on cognition and depression in alcohol dependence. Trials 2020; 21:796. [PMID: 32938477 PMCID: PMC7493392 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol dependence is a significant issue contributing to disease burden. Changes in cortisol concentrations during alcohol withdrawal are associated with cognitive deficits and symptoms of depression. Current treatments are only successful for a small proportion of people and do not target cognitive deficits and symptoms of depression experienced by those who are alcohol dependent. The aim of this research is to determine the potential efficacy of mifepristone, a type II glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, to prevent symptoms of depression and cognitive deficits following alcohol detoxification. Methods This was a phase 2 therapeutic use trial. It was a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial of mifepristone versus inactive placebo treatment. The trial aimed to recruit 120 participants who met the inclusion criteria: (1) male, (2) aged 18–60 years inclusive, and (3) alcohol dependent for 5 or more years. Participants were randomised to 600 mg a day mifepristone (200 mg morning, afternoon, and evening) for 7 days and 400 mg for the subsequent 7 days (200 mg morning and evening) or the equivalent number of placebo tablets for 14 days. Primary outcome measures were cognitive function (measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)) and symptoms of depression (measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)) at 4 weeks post-randomisation. Results Difficulties recruiting participants due to significant changes in the provision of inpatient care for alcohol dependence resulted in only 27 participants recruited to the trial, with data available for 21 participants. Fourteen participants were randomised to receive mifepristone and 13 to receive placebo. Conclusion Larger trials would be needed to draw conclusions about the efficacy of mifepristone. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN54001953. Registered on 29 September 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Donoghue
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Abigail Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 2.32, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK
| | - Rachel Coleman
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joanna Milward
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Thomas Philips
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.,Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research, Allam Medical Building,, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Colin Drummond
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Hilary Little
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
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16
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Dwyer JB, Aftab A, Radhakrishnan R, Widge A, Rodriguez CI, Carpenter LL, Nemeroff CB, McDonald WM, Kalin NH. Hormonal Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder: State of the Art. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:686-705. [PMID: 32456504 PMCID: PMC7841732 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric disorder associated with marked suffering, morbidity, mortality, and cost. The World Health Organization projects that by 2030, major depression will be the leading cause of disease burden worldwide. While numerous treatments for major depression exist, many patients do not respond adequately to traditional antidepressants. Thus, more effective treatments for major depression are needed, and targeting certain hormonal systems is a conceptually based approach that has shown promise in the treatment of this disorder. A number of hormones and hormone-manipulating compounds have been evaluated as monotherapies or adjunctive treatments for major depression, with therapeutic actions attributable not only to the modulation of endocrine systems in the periphery but also to the CNS effects of hormones on non-endocrine brain circuitry. The authors describe the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid (HPT), and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes and review the evidence for selected hormone-based interventions for the treatment of depression in order to provide an update on the state of this field for clinicians and researchers. The review focuses on the HPA axis-based interventions of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists and the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone, the HPT axis-based treatments of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), and the HPG axis-based treatments of estrogen replacement therapy, the progesterone derivative allopregnanolone, and testosterone. While some treatments have largely failed to translate from preclinical studies, others have shown promising initial results and represent active fields of study in the search for novel effective treatments for major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alik Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Carolyn I. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Linda L. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital, Brown University, Providence, R.I
| | | | - William M. McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta
| | - Ned H. Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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- Child Study Center and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. (Dwyer); Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, and Northcoast Behavioral Healthcare Hospital, Northfield, Ohio (Aftab); Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Radhakrishnan); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter); Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald); and Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Kalin)
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17
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Kokras N, Hodes GE, Bangasser DA, Dalla C. Sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: An obstacle to antidepressant drug development? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4090-4106. [PMID: 31093959 PMCID: PMC6877794 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has long been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, and HPA axis-based compounds have served as potential new therapeutic targets, but with no success. This review details sex differences from animal and human studies in the function of HPA axis elements (glucocorticoids, corticotropin releasing factor, and vasopressin) and related compounds tested as candidate antidepressants. We propose that sex differences contribute to the failure of novel HPA axis-based drugs in clinical trials. Compounds studied preclinically in males were tested in clinical trials that recruited more, if not exclusively, women, and did not control, but rather adjusted, for potential sex differences. Indeed, clinical trials of antidepressants are usually not stratified by sex or other important factors, although preclinical and epidemiological data support such stratification. In conclusion, we suggest that clinical testing of HPA axis-related compounds creates an opportunity for targeted, personalized antidepressant treatments based on sex. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of PharmacologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition HospitalNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Georgia E. Hodes
- School of NeuroscienceVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginia
| | | | - Christina Dalla
- Department of PharmacologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
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18
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Chronic stress impairs the aquaporin-4-mediated glymphatic transport through glucocorticoid signaling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1367-1384. [PMID: 30607477 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glymphatic system has recently been proposed to function as a brain-wide macroscopic system for the clearance of potentially harmful molecules, such as amyloid beta (e.g., Aβ), from the brain parenchyma. Previous literatures have established that the glymphatic function is dramatically suppressed by aging, traumatic brain injury, and some diseases. However, the effect of chronic stress on the glymphatic function and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. METHODS Adult mice were randomly divided into four groups: chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-treated group, CUMS simultaneously treated with mifepristone (MFP) group, dexamethasone (DEX)-treated group, and control group. Stress response was observed by assessing the change of body weight, plasma corticosterone level, and behavior tests. The level of Aβ42 in cerebral tissue was assessed by ELISA. The glymphatic function was determined by using fluorescence tracer injection. The expression and localization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The transcription level of AQP4 and anchoring molecules was evaluated by real-time PCR. FINDINGS Compared with control group, CUMS-treated mice exhibited the impairment of global glymphatic function especially in the anterior brain. This change was accompanied by the decreased expression and polarization of AQP4, reduced transcription of AQP4, agrin, laminin, and dystroglycan in the anterior cortex. Similarly, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist DEX exposure could reduce the glymphatic function and AQP4 expression. Moreover, the GR antagonist MFP treatment could significantly rescue the glymphatic function and reverse the expression and polarization of AQP4 impaired by CUMS. CONCLUSION Chronic stress could impair the AQP4-mediated glymphatic transport in the brain through glucocorticoid signaling. Our results also suggest that GR antagonist could be beneficial to rescue the glymphatic function suppressed by chronic stress.
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19
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van Weert LTCM, Buurstede JC, Sips HCM, Mol IM, Puri T, Damsteegt R, Roozendaal B, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Meijer OC. Mechanistic Insights in NeuroD Potentiation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1575. [PMID: 30934833 PMCID: PMC6479562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated signaling in the brain has been suggested as a protective factor in the development of psychopathology, in particular mood disorders. We recently identified genomic loci at which either MR or the closely related glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds selectively, and found members of the NeuroD transcription factor family to be specifically associated with MR-bound DNA in the rat hippocampus. We show here using forebrain-specific MR knockout mice that GR binding to MR/GR joint target loci is not affected in any major way in the absence of MR. Neurod2 binding was also independent of MR binding. Moreover, functional comparison with MyoD family members indicates that it is the chromatin remodeling aspect of NeuroD, rather than its direct stimulation of transcription, that is responsible for potentiation of MR-mediated transcription. These findings suggest that NeuroD acts in a permissive way to enhance MR-mediated transcription, and they argue against competition for DNA binding as a mechanism of MR- over GR-specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T C M van Weert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacobus C Buurstede
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Hetty C M Sips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanvi Puri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruth Damsteegt
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - R Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Robinson LJ, Gallagher P, Watson S, Pearce R, Finkelmeyer A, Maclachlan L, Newton JL. Impairments in cognitive performance in chronic fatigue syndrome are common, not related to co-morbid depression but do associate with autonomic dysfunction. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210394. [PMID: 30721241 PMCID: PMC6363139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore cognitive performance in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) examining two cohorts. To establish findings associated with CFS and those related to co-morbid depression or autonomic dysfunction. Methods Identification and recruitment of participants was identical in both phases, all CFS patients fulfilled Fukuda criteria. In Phase 1 (n = 48) we explored cognitive function in a heterogeneous cohort of CFS patients, investigating links with depressive symptoms (HADS). In phase 2 (n = 51 CFS & n = 20 controls) participants with co-morbid major depression were excluded (SCID). Furthermore, we investigated relationships between cognitive performance and heart rate variability (HRV). Results Cognitive performance in unselected CFS patients is in average range on most measures. However, 0–23% of the CFS sample fell below the 5th percentile. Negative correlations occurred between depressive symptoms (HAD-S) with Digit-Symbol-Coding (r = -.507, p = .006) and TMT-A (r = -.382, p = .049). In CFS without depression, impairments of cognitive performance remained with significant differences in indices of psychomotor speed (TMT-A: p = 0.027; digit-symbol substitution: p = 0.004; digit-symbol copy: p = 0.007; scanning: p = .034) Stroop test suggested differences due to processing speed rather than inhibition. Both cohorts confirmed relationships between cognitive performance and HRV (digit-symbol copy (r = .330, p = .018), digit-symbol substitution (r = .313, p = .025), colour-naming trials Stroop task (r = .279, p = .050). Conclusion Cognitive difficulties in CFS may not be as broad as suggested and may be restricted to slowing in basic processing speed. While depressive symptoms can be associated with impairments, co-morbidity with major depression is not itself responsible for reductions in cognitive performance. Impaired autonomic control of heart-rate associates with reductions in basic processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Robinson
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom, and Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Watson
- Academic Psychiatry and Regional Affective Disorders Service Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, and Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Pearce
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Finkelmeyer
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Maclachlan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Julia L. Newton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Nandam LS, Brazel M, Zhou M, Jhaveri DJ. Cortisol and Major Depressive Disorder-Translating Findings From Humans to Animal Models and Back. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:974. [PMID: 32038323 PMCID: PMC6987444 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies are not completely effective. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has long been associated with MDD; however, the value of assessing cortisol as a biological benchmark of the pathophysiology or treatment of MDD is still debated. In this review, we critically evaluate the relationship between HPA axis dysfunction and cortisol level in relation to MDD subtype, stress, gender and treatment regime, as well as in rodent models. We find that an elevated cortisol response to stress is associated with acute and severe, but not mild or atypical, forms of MDD. Furthermore, the increased incidence of MDD in females is associated with greater cortisol response variability rather than higher baseline levels of cortisol. Despite almost all current MDD treatments influencing cortisol levels, we could find no convincing relationship between cortisol level and therapeutic response in either a clinical or preclinical setting. Thus, we argue that the absolute level of cortisol is unreliable for predicting the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. We propose that future preclinical models should reliably produce exaggerated HPA axis responses to acute or chronic stress a priori, which may, or may not, alter baseline cortisol levels, while also modelling the core symptoms of MDD that can be targeted for reversal. Combining genetic and environmental risk factors in such a model, together with the interrogation of the resultant molecular, cellular, and behavioral changes, promises a new mechanistic understanding of MDD and focused therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sanjay Nandam
- Mental Health Unit, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: L. Sanjay Nandam, ; Dhanisha J. Jhaveri,
| | - Matthew Brazel
- Mental Health Unit, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mei Zhou
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhanisha J. Jhaveri
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: L. Sanjay Nandam, ; Dhanisha J. Jhaveri,
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Lou YX, Li J, Wang ZZ, Xia CY, Chen NH. Glucocorticoid receptor activation induces decrease of hippocampal astrocyte number in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2529-2540. [PMID: 30069586 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The decrease of astrocyte number and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis overactivity are observed in individuals with major depressive disorder. Elevated levels of glucocorticoids induced by hyperactivation of the HPA axis may result in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. However, it is unclear whether there is a direct link between GR activation and the decrease of astrocyte number. METHODS Animals were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 28 days and treated with continuous subcutaneous injections of vehicle or corticosterone (CORT; 40 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. We then administered mifepristone on day 21 after CUS and on day 18 after the CORT treatment. We observed behavioral deficits in the sucrose preference test, open field test, and forced swim test. Protein expression was analyzed using immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot (WB). RESULTS Animals exposed to CUS exhibited behavioral deficits in tests measuring anhedonia, anxiety, and despair state. They also had decreases in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and numbers of GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampus. The behavioral and cellular alterations induced by CUS were reversed by subchronic treatment with the GR antagonist mifepristone. We also found that the subcutaneous injection of glucocorticoids may induce depression-like behavior and reduce GFAP protein expression in rats, which was similarly reversed by mifepristone. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide experimental evidence that GR activation due to elevated CORT levels induces the decrease of hippocampal astrocyte number in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Lou
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with psychotic depression exhibit elevated cortisol levels. Competitively antagonizing cortisol at the glucocorticoid receptor with mifepristone demonstrated therapeutic benefit in early studies of patients with psychotic depression. We present a combined analysis of all controlled phase 2 and 3 studies to report antipsychotic differences between treatment with mifepristone or placebo and to evaluate the relative contributions to response of attaining an a priori-defined, high mifepristone plasma level and markers of glucocorticoid receptor antagonism (increases in adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol) with treatment. METHODS Data from five similarly designed double-blind phase 2 or 3 studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of 7-day treatment with mifepristone for the psychotic symptoms of psychotic depression were pooled for analysis (mifepristone n = 833; placebo n = 627). Clinical assessments were performed at baseline and on days 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Mifepristone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and cortisol samples were collected at baseline and day 7. RESULTS Combined results demonstrated meaningful efficacy (p < .004) for mifepristone in reducing psychotic symptoms with wide safety margins. Patients in the a priori-defined, high mifepristone plasma level group (≥1637 ng/mL) demonstrated a more significant treatment effect over placebo (p = .0004). A number needed to treat of 7 and 48 was observed in the high and low mifepristone plasma level groups, respectively. Adverse events were similar in mifepristone- and placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS A high mifepristone plasma level carried the strongest association with response, followed by changes in adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol. Therapeutic plasma levels of mifepristone were most likely to be achieved with the 1200 mg/day dose.
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Abstract
SummaryIn the search for antidepressant drugs with enhanced efficacy, targeting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a valid strategy. This commentary critically summarises the evidence for the efficacy of antidepressant drugs targeting the HPA axis, and concludes that the available clinical trials do not support claims that this class of drugs is superior to existing treatments.
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Nguyen D, Mizne S. Effects of Ketoconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Mifepristone, a Competitive Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, in Healthy Men. Adv Ther 2017; 34:2371-2385. [PMID: 29022184 PMCID: PMC5656713 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mifepristone, a competitive glucocorticoid receptor antagonist approved for Cushing syndrome, and ketoconazole, an antifungal and steroidogenesis inhibitor, are both inhibitors of and substrates for cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4). This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic effects of concomitant ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on mifepristone. Methods In an open-label, two-period, single-center study, healthy adult men received mifepristone 600 mg orally daily for 12 days (period 1) followed by mifepristone 600 mg daily plus ketoconazole 200 mg orally twice daily for 5 days (period 2). Serial pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected predose and over 24 h postdose on days 12 (period 1) and 17 (period 2). A cross-study comparison (using data on file) further examined whether systemic exposure to mifepristone plus ketoconazole exceeded the exposure following mifepristone 1200 mg orally administered for 7 days. Results Sixteen subjects were enrolled and 14 completed the study. Concomitant administration with ketoconazole increased the systemic exposure to mifepristone, based on geometric least squares mean ratios, by 28% for Cmax and 38% for AUC0–24. This increase was 85% and 87% of the exposure observed following mifepristone’s highest label dose of 1200 mg/day for Cmax and AUC0–24, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 56.3% (9/16) of subjects during administration of mifepristone alone and in 57.1% (8/14) during combination with ketoconazole. No serious AEs were reported. Conclusion Systemic exposure to mifepristone increased following multiple doses of mifepristone 600 mg daily plus ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily. Little to no increase in AEs occurred. Dose adjustment of mifepristone may be needed when given with ketoconazole. Funding Corcept Therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Nguyen
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah Mizne
- MedVal Scientific Information Services, LLC, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Mifepristone Plasma Level and Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Associated With Response in Patients With Psychotic Depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 37:505-511. [PMID: 28708736 PMCID: PMC5596828 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic depression has no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment. Patients demonstrate significant dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis providing a biologically targeted treatment opportunity. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical and biological effects of short-duration (7-day) glucocorticoid receptor antagonism with mifepristone and the role of mifepristone plasma levels in patients with psychotic depression. METHODS This double-blind, randomized study took place at 34 US clinical research centers and included patients with a diagnosis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, major depressive disorder, severe, with psychotic features. Patients underwent daily, observed, in-clinic administration of oral study drug (mifepristone 1200 mg or placebo) for days 1 to 7 of the 56-day trial, followed by treatment with a single Food and Drug Administration-approved antidepressant on days 8 to 56. The following scales were administered on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), BPRS Positive Symptom Subscale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. The primary end point was a categorical analysis evaluating the proportion of patients with 50% or greater reduction from baseline in BPRS Positive Symptom Subscale score on both days 7 and 56, demonstrating early and durable response. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone were measured on days 0, 7, 28, and 56. Mifepristone plasma levels were assessed on days 0 and 7. RESULTS An interim analysis indicated that the primary efficacy end point was unlikely to be met, and the study was stopped early with 292 of the planned 450 patients enrolled. Although the primary end point was not met, in a secondary prespecified analysis, patients who attained a mifepristone plasma level of 1637 ng/mL or greater (defined a priori and termed the high plasma level; 66.7% of patients) demonstrated statistically significant reductions in psychotic symptoms compared with patients who received placebo starting on day 28. This group also showed nonsignificant, numeric superiority on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression improvement. No significant improvements were observed in the low-mifepristone group (<1637 ng/mL) versus the placebo group. There were no significant differences in Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale suicidality ratings between groups. CONCLUSIONS Mifepristone 1200 mg daily for 7 days was safe and well tolerated, allowing most treated patients to achieve the a priori defined therapeutic plasma level of 1637 ng/mL, the mifepristone level associated with biological effect and clinical benefit.
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Yuen KCJ, Moraitis A, Nguyen D. Evaluation of Evidence of Adrenal Insufficiency in Trials of Normocortisolemic Patients Treated With Mifepristone. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:237-246. [PMID: 29264481 PMCID: PMC5686650 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is an important medical concern for clinicians when normocortisolemia is achieved during treatment of endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS). Objective: To examine symptoms of potential AI in a large population of normocortisolemic patients without CS treated with mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of patients with CS. Methods: We conducted a pooled safety analysis of five phase 3, placebo-controlled clinical trials of normocortisolemic adults without CS but diagnosed with psychotic depression (n = 1460). Patients were treated with once-daily mifepristone 300 mg (n = 110), 600 mg (n = 471), or 1200 mg (n = 252), or placebo (n = 627) administered for 7 consecutive days. All study investigators were trained and instructed to assess for the development of AI and to report all adverse events (AEs) at each clinic visit. The incidence of (1) AI or similar terminologies and that of (2) ≥3 concurrent symptoms that could be associated with AI was evaluated. Results: Mean serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels increased dose dependently with mifepristone treatment. There were no reports of AI and no significant differences between the mifepristone-treated and placebo groups in the incidence of patients having ≥3 AEs that could be associated with AI. Conclusions: This large pooled analysis of normocortisolemic patients without CS found no cases of AI and no differences between mifepristone therapy and placebo in the incidence of symptom combinations mimicking AI, even at the highest (1200 mg) dose. These findings further add clinically important insights to the safety and tolerability profile of mifepristone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C J Yuen
- Swedish Pituitary Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122; and
| | | | - Dat Nguyen
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California 94025
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Henter ID, de Sousa RT, Gold PW, Brunoni AR, Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R. Mood Therapeutics: Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Treating Depression. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:153-166. [PMID: 27781556 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1253472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Real-world effectiveness trials suggest that antidepressant efficacy is limited in many patients with mood disorders, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutics to treat these disorders. Areas covered: Here, we review the clinical evidence supporting the use of novel modulators for the treatment of mood disorders, including specific glutamate modulators such as: 1) high-trapping glutamatergic modulators; 2) subunit (NR2B)-specific N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists; 3) NMDA receptor glycine-site partial agonists; and 4) metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulators. We also discuss other promising, non-glutamatergic targets for potential rapid antidepressant effects in mood disorders, including the cholinergic system, the glucocorticoid system, and the inflammation pathway, as well as several additional targets of interest. Clinical evidence is emphasized, and non-pharmacological somatic treatments are not reviewed. In general, this paper only explores agents available in the United States. Expert commentary: Of these novel targets, the most promising - and the ones for whom the most evidence exists - appear to be the ionotropic glutamate receptors. However, moving forward will require us to fully embrace the goal of personalized medicine and will require health professionals to pre-emptively identify potential responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioline D Henter
- a Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch , NIMH-NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Rafael T de Sousa
- a Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch , NIMH-NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Philip W Gold
- a Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch , NIMH-NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Andre R Brunoni
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- a Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch , NIMH-NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- a Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch , NIMH-NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
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Moraitis AG, Block T, Nguyen D, Belanoff JK. The role of glucocorticoid receptors in metabolic syndrome and psychiatric illness. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:114-120. [PMID: 27002803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in a large number of the physiological changes associated with metabolic syndrome and certain psychiatric illness. Although significance is often given to the concentration of GC, its biological action is determined by the activation of intracellular GC receptors (GR). Genetic polymorphisms of the GR and the large array of GR related cofactors can directly or indirectly affect the pathophysiology and evolution of these conditions. This review will discuss the effects of GR mutations on metabolic syndrome and psychotic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaddeus Block
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Dat Nguyen
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Joseph K Belanoff
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
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Contoreggi C, Chrousos GP, Mascio MD. Chronic distress and the vulnerable host: a new target for HIV treatment and prevention? NEUROBEHAVIORAL HIV MEDICINE 2016; 7:53-75. [PMID: 34295195 PMCID: PMC8293862 DOI: 10.2147/nbhiv.s86309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic stress (distress) disturbs immune, cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral homeostasis. Individuals living with HIV and those at risk are vulnerable to stress disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is critical in neuroendocrine immune regulation. CRH, a neuropeptide, is distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts principally on CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1). CRH in the brain modulates neuropsychiatric disorders. CRH and stress modulation of immunity is two-pronged; there is a direct action on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and through immune organ sympathetic innervation. CRH is a central and systemic proinflammatory cytokine. Glucocorticoids and their receptors have gene regulatory actions on viral replication and cause central and systemic immune suppression. CRH and stress activation contributes to central nervous system (CNS) viral entry important in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-associated dementia. CNS CRH overproduction short-circuits reward, executive, and emotional control, leading to addiction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity. CRHR1 is an important therapeutic target for medication development. CRHR1 antagonist clinical trials have focused on psychiatric disorders with little attention paid to neuroendocrine immune disorders. Studies of those with HIV and those at risk show that concurrent stress-related disorders contribute to higher morbidity and mortality; stress-related conditions, addiction, immune dysfunction, and comorbid psychiatric illness all increase HIV transmission. Neuropsychiatric disease, chronic inflammation, and substance abuse are endemic, and chronic distress is a pathologic factor. It is being understood that stress and CRH are fundamental to neuroendocrine immunity; therapeutic interventions with existing and novel agents hold promise for restoring homeostasis, reducing morbidity and mortality for those with HIV and possibly reducing future disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George P Chrousos
- Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Roelfsema F, Aoun P, Veldhuis JD. Pulsatile Cortisol Feedback on ACTH Secretion Is Mediated by the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Modulated by Gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4094-4102. [PMID: 27548106 PMCID: PMC5095237 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Factors that regulate physiological feedback by pulses of glucocorticoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary unit are sparsely defined in humans in relation to gluco- or mineralocorticoid receptor pathways, gender, age, and the sex steroid milieu. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test (the clinical hypothesis) that glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor-selective mechanisms differentially govern pulsatile cortisol-dependent negative feedback on ACTH output (by the hypothalamo-pituitary unit) in men and women studied under experimentally defined T and estradiol depletion and repletion, respectively. SETTING The study was conducted at the Mayo Center for Translational Science Activities. SUBJECTS Healthy middle-aged men (n = 16) and women (n = 25) participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo- and saline-controlled study of pulsatile cortisol infusions in low cortisol-clamped volunteers with and without eplerenone (MR blocker) and mifepristone (GR blocker) administration under a low and normal T and estradiol clamp. During frequent sampling, a bolus of CRH-arginine vasopressin was infused to assess corticotrope responsiveness. Analytical Methods and Outcomes: Deconvolution and approximate entropy of ACTH profiles were measured. RESULTS Infusion of cortisol (but not saline) pulses diminished ACTH secretion. The GR antagonist, mifepristone, interfered with negative feedback on both ACTH burst mass and secretion regularity. Eplerenone, an MR antagonist, exerted no detectable effect on the same parameters. Despite feedback imposition, CRH-arginine vasopressin-stimulated ACTH secretion was also increased by mifepristone and not by eplerenone. Withdrawal vs addback of sex steroids had no effect on ACTH secretion parameters. Nonetheless, ACTH secretion was greater (P = .006) and more regular (P = .004) in men than women. CONCLUSION Pulsatile cortisol feedback on ACTH secretion in this paradigm is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, in part acting at the level of the pituitary, and influenced by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (F.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; and Endocrine Research Unit (P.A., J.D.V.), Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Paul Aoun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (F.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; and Endocrine Research Unit (P.A., J.D.V.), Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (F.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; and Endocrine Research Unit (P.A., J.D.V.), Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Verde I, Cairrão E. Genomic and Nongenomic Effects of Mifepristone at the Cardiovascular Level: A Review. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:976-988. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116671002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Verde
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Donoghue K, Rose A, Coulton S, Milward J, Reed K, Drummond C, Little H. Double-blind, 12 month follow-up, placebo-controlled trial of mifepristone on cognition in alcoholics: the MIFCOG trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:40. [PMID: 26912003 PMCID: PMC4765152 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of cortisol during acute alcohol withdrawal have been linked to cognitive deficits and depression. Preclinical research found that the glucocorticoid Type II receptor antagonist, mifepristone, prevented some of the neurotoxic effects of withdrawal and memory loss. Clinical trials have shown mifepristone effective in the treatment of depression. This study aims to examine the extent to which the glucocorticoid Type II receptor antagonist, mifepristone, when given to alcohol dependent males during the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal, will protect against the subsequent memory loss and depressive symptoms during abstinence from alcohol. METHODS/DESIGN The study is a Phase 4 therapeutic use, "Proof of Concept" trial. The trial is a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial of mifepristone versus inactive placebo. The trial aims to recruit 120 participants referred for an inpatient alcohol detoxification from community alcohol teams, who meet the inclusion criteria; 1) Male, 2) Aged 18-60 inclusive, 3) alcohol dependent for 5 or more years. A screening appointment will take place prior to admission to inpatient alcohol treatment units to ensure that the individual is suitable for inclusion in the trial in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. On admission participants are randomised to receive 600 mg a day of mifepristone (200 mg morning, afternoon and evening) for 7 days and 400 mg for the subsequent 7 days (200 mg morning and evening) or the equivalent number of placebo tablets for 14 days. Participants will remain in the trial for 4 weeks (at least 2 weeks as an inpatient) and will be followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months post randomisation. Primary outcome measures are cognitive function at week 3 and 4 after cessation of drinking and symptoms of depression over the 4 weeks after cession of drinking, measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated battery and Beck Depression Inventory, respectively. Secondary outcome measures are severity of the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal, alcohol craving, symptoms of protracted withdrawal and maintenance of abstinence and levels of relapse drinking at follow-up. DISCUSSION The current trial will provide evidence concerning the role of glucocorticoid Type II receptor activation in cognitive function and depression during acute alcohol withdrawal and the efficacy of treatment with mifepristone. ISRCTN ISRCTN54001953, Registered 29th September 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Donoghue
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Abigail Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 2.32, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK.
| | - Joanna Milward
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Kylie Reed
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Colin Drummond
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Hilary Little
- Addictions Department, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation has been implicated in the development and relapse of psychotic disorders. Elevated cortisol secretion has been positively linked with symptom severity in people with psychosis. Antiglucocorticoid and related drugs that target the HPA axis may be useful for the treatment of individuals with psychosis. OBJECTIVES 1. To determine the effects of antiglucocorticoid and related drugs for the treatment of psychosis, when used alone or in combination with antipsychotic medication.2. To determine whether the effects of these medications differs between those in a prodromal phase or first episode of psychosis, and those with more established illness. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (August 2009 and April 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing antiglucocorticoid and related drugs compared to placebo (either as a sole treatment or as an adjunct to atypical antipsychotics, typical antipsychotics, antidepressants or other combination treatment) for people with a primary diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, or for individuals at high risk of developing a psychotic disorder. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Review authors independently selected trials, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. We used a fixed-effect meta-analysis. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MDs) and standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs for continuous measures. We assessed risk of bias for included studies and used GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) to create a 'Summary of findings' table. MAIN RESULTS We included 11 studies that randomly assigned 509 people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or psychotic depression. No trials were conducted in patients at their first episode of psychotic illness and none included populations at high risk for developing psychosis. Our pre-stated outcomes of interest were mental state, global state, general functioning, adverse effects and quality of life.Two trials compared antiglucocorticoid drugs (mifepristone) versus placebo as sole treatment. Limited data from one trial showed no difference in the proportion responding to mifepristone when mental state was assessed immediately post intervention using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) (n = 5, 1 RCT, MD -5.20, 95% CI -17.91 to 7.51; very low-quality evidence); depressive symptoms (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) total) were also similar between groups (n = 5, 1 RCT, MD 1.67, 95% CI -16.44 to 19.78; very low-quality evidence). However, a significant difference favoured treatment at short-term follow-up for global state (30% reduction in total BPRS, n = 221, 1 RCT, RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.89; low-grade quality evidence). This effect was also seen for short-term positive psychotic symptoms (50% reduction in BPRS positive symptom subscale, n = 221, 1 RCT, RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84; low-grade quality evidence). Participants receiving mifepristone experienced a similar overall number of adverse effects as those receiving placebo (n = 226, 2 RCTs, RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.09; moderate-quality evidence). No data on general functioning or quality of life were available.One trial compared an antiglucocorticoid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), as an adjunct to atypical antipsychotic treatment to adjunctive placebo. Data for main outcomes of interest were of low quality, and analysis of useable data showed no significant effects of treatment on mental state or adverse effects. Data on global state, general functioning and quality of life were not available.Data from six trials comparing antiglucocorticoid drugs as an adjunct to combination treatment versus adjunctive placebo showed no significant differences between groups in mean endpoint scores for overall psychotic symptoms (n = 171, 6 RCTs, SMD 0.01, 95% CI - 0.29 to 0.32) or positive psychotic symptoms (n = 151, 5 RCTs, SMD -0.07, 95% CI - 0.40 to 0.25). Data from three trials showed no differences between groups in mean endpoint scores for negative symptoms (n = 94, 3 RCTs, MD 2.21, 95% CI -0.14 to 4.55). One study found improvements in global state that were similar between groups (n = 30, 1 RCT, RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.06; very low-quality evidence). In this comparison, pooled results showed that antiglucorticoids caused a greater overall number of adverse events (n = 199, 7 RCTs, RR 2.66, 95% CI 1.33 to 5.32; moderate quality evidence), but no quality of life data were available. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Good evidence is insufficient to conclude whether antiglucocorticoid drugs provide effective treatment for psychosis. Some global state findings suggest a favourable effect for mifepristone, and a few overall adverse effect findings favour placebo. Additional large randomised controlled trials are needed to justify findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Garner
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Atucha E, Zalachoras I, van den Heuvel JK, van Weert LTCM, Melchers D, Mol IM, Belanoff JK, Houtman R, Hunt H, Roozendaal B, Meijer OC. A Mixed Glucocorticoid/Mineralocorticoid Selective Modulator With Dominant Antagonism in the Male Rat Brain. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4105-14. [PMID: 26305887 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoid hormones are potent modulators of brain function in the context of acute and chronic stress. Both mineralocorticoid (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) can mediate these effects. We studied the brain effects of a novel ligand, C118335, with high affinity for GRs and modest affinity for MRs. In vitro profiling of receptor-coregulator interactions suggested that the compound is a "selective modulator" type compound for GRs that can have both agonistic and antagonistic effects. Its molecular profile for MRs was highly similar to those of the full antagonists spironolactone and eplerenone. C118335 showed predominantly antagonistic effects on hippocampal mRNA regulation of known glucocorticoid target genes. Likewise, systemic administration of C118335 blocked the GR-mediated posttraining corticosterone-induced enhancement of memory consolidation in an inhibitory avoidance task. Posttraining administration of C118335, however, gave a strong and dose-dependent impairment of memory consolidation that, surprisingly, reflected involvement of MRs and not GRs. Finally, C118335 treatment acutely suppressed the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis as measured by plasma corticosterone levels. Mixed GR/MR ligands, such as C118335, can be used to unravel the mechanisms of glucocorticoid signaling. The compound is also a prototype of mixed GR/MR ligands that might alleviate the harmful effects of chronic overexposure to endogenous glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Atucha
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Ioannis Zalachoras
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - José K van den Heuvel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Lisa T C M van Weert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Diana Melchers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Joseph K Belanoff
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - René Houtman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
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Østergaard SD, Rothschild AJ, Flint AJ, Mulsant BH, Whyte EM, Leadholm AK, Bech P, Meyers BS. Rating scales measuring the severity of psychotic depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:335-44. [PMID: 26016647 PMCID: PMC4604003 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unipolar psychotic depression (PD) is a severe and debilitating syndrome, which requires intensive monitoring. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the rating scales used to assess illness severity in PD. METHOD Selective review of publications reporting results on non-self-rated, symptom-based rating scales utilized to measure symptom severity in PD. The clinical and psychometric validity of the identified rating scales was reviewed. RESULTS A total of 14 rating scales meeting the predefined criteria were included in the review. These scales grouped into the following categories: (i) rating scales predominantly covering depressive symptoms, (ii) rating scales predominantly covering psychotic symptoms, (iii) rating scales covering delusions, and (iv) rating scales covering PD. For the vast majority of the scales, the clinical and psychometric validity had not been tested empirically. The only exception from this general tendency was the 11-item Psychotic Depression Assessment Scale (PDAS), which was developed specifically to assess the severity of PD. CONCLUSION In PD, the PDAS represents the only empirically derived rating scale for the measurement of overall severity of illness. The PDAS should be considered in future studies of PD and in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren D. Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital,
Aarhus, Denmark,Department P - Research, Aarhus University Hospital - Risskov,
Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anthony J. Rothschild
- University of Massachusetts Medical School and University of
Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts USA
| | - Alastair J. Flint
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada,Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen M. Whyte
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Per Bech
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatric Center North Zealand,
Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Barnett S. Meyers
- Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian
Hospital - Westchester Division, White Plains, New York, USA
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Abstract
Antidepressant and anxiolytic drug development has largely stalled. This article reviews novel current programs for developing depressants and anxiolytics. Biological bases are discussed for these, as are recent results. Problems encountered are reviewed. Recently announced failed programs for other antidepressants are then discussed with an eye toward uncovering possible common elements that may explain their failures. Lastly, possible solutions for improving the likelihood of the success of antidepressant/anxiolytic agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5797, USA.
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Luz JG, Carson MW, Condon B, Clawson D, Pustilnik A, Kohlman DT, Barr RJ, Bean JS, Dill MJ, Sindelar DK, Maletic M, Coghlan MJ. Indole Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Active in a Model of Dyslipidemia Act via a Unique Association with an Agonist Binding Site. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To further elucidate the structural activity correlation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonism, the crystal structure of the GR ligand-binding domain (GR LBD) complex with a nonsteroidal antagonist, compound 8, was determined. This novel indole sulfonamide shows in vitro activity comparable to known GR antagonists such as mifepristone, and notably, this molecule lowers LDL (-74%) and raises HDL (+73%) in a hamster model of dyslipidemia. This is the first reported crystal structure of the GR LBD bound to a nonsteroidal antagonist, and this article provides additional elements for the design and pharmacology of clinically relevant nonsteroidal GR antagonists that may have greater selectivity and fewer side effects than their steroidal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Luz
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Matthew W Carson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Bradley Condon
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - David Clawson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Daniel T Kohlman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Robert J Barr
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - James S Bean
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - M Joelle Dill
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Dana K Sindelar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Milan Maletic
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michael J Coghlan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
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Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Burger H, Cipriani A, Geddes J, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015. [PMID: 26225902 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004044.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited regarding the most effective pharmacological treatment for psychotic depression: combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic, monotherapy with an antidepressant or monotherapy with an antipsychotic. This is an update of a review first published in 2005 and last updated in 2009. OBJECTIVES 1. To compare the clinical efficacy of pharmacological treatments for patients with an acute psychotic depression: antidepressant monotherapy, antipsychotic monotherapy and the combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic, compared with each other and/or with placebo.2. To assess whether differences in response to treatment in the current episode are related to non-response to prior treatment. SEARCH METHODS A search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group Register (CCDANCTR) was carried out (to 12 April 2013). These registers include reports of randomised controlled trials from the following bibliographic databases: EMBASE (1970-), MEDLINE (1950-) and PsycINFO (1960-). Reference lists of all studies and related reviews were screened and key authors contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included participants with acute major depression with psychotic features, as well as RCTs consisting of participants with acute major depression with or without psychotic features, that reported separately on the subgroup of participants with psychotic features. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias in the included studies, according to the criteria of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data were entered into RevMan 5.1. We used intention-to-treat data. For dichotomous efficacy outcomes, the risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated. For continuously distributed outcomes, it was not possible to extract data from the RCTs. Regarding the primary outcome of harm, only overall dropout rates were available for all studies. MAIN RESULTS The search identified 3659 abstracts, but only 12 RCTs with a total of 929 participants could be included in the review. Because of clinical heterogeneity, few meta-analyses were possible. The main outcome was reduction of severity (response) of depression, not of psychosis.We found no evidence for the efficacy of monotherapy with an antidepressant or an antipsychotic.However, evidence suggests that the combination of an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic is more effective than antidepressant monotherapy (three RCTs; RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.98, P = 0.006), more effective than antipsychotic monotherapy (four RCTs; RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.40 to 2.38, P = 0.00001) and more effective than placebo (two identical RCTs; RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.82, P = 0.003).Risk of bias is considerable: there were differences between studies with regard to diagnosis, uncertainties around randomisation and allocation concealment, differences in treatment interventions (pharmacological differences between the various antidepressants and antipsychotics) and different outcome criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Psychotic depression is heavily understudied, limiting confidence in the conclusions drawn. Some evidence indicates that combination therapy with an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic is more effective than either treatment alone or placebo. Evidence is limited for treatment with an antidepressant alone or with an antipsychotic alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Wijkstra
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU, B.01.206, Postbox 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Gallagher P, Malik N, Newham J, Young AH, Ferrier IN, Mackin P. WITHDRAWN: Antiglucocorticoid treatments for mood disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD005168. [PMID: 26098594 PMCID: PMC10641662 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005168.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the original submission two of the authors declared a filing of a pharmaceutical patent. This does not comply with Cochrane's Commercial Sponsorship Policy. The remaining authors are unable to update the review at this time and have therefore withdrawn it from the Cochrane library. The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gallagher
- University of Newcastle upon TyneSchool of Neurology, Neurobiology and PsychiatryQueen Victoria RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE1 4LP
| | - Navdeep Malik
- Leazes Wing, The Royal Victoria InfirmaryDepartment of PsychiatryRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE1 4LP
| | - James Newham
- Leazes Wing, The Royal Victoria InfirmaryDepartment of PsychiatryRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE1 4LP
| | - Allan H Young
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonCentre for Affective DisordersPO72, De Crespigny ParkDenmark HillLondonUKSE5 8AF
| | - I Nicol Ferrier
- University of Newcastle upon TyneDepartment of PsychiatryQueen Victoria RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE1 4LP
| | - Paul Mackin
- University of Newcastle upon TyneDepartment of PsychiatryQueen Victoria RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE1 4LP
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Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, Anderson IM, Christmas D, Cowen PJ, Dickens C, Ferrier IN, Geddes J, Gilbody S, Haddad PM, Katona C, Lewis G, Malizia A, McAllister-Williams RH, Ramchandani P, Scott J, Taylor D, Uher R. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:459-525. [PMID: 25969470 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115581093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants was undertaken in order to incorporate new evidence and to update the recommendations where appropriate. A consensus meeting involving experts in depressive disorders and their management was held in September 2012. Key areas in treating depression were reviewed and the strength of evidence and clinical implications were considered. The guidelines were then revised after extensive feedback from participants and interested parties. A literature review is provided which identifies the quality of evidence upon which the recommendations are made. These guidelines cover the nature and detection of depressive disorders, acute treatment with antidepressant drugs, choice of drug versus alternative treatment, practical issues in prescribing and management, next-step treatment, relapse prevention, treatment of relapse and stopping treatment. Significant changes since the last guidelines were published in 2008 include the availability of new antidepressant treatment options, improved evidence supporting certain augmentation strategies (drug and non-drug), management of potential long-term side effects, updated guidance for prescribing in elderly and adolescent populations and updated guidance for optimal prescribing. Suggestions for future research priorities are also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cleare
- Professor of Psychopharmacology & Affective Disorders, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - C M Pariante
- Professor of Biological Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - A H Young
- Professor of Psychiatry and Chair of Mood Disorders, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - I M Anderson
- Professor and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, University of Manchester Department of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D Christmas
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Advanced Interventions Service, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - P J Cowen
- Professor of Psychopharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Neurosciences Building, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - C Dickens
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and Devon Partnership Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - I N Ferrier
- Professor of Psychiatry, Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, School of Neurology, Neurobiology & Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Geddes
- Head, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S Gilbody
- Director of the Mental Health and Addictions Research Group (MHARG), The Hull York Medical School, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - P M Haddad
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Cromwell House, Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - C Katona
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Malizia
- Consultant in Neuropsychopharmacology and Neuromodulation, North Bristol NHS Trust, Rosa Burden Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - R H McAllister-Williams
- Reader in Clinical Psychopharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Ramchandani
- Reader in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Scott
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Taylor
- Professor of Psychopharmacology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Uher
- Associate Professor, Canada Research Chair in Early Interventions, Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Schatzberg AF. Issues encountered in recent attempts to develop novel antidepressant agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1345:67-73. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
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Østergaard SD, Pedersen CH, Uggerby P, Munk-Jørgensen P, Rothschild AJ, Larsen JI, Gøtzsche C, Søndergaard MG, Bille AG, Bolwig TG, Larsen JK, Bech P. Clinical and psychometric validation of the psychotic depression assessment scale. J Affect Disord 2015; 173:261-8. [PMID: 25462426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that the 11-item Psychotic Depression Assessment Scale (PDAS), consisting of the 6-item melancholia subscale (HAM-D6) of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and 5 psychosis items from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), is a valid measure for the severity of psychotic depression. The aim of this study was to subject the PDAS, and its depression (HAM-D6) and psychosis (BPRS5) subscales to further validation. METHODS Patients diagnosed with psychotic depression at Danish psychiatric hospitals participated in semi-structured interviews. Video recordings of these interviews were assessed by two experienced psychiatrists (global severity rating of psychotic depression, depressive symptoms and psychotic symptoms) and by two young physicians (rating on 27 symptom items, including the 11 PDAS items). The clinical validity and responsiveness of the PDAS and its subscales was investigated by Spearman correlation analysis of the global severity ratings and the PDAS, HAM-D6, and BPRS5 total scores. The unidimensionality of the scales was tested by item response theory analysis (Mokken). RESULTS Ratings from 39 participants with unipolar psychotic depression and nine participants with bipolar psychotic depression were included in the analysis. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the PDAS, HAM-D6 and BPRS5 were clinically valid (correlation coefficients from 0.78 to 0.85, p<0.001) and responsive (correlation coefficients from 0.72 to 0.86, p<0.001) measures of psychotic depression. According to the Mokken analysis, all three scales were unidimensional. CONCLUSIONS The clinical validity, responsiveness and unidimensionality of the PDAS and its subscales were confirmed in an independent sample of patients with psychotic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren D Østergaard
- Research Department P, Aarhus University Hospital - Risskov, Risskov, Denmark; Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Christina H Pedersen
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Uggerby
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Anthony J Rothschild
- University of Massachusetts Medical School and University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jens Ivar Larsen
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Camilla Gøtzsche
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia G Søndergaard
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Gry Bille
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom G Bolwig
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Knud Larsen
- Department M, Aarhus University Hospital - Risskov, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Per Bech
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatric Center North Zealand, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Schatzberg AF. Anna-Monika Award Lecture, DGPPN Kongress, 2013: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathogenesis of psychotic major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:2-11. [PMID: 24933348 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.916414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This Anna Monika Award Lecture updates the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of psychotic major depression (PMD). METHODS Published reports from our group and others on the clinical phenomenology (including cognition), HPA axis activity, and genetics of PMD are reviewed as are published trials of the GR antagonist, mifepristone. RESULTS Current prevalence of PMD is 0.4%. PMD patients demonstrate significant elevations in HPA activity (e.g., particularly high rates of dexamethasone non-suppression, high post-dexamethasone cortisol, etc.) as well as significant impairment in cognition (attention, executive function/response inhibition and verbal and visual memory). High cortisol levels correlate with a number of cognitive deficits (e.g., verbal memory). Allelic variants of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene contribute significantly to both cortisol levels and to measures of psychosis; corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 variants contribute to measures of depression and psychosis. GR antagonists have produced rapid improvement in psychotic symptoms, although failed trials indicate a therapeutic blood level that may require a dose of 1,200 mg/day that is much higher than the commonly tested 600 mg/day. CONCLUSIONS HPA axis over-activity appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of PMD and is a target of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
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Le Menuet D, Lombès M. The neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor: from cell survival to neurogenesis. Steroids 2014; 91:11-9. [PMID: 24928721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a hormone-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, exerts widespread actions in many tissues such as tight epithelia, the cardiovascular system, adipose tissues and macrophages. In the mammalian brain, MR is present in the limbic areas where it is highly expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and mostly absent in other regions while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression is ubiquitous. MR binds both aldosterone and glucocorticoids, the latter having a ten-fold higher affinity for MR than for the closely related GR. However, owing to the minimal aldosterone transfer across the blood brain barrier and the absence of neuronal 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 as an intracellular gate-keeper, neuronal MR appears to be fully occupied even at low physiological glucocorticoid levels while GR activation only occurs at high glucocorticoid concentrations, i.e. at the peak of the circadian rhythm or under stress. This defined a one hormone/two receptors system that works in balance, modulating a large spectrum of actions in the central nervous system. MR and GR are involved in the stress responses, the regulation of neuron excitability, long term potentiation, neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. MR thus constitutes a key factor in the arising of higher cognitive functions such as memorization, learning and mood. This review presents an overview of various roles of MR in the central nervous system which are somewhat less studied than that of GR, in the light of recent data obtained using cellular models, animal models and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Le Menuet
- Inserm U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Marc Lombès
- Inserm U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Refining and integrating schizophrenia pathophysiology – Relevance of the allostatic load concept. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:183-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Montoya ER, Bos PA, Terburg D, Rosenberger LA, van Honk J. Cortisol administration induces global down-regulation of the brain's reward circuitry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 47:31-42. [PMID: 25001954 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in rodents and humans has shown divergent effects of the glucocorticoids corticosterone and cortisol (CRT) on reward processing. In rodents, administration of CRT increases reward drive by facilitating dopamine release in the ventral striatum. In humans, correspondingly, risky decision-making increases when CRT levels are elevated. Human stress studies contrariwise show that elevated CRT is accompanied by a decrease in reward-related brain activity. There are however no direct insights into how CRT acts on the reward system in the human brain. Accordingly, we used pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging (pharmaco-fMRI) to investigate the effects of CRT on the brain's reward system. In a randomized within-subject design we administered a high dose of CRT (40 mg) and placebo to twenty healthy male volunteers on separate days, and used a monetary incentive delay task to assess the effects of the hormone on the striatum and the amygdala in anticipation of potential reward. In contrast to animal studies, we show that this high dose of CRT strongly decreases activity of the striatum in both reward and non-reward conditions. Furthermore, we observed reductions in activity in the basolateral amygdala, a key regulator of the brain's reward system. Crucially, the overall down-regulation of the brain's reward circuit was verified on the subjective level as subjects reported significantly reduced reward preference after CRT. In sum, we provide here direct evidence in humans that CRT acts on brain regions involved in reward-related behavior, that is, the basolateral amygdala and the striatum. Our findings suggest that CRT in the quantity and time course presently used globally down-regulates the reward system, and thereby decreases motivational processing in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella R Montoya
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter A Bos
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - David Terburg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Lisa A Rosenberger
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack van Honk
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Thiagarajah AS, Guymer EK, Leech M, Littlejohn GO. The relationship between fibromyalgia, stress and depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.14.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thiagarajah AS, Eades LE, Thomas PR, Guymer EK, Morand EF, Clarke DM, Leech M. GILZ: Glitzing up our understanding of the glucocorticoid receptor in psychopathology. Brain Res 2014; 1574:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu ZP, Song C, Wang M, He Y, Xu XB, Pan HQ, Chen WB, Peng WJ, Pan BX. Chronic stress impairs GABAergic control of amygdala through suppressing the tonic GABAA receptor currents. Mol Brain 2014; 7:32. [PMID: 24758222 PMCID: PMC4012764 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic stress is generally known to exacerbate the development of numerous neuropsychiatric diseases such as fear and anxiety disorders, which is at least partially due to the disinhibition of amygdala subsequent to the prolonged stress exposure. GABA receptor A (GABAAR) mediates the primary component of inhibition in brain and its activation produces two forms of inhibition: the phasic and tonic inhibition. While both of them are critically engaged in limiting the activity of amygdala, their roles in the amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress exposure are largely unknown. Results We investigated the possible alterations of phasic and tonic GABAAR currents and their roles in the amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress. We found that both chronic immobilization and unpredictable stress led to long lasting loss of tonic GABAAR currents in the projection neurons of lateral amygdala. By contrast, the phasic GABAAR currents, as measured by the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, were virtually unaltered. The loss of tonic inhibition varied with the duration of daily stress and the total days of stress exposure. It was prevented by pretreatment with metyrapone to block corticosterone synthesis or RU 38486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, suggesting the critical involvement of glucocorticoid receptor activation. Moreover, chronic treatment with corticosterone mimicked the effect of chronic stress and reduced the tonic inhibition in lateral amygdala of control mice. The loss of tonic inhibition resulted in the impaired GABAergic gating on neuronal excitability in amygdala, which was prevented by metyrapone pretreatment. Conclusions Our study suggests that enduring loss of tonic but not phasic GABAAR currents critically contributes to the prolonged amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress. We propose that the preferential loss of tonic inhibition may account for the development of stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bing-Xing Pan
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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