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Chiang HL, Wu CS, Chen CL, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Machine-learning-based feature selection to identify attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder using whole-brain white matter microstructure: A longitudinal study. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 97:104087. [PMID: 38820852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify important features of white matter microstructures collectively distinguishing individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from those without ADHD using a machine-learning approach. METHODS Fifty-one ADHD patients and 60 typically developing controls (TDC) underwent diffusion spectrum imaging at two time points. We evaluated three models to classify ADHD and TDC using various machine-learning algorithms. Model 1 employed baseline white matter features of 45 white matter tracts at Time 1; Model 2 incorporated features from both time points; and Model 3 (main analysis) further included the relative rate of change per year of white matter tracts. RESULTS The random forest algorithm demonstrated the best performance for classification. Model 1 achieved an area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.67. Model 3, incorporating Time 2 variables and relative rate of change per year, improved the performance (AUC = 0.73). In addition to identifying several white matter features at two time points, we found that the relative rate of change per year in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, frontal aslant tract, stria terminalis, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, thalamic and striatal tracts, and other tracts involving sensorimotor regions are important features of ADHD. A higher relative change rate in certain tracts was associated with greater improvement in visual attention, spatial short-term memory, and spatial working memory. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the significant diagnostic value of white matter microstructure and the developmental change rates of specific tracts, reflecting deviations from typical development trajectories, in identifying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Wu
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Le Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Cheatham CL, Canipe LG, Millsap G, Stegall JM, Chai SC, Sheppard KW, Lila MA. Six-month intervention with wild blueberries improved speed of processing in mild cognitive decline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1019-1033. [PMID: 36066009 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the sector of the population over 65y increases, cognitive decline and dementia become a public health issue. Interventions to improve brain health and thus, quality of life for older adults are needed. OBJECTIVE It was hypothesized that those consuming a flavonoid-rich, lyophilized wild blueberry powder would evidence improvements in cognitive performance as measured behaviorally and electrophysiologically compared to those consuming a placebo powder across a 6-month intervention period. DESIGN In a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial, participants experiencing cognitive issues as determined by scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were randomized to consume either wild blueberry (n = 44) or placebo (n = 42) powder daily for 6 months. Participants who were not experiencing any cognitive issues were included as a reference group (n = 45). Participants were tested at baseline and outcome on the Cambridge Neurological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and in an electrophysiological paradigm known as event-related potentials (ERP). RESULTS Tests of specific cognitive abilities using the CANTAB showed speed of processing not only improved in the blueberry intervention group relative to the placebo group across the 6-month intervention, but blueberries also restored speed of processing to the level of the reference group. The ERP results also showed that, relative to those consuming placebo, speed of processing improved for those in the blueberry group; this improvement was most prominent in those 75-80y. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of wild blueberries for six months improves cognitive aging sequelae by improving the speed of information processing in older adults.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01515098.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Cheatham
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis
| | - L Grant Canipe
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
- Faculty in Clinical Psychology, Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Dallas
| | - Grace Millsap
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis
| | - Julie M Stegall
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis
| | - Sheau Ching Chai
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis
- Faculty in Behavioral Health & Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Kelly W Sheppard
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis
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3
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Weinberg H, Baruch Y, Tzameret H, Lavidor M. Cognitive control enhancement in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neurotypical individuals. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2381-2392. [PMID: 37624418 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive control, which has been localized to the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) based on functional imaging and brain lesion studies, is impaired in patients with ADHD. The present study aims to investigate whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the rIFG might improve cognitive control in ADHD subjects. We hypothesized poorer performance in a cognitive control task, but not in a control language task, in the ADHD subjects. Crucially, following tDCS, we expected the ADHD group to improve their cognitive control. In a double-blind randomized control trial, 42 participants performed the stop signal task (SST) to index their cognitive control level and the language task. Half of them were randomly assigned to the anodal stimulation condition and half to the sham stimulation. The anodal or sham stimulation was applied over the right IFG. Following the stimulation, the participants reset the two tasks to see whether stimulation improved the (predicted) weaker performance in the ADHD group. Stimulation significantly enhanced cognitive control for both groups, with or without ADHD, in the SST task, but no significant stimulation effects were found for the control task. tDCS seems as a promising tool to improve cognitive control in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaya Weinberg
- The Gonda Brain Research Center and Psychology Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Baruch
- The Gonda Brain Research Center and Psychology Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hila Tzameret
- The Gonda Brain Research Center and Psychology Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Lavidor
- The Gonda Brain Research Center and Psychology Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Bowman E, Coghill D, Murawski C, Bossaerts P. Not so smart? "Smart" drugs increase the level but decrease the quality of cognitive effort. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd4165. [PMID: 37315143 PMCID: PMC10266726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers in everyday complex tasks remains to be established. Using the knapsack optimization problem as a stylized representation of difficulty in tasks encountered in daily life, we discover that methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil cause knapsack value attained in the task to diminish significantly compared to placebo, even if the chance of finding the optimal solution (~50%) is not reduced significantly. Effort (decision time and number of steps taken to find a solution) increases significantly, but productivity (quality of effort) decreases significantly. At the same time, productivity differences across participants decrease, even reverse, to the extent that above-average performers end up below average and vice versa. The latter can be attributed to increased randomness of solution strategies. Our findings suggest that "smart drugs" increase motivation, but a reduction in quality of effort, crucial to solve complex problems, annuls this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bowman
- Centre for Brain, Mind, and Markets, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Centre for Brain, Mind, and Markets, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Bossaerts
- Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DD, UK
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5
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Custodio RJP, Kim M, Chung YC, Kim BN, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. Thrsp Gene and the ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:573-589. [PMID: 36716294 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are three presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the predominantly inattention (ADHD-PI), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI), and combined (ADHD-C) presentations of ADHD. These may represent distinct childhood-onset neurobehavioral disorders with separate etiologies. ADHD diagnoses are behaviorally based, so investigations into potential etiologies should be founded on behavior. Animal models of ADHD demonstrate face, predictive, and construct validity when they accurately reproduce elements of the symptoms, etiology, biochemistry, and disorder treatment. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrl) fulfill many validation criteria and compare well with clinical cases of ADHD-C. Compounding the difficulty of selecting an ideal model to study specific presentations of ADHD is a simple fact that our knowledge regarding ADHD neurobiology is insufficient. Accordingly, the current review has explored a potential animal model for a specific presentation, ADHD-PI, with acceptable face, predictive, and construct validity. The Thrsp gene could be a biomarker for ADHD-PI presentation, and THRSP OE mice could represent an animal model for studying this distinct ADHD presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors─IfADo, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea.,Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
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Sonkurt HO, Altınöz AE, Danışman Sonkurt M, Köşger F. A distinct neurocognitive profile: unipolar mania. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:358-364. [PMID: 34543165 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2021.1977386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite a growing number of studies reporting patients with a history of mania without depression have several socio-demographic and clinical differences than bipolar disorder patients, unipolar mania is recognized as bipolar I disorder in the most commonly used classification systems. Studies showing that unipolar mania is a separate clinical entity are insufficient in number, and to the best of our knowledge, there has been no study investigating the neuropsychological differences in this area. The aim of this study is to evaluate the neurocognitive differences between unipolar mania, bipolar I disorder and healthy controls, and to reveal the underlying neurocognitive differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery was applied to 18 unipolar mania, 19 bipolar I disorder patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, sex and education levels. RESULTS Unipolar mania group had worse performance regarding visual memory and executive functions, and had specific social cognition deficits compared to both bipolar I disorder and healthy control groups. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that unipolar mania might have unique neurocognitive differences compared to bipolar I disorder, which might support the hypothesis that unipolar mania is a distinct neurocognitive disorder within bipolar spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ercan Altınöz
- Psychiatry Department, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazarı, Turkey
| | | | - Ferdi Köşger
- Psychiatry Department, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazarı, Turkey
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Hai T, Duffy HA, Lemay JA, Lemay JF. Impact of stimulant medication on behaviour and executive functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. World J Clin Pediatr 2022; 11:48-60. [PMID: 35096546 PMCID: PMC8771318 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit behaviour challenges and deficits in executive functions (EF). Psychostimulant medications [e.g., methylphenidate (MPH)] are commonly prescribed for children with ADHD and are considered effective in 70% of the cases. Furthermore, only a handful of studies have investigated the long-term impact of MPH medication on EF and behaviour.
AIM To evaluate behaviour and EF challenges in children with ADHD who were involved in an MPH treatment trial across three-time points.
METHODS Thirty-seven children with ADHD completed a stimulant medication trial to study the short- and long-term impact of medication. Children with ADHD completed three neuropsychological assessments [Continuous Performance Test (CPT)-II, Digit Span Backwards and Spatial Span Backwards]. Parents of children with ADHD completed behaviour rating scales [Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) and Behaviour Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2)]. Participants were evaluated at: (1) Baseline (no medication); and (2) Best-dose (BD; following four-week MPH treatment). Additionally, 18 participants returned for a long-term naturalistic follow up (FU; up to two years following BD).
RESULTS Repeated measure analyses of variance found significant effects of time on two subscales of BRIEF and four subscales of BASC-2. Neuropsychological assessments showed some improvement, but not on all tasks following the medication trial. These improvements did not sustain at FU, with increases in EF and behaviour challenges, and a decline in performance on the CPT-II task being observed.
CONCLUSION Parents of children with ADHD reported improvements in EF and behaviours during the MPH trial but were not sustained at FU. Combining screening tools and neuropsychological assessments may be useful for monitoring medication responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Hai
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hanna A Duffy
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Julie Anne Lemay
- Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital/Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Jean François Lemay
- Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital/Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB. The Effects of Drug Treatments for ADHD in Measures of Cognitive Performance. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:321-362. [PMID: 35606638 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on core symptoms of inattention and deficient impulse control, and the identification of effective pharmacotherapies such as amphetamine (AMP; Adderall®), methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin®), and atomoxetine (ATX; Strattera®), ADHD is a clinical condition which provides opportunity for translational research. Neuropsychological tests such as the 5-Choice and Continuous Performance Tasks, which measure aspects of attention and impulse control in animals and humans, provide scope for both forward (animal to human) and reverse (human to animal) translation. Rodent studies support pro-attentive effects of AMP and MPH and effectiveness in controlling some forms of impulsive behavior. In contrast, any pro-attentive effects of ATX appear to be less consistent, the most reliable effects of ATX are recorded in tests of impulsivity. These differences may account for AMP and MPH being recognized as first-line treatments for ADHD with a higher efficacy relative to ATX. DSM-5 classifies three "presentations" of ADHD: predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type (ADHD-HI), or combined (ADHD-C). Presently, it is unclear whether AMP, MPH, or ATX has differential levels of efficacy across these presentation types. Nonetheless, these studies encourage confidence for the forward translation of NCEs in efforts to identify newer pharmacotherapies for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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De la Torre-Iturbe S, Vázquez-Roque RA, De la Cruz-López F, Flores G, Garcés-Ramírez L. Dendritic and behavioral changes in rats neonatally treated with homocysteine; A proposal as an animal model to study the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 119:102057. [PMID: 34871732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHAD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects children and adolescents with a high prevalence. Despite its prevalence and an unclear etiology, previous reports suggest that it is closely related to homocysteine metabolism. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered with homocysteine from postnatal day (PD) 2 to PD 16. Locomotor activity was evaluated at 35 PD (prepuberal age) and 60 PD (adult age) before and after amphetamine administration. In rats evaluated at both ages, homocysteine induced hyperactivity, and the amphetamine administration reduced hyperactivity significantly at 35 PD, but not at 60 PD. In the social interaction test, homocysteine reduced the number of contacts and increased the latency to the first contact only in rats at 35 PD. Homocysteine also had an effect on short term memory at 35D and 60 PD and long-term memory at 60 PD. Morphological changes were found mainly in the shape of dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex (PFC-3), dorsal hippocampus (CA1), dentate gyrus (DG) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), in rats administered neonatally with homocysteine at both ages studied. In prepuberal and adult rats, there was an increase in dendritic length in DG and NAcc, respectively. The dendritic spine morphology also was altered at both ages, mainly decreasing the number of mushroom spines in NAcc and CA1 at 30 PD and in all the areas studied at 60 PD rats. Those areas are associated with the processes of attention, learning and memory that were studied, and those alterations are possibly related to changes observed in the behavioral tests. These behavioral and morphological changes in rats at 35 PD administered with homocysteine could be similar to changes found in children diagnosed with ADHD. Moreover, half to two thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD reach adulthood with this disorder. In this study we found similarities with ADHD, finding alterations in both rats at 35 PD and 60 PD. So, this may be proposed as an animal model to study this disorder present in children, adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra De la Torre-Iturbe
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Conducta, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur 6301, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Rubén Antonio Vázquez-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur 6301, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Fidel De la Cruz-López
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Conducta, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur 6301, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Conducta, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico.
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Yokokura M, Takebasashi K, Takao A, Nakaizumi K, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Suzuki K, Nakamura K, Yamasue H, Ouchi Y. In vivo imaging of dopamine D1 receptor and activated microglia in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4958-4967. [PMID: 32439845 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the cortical dopamine system and microglial activation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of neurodevelopmental disorders that can be conventionally treated with a dopamine enhancer (methylphenidate) albeit unsatisfactorily. Here, we investigated the contributions of the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and activated microglia and their interactions to the clinical severities in ADHD individuals using positron emission tomography (PET). Twenty-four psychotropic-naïve ADHD individuals and 24 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) subjects underwent PET measurements with [11C]SCH23390 for the D1R and [11C](R)PK11195 for activated microglia as well as assessments of clinical symptoms and cognitive functions. The ADHD individuals showed decreased D1R in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increased activated microglia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compared with the TD subjects. The decreased D1R in the ACC was associated with severe hyperactivity in the participants with ADHD. Microglial activation in the DLPFC were associated with deficits in processing speed and attentional ability, and that in the OFC was correlated with lower processing speed in the ADHD individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations between the D1R and activated microglia in both the DLPFC and the OFC were found to be significantly specific to the ADHD group and not to the TD group. The current findings suggest that microglial activation and the D1R reduction as well as their aberrant interactions underpin the neurophysiological mechanism of ADHD and indicate these biomolecular changes as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yokokura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Takebasashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Nakaizumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Etsuji Yoshikawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masami Futatsubashi
- Global Strategic Challenge Center, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Hamamatsu PET Imaging Center, Hamamatsu Medical Photonics Foundation, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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11
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Knott R, Johnson BP, Tiego J, Mellahn O, Finlay A, Kallady K, Kouspos M, Mohanakumar Sindhu VP, Hawi Z, Arnatkeviciute A, Chau T, Maron D, Mercieca EC, Furley K, Harris K, Williams K, Ure A, Fornito A, Gray K, Coghill D, Nicholson A, Phung D, Loth E, Mason L, Murphy D, Buitelaar J, Bellgrove MA. The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project design and methodologies: a dimensional approach to understanding neurobiological and genetic aetiology. Mol Autism 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 34353377 PMCID: PMC8340366 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ASD and ADHD are prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur and have strong evidence for a degree of shared genetic aetiology. Behavioural and neurocognitive heterogeneity in ASD and ADHD has hampered attempts to map the underlying genetics and neurobiology, predict intervention response, and improve diagnostic accuracy. Moving away from categorical conceptualisations of psychopathology to a dimensional approach is anticipated to facilitate discovery of data-driven clusters and enhance our understanding of the neurobiological and genetic aetiology of these conditions. The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project is one of the first large-scale, family-based studies to take a truly transdiagnostic approach to ASD and ADHD. Using a comprehensive phenotyping protocol capturing dimensional traits central to ASD and ADHD, the MAGNET project aims to identify data-driven clusters across ADHD-ASD spectra using deep phenotyping of symptoms and behaviours; investigate the degree of familiality for different dimensional ASD-ADHD phenotypes and clusters; and map the neurocognitive, brain imaging, and genetic correlates of these data-driven symptom-based clusters. Methods The MAGNET project will recruit 1,200 families with children who are either typically developing, or who display elevated ASD, ADHD, or ASD-ADHD traits, in addition to affected and unaffected biological siblings of probands, and parents. All children will be comprehensively phenotyped for behavioural symptoms, comorbidities, neurocognitive and neuroimaging traits and genetics. Conclusion The MAGNET project will be the first large-scale family study to take a transdiagnostic approach to ASD-ADHD, utilising deep phenotyping across behavioural, neurocognitive, brain imaging and genetic measures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Knott
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Olivia Mellahn
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kathryn Kallady
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maria Kouspos
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vishnu Priya Mohanakumar Sindhu
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Tracey Chau
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dalia Maron
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emily-Clare Mercieca
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kirsten Furley
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katrina Harris
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandra Ure
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Neurodevelopment and Disability Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kylie Gray
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal, and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Neurodevelopment and Disability Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ann Nicholson
- Faculty of Information and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dinh Phung
- Faculty of Information and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Welcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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12
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Ciampoli M, Scheggia D, Papaleo F. Automatic Intra-/Extra-Dimensional Attentional Set-Shifting Task in Adolescent Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:704684. [PMID: 34349628 PMCID: PMC8326460 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.704684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period crucial for the maturation of higher-order cognitive functions. Indeed, adolescence deficits in executive functions are strong predictors of increased vulnerability to several mental disabilities later in life. Here, we tested adolescent mice in a fully-automated attentional set-shifting task equivalent to the humans' Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Intra-/Extra-Dimensional set-shift task (ID/ED). Compared to an adult, adolescent mice required more time to complete the task (≈16 days), and a higher percentage failed to finish the entire task. Nevertheless, adolescent mice completing this demanding task showed an increased effort in solving the extradimensional shift stage (EDS) compared to previous stages. Moreover, we found that this paradigm can be used to detect early cognitive dysfunctions in adolescent genetically modified mice. Thus, this automatic paradigm provides a further tool to assess attentional control in adolescent mice, and the development of dysfunctional executive functions from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Ciampoli
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Diego Scheggia
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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13
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Riaz T, Murtaza G, Arif A, Mahmood S, Sultana R, Al-Hussain F, Bashir S. Nicotine smoking is associated with impaired cognitive performance in Pakistani young people. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11470. [PMID: 34141471 PMCID: PMC8179217 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine smoking is the most common mode of tobacco smoking among young people. It affects the areas of the brain associated with memory, attention, and learning. This study has investigated the effect of nicotine smoking on cognitive performance. One hundred male volunteers (50 nicotine smokers and 50 nonsmokers) aged 18–30 years with similar socioeconomic backgrounds were recruited for this study. Clinical history of participants was obtained using a questionnaire. Their brain health and handedness were determined using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI), respectively. The dependent variables examined in the study were attention-switching tasks (AST), pattern recognition memory (PRM), and choice reaction time (CRT). These parameters were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery (CANTAB). The average ages of participating smokers and nonsmokers were 24.02 ± 3.41 years (mean ± standard deviation) and 22.68 ± 1.87 years, respectively. MMSE and EHI scores of smokers were 28.42 ± 1.09 and 99.75 ± 1.77, respectively; for nonsmokers, these scores were 28.54 ± 1.34 and 98 ± 1.91, respectively. The mean score for AST correct latency/delay was significantly higher (p = 0.050) in smokers (620.26 ± 142.03) than in nonsmokers (570.11 ± 108.39). The percentage of correct AST trials was significantly higher (p = 0.000) in nonsmokers (96.95 ± 2.18) than in smokers (83.75 ± 11.22). The PRM percent correct were significantly higher (p = 0.000) of nonsmokers (93.42 ± 8.34) than of smokers (79.75 ± 13.44). The mean correct latency for CRT was significantly higher (p = 0.009) in smokers (509.87 ± 129.83) than in nonsmokers (455.20 ± 65.73). From this data, it can be concluded that nicotine smoking is linked with impaired cognitive functions in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Riaz
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Areej Arif
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fawaz Al-Hussain
- College of Medicine, Department of Neurology King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Scarsi F, Scheggia D, Papaleo F. Automated Two-Chamber Operon ID/ED Task for Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 94:e109. [PMID: 33275835 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attentional set shifting is a measure of cognitive flexibility and executive functions widely assessed in humans by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-Dimensional set-shifting task (ID/ED). The recently established automated two-chamber "Operon ID/ED" task for mice has proved to be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and genetic screening, with direct translational valence in healthy human subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Here, we describe an upgraded version of the Operon ID/ED task that is now commercially available. This automated task allows one to study the ability of mice to shift attention through different rules, using two or three different dimensions (i.e., lights, odors, and textures). This unit provides a detailed step-by-step protocol for preparing and testing the mice that includes all procedures required for this upgraded attentional set-shifting paradigm. A short manual for the use of the dedicated ANY-maze software and tools for adapting it to different needs are also provided. Overall, this is a comprehensive guideline for the use of this complex upgraded equipment and paradigm. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Operon ID/ED testing Support Protocol: Use of ANY-maze software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scarsi
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Scheggia
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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15
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Sonkurt HO, Altınöz AE, Çimen E, Köşger F, Öztürk G. The role of cognitive functions in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: A machine learning model. Int J Med Inform 2020; 145:104311. [PMID: 33202371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the clinical heterogeneity of the bipolar disorder, difficulties are encountered in making the correct diagnosis. Although a number of common findings have been found in studies on the neurocognitive profile of bipolar disorder, the search for a neurocognitive endophenotype has failed. The aim of this study is to separate bipolar disorder patients from healthy controls with higher accuracy by using a broader neurocognitive evaluation and a novel machine-learning algorithm. METHODS Individuals who presented to the Bipolar Outpatient Clinic of the Medical Faculty of Eskişehir Osmangazi University and met the inclusion criteria of the research are included in the study. Six neurocognitive tests from the CANTAB test battery were used for neurocognitive evaluation, Polyhedral Conic Functions algorithm was used to classify the participants. RESULTS Bipolar disorder patients differentiated from healthy controls with an accuracy of 78 %. DISCUSSION Our study presents a prediction algorithm that separates bipolar disorder from healthy controls with high accuracy by using CANTAB neurocognitive battery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ercan Altınöz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Emre Çimen
- Computational Intelligence and Optimization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ferdi Köşger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Öztürk
- Computational Intelligence and Optimization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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16
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Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Autistic traits in young adults who gamble. CNS Spectr 2020; 21:1-6. [PMID: 32641183 PMCID: PMC7612193 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852920001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Little is known about the relationship between autistic traits and addictive behaviors such as problem gambling. Thus, the present study examined clinical characteristics and multiple facets of cognition in young adults who gamble and have autistic traits. METHODS. A total of 102 young adults who gamble were recruited from two Mid-Western university communities in the United States using media advertisements. Autistic traits were examined using the brief Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-10). Clinician rating scales, questionnaires, and cognitive tests were completed. Relationships between AQ10 scores and demographic, gambling symptom, and neurocognitive measures were evaluated. RESULTS. Autistic traits were correlated with disordered gambling symptoms, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, trait impulsivity, and some types of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In regression, ADHD no longer significantly related to autistic traits once disordered gambling symptoms were accounted for; whereas the link between autistic traits and disordered gambling symptoms was robust even controlling for ADHD. CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest a particularly strong relationship between autistic traits and problem gambling symptoms, as well as certain aspects of impulsivity and compulsivity. The link between ADHD and autistic traits in some prior studies may have been attributable to disordered gambling symptoms, which was likely not screened for, and since individuals may endorse ADHD instruments due to other impulsive/compulsive symptom types (eg, gambling). The contribution of autistic traits to the emergence and chronicity of disordered gambling now requires further scrutiny, not only in community samples (such as this) but also in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Robbins TW. Pharmacological treatment of cognitive deficits in nondementing mental health disorders
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 21:301-308. [PMID: 31749654 PMCID: PMC6829171 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2019.21.3/trobbins] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for pharmacological remediation of cognitive deficits in three major
psychiatric disorders—attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia,
and depression—is reviewed. ADHD is effectively treated with the stimulant medications
methylphenidate and d-amphetamine, as well as nonstimulants such as atomoxetine,
implicating cognitive enhancing effects mediated by noradrenaline and dopamine. However,
the precise mechanisms underlying these effects remains unclear. Cognitive deficits in
schizophrenia are less effectively treated, but attempts via a variety of
neurotransmitter strategies are surveyed. The possibility of treating cognitive deficits
in depression via antidepressant medication (eg, selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors) and by adjunctive drug treatment has only recently received attention
because of confounding, or possibly interactive, effects on mood. Prospects for future
advances in this important area may need to take into account transdiagnostic
perspectives on cognition (including neurodegenerative diseases) as well as improvements
in neuropsychological, neurobiological, and clinical trial design approaches to
cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Chiang HL, Hsu YC, Shang CY, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. White matter endophenotype candidates for ADHD: a diffusion imaging tractography study with sibling design. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1203-1213. [PMID: 31115278 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain structural alterations are frequently observed in probands with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we examined the microstructural integrity of 76 white matter tracts among unaffected siblings of patients with ADHD to evaluate the potential familial risk and its association with clinical and neuropsychological manifestations. METHODS The comparison groups included medication-naïve ADHD probands (n = 50), their unaffected siblings (n = 50) and typically developing controls (n = 50, age-and-sex matched with ADHD probands). Whole brain tractography was reconstructed automatically by tract-based analysis of diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI). Microstructural properties of white matter tracts were represented by the values of generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD). RESULTS Compared to the control group, ADHD probands showed higher AD values in the perpendicular fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus I, corticospinal tract, and corpus callosum. The AD values of unaffected siblings were in the intermediate position between those of the ADHD and control groups. These AD values were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms, sustained attention and working memory, for all white matter tracks evaluated except for the perpendicular fasciculus. Higher FA and lower RD values in the right frontostriatal tract connecting ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (FS-VLPFC) were associated with better performance in spatial span only in the unaffected sibling group. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal AD values of specific white matter tracts among unaffected siblings of ADHD probands suggest the presence of familial risk in this population. The right FS-VLPFC may have a role in preventing the expression of the ADHD-related behavioral phenotype. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NUMBER NCT01682915.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Hsu
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- AcroViz Technology Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, MacMillan C, Thevarkunnel S, Parachikova AI, Mombereau C, Lindgren H, Bastlund JF. Characterization of Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, Nicotine, and Atomoxetine on Measures of Attention, Impulsive Action, and Motivation in the Rat: Implications for Translational Research. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32390829 PMCID: PMC7193984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), methylphenidate (MPH), and atomoxetine (ATX) are approved treatments for ADHD, and together with nicotine (NIC), represent pharmacological agents widely studied on cognitive domains including attention and impulsive action in humans. These agents thus represent opportunities for clinical observation to be reinvestigated in the preclinical setting, i.e., reverse translation. The present study investigated each drug in male, Long Evans rats trained to perform either (1) the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), (2) Go/NoGo task, or (3) a progressive ratio (PR) task, for the purpose of studying each drug on attention, impulsive action and motivation. Specific challenges were adopted in the 5-CSRTT designed to tax attention and impulsivity, i.e., high frequency of stimulus presentation (sITI), variable reduction in stimulus duration (sSD), and extended delay to stimulus presentation (10-s ITI). Initially, performance of a large (> 80) cohort of rats in each task variant was conducted to examine performance stability over repeated challenge sessions, and to identify subgroups of "high" and "low" attentive rats (sITI and sSD schedules), and "high" and "low" impulsives (10-s ITI). Using an adaptive sequential study design, the effects of AMP, MPH, ATX, and NIC were examined and contrasting profiles noted across the tests. Both AMP (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and MPH (1-6 mg/kg) improved attentional performance in the sITI but not sSD or 10-s ITI condition, NIC (0.05-0.2 mg/kg) improved accuracy across all conditions. ATX (0.1-1 mg/kg) detrimentally affected performance in the sITI and sSD condition, notably in "high" performers. In tests of impulsive action, ATX reduced premature responses notably in the 10-s ITI condition, and also reduced false alarms in Go/NoGo. Both AMP and NIC increased premature responses in all task variants, although AMP reduced false alarms highlighting differences between these two measures of impulsive action. The effect of MPH was mixed and appeared baseline dependent. ATX reduced break point for food reinforcement suggesting a detrimental effect on motivation for primary reward. Taken together these studies highlight differences between AMP, MPH, and ATX which may translate to their clinical profiles. NIC had the most reliable effect on attentional accuracy, whereas ATX was reliably effective against all tests of impulsive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Lindgren
- Discovery Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Gasanov RF, Makarov IV, Emelina DA. [Cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:126-131. [PMID: 32323954 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review presents current data on the nature of cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder, and possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Considering possible neurobiological components of hyperkinetic disorder, attention is given to pathological functional connections underlying specific clinical manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gasanov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - I V Makarov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia.,Mechnicov North-Western State Medical University, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - D A Emelina
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
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21
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Cognitive deficits in childhood, adolescence and adulthood in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and association with psychopathology. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:53. [PMID: 32066691 PMCID: PMC7026075 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with high risk of psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment. It remains unclear to what extent key cognitive skills are associated with psychopathology, and whether cognition is stable over time in 22q11.2DS. 236 children, adolescents and adults with 22q11.2DS and 106 typically developing controls were recruited from three sites across Europe. Measures of IQ, processing speed, sustained attention, spatial working memory and psychiatric assessments were completed. Cognitive performance in individuals was calculated relative to controls in different age groups (children (6-9 years), adolescents (10-17 years), adults (18+ years)). Individuals with 22q11.2DS exhibited cognitive impairment and higher rates of psychiatric disorders compared to typically developing controls. Presence of Autism Spectrum Disorder symptoms was associated with greater deficits in processing speed, sustained attention and working memory in adolescents but not children. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents and psychotic disorder in adulthood was associated with sustained attention impairment. Processing speed and working memory were more impaired in children and adults with 22q11.2DS respectively, whereas the deficit in sustained attention was present from childhood and remained static over developmental stages. Psychopathology was associated with cognitive profile of individuals with 22q11.2DS in an age-specific and domain-specific manner. Furthermore, magnitude of cognitive impairment differed by developmental stage in 22q11.2DS and the pattern differed by domain.
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22
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Nucleus Accumbens Fast-Spiking Interneurons Constrain Impulsive Action. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:836-847. [PMID: 31471038 PMCID: PMC6823148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleus accumbens (NAc) controls multiple facets of impulsivity but is a heterogeneous brain region with diverse microcircuitry. Prior literature links impulsive behavior in rodents to gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling in the NAc. Here, we studied the regulation of impulsive behavior by fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), a strong source of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated synaptic inhibition in the NAc. METHODS Male and female transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase in FSIs allowed us to identify these sparsely distributed cells in the NAc. We used a 5-choice serial reaction time task to measure both impulsive action and sustained attention. During the 5-choice serial reaction time task, we monitored FSI activity with fiber photometry calcium imaging and manipulated FSI activity with chemogenetic and optogenetic methodology. We used electrophysiology, optogenetics, and fluorescent in situ hybridization to confirm these methods were robust and specific to FSIs. RESULTS In mice performing the 5-choice serial reaction time task, NAc FSIs showed sustained activity on trials ending with correct responses, but FSI activity declined over time on trials ending with premature responses. The number of premature responses increased significantly after sustained chemogenetic inhibition or temporally delimited optogenetic inhibition of NAc FSIs, without any changes in response latencies or general locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These experiments provide strong evidence that NAc FSIs constrain impulsive actions, most likely through gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated synaptic inhibition of medium spiny projection neurons. Our findings may provide insight into the pathophysiology of disorders associated with impulsivity and may inform the development of circuit-based therapeutic interventions.
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23
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Reigal RE, González-Guirval F, Morillo-Baro JP, Morales-Sánchez V, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Hernández-Mendo A. Effects of a Computerized Training on Attentional Capacity of Young Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2279. [PMID: 31695637 PMCID: PMC6816454 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to analyze the effects of a computerized training on attentional capacity in a group of young soccer players. Seventy-five male adolescents from two soccer clubs in the city of Malaga (Spain) and aged between 14 and 18 (15.45 ± 1.43 years) participated in the investigation. A quasi-experimental design was used, and the adolescents were divided into control (n = 38) and experimental (n = 37) groups. The experimental group underwent a computerized training (Rejilla 1.0) of their attention during 9 weeks and 27 sessions. In addition, the D2 attention test was used to analyze the evolution of participants after the intervention program. The results showed positive effects of the computerized intervention program on selective attention, observing changes both in the executions of the software used (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.58, 95% CI [1.06, 2.11]) and in the main measures of the D2 test, total effectiveness (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.62, 95% CI [0.15, 1.08]) and concentration (p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.48, 95% CI [0.02, 0.94]).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Effect of ADHD medication in male C57BL/6J mice performing the rodent Continuous Performance Test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1839-1851. [PMID: 30656365 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rodent Continuous Performance Test (rCPT) is a novel rodent paradigm to assess attention and impulsivity that resembles the human CPT. This task measures the rodents' ability to discriminate between target and non-target stimuli. The effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication on rCPT performance in mice remains to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictive validity of the mouse rCPT by studying the effects of ADHD medication methylphenidate, atomoxetine, amphetamine, guanfacine, and modafinil in four behavioral subgroups based on performance and impulsivity levels. METHODS Two cohorts of male C57BL/6J mice were used, and the effect of treatment was tested in a variable stimulus duration probe. Performance and impulsive subgroups were made based on discriminability and percentage premature responses, respectively. RESULTS Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and amphetamine improved performance in the low-performing animals, with no effect in the high-performers. These improvements were a result of increased hit rate and/or decreased false-alarm rate. Furthermore, these drugs decreased percentage premature responses in the high-impulsive group. Methylphenidate, guanfacine, and modafinil increased premature responses in the low-impulsive group. Modafinil impaired performance in the high-performers by increasing false-alarm rate. CONCLUSION The effect of ADHD treatment was dependent on baseline, as seen by increases in performance for the low-performers and decreases in impulsivity for the high-impulsive animals. These results agree with clinical data and may support the inverted U-shaped arousal-performance theory. The rCPT combined with behavioral separation into subgroups has high predictive validity, and our study is a step forward towards establishing the clinical translatability of the rCPT.
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Zhang DW, Li H, Wu Z, Zhao Q, Song Y, Liu L, Qian Q, Wang Y, Roodenrys S, Johnstone SJ, De Blasio FM, Sun L. Electroencephalogram Theta/Beta Ratio and Spectral Power Correlates of Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents With AD/HD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:721-732. [PMID: 28689463 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717718263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been widely used in AD/HD research. The current study firstly aimed to replicate a recent trend related to EEG theta/beta ratio (TBR) in children and adolescents. Also, the study aimed to examine the value of resting EEG activity as biomarkers for executive function (EF) in participants with AD/HD. METHOD Fifty-three participants with AD/HD and 37 healthy controls were recruited. Resting EEG was recorded with eyes closed. Participants with AD/HD additionally completed EF tasks via the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. RESULTS TBR did not differ between groups; however, TBR was positively correlated with inattentive symptoms in AD/HD. Other correlations were found between EEG activity and neuropsychological functions including spatial planning and decision making in the AD/HD group. CONCLUSION The results do not support the diagnostic value of TBR. Instead, given the heterogeneous features, the results support the prognostic value of EEG in AD/HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- 1 Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanliang Wu
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qihua Zhao
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- 4 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Roodenrys
- 1 Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stuart J Johnstone
- 1 Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Frances M De Blasio
- 1 Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Li Sun
- 2 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institue of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,3 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
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Navarra RL, Waterhouse BD. Considering noradrenergically mediated facilitation of sensory signal processing as a component of psychostimulant-induced performance enhancement. Brain Res 2019; 1709:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Leffa DT, Ferreira SG, Machado NJ, Souza CM, Rosa FD, de Carvalho C, Kincheski GC, Takahashi RN, Porciúncula LO, Souza DO, Cunha RA, Pandolfo P. Caffeine and cannabinoid receptors modulate impulsive behavior in an animal model of attentional deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1673-1683. [PMID: 30667546 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by impaired levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Adenosine and endocannabinoid systems tightly interact in the modulation of dopamine signaling, involved in the neurobiology of ADHD. In this study, we evaluated the modulating effects of the cannabinoid and adenosine systems in a tolerance to delay of reward task using the most widely used animal model of ADHD. Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated chronically or acutely with caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, or acutely with a cannabinoid agonist (WIN55212-2, WIN) or antagonist (AM251). Subsequently, animals were tested in the tolerance to delay of reward task, in which they had to choose between a small, but immediate, or a large, but delayed, reward. Treatment with WIN decreased, whereas treatment with AM251 increased the choices of the large reward, selectively in SHR rats, indicating a CB1 receptor-mediated increase in impulsive behavior. An acute pre-treatment with caffeine blocked WIN effects. Conversely, a chronic treatment with caffeine increased the impulsive phenotype and potentiated the WIN effects. The results indicate that both cannabinoid and adenosine receptors modulate impulsive behavior in SHR: the antagonism of cannabinoid receptors might be effective in reducing impulsive symptoms present in ADHD; in addition, caffeine showed the opposite effects on impulsive behavior depending on the length of treatment. These observations are of particular importance to consider when therapeutic manipulation of CB1 receptors is applied to ADHD patients who consume coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T Leffa
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samira G Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno J Machado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina M Souza
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda da Rosa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristiane de Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Grasielle C Kincheski
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo N Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurobiology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Savulich G, Thorp E, Piercy T, Peterson KA, Pickard JD, Sahakian BJ. Improvements in Attention Following Cognitive Training With the Novel "Decoder" Game on an iPad. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30719000 PMCID: PMC6348266 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Work and study increasingly rely on the use of technologies requiring individuals to switch attention rapidly between emails, texts and tasks. This has led to healthy people having problems of attention and concentration and difficulties getting into the “flow,” which impedes goal attainment and task completion. Possibly related to this, there is an increasing diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and prescriptions of drugs such as methylphenidate. In addition to ADHD, attention is impaired in other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence, we developed “Decoder,” a novel game for targeted cognitive training of visual sustained attention on an iPad. We aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive training in 75 healthy young adults randomly assigned to a Cognitive Training (8 h of playing Decoder over 4 weeks; n = 25), Active Control (8 h of playing Bingo over 4 weeks; n = 25) or Passive Control (continuation of activities of daily living; n = 25) group. Results indicated that cognitive training with Decoder was superior to both control groups in terms of increased target sensitivity (A’) on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Information processing (CANTAB RVP) test, indicating significantly improved sustained visual attention. Individuals playing Decoder also showed significantly better performance on the Trail Making Test (TMT) compared with those playing Bingo. Significant differences in visual analogue scales were also found between the two gaming groups, such that Decoder received higher ratings of enjoyment, task-related motivation and alertness across all hours of game play. These data suggest that cognitive training with Decoder is an effective non-pharmacological method for enhancing attention in healthy young adults, which could be extended to clinical populations in which attentional problems persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Thorp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Piercy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John D Pickard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the limited effectiveness of ADHD medications on healthy cognition, prescription stimulants' cognitive enhancement use is increasing. This article examines enhancement users' attention, motivation, and study habits. METHOD A total of 61 users of unprescribed stimulants and 67 controls (no history of prescription stimulant use) completed tests of objectively measured and subjectively reported attention. Self-reports on study habits, as well as motivation during laboratory attention testing, were also administered. RESULTS Our data replicated previous findings of relatively lower self-reported attention functioning in users. Extending past research, we showed that user-control differences in attention were still present but less pronounced on objective measures than on self-report. In addition, we obtained evidence of lower motivation during cognitive testing and less optimal study habits among users, as compared with their non-using peers. CONCLUSION Unprescribed stimulant use is more strongly related to compromised study habits, low motivation, and a subjective perception of attention problems than to objective attention performance.
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Jensen DA, Høvik MF, Monsen NJN, Eggen TH, Eichele H, Adolfsdottir S, Plessen KJ, Sørensen L. Keeping Emotions in Mind: The Influence of Working Memory Capacity on Parent-Reported Symptoms of Emotional Lability in a Sample of Children With and Without ADHD. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1846. [PMID: 30333774 PMCID: PMC6176092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional lability (EL) often co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. However, difficulties of regulating intense emotions in ADHD are still poorly understood. We investigated the potential role of working memory (WM) as a protective factor against EL in children with ADHD by building on models describing the close relationship between WM and regulation of emotions. The parents of 41 children with ADHD and 34 typically developing children (TDC) filled out the emotional control scale (ECS) from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning and the child behavior checklist (CBCL). The children themselves completed the backward conditions of the digit span (DS) and spatial span (SS) tasks as well as the letter-umber sequencing (LNS) task. The results of a stepwise regression analysis confirmed the negative relationship between parent reported EL measured using the ECS and scores on the LNS, when controlling for symptoms of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). WM thus seems to be important for the ability of the children to express emotions in an adaptive and flexible way. We therefore suggest that a poorer WM capacity, which is often found in children with ADHD, may be a predictor of high levels of EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel André Jensen
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Betanien District Psychiatric Center (DPS), Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Farstad Høvik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Thale Hegdahl Eggen
- Division Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Heike Eichele
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinunn Adolfsdottir
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lin Sørensen
- The Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
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31
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Pievsky MA, McGrath RE. The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:143-157. [PMID: 29106438 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Numerous meta-analyses have summarized studies comparing the neurocognitive performance of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to that of healthy controls. Method The present study is a systematic review and quantitative summary of those meta-analyses that aimed to determine the extent to which individuals with ADHD differ cognitively from typically developing controls. Results Of 253 standardized mean differences (SMDs) drawn from 34 meta-analyses, 244 (96%) were positive, indicating better neurocognitive performance in the control group than the ADHD group. The mean effect size was .45 (SD = .27). Unweighted means of SMDs for neurocognitive domains ranged from .35 (set shifting) to .54 (working memory). When weighted by the number of studies aggregated, they ranged from .35 (set shifting) to .66 (reaction time variability). Neurocognitive domains with mean effects over .50 included working memory (.54), reaction time variability (.53), response inhibition (.52), intelligence/achievement (.51), and planning/organization (.51). When weighted by number of aggregated studies, the domains with mean effects over .50 were reaction time variability (.66), intelligence/achievement (.60), vigilance (.56), working memory (.54), and response inhibition (.52). Age moderated the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and neurocognitive functioning, with greater between-groups differences among children and adults than among adolescents. Funding also moderated this relationship: meta-analyses that received drug funding found larger effect sizes than those without drug funding. Conclusions The evidence suggests that ADHD is associated with substantial deficits across a variety of neurocognitive domains. This is the most in-depth review of the neurocognitive functioning of people with ADHD to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E McGrath
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA
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32
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Gu C, Liu ZX, Tannock R, Woltering S. Neural processing of working memory in adults with ADHD in a visuospatial change detection task with distractors. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5601. [PMID: 30245935 PMCID: PMC6149497 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often characterized by deficits in working memory (WM), which manifest in academic, professional, and mental health difficulties. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of these presumed WM deficits, we compared adults with ADHD to their peers on behavioral and neural indices of WM. We used a visuospatial change detection task with distractors which was designed to assess the brain’s ability to effectively filter out distractors from WM, in addition to testing for effects of WM load. Twenty-seven unmedicated adults with ADHD were compared to 27 matched peers on event-related potential (ERP) measures of WM, i.e., the contralateral delay activity (CDA). Despite severe impairments in everyday life functioning, findings showed no difference in deficits in behavioral tests of working memory for adults with ADHD compared to their peers. Interestingly, there were differences in neural activity between individuals with ADHD and their peers showing that the CDA of individuals with ADHD did not distinguish between high, distractor, and low memory load conditions. These data suggest, in the face of comparable behavioral performance, a difference in neural processing efficiency, wherein the brains of individuals with ADHD may not be as selective in the allocation of neural resources to perform a WM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Xu Liu
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosemary Tannock
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Program, Sickkids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Woltering
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America.,Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Tarle SJ, Alderson RM, Patros CHG, Arrington EF, Roberts DK. Working memory and behavioral inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an examination of varied central executive demands, construct overlap, and task impurity. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:664-687. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1519068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Tarle
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - R. Matt Alderson
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Delanie K. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Low AM, le Sommer J, Vangkilde S, Fagerlund B, Glenthøj B, Sonuga-Barke E, Habekost T, Jepsen JRM. Delay Aversion and Executive Functioning in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Before and After Stimulant Treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:997-1006. [PMID: 30124878 PMCID: PMC6209856 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder, associated with deficits in motivation (e.g., delay aversion) and cognition. Methylphenidate is recommended as a first line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, but little is known about its nonacute effects on motivational and cognitive deficits, particularly in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHODS We utilized a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 initially stimulant medication-naïve adult patients with moderate to severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and 42 age- and parental education-matched healthy controls. Delay aversion and executive functioning were assessed with 2 questionnaires and 5 performance-based tests. RESULTS At baseline, patients and controls differed significantly on performance-based measures (moderate to large effect sizes), and self-report of delay aversion and executive functioning (very large effect sizes). Treatment with methylphenidate medication (mean dose 65.54 mg/d, SD=10.39) was not associated with improvements in performance-based measures of delay aversion and executive functioning compared to controls, although improvements in self-report executive functioning and delay aversion were found. Self-reported delay aversion was most consistently associated with ADHD symptomatology at baseline and after medication. CONCLUSION Methylphenidate treatment does not have an effect on performance-based measures of delay aversion and executive functioning, but may have significant effects on self-reported delay aversion and executive functioning. The latter finding should be interpreted cautiously, given the subjective nature of these measures and design limitations. Self-reported delay aversion is most consistently associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Low
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Correspondence: Ann-Marie Low, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Østre Farimagsgade 2A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark ()
| | - Julijana le Sommer
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Habekost
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Delfin C, Andiné P, Hofvander B, Billstedt E, Wallinius M. Examining Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Executive Functions in Incarcerated Violent Offenders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:310. [PMID: 30050476 PMCID: PMC6050384 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are essential in almost all aspects of daily life and have been robustly related to antisocial behavior. However, the relationship between psychopathy and EFs has remained equivocal. Research investigating lower-level trait dimensions of psychopathy using standardized EF measures could be beneficial in addressing this issue. In this study, we examined associations between four EFs and four dimensions of psychopathic traits (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, antisocial) using zero-order correlation and a combination of classical and Bayesian statistical methods. Two hundred and fourteen incarcerated male violent offenders were assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and completed tests of cognitive flexibility, spatial working memory, response inhibition, and planning and problem-solving using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Lifestyle psychopathic traits were significantly associated with reduced initial thinking time in a planning and problem-solving task, with a Bayes factor indicating substantial evidence for the observed correlation, and antisocial psychopathic traits showed a significant association with reduced initial thinking time in the same task, although the Bayes factor indicated only anecdotal evidence. Significant associations were also found between affective and antisocial psychopathic traits and less efficient strategic thinking in a spatial working memory task, and between affective, lifestyle and antisocial psychopathic traits and fewer problems solved in a planning and problem-solving task, although these findings were not corroborated by the Bayesian analysis. While the observed effects ranged between small and medium, our study suggests that reduced initial thinking times in planning and problem-solving is robustly associated with higher degrees of lifestyle and antisocial psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Delfin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research and Development Unit, Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Peter Andiné
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Hofvander
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Märta Wallinius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research and Development Unit, Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Chamberlain SR, Ioannidis K, Grant JE. The impact of comorbid impulsive/compulsive disorders in problematic Internet use. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:269-275. [PMID: 29788748 PMCID: PMC6174590 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Problematic Internet use (PIU) is commonplace but is not yet recognized as a formal mental disorder. Excessive Internet use could result from other conditions such as gambling disorder. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of impulsive-compulsive comorbidities on the presentation of PIU, defined using Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire. Methods A total of 123 adults aged 18-29 years were recruited using media advertisements, and attended the research center for a detailed psychiatric assessment, including interviews, completion of questionnaires, and neuropsychological testing. Participants were classified into three groups: PIU with no comorbid impulsive/compulsive disorders (n = 18), PIU with one or more comorbid impulsive/compulsive disorders (n = 37), and healthy controls who did not have any mental health diagnoses (n = 67). Differences between the three groups were characterized in terms of demographic, clinical, and cognitive variables. Effect sizes for overall effects of group were also reported. Results The three groups did not significantly differ on age, gender, levels of education, nicotine consumption, or alcohol use (small effect sizes). Quality of life was significantly impaired in PIU irrespective of whether or not individuals had comorbid impulsive/compulsive disorders (large effect size). However, impaired response inhibition and decision-making were only identified in PIU with impulsive/compulsive comorbidities (medium effect sizes). Discussion and conclusions Most people with PIU will have one or more other impulsive/compulsive disorders, but PIU can occur without such comorbidities and still present with impaired quality of life. Response inhibition and decision-making appear to be disproportionately impacted in the case of PIU comorbid with other impulsive/compulsive conditions, which may account for some of the inconsistencies in the existing literature. Large scale international collaborations are required to validate PIU and further assess its clinical, cognitive, and biological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK,Corresponding author: Dr. Samuel R. Chamberlain, MD, PhD; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Box 189 Level E4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; E-mail:
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Zhang DW, Johnstone SJ, Roodenrys S, Luo X, Li H, Wang E, Zhao Q, Song Y, Liu L, Qian Q, Wang Y, Sun L. The role of resting-state EEG localized activation and central nervous system arousal in executive function performance in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1192-1200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Weiss AR, Gillies MJ, Philiastides MG, Apps MA, Whittington MA, FitzGerald JJ, Boccard SG, Aziz TZ, Green AL. Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortices Differentially Lateralize Prediction Errors and Outcome Valence in a Decision-Making Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:203. [PMID: 29872384 PMCID: PMC5972193 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is proposed to facilitate learning by signaling mismatches between the expected outcome of decisions and the actual outcomes in the form of prediction errors. The dACC is also proposed to discriminate outcome valence-whether a result has positive (either expected or desirable) or negative (either unexpected or undesirable) value. However, direct electrophysiological recordings from human dACC to validate these separate, but integrated, dimensions have not been previously performed. We hypothesized that local field potentials (LFPs) would reveal changes in the dACC related to prediction error and valence and used the unique opportunity offered by deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in the dACC of three human subjects to test this hypothesis. We used a cognitive task that involved the presentation of object pairs, a motor response, and audiovisual feedback to guide future object selection choices. The dACC displayed distinctly lateralized theta frequency (3-8 Hz) event-related potential responses-the left hemisphere dACC signaled outcome valence and prediction errors while the right hemisphere dACC was involved in prediction formation. Multivariate analyses provided evidence that the human dACC response to decision outcomes reflects two spatiotemporally distinct early and late systems that are consistent with both our lateralized electrophysiological results and the involvement of the theta frequency oscillatory activity in dACC cognitive processing. Further findings suggested that dACC does not respond to other phases of action-outcome-feedback tasks such as the motor response which supports the notion that dACC primarily signals information that is crucial for behavioral monitoring and not for motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Weiss
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martin J Gillies
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marios G Philiastides
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - James J FitzGerald
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra G Boccard
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tipu Z Aziz
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander L Green
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cotter J, Vithanage N, Colville S, Lyle D, Cranley D, Cormack F, Barnett JH, Murray K, Pal S. Investigating Domain-Specific Cognitive Impairment Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Using Touchscreen Cognitive Testing in Routine Clinical Care. Front Neurol 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29867739 PMCID: PMC5958186 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is present in up to 70% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has been reported at all stages and in all subtypes of the disease. These deficits have been reported across a variety of cognitive domains, but are generally under-recognized and incompletely evaluated in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the spectrum of cognitive impairment in patients with MS presenting to a specialist MS clinic using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), administered on a touchscreen platform. Ninety MS patients completed computerized CANTAB tasks assessing working memory, executive function, processing speed, attention, and episodic memory. Scores were adjusted for age, sex, and level of education and classified as normal or impaired based on comparison with a large normative data pool. We also investigated the impact of clinical and demographic variables which could potentially influence cognitive performance including patient educational level (a proxy for cognitive reserve), disease status (duration, course, and severity of MS), and depression. CANTAB testing detected cognitive impairment in 40 patients (44% of the sample). The most frequently impaired domain was executive function, present in 55% of cognitively impaired individuals. Disease duration and severity were significantly associated with performance across various cognitive domains. Patients with depressive symptoms were also more likely to exhibit impaired processing speed. Results from this study confirm that cognitive impairment is common and occurs across a range of domains among MS patients attending routine clinical visits. CANTAB tasks provide a sensitive and practical approach to cognitive testing in MS patients as part of a holistic patient assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cotter
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nethmi Vithanage
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shuna Colville
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Lyle
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Cranley
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jennifer H Barnett
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Murray
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Suvankar Pal
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Chamberlain SR, Stochl J, Redden SA, Grant JE. Latent traits of impulsivity and compulsivity: toward dimensional psychiatry. Psychol Med 2018; 48:810-821. [PMID: 28805173 PMCID: PMC5699644 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concepts of impulsivity and compulsivity are commonly used in psychiatry. Little is known about whether different manifest measures of impulsivity and compulsivity (behavior, personality, and cognition) map onto underlying latent traits; and if so, their inter-relationship. METHODS A total of 576 adults were recruited using media advertisements. Psychopathological, personality, and cognitive measures of impulsivity and compulsivity were completed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify the optimal model. RESULTS The data were best explained by a two-factor model, corresponding to latent traits of impulsivity and compulsivity, respectively, which were positively correlated with each other. This model was statistically superior to the alternative models of their being one underlying factor ('disinhibition') or two anticorrelated factors. Higher scores on the impulsive and compulsive latent factors were each significantly associated with worse quality of life (both p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the existence of latent functionally impairing dimensional forms of impulsivity and compulsivity, which are positively correlated. Future work should examine the neurobiological and neurochemical underpinnings of these latent traits; and explore whether they can be used as candidate treatment targets. The findings have implications for diagnostic classification systems, suggesting that combining categorical and dimensional approaches may be valuable and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation
Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation
Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Kinanthropology,
Charles University in Prague, Prague,
Czech Republic
| | - S. A. Redden
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral
Neuroscience, University of Chicago,
Chicago, USA
| | - J. E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral
Neuroscience, University of Chicago,
Chicago, USA
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Arria AM, Geisner IM, Cimini MD, Kilmer JR, Caldeira KM, Barrall AL, Vincent KB, Fossos-Wong N, Yeh JC, Rhew I, Lee CM, Subramaniam GA, Liu D, Larimer ME. Perceived academic benefit is associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students. Addict Behav 2018; 76:27-33. [PMID: 28735038 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION College students are at higher than average risk for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS). A commonly identified motive among students who engage in NPS is to improve grades. Several research studies have observed that NPS most likely does not confer an academic advantage, and is associated with excessive drinking and other drug use. This study documents the proportion of the general college student population who believe that NPS will lead to improvements in academic performance. METHODS This study gathered online survey data from a large, demographically diverse sample of college students to document the prevalence of perceived academic benefit of NPS for improving grades and to examine the association between such belief and NPS. RESULTS Overall, 28.6% agreed or strongly agreed that NPS could help students earn higher grades, and an additional 38.0% were unsure. Students with a higher level of perceived academic benefit of NPS and more frequent patterns of drinking and marijuana use were more likely to engage in NPS, even after adjustment for a wide range of covariates. CONCLUSIONS The results underscore the need for interventions that simultaneously correct misperceptions related to academic benefit and target alcohol and marijuana use to reduce NPS.
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Cognitive Function of Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a 2-Year Open-Label Study of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:85-95. [PMID: 29383572 PMCID: PMC5843702 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SPD489-404 was the first 2-year safety study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. In accordance with advice from the European Medicines Agency, assessment of cognitive function was a predefined safety outcome in SPD489-404. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess cognitive function over 2 years in study SPD489-404, using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). METHODS Participants aged 6-17 years received dose-optimised open-label lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (30, 50 or 70 mg/day) for 104 weeks. Cognition was assessed using four CANTAB tasks; Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS), Spatial Working Memory (SWM), Stop Signal Task (SST) and Reaction Time (RTI). Key and additional variables were pre-specified for each CANTAB task; groupwise mean percentage changes in key variables from baseline of > 5% were considered potentially clinically significant. RESULTS All 314 enrolled participants received lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and were included in the safety population, and 191 (60.8%) completed the study. No potentially clinically significant deteriorations from baseline were observed in any key CANTAB variable over the 2 years of the study. Based on predefined thresholds, potentially clinically significant improvements from baseline were observed at 6 months (DMS median reaction time, mean per cent change, - 6.6%; SWM total between-search errors, - 22.8%; SST stop signal reaction time, -18.9%), and at the last on-treatment assessment (DMS median reaction time, - 6.5%; SWM total between-search errors, - 32.6%; SST stop signal reaction time, - 25.7%). CONCLUSIONS Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate treatment for 2 years was not associated with deterioration of cognitive function in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Although improvements in some cognitive measures were observed, lack of a control group makes interpretation of the findings difficult. Further studies of the impact of stimulants on cognition are required. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01328756.
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43
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Zhang DW, Roodenrys S, Li H, Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Wu Z, Zhao Q, Song Y, Liu L, Qian Q, Wang Y, Johnstone SJ, Sun L. Atypical interference control in children with AD/HD with elevated theta/beta ratio. Biol Psychol 2017; 128:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bak N, Mann J, Fagerlund B, Glenthøj BY, Jepsen JRM, Oranje B. Testing a decades' old assumption: Are individuals with lower sensory gating indeed more easily distracted? Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:387-393. [PMID: 28666245 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia have been theorized to associate with increased distractibility. We explore the potential associations between sensory and sensorimotor gating and subjective and objective indices of distraction in healthy subjects. Forty healthy males were assessed with the P50 suppression and pre-pulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) paradigms. Additionally, a neurocognitive test battery was administered in a cross-over design: with/without auditory distraction. Significant effects of distraction were found in response inhibition, and verbal working memory and attention. Parameters from the PPI and P50 suppression paradigms were significantly associated with the distractor effects on strategy formation, cognitive inhibition and flexibility, visual short-term memory, and the level of subjective distraction. Subjectively reported distraction was significantly associated with verbal working memory and attention as well as executive and supervisory processes. Sensory and sensorimotor gating efficiency do not reflect the effect of distraction across executive and attention functions i.e. we did not observe a generalized distractor effect. Gating only related to the effect of distraction on strategy formation, cognitive inhibition and flexibility, as well as visual short term memory. Future studies should investigate if gating deficits affect the distractibility of the same specific cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bak
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - J Mann
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Fagerlund
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Y Glenthøj
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J R M Jepsen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services Capital Region, Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Oranje
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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45
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Cropsey KL, Schiavon S, Hendricks PS, Froelich M, Lentowicz I, Fargason R. Mixed-amphetamine salts expectancies among college students: Is stimulant induced cognitive enhancement a placebo effect? Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:302-309. [PMID: 28686989 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-medical use of prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement in college students is increasing, despite evidence showing little benefit in non-clinical populations. The balanced placebo design (BPD) was used to independently evaluate the pharmacologic versus expectancy effects of mixed amphetamine salts on cognitive performance among a non-clinical sample of college-aged students. METHOD Participants were screened and excluded for ADHD and other psychopathologies. A non-clinical sample (N=32) completed four two-hour laboratory sessions and were administered a neurocognitive battery in each session. Medication Assignment (10mg mixed-amphetamine salt (Adderall™) versus placebo) was crossed with Instructional Set (deception versus truth). A within-subjects design was used, such that all participants experienced each of the four conditions of the BPD during one of the four laboratory sessions. RESULTS Participants performed no better than chance in identifying whether they received stimulant or placebo (Belief about Medication Assignment; 47% agreement; κ=-0.047, p=0.590). Participants showed improvement on only two of 31 subtests during active medication. Expecting and receiving stimulants was associated with improved cognitive performance. However, expecting placebo was associated with worse cognitive performance, regardless of the type of medication given. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated that although non-medical use of stimulants does not enhance cognition, expectancies prominently influence cognitive performance. Participants who believed they received active medication both subjectively rated themselves as performing better and objectively performed better on a minority of subtests, independent of medication state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, 1720 2nd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Samantha Schiavon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, 1720 2nd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 227L Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Morgan Froelich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, 1720 2nd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Iga Lentowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, 1720 2nd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Rachel Fargason
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center, 1720 2nd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Nord CL, Valton V, Wood J, Roiser JP. Power-up: A Reanalysis of 'Power Failure' in Neuroscience Using Mixture Modeling. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8051-8061. [PMID: 28706080 PMCID: PMC5566862 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3592-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, evidence for endemically low statistical power has cast neuroscience findings into doubt. If low statistical power plagues neuroscience, then this reduces confidence in the reported effects. However, if statistical power is not uniformly low, then such blanket mistrust might not be warranted. Here, we provide a different perspective on this issue, analyzing data from an influential study reporting a median power of 21% across 49 meta-analyses (Button et al., 2013). We demonstrate, using Gaussian mixture modeling, that the sample of 730 studies included in that analysis comprises several subcomponents so the use of a single summary statistic is insufficient to characterize the nature of the distribution. We find that statistical power is extremely low for studies included in meta-analyses that reported a null result and that it varies substantially across subfields of neuroscience, with particularly low power in candidate gene association studies. Therefore, whereas power in neuroscience remains a critical issue, the notion that studies are systematically underpowered is not the full story: low power is far from a universal problem.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recently, researchers across the biomedical and psychological sciences have become concerned with the reliability of results. One marker for reliability is statistical power: the probability of finding a statistically significant result given that the effect exists. Previous evidence suggests that statistical power is low across the field of neuroscience. Our results present a more comprehensive picture of statistical power in neuroscience: on average, studies are indeed underpowered-some very seriously so-but many studies show acceptable or even exemplary statistical power. We show that this heterogeneity in statistical power is common across most subfields in neuroscience. This new, more nuanced picture of statistical power in neuroscience could affect not only scientific understanding, but potentially policy and funding decisions for neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla L Nord
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Vincent Valton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom, and
| | - John Wood
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom, and
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Le Gal R, Bernaudin M, Toutain J, Touzani O. Assessment of behavioural deficits following ischaemic stroke in the marmoset. Behav Brain Res 2017; 352:151-160. [PMID: 28760698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common and devastating disease worldwide. Over the last two decades, many therapeutic approaches to ameliorate ischaemic stroke have been promising in animal studies but failed when transferred to the clinical situation. One of the possible explanations for these failures is the widespread use of animal models of cerebral ischemia that do not mimic the pathology encountered in the clinic. Accordingly, many expert committees recommended the integration of higher order species such as non-human primates in pre-clinical stroke studies. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World monkey, start to stand out in the neuroscience field as a good compromise between larger primates and rodents. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the use of the marmoset in stroke studies. We will focus on behavioural tests developed in this species to assess sensorimotor deficits and their recovery during acute and chronic stages of brain ischaemia. The aim of this appraisal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing approaches to induce stroke in the marmoset as well as the paradigms for behavioural testing in this species. The data summarized in this review should contribute to the improvement of future stoke studies in the marmoset and accordingly improve the translation of the results from bench to bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Le Gal
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, Caen, France
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Toutain
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, Caen, France
| | - Omar Touzani
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, Caen, France.
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Blum AW, Leppink EW, Grant JE. Neurocognitive dysfunction in problem gamblers with co-occurring antisocial personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 76:153-159. [PMID: 28528231 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Problem gamblers with symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) may represent a distinct problem gambling subtype, but the neurocognitive profile of individuals affected by both disorders is poorly characterized. METHOD Non-treatment-seeking young adults (18-29years) who gambled ≥5 times in the preceding year were recruited from the general community. Problem gamblers (defined as those meeting ≥1 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder) with a lifetime history of ASPD (N=26) were identified using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and compared with controls (N=266) using questionnaire-based impulsivity scales and objective computerized neuropsychological tasks. Findings were uncorrected for multiple comparisons. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d. RESULTS Problem gambling with ASPD was associated with significantly elevated gambling disorder symptoms, lower quality of life, greater psychiatric comorbidity, higher impulsivity questionnaire scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (d=0.4) and Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire (d=0.5), and impaired cognitive flexibility (d=0.4), executive planning (d=0.4), and an aspect of decision-making (d=0.6). Performance on measures of response inhibition, risk adjustment, and quality of decision making did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings, though in need of replication, support the characterization of problem gambling with ASPD as a subtype of problem gambling associated with higher rates of impulsivity and executive function deficits. Taken together, these results may have treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US.
| | - Eric W Leppink
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, US
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Bashir S, Alghamdi F, Alhussien A, Alohali M, Alatawi A, Almusned T, Habib SS. Effect of Smoking on Cognitive Functioning in Young Saudi Adults. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2017; 23:31-35. [PMID: 28223681 PMCID: PMC5333712 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is the predominant form of tobacco consumption and is growing worldwide, particularly in the younger generation in the Middle-East. We aimed to determine the effects of tobacco smoking on cognitive functions among young Saudi adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS We recruited a group of cigarette smokers (N=22) and a group of controls (non-smokers) (N=30) from apparently healthy male volunteers aged 18-29 years. Cognitive function was assessed by using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery (CANTAB). The cognitive functions outcome variables were the response time (attention-switching task [AST]), and the percentage of correct response (pattern recognition memory [PRM] task). Clinical, demographic, blood markers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E) were assessed between groups. RESULTS The 2 groups were matched for age and educational status. In comparison to the control group, smokers showed significant cognitive impairments in AST-Latency (p=0.001), AST-Congruent (p=0.001), and AST-Incongruent condition (p=0.001). There was not significant difference in BDNF APOE serum level between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that attention and alertness were significantly impaired in smokers compared to non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Faisal Alghamdi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhussien
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alohali
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tariq Almusned
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shahid Habib
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sotnikova A, Soff C, Tagliazucchi E, Becker K, Siniatchkin M. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Neuronal Networks in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:656-672. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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