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Lohse MJ, Bock A, Zaccolo M. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling: New Insights Define Cellular Nanodomains. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:387-415. [PMID: 37683278 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040623-115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the largest and pharmacologically most important receptor family and are involved in the regulation of most cell functions. Most of them reside exclusively at the cell surface, from where they signal via heterotrimeric G proteins to control the production of second messengers such as cAMP and IP3 as well as the activity of several ion channels. However, they may also internalize upon agonist stimulation or constitutively reside in various intracellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that their function differs depending on their precise cellular localization. This is because the signals they produce, notably cAMP and Ca2+, are mostly bound to cell proteins that significantly reduce their mobility, allowing the generation of steep concentration gradients. As a result, signals generated by the receptors remain confined to nanometer-sized domains. We propose that such nanometer-sized domains represent the basic signaling units in a cell and a new type of target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience Institute, Planegg/Munich, Germany;
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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2
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Lepeak L, Miracle S, Ferragud A, Seiglie MP, Shafique S, Ozturk Z, Minnig MA, Medeiros G, Cottone P, Sabino V. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Heavy Alcohol Drinking in Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0424-23.2023. [PMID: 38053471 PMCID: PMC10755645 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0424-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex psychiatric disease characterized by periods of heavy drinking and periods of withdrawal. Chronic exposure to ethanol causes profound neuroadaptations in the extended amygdala, which cause allostatic changes promoting excessive drinking. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region involved in both excessive drinking and anxiety-like behavior, shows particularly high levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a key mediator of the stress response. Recently, a role for PACAP in withdrawal-induced alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats has been proposed; whether the PACAP system of the BNST is also recruited in other models of alcohol addiction and whether it is of local or nonlocal origin is currently unknown. Here, we show that PACAP immunoreactivity is increased selectively in the BNST of C57BL/6J mice exposed to a chronic, intermittent access to ethanol. While pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor-expressing cells were unchanged by chronic alcohol, the levels of a peptide closely related to PACAP, the calcitonin gene-related neuropeptide, were found to also be increased in the BNST. Finally, using a retrograde chemogenetic approach in PACAP-ires-Cre mice, we found that the inhibition of PACAP neuronal afferents to the BNST reduced heavy ethanol drinking. Our data suggest that the PACAP system of the BNST is recruited by chronic, voluntary alcohol drinking in mice and that nonlocally originating PACAP projections to the BNST regulate heavy alcohol intake, indicating that this system may represent a promising target for novel AUD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Ferragud
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mariel P. Seiglie
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Samih Shafique
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Zeynep Ozturk
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Margaret A. Minnig
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Gianna Medeiros
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Dong LG, An MQ, Gu HY, Zhang LG, Zhang JB, Li CJ, Mao CJ, Wang F, Liu CF. PACAP/PAC1-R activation contributes to hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease model rats via promoting excitatory synaptic transmission of spinal dorsal horn neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2418-2431. [PMID: 37563446 PMCID: PMC10692161 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a common annoying non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that causes distress to patients. Treatment for PD pain remains a big challenge, as its underlying mechanisms are elusive. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor PAC1-R play important roles in regulating a variety of pathophysiological processes. In this study, we investigated whether PACAP/PAC1-R signaling was involved in the mechanisms of PD pain. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model was established in rats. Behavioral tests, electrophysiological and Western blotting analysis were conducted 3 weeks later. We found that 6-OHDA rats had significantly lower mechanical paw withdrawal 50% threshold in von Frey filament test and shorter tail flick latency, while mRNA levels of Pacap and Adcyap1r1 (gene encoding PAC1-R) in the spinal dorsal horn were significantly upregulated. Whole-cell recordings from coronal spinal cord slices at L4-L6 revealed that the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in dorsal horn neurons was significantly increased, which was reversed by application of a PAC1-R antagonist PACAP 6-38 (250 nM). Furthermore, we demonstrated that intrathecal microinjection of PACAP 6-38 (0.125, 0.5, 2 μg) dose-dependently ameliorated the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA rats. Inhibition of PACAP/PAC1-R signaling significantly suppressed the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in spinal dorsal horn of 6-OHDA rats. Microinjection of pAAV-Adcyap1r1 into L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn alleviated hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA rats. Intrathecal microinjection of ERK antagonist PD98059 (10 μg) significantly alleviated hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA rats associated with the inhibition of sEPSCs in dorsal horn neurons. In addition, we found that serum PACAP-38 concentration was significantly increased in PD patients with pain, and positively correlated with numerical rating scale score. In conclusion, activation of PACAP/PAC1-R induces the development of PD pain and targeting PACAP/PAC1-R is an alternative strategy for treating PD pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Dong
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Meng-Qi An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Han-Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Li-Ge Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830063, China.
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Srivastava K, Mishra R. Pax6 affects Ras-Raf-ERK1/2 in mouse aging brain. Biogerontology 2023; 24:901-912. [PMID: 37436500 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Pax6, a transcription factor and multifunctional protein, changes during aging. It also interacts with regulator proteins involved in cell metabolism and survival signalling pathways including Ras-GAP. Many forms of Ras, Raf and ERK1/2 are known but information on their region-specific expression patterns are unavailable from brain during aging. Therefore, it has been intended to evaluate expressions of Pax6 and forms of Ras, Raf, ERK1/2 in hippocampus, caudate nucleus, amygdale, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and olfactory lobe. Association of Pax6 with Ras, Raf and ERK1/2 was evaluated in co-culture (PC-12, C6-glia, U-87 MG) of neuroglia cell lines. Impacts of Pax6 were evaluated by siRNA mediated knockdown and expression patterns Ras-Raf-Erk1/2. Analysis of activities of Pax6 and impacts of 5'AMP, wild-type and mutant ERK were done by RT-PCR and luciferase reporter assay. Results indicate age-dependent changes of Pax6, Ras, Raf, ERK1/2 in different regions of brain of young and old mice. Erk1/2 shows synergistic activities to Pax6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Srivastava
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Jiang SZ, Zhang HY, Eiden LE. PACAP Controls Endocrine and Behavioral Stress Responses via Separate Brain Circuits. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:673-685. [PMID: 37881538 PMCID: PMC10593940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) is a master regulator of central and peripheral stress responses, yet it is not clear how PACAP projections throughout the brain execute endocrine and behavioral stress responses. Methods We used AAV (adeno-associated virus) neuronal tracing, an acute restraint stress (ARS) paradigm, and intersectional genetics, in C57BL/6 mice, to identify PACAP-containing circuits controlling stress-induced behavior and endocrine activation. Results PACAP deletion from forebrain excitatory neurons, including a projection directly from medial prefrontal cortex to hypothalamus, impairs c-fos activation and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) messenger RNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus after 2 hours of restraint, without affecting ARS-induced hypophagia, or c-fos elevation in nonhypothalamic brain. Elimination of PACAP within projections from lateral parabrachial nucleus to extended amygdala, on the other hand, attenuates ARS-induced hypophagia, along with extended amygdala fos induction, without affecting ARS-induced CRH messenger RNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus. PACAP projections to extended amygdala terminate at protein kinase C delta type (PKCδ) neurons in both the central amygdala and the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Silencing of PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala, but not in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, attenuates ARS-induced hypophagia. Experiments were carried out in mice of both sexes with n ≥ 3 per group. Conclusions A frontocortical descending PACAP projection controls paraventricular nucleus CRH messenger RNA production to maintain hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and regulate the endocrine response to stress. An ascending PACAPergic projection from the external lateral parabrachial nucleus to PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala regulates behavioral responses to stress. Defining two separate limbs of the acute stress response provides broader insight into the specific brain circuitry engaged by the psychogenic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Zhihong Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
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Seiglie MP, Lepeak L, Miracle S, Cottone P, Sabino V. Stimulation of lateral parabrachial (LPB) to central amygdala (CeA) pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) neurons induces anxiety-like behavior and mechanical allodynia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 230:173605. [PMID: 37499765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, and they are highly comorbid with chronic pain conditions. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is known not only for its role in the regulation of anxiety but also as an important site for the negative affective dimension of pain. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide whose terminals are abundant in the CeA, is strongly implicated in the stress response as well as in pain processing. Here, using Cre-dependent viral vectors, we explored in greater detail the role of the PACAP projection to the CeA that originates in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB). METHODS We first performed a circuit mapping experiment by injecting an anterograde Cre-dependent virus expressing a fluorescent reporter in the LPB of PACAP-Cre mice and observing their projections. Then, we used a chemogenetic approach (a Cre-dependent Designer Receptors Activated by Designer Drugs, DREADDs) to assess the effects of the direct stimulation of the PACAP LPB to CeA projection on general locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior (using a defensive withdrawal test), and mechanical pain sensitivity (using the von Frey test). RESULTS We found that the CeA, together with other areas, is one of the major downstream projection targets of PACAP neurons originating in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB). In the DREADD experiment, we then found that the selective activation of this neuronal pathway is sufficient to increase both anxiety-like behavior and mechanical pain sensitivity in mice, without affecting general locomotor activity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data suggest that the dysregulation of this circuit may contribute to a variety of anxiety disorders and chronic pain states, and that PACAP may represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel P Seiglie
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Lepeak
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia Miracle
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Hu Y, Zhao M, Wang H, Guo Y, Cheng X, Zhao T, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Tao W. Exosome-sheathed ROS-responsive nanogel to improve targeted therapy in perimenopausal depression. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37553718 PMCID: PMC10408189 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of natural membranes as coatings for nanoparticles to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents an effective approach for treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this study, we have designed a nanogel loaded with PACAP and estrogen (E2), sheathed with exosomes and responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), denoted as HA NGs@exosomes. The objective of this novel design is to serve as a potent drug carrier for the targeted treatment of perimenopausal depression. The efficient cellular uptake and BBB penetration of HA NGs@exosomes has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Following intranasal intervention with HA NGs@exosomes, ovariectomized mice under chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) have shown improved behavioral performance, indicating that HA NGs@exosomes produced a rapid-onset antidepressant effect. Moreover, HA NGs@exosomes exhibit notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may regulate the expression of pivotal proteins in the PACAP/PAC1 pathway to promote synaptic plasticity. Our results serve as a proof-of-concept for the utility of exosome-sheathed ROS-responsive nanogel as a promising drug carrier for the treatment of perimenopausal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaolan Cheng
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- School of pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 8 Zhongnan West Road, Wuxi, 214071, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Hwang KD, Baek J, Ryu HH, Lee J, Shim HG, Kim SY, Kim SJ, Lee YS. Cerebellar nuclei neurons projecting to the lateral parabrachial nucleus modulate classical fear conditioning. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112291. [PMID: 36952344 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple brain regions are engaged in classical fear conditioning. Despite evidence for cerebellar involvement in fear conditioning, the mechanisms by which cerebellar outputs modulate fear learning and memory remain unclear. We identify a population of deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) neurons with monosynaptic glutamatergic projections to the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) (DCN→lPBN neurons) in mice. While optogenetic suppression of DCN→lPBN neurons impairs auditory fear memory, activation of DCN→lPBN neurons elicits freezing behavior only after auditory fear conditioning. Moreover, auditory fear conditioning potentiates DCN-lPBN synapses, and subsequently, auditory cue activates lPBN neurons after fear conditioning. Furthermore, DCN→lPBN neuron activation can replace the auditory cue but not footshock in fear conditioning. These findings demonstrate that cerebellar nuclei modulate auditory fear conditioning via transmitting conditioned stimuli signals to the lPBN. Collectively, our findings suggest that the DCN-lPBN circuit is a part of neuronal substrates within interconnected brain regions underscoring auditory fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Doo Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Baek
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Ryu
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Geun Shim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Muscat SM, Butler MJ, Mackey-Alfonso SE, Barrientos RM. Young adult and aged female rats are vulnerable to amygdala-dependent, but not hippocampus-dependent, memory impairment following short-term high-fat diet. Brain Res Bull 2023; 195:145-156. [PMID: 36870621 PMCID: PMC10257807 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Global populations are increasingly consuming diets high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates, and such diets have been well-associated with heightened inflammation and neurological dysfunction. Notably, older individuals are particularly vulnerable to the impact of unhealthy diet on cognition, even after a single meal, and pre-clinical rodent studies have demonstrated that short-term consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) induces marked increases in neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Unfortunately though, to date, most studies on the topic of nutrition and cognition, especially in aging, have been performed only in male rodents. This is especially concerning given that older females are more vulnerable to develop certain memory deficits and/or severe memory-related pathologies than males. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which short-term HFD consumption impacts memory function and neuroinflammation in female rats. Young adult (3 months) and aged (20-22 months) female rats were fed HFD for 3 days. Using contextual fear conditioning, we found that HFD had no effect on long-term contextual memory (hippocampus-dependent) at either age, but impaired long-term auditory-cued memory (amygdala-dependent) regardless of age. Gene expression of Il-1β was markedly dysregulated in the amygdala, but not hippocampus, of both young and aged rats after 3 days of HFD. Interestingly, modulation of IL-1 signaling via central administration of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (which we have previously demonstrated to be protective in males) had no impact on memory function following the HFD in females. Investigation of the memory-associated gene Pacap and its receptor Pac1r revealed differential effects of HFD on their expression in the hippocampus and amygdala. Specifically, HFD induced increased expression of Pacap and Pac1r in the hippocampus, whereas decreased Pacap was observed in the amygdala. Collectively, these data suggest that both young adult and aged female rats are vulnerable to amygdala-dependent (but not hippocampus-dependent) memory impairments following short-term HFD consumption, and identify potential mechanisms related to IL-1β and PACAP signaling in these differential effects. Notably, these findings are strikingly different than those previously reported in male rats using the same diet regimen and behavioral paradigms, and highlight the importance of examining potential sex differences in the context of neuroimmune-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Muscat
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Butler
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sabrina E Mackey-Alfonso
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruth M Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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10
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Alexander TI, Tasma Z, Siow A, Rees TA, Brimble MA, Harris PWR, Hay DL, Walker CS. Novel Fluorescently Labeled PACAP and VIP Highlight Differences between Peptide Internalization and Receptor Pharmacology. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 6:52-64. [PMID: 36654758 PMCID: PMC9841777 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The related peptides pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have diverse biological functions in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Therefore, these peptides and their three receptors represent potential drug targets for several conditions, including neurological and pain-related disorders. However, very little is known about how these peptides regulate their receptors through processes such as internalization. Therefore, we developed tools to study receptor regulation through the synthesis of fluorescently labeled analogues of PACAP-38, PACAP-27, and VIP using copper-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the Cy5 fluorophore. The functionality of Cy5-labeled peptides at their receptors was confirmed in cAMP accumulation assays. Internalization of the Cy5-labeled peptides was then examined and quantified at two distinct PAC1 receptor splice variants, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors in transfected cells. All labeled peptides were functional, exhibiting comparable cAMP pharmacology to their unlabeled counterparts and underwent internalization in a time-dependent manner. Temporal differences in the internalization profiles were observed between Cy5-labeled peptides at the PAC1n, PAC1s, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors. Interestingly, the pattern of Cy5-labeled peptide activity differed for cAMP accumulation and internalization, indicating that these peptides differentially stimulate cAMP accumulation and internalization and therefore display biased agonism. This novel insight into PACAP-responsive receptor signaling and internalization may provide a unique avenue for future therapeutic development. The fluorescently labeled PACAP and VIP peptides described herein, which we validated as tools to study receptor internalization, will have utility across a broad range of applications and provide greater insight into this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyla I. Alexander
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University
of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand,Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Tasma
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Siow
- School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tayla A. Rees
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University
of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand,Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand,
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11
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Paksoy A, Hoppe S, Dörflinger Y, Horstmann H, Sätzler K, Körber C. Effects of the clathrin inhibitor Pitstop-2 on synaptic vesicle recycling at a central synapse in vivo. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:1056308. [PMID: 36466146 PMCID: PMC9714552 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1056308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Four modes of endocytosis and subsequent synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling have been described at the presynapse to ensure the availability of SVs for synaptic release. However, it is unclear to what extend these modes operate under physiological activity patterns in vivo. The coat protein clathrin can regenerate SVs either directly from the plasma membrane (PM) via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), or indirectly from synaptic endosomes by SV budding. Here, we examined the role of clathrin in SV recycling under physiological conditions by applying the clathrin inhibitor Pitstop-2 to the calyx of Held, a synapse optimized for high frequency synaptic transmission in the auditory brainstem, in vivo. The effects of clathrin-inhibition on SV recycling were investigated by serial sectioning scanning electron microscopy (S3EM) and 3D reconstructions of endocytic structures labeled by the endocytosis marker horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We observed large endosomal compartments as well as HRP-filled, black SVs (bSVs) that have been recently recycled. The application of Pitstop-2 led to reduced bSV but not large endosome density, increased volumes of large endosomes and shifts in the localization of both types of endocytic compartments within the synapse. These changes after perturbation of clathrin function suggest that clathrin plays a role in SV recycling from both, the PM and large endosomes, under physiological activity patterns, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alp Paksoy
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Hoppe
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvette Dörflinger
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Horstmann
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Sätzler
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Körber
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Liu YJ, Li YL, Fang ZH, Liao HL, Zhang YY, Lin J, Liu F, Shen JF. NMDARs mediate peripheral and central sensitization contributing to chronic orofacial pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:999509. [PMID: 36238833 PMCID: PMC9553029 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.999509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and central sensitizations of the trigeminal nervous system are the main mechanisms to promote the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain characterized by allodynia, hyperalgesia, and ectopic pain after trigeminal nerve injury or inflammation. Although the pathomechanisms of chronic orofacial pain are complex and not well known, sufficient clinical and preclinical evidence supports the contribution of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs, a subclass of ionotropic glutamate receptors) to the trigeminal nociceptive signal processing pathway under various pathological conditions. NMDARs not only have been implicated as a potential mediator of pain-related neuroplasticity in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but also mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we focus on the pivotal roles and mechanisms of NMDARs in the trigeminal nervous system under orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In particular, we summarize the types, components, and distribution of NMDARs in the trigeminal nervous system. Besides, we discuss the regulatory roles of neuron-nonneuronal cell/neuron-neuron communication mediated by NMDARs in the peripheral mechanisms of chronic orofacial pain following neuropathic injury and inflammation. Furthermore, we review the functional roles and mechanisms of NMDARs in the ascending and descending circuits under orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain conditions, which contribute to the central sensitization. These findings are not only relevant to understanding the underlying mechanisms, but also shed new light on the targeted therapy of chronic orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Fei Shen Fei Liu
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Fei Shen Fei Liu
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13
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The Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) System of the Central Amygdala Mediates the Detrimental Effects of Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Rats. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0260-22.2022. [PMID: 36566434 PMCID: PMC9506682 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0260-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric diseases stem from an inability to cope with stressful events, as chronic stressors can precipitate or exacerbate psychopathologies. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the response to chronic stress and the resulting anxiety states remain poorly understood. Stress neuropeptides in the extended amygdala circuitry mediate the behavioral response to stress, and hyperactivity of these systems has been hypothesized to be responsible for the emergence of persistent negative outcomes and for the pathogenesis of anxiety-related and trauma-related disorders. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor PAC1R are highly expressed within the central amygdala (CeA) and play a key role in stress regulation. Here, we used chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a clinically relevant model of psychosocial stress that produces robust maladaptive behaviors in rodents. We found that 10 days of CSDS cause a significant increase in PACAP levels selectively in the CeA of rats, as well as an increase in PAC1R mRNA. Using a viral vector strategy, we found that PAC1R knock-down in the CeA attenuates the CSDS-induced body weight loss and prevents the CSDS-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior. Notably, CSDS animals display reduced basal corticosterone (CORT) levels and PAC1R knock-down in CeA further reduce them. Finally, the CeA PAC1R knock-down blocks the increase in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactivity induced by CSDS in CeA. Our findings support the notion that the persistent activation of the PACAP-PAC1R system in the CeA mediates the behavioral outcomes of chronic psychosocial stress independently of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, perhaps via the recruitment of the CRF system.
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14
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He T, Chen W, Fan Y, Xu X, Guo H, Li N, Lu X, Ge F, Guan X. A novel cholinergic projection from the lateral parabrachial nucleus and its role in methamphetamine-primed conditioned place preference. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac219. [PMID: 36213311 PMCID: PMC9536296 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug relapse is a big clinical challenge in the treatment of addiction, but its neural circuit mechanism is far from being fully understood. Here, we identified a novel cholinergic pathway from choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (eLPBChAT) to the GABAergic neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeAGABA) and explored its role in methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference. The anatomical structure and functional innervation of the eLPBChAT–CeAGABA pathway were investigated by various methods such as fluorescent micro-optical sectioning tomography, virus-based neural tracing, fibre photometry, patch-clamp and designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug. The role of the eLPBChAT–CeAGABA pathway in methamphetamine relapse was assessed using methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference behaviours in male mice. We found that the eLPBChAT neurons mainly projected to the central nucleus of the amygdala. A chemogenetic activation of the eLPBChAT neurons in vitro or in vivo triggered the excitabilities of the CeAGABA neurons, which is at least in part mediated via the cholinergic receptor system. Most importantly, the chemogenetic activation of either the eLPBChAT neurons or the eLPBChAT neurons that project onto the central nucleus of the amygdala decreased the methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference in mice. Our findings revealed a previously undiscovered cholinergic pathway of the eLPBChAT–CeAGABA and showed that the activation of this pathway decreased the methamphetamine priming-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hao Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nanqin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feifei Ge
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Feifei Ge, PhD E-mail:
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Correspondence to: Xiaowei Guan, MD, PhD Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, China E-mail:
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15
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Eiden LE, Hernández VS, Jiang SZ, Zhang L. Neuropeptides and small-molecule amine transmitters: cooperative signaling in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:492. [PMID: 35997826 PMCID: PMC11072502 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are expressed in cell-specific patterns throughout mammalian brain. Neuropeptide gene expression has been useful for clustering neurons by phenotype, based on single-cell transcriptomics, and for defining specific functional circuits throughout the brain. How neuropeptides function as first messengers in inter-neuronal communication, in cooperation with classical small-molecule amine transmitters (SMATs) is a current topic of systems neurobiology. Questions include how neuropeptides and SMATs cooperate in neurotransmission at the molecular, cellular and circuit levels; whether neuropeptides and SMATs always co-exist in neurons; where neuropeptides and SMATs are stored in the neuron, released from the neuron and acting, and at which receptors, after release; and how neuropeptides affect 'classical' transmitter function, both directly upon co-release, and indirectly, via long-term regulation of gene transcription and neuronal plasticity. Here, we review an extensive body of data about the distribution of neuropeptides and their receptors, their actions after neuronal release, and their function based on pharmacological and genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments, that addresses these questions, fundamental to understanding brain function, and development of neuropeptide-based, and potentially combinatorial peptide/SMAT-based, neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Vito S Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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16
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Lu J, Piper SJ, Zhao P, Miller LJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Targeting VIP and PACAP Receptor Signaling: New Insights into Designing Drugs for the PACAP Subfamily of Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8069. [PMID: 35897648 PMCID: PMC9331257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes through activating the PACAP subfamily of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): VIP receptor 1 (VPAC1R), VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2R), and PACAP type I receptor (PAC1R). VIP and PACAP share nearly 70% amino acid sequence identity, while their receptors PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R share 60% homology in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. PACAP binds with high affinity to all three receptors, while VIP binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, and has a thousand-fold lower affinity for PAC1R compared to PACAP. Due to the wide distribution of VIP and PACAP receptors in the body, potential therapeutic applications of drugs targeting these receptors, as well as expected undesired side effects, are numerous. Designing selective therapeutics targeting these receptors remains challenging due to their structural similarities. This review discusses recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms involved in the selectivity and signaling of the PACAP subfamily of receptors, and future considerations for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sarah J. Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.L.); (S.J.P.); (P.Z.)
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17
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McKay K, Hamilton NB, Remington JM, Schneebeli ST, Li J. Essential Dynamics Ensemble Docking for Structure-Based GPCR Drug Discovery. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:879212. [PMID: 35847975 PMCID: PMC9277106 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.879212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of biologically relevant protein structures can hinder rational design of small molecules to target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). While ensemble docking using multiple models of the protein target is a promising technique for structure-based drug discovery, model clustering and selection still need further investigations to achieve both high accuracy and efficiency. In this work, we have developed an original ensemble docking approach, which identifies the most relevant conformations based on the essential dynamics of the protein pocket. This approach is applied to the study of small-molecule antagonists for the PAC1 receptor, a class B GPCR and a regulator of stress. As few as four representative PAC1 models are selected from simulations of a homology model and then used to screen three million compounds from the ZINC database and 23 experimentally validated compounds for PAC1 targeting. Our essential dynamics ensemble docking (EDED) approach can effectively reduce the number of false negatives in virtual screening and improve the accuracy to seek potent compounds. Given the cost and difficulties to determine membrane protein structures for all the relevant states, our methodology can be useful for future discovery of small molecules to target more other GPCRs, either with or without experimental structures.
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18
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Li J, Remington JM, Liao C, Parsons RL, Schneebeli S, Braas KM, May V, Brewer M. GPCR Intracellular Loop Regulation of Beta-Arrestin-Mediated Endosomal Signaling Dynamics. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1358-1373. [PMID: 35538393 PMCID: PMC9311399 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are currently appreciated to be routed to diverse cellular platforms to generate both G protein-dependent and -independent signals. The latter has been best studied with respect to β-arrestin-associated receptor internalization and trafficking to signaling endosomes for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. However, how GPCR structural and conformational variants regulate endosomal ERK signaling dynamics, which can be central in neural development, plasticity, and disease processes, is not well understood. Among class B GPCRs, the PACAP-selective PAC1 receptor is unique in the expression of variants that can contain intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) cassette inserts. The nervous system expresses preferentially the PAC1Null (no insert) and PAC1Hop (28-amino acid Hop insert) receptor variants. Our molecular modeling and signaling studies revealed that the PAC1Null and PAC1Hop receptor variants can associate with β-arrestin differentially, resulting in enhanced receptor internalization and ERK activation for the PAC1Hop variant. The study amplifies our understandings of GPCR intracellular loop structure/function relationships with the first example of how the duration of endosomal ERK activation can be guided by ICL3. The results provide a framework for how changes in GPCR variant expression can impact developmental and homeostatic processes and may be contributory to maladaptive neuroplasticity underlying chronic pain and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jacob M Remington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rodney L Parsons
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Severin Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Matthias Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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19
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Boucher MN, Aktar M, Braas KM, May V, Hammack SE. Activation of Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus (LPBn) PACAP-Expressing Projection Neurons to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) Enhances Anxiety-like Behavior. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:451-458. [PMID: 34811712 PMCID: PMC8930475 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders, and understanding the underlying neurocircuitry of anxiety- and stress-related behaviors may be important for treatment. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) has been studied for its role in many stress-related pathologies, such as anxiety, pain, depression, and addiction. Our prior work has demonstrated that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor activation in the BNST mediates many of the behavioral consequences of chronic stress. While the BNST contains local PACAP-expressing neurons, a major source of afferent PACAP is the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBn), and excitotoxic lesions of the LPBn substantially decreasess PACAP immunostaining in the BNST. Here, we first assessed Cre-dependent reporter expression by injecting AAV2-hSyn-DIO-mCherry into the LPBn of PACAP-IRES-Cre mice for circuit mapping studies and identified PACAP projections to the BNST, lateral capsular central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC), and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). In a second study, we assessed the effects of chemogenetically activating LPBn PACAP afferents in the BNST by injecting AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry into the LPBn of PACAP-IRES-Cre mice for Cre-dependent expression of excitatory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). Before behavioral testing, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), the selective agonist of our DREADD, was infused directly into the BNST. We found that after specific activation of LPBn PACAP afferents in the BNST, mice had increased anxiety-like behavior compared with controls, while total locomotor activity was unaffected. These results indicate that activation of PACAPergic LPBn projections to the BNST may play an important role in producing anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N. Boucher
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Mahafuza Aktar
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Karen M. Braas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sayamwong E. Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA,Corresponding author:
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20
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Quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103500. [PMID: 35032884 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which have different pathogenic mechanisms, both negatively affect patients during their lifetime. We aimed to analyze and compare the quality of life (QoL) of patients with MS and NMOSD, its longitudinal course, and associated factors between the two diseases. METHODS Between June 2018 and April 2020, patients with MS and NMOSD who visited a tertiary hospital were prospectively enrolled. The EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) utility index, of which low values represent poor QoL, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were collected at enrollment and at follow-up with a 6-12-month interval. At baseline, the degree of QoL and its determinants were analyzed and compared between the MS and NMOSD groups. We also analyzed the longitudinal alteration of the EQ-5D utility indices over time and the factors associated with the follow-up QoL. RESULTS During the study period, 171 patients (MS, 120; NMOSD, 51) were included. The median age was 46 years, and median EDSS score and follow-up duration were 2.5 and 8 months, respectively. At baseline, the EQ-5D utility indices were low and comparable between the MS and NMOSD groups (median: 0.86 vs. 0.82, p = 0.823). A higher HADS total score (more severe anxiety/depression symptoms) showed an independent and significant association with the baseline EQ-5D utility index in both disease groups. Longitudinally, the EQ-5D utility indices remained low. Although they did not significantly change over time at a group level, more than 50% of patients showed a longitudinal change in their EQ-5D indices in both disease groups. Of note, a higher HADS total score at enrollment was an independent predictor for poor QoL at follow-up in both disease groups. CONCLUSIONS The QoL was similarly impaired between patients with MS and those with NMOSD and remained low during the follow-up period. A higher total scale of HADS was an independent risk factor for a lower QoL at baseline and at follow-up in both disease conditions, suggesting that clinicians should pay more attention to anxiety and depression in patients with MS and those with NMOSD in the long term.
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21
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Jaramillo AA, Brown JA, Winder DG. Danger and distress: Parabrachial-extended amygdala circuits. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108757. [PMID: 34461068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) has evolved as technology has advanced, in part due to cell-specific studies and complex behavioral assays. This is reflected in the heterogeneous neuronal populations within the PBN to the extended amygdala (EA) circuits which encompass the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and central amygdala (CeA) circuitry, as they differentially modulate aspects of behavior in response to diverse threat-like contexts necessary for survival. Here we review how the PBN→CeA and PBN→BNST pathways differentially modulate fear-like behavior, innate and conditioned, through unique changes in neurotransmission in response to stress-inducing contexts. Furthermore, we hypothesize how in specific instances the PBN→CeA and PBN→BNST circuits are redundant and in part intertwined with their respective reciprocal projections. By deconstructing the interoceptive and exteroceptive components of affect- and stress related behavioral paradigms, evidence suggests that the PBN→CeA circuit modulates innate response to physical stimuli and fear conditioning. Conversely, the PBN→BNST circuit modulates distress-like stress in unpredictable contexts. Thereby, the PBN provides a pathway for alarming interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli to be processed and relayed to the EA to induce stress-relevant affect. Additionally, we provide a framework for future studies to detail the cell-type specific intricacies of PBN→EA circuits in mediating behavioral responses to threats, and the relevance of the PBN in drug-use as it relates to threat and negative reinforcement. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Jaramillo
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. Mol. Phys. & Biophysics, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, USA
| | - J A Brown
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. Mol. Phys. & Biophysics, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, USA; Department of Pharmacology, USA
| | - D G Winder
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Dept. Mol. Phys. & Biophysics, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, USA; Department of Pharmacology, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, USA.
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22
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Boucher MN, May V, Braas KM, Hammack SE. PACAP orchestration of stress-related responses in neural circuits. Peptides 2021; 142:170554. [PMID: 33865930 PMCID: PMC8592028 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic polypeptide that can activate G protein-coupled PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors, and has been implicated in stress signaling. PACAP and its receptors are widely distributed throughout the nervous system and other tissues and can have a multitude of effects. Human and animal studies suggest that PACAP plays a role responding to a variety of threats and stressors. Here we review the roles of PACAP in several regions of the central nervous system (CNS) as they relate to several behavioral functions. For example, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), PACAP is upregulated following chronic stress and may drive anxiety-like behavior. PACAP can also influence both the consolidation and expression of fear memories, as demonstrated by studies in several fear-related areas, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. PACAP can also mediate the emotional component of pain, as PACAP in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is able to decrease pain sensitivity thresholds. Outside of the central nervous system, PACAP may drive glucocorticoid release via enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and may participate in infection-induced stress responses. Together, this suggests that PACAP exerts effects on many stress-related systems and may be an important driver of emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Boucher
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States.
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, United States
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23
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Ago Y, Asano S, Hashimoto H, Waschek JA. Probing the VIPR2 Microduplication Linkage to Schizophrenia in Animal and Cellular Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:717490. [PMID: 34366784 PMCID: PMC8339898 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.717490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name ADCYAP1) is a multifunctional neuropeptide involved in brain development and synaptic plasticity. With respect to PACAP function, most attention has been given to that mediated by its specific receptor PAC1 (ADCYAP1R1). However, PACAP also binds tightly to the high affinity receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, VIP), called VPAC1 and VPAC2 (VIPR1 and VIPR2, respectively). Depending on innervation patterns, PACAP can thus interact physiologically with any of these receptors. VPAC2 receptors, the focus of this review, are known to have a pivotal role in regulating circadian rhythms and to affect multiple other processes in the brain, including those involved in fear cognition. Accumulating evidence in human genetics indicates that microduplications at 7q36.3, containing VIPR2 gene, are linked to schizophrenia and possibly autism spectrum disorder. Although detailed molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, recent studies in animal models suggest that overactivation of the VPAC2 receptor disrupts cortical circuit maturation. The VIPR2 linkage can thus be potentially explained by inappropriate control of receptor signaling at a time when neural circuits involved in cognition and social behavior are being established. Alternatively, or in addition, VPAC2 receptor overactivity may disrupt ongoing synaptic plasticity during processes of learning and memory. Finally, in vitro data indicate that PACAP and VIP have differential activities on the maturation of neurons via their distinct signaling pathways. Thus perturbations in the balance of VPAC2, VPAC1, and PAC1 receptors and their ligands may have important consequences in brain development and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Potent Therapeutic Agent in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030354. [PMID: 33653014 PMCID: PMC7996859 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening condition that is characterized by secondary cell death processes that occur after the initial disruption of blood flow to the brain. The inability of endogenous repair mechanisms to sufficiently support functional recovery in stroke patients and the inadequate treatment options available are cause for concern. The pathology behind oxidative stress in stroke is of particular interest due to its detrimental effects on the brain. The oxidative stress caused by ischemic stroke overwhelms the neutralization capacity of the body's endogenous antioxidant system, which leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and eventually results in cell death. The overproduction of ROS compromises the functional and structural integrity of brain tissue. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress to help obtain adequate treatment options for stroke. Here, we focus on the latest preclinical research that details the mechanisms behind secondary cell death processes that cause many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, as well as research that relates to how the neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAPs) could make these molecules an ideal candidate for the treatment of stroke.
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25
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Le May MV, Peris-Sampedro F, Stoltenborg I, Schéle E, Bake T, Adan RAH, Dickson SL. Functional and Neurochemical Identification of Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR)-Expressing Cells of the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:633018. [PMID: 33658910 PMCID: PMC7917048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.633018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN), located in the pons, is a well-recognized anorexigenic center harboring, amongst others, the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-expressing neurons that play a key role. The receptor for the orexigenic hormone ghrelin (the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) is also abundantly expressed in the lPBN and ghrelin delivery to this site has recently been shown to increase food intake and alter food choice. Here we sought to explore whether GHSR-expressing cells in the lPBN (GHSR lPBN cells) contribute to feeding control, food choice and body weight gain in mice offered an obesogenic diet, involving studies in which GHSR lPBN cells were silenced. We also explored the neurochemical identity of GHSR lPBN cells. To silence GHSR lPBN cells, Ghsr-IRES-Cre male mice were bilaterally injected intra-lPBN with a Cre-dependent viral vector expressing tetanus toxin-light chain. Unlike control wild-type littermates that significantly increased in body weight on the obesogenic diet (i.e., high-fat high-sugar free choice diet comprising chow, lard and 9% sucrose solution), the heterozygous mice with silenced GHSR lPBN cells were resistant to diet-induced weight gain with significantly lower food intake and fat weight. The lean phenotype appeared to result from a decreased food intake compared to controls and caloric efficiency was unaltered. Additionally, silencing the GHSR lPBN cells altered food choice, significantly reducing palatable food consumption. RNAscope and immunohistochemical studies of the lPBN revealed considerable co-expression of GHSR with glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and much less with neurotensin, substance P and CGRP. Thus, the GHSR lPBN cells are important for diet-induced weight gain and adiposity, as well as in the regulation of food intake and food choice. Most GHSR lPBN cells were found to be glutamatergic and the majority (76%) do not belong to the well-characterized anorexigenic CGRP cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Le May
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iris Stoltenborg
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Bake
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Walker LC. A balancing act: the role of pro- and anti-stress peptides within the central amygdala in anxiety and alcohol use disorders. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1615-1643. [PMID: 33450069 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is widely implicated as a structure that integrates both appetitive and aversive stimuli. While intrinsic CeA microcircuits primarily consist of GABAergic neurons that regulate amygdala output, a notable feature of the CeA is the heterogeneity of neuropeptides and neuropeptide/neuromodulator receptors that it expresses. There is growing interest in the role of the CeA in mediating psychopathologies, including stress and anxiety states and their interactions with alcohol use disorders. Within the CeA, neuropeptides and neuromodulators often exert pro- or anti- stress actions, which can influence anxiety and alcohol associated behaviours. In turn, alcohol use can cause adaptions within the CeA, which may render an individual more vulnerable to stress which is a major trigger of relapse to alcohol seeking. This review examines the neurocircuitry, neurochemical phenotypes and how pro- and anti-stress peptide systems act within the CeA to regulate anxiety and alcohol seeking, focusing on preclinical observations from animal models. Furthermore, literature exploring the targeting of genetically defined populations or neuronal ensembles and the role of the CeA in mediating sex differences in stress x alcohol interactions are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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27
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates dependence-induced alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:509-518. [PMID: 33191400 PMCID: PMC8027820 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a devastating illness defined by periods of heavy drinking and withdrawal, often leading to a chronic relapsing course. Initially, alcohol is consumed for its positive reinforcing effects, but later stages of AUD are characterized by drinking to alleviate withdrawal-induced negative emotional states. Brain stress response systems in the extended amygdala are recruited by excessive alcohol intake, sensitized by repeated withdrawal, and contribute to the development of addiction. In this study, we investigated one such brain stress response system, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and its cognate receptor, PAC1R, in alcohol withdrawal-induced behaviors. During acute withdrawal, rats exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (ethanol-dependent) displayed a significant increase in PACAP levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain area within the extended amygdala critically involved in both stress and withdrawal. No changes in PACAP levels were observed in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Site-specific microinfusion of the PAC1R antagonist PACAP(6-38) into the BNST dose-dependently blocked excessive alcohol intake in ethanol-dependent rats without affecting water intake overall or basal ethanol intake in control, nondependent rats. Intra-BNST PACAP(6-38) also reversed ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in ethanol-dependent rats, but did not affect this measure in control rats. Our findings show that chronic intermittent exposure to ethanol recruits the PACAP/PAC1R system of the BNST and that these neuroadaptations mediate the heightened alcohol drinking and anxiety-like behavior observed during withdrawal, suggesting that this system represents a major brain stress element responsible for the negative reinforcement associated with the "dark side" of alcohol addiction.
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28
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Yousuf MS, Shiers SI, Sahn JJ, Price TJ. Pharmacological Manipulation of Translation as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Pain. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:59-88. [PMID: 33203717 PMCID: PMC7736833 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in regulation of mRNA translation is an increasingly recognized characteristic of many diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, and chronic pain. Approximately 50 million adults in the United States experience chronic pain. This economic burden is greater than annual costs associated with heart disease, cancer, and diabetes combined. Treatment options for chronic pain are inadequately efficacious and riddled with adverse side effects. There is thus an urgent unmet need for novel approaches to treating chronic pain. Sensitization of neurons along the nociceptive pathway causes chronic pain states driving symptoms that include spontaneous pain and mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. More than a decade of preclinical research demonstrates that translational mechanisms regulate the changes in gene expression that are required for ongoing sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons. This review will describe how key translation regulation signaling pathways, including the integrated stress response, mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinases, impact the translation of different subsets of mRNAs. We then place these mechanisms of translation regulation in the context of chronic pain states, evaluate currently available therapies, and examine the potential for developing novel drugs. Considering the large body of evidence now published in this area, we propose that pharmacologically manipulating specific aspects of the translational machinery may reverse key neuronal phenotypic changes causing different chronic pain conditions. Therapeutics targeting these pathways could eventually be first-line drugs used to treat chronic pain disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Translational mechanisms regulating protein synthesis underlie phenotypic changes in the sensory nervous system that drive chronic pain states. This review highlights regulatory mechanisms that control translation initiation and how to exploit them in treating persistent pain conditions. We explore the role of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase inhibitors and AMPK activators in alleviating pain hypersensitivity. Modulation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α phosphorylation is also discussed as a potential therapy. Targeting specific translation regulation mechanisms may reverse changes in neuronal hyperexcitability associated with painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
| | - Stephanie I Shiers
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
| | - James J Sahn
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (M.S.Y., S.I.S., T.J.P.) and 4E Therapeutics Inc, Austin, Texas (J.J.S.)
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29
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Wang L, Zhang J, Li G, Cao C, Fang R, Liu P, Luo S, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Zhang K. The ADCYAP1R1 Gene Is Correlated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Through Diverse Epistases in a Traumatized Chinese Population. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:665599. [PMID: 34163384 PMCID: PMC8216487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary) receptor (ADCYAP1R1) gene is associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which controls stress responses. The single-nucleotide polymorphism of ADCYAP1R1, rs2267735, has been investigated in many studies to test its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the results have not been consistent. It is worth systematically exploring the role of rs2267735 in PTSD development. In this study, we analyzed rs2267735 in 1,132 trauma-exposed Chinese individuals (772 females and 360 males). We utilized the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) to measure the PTSD symptoms. Then, we analyzed the main, G × E (rs2267735 × trauma exposure), and G × G (with other HPA axis gene polymorphisms) effects of rs2267735 on PTSD severity (total symptoms). There were no significant main or G × E effects (P > 0.05). The G × G ADCYAP1R1-FKBP5 interaction (rs2267735 × rs1360780) was associated with PTSD severity (beta = -1.31 and P = 0.049) based on all subjects, and the G × G ADCYAP1R1-CRHR1 interaction (rs2267735 × rs242924) was correlated with PTSD severity in men (beta = -4.72 and P = 0.023). Our study indicated that the ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism rs2267735 may affect PTSD development through diverse gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengqi Cao
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Shu Luo
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Guangyi Zhao
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Hammack SE, Braas KM, May V. Chemoarchitecture of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Neurophenotypic diversity and function. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:385-402. [PMID: 34225977 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a compact but neurophenotypically complex structure in the ventral forebrain that is structurally and functionally linked to other limbic structures, including the amygdala nuclear complex, hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and related midbrain structures, to participate in a wide range of functions, especially emotion, emotional learning, stress-related responses, and sexual behaviors. From a variety of sensory inputs, the BNST acts as a node for signal integration and coordination for information relay to downstream central neuroendocrine and autonomic centers for appropriate homeostatic physiological and behavioral responses. In contrast to the role of the amygdala in fear, the BNST has gained wide interest from work suggesting that it has main roles in mediating sustained responses to diffuse, unpredictable and/or long-duration threats that are typically associated with anxiety-related responses. Further, some BNST subregions are highly sexually dimorphic which appear contributory to the differential stress and social interactive behaviors, including reproductive responses, between males and females. Notably, maladaptive BNST neuroplasticity and function have been implicated in chronic pain, depression, anxiety-related abnormalities, and other psychopathologies including posttraumatic stress disorders. The BNST circuits are predominantly GABAergic-the glutaminergic neurons represent a minor population-but the complexity of the system results from an overlay of diverse neuropeptide coexpression in these neurons. More than a dozen neuropeptides may be differentially coexpressed in BNST neurons, and from variable G protein-coupled receptor signaling, may inhibit or activate downstream circuit activities. The mechanisms and roles of these peptides in modulating intrinsic BNST neurocircuit signaling and BNST long-distance target cell projections are still not well understood. Nevertheless, an understanding of some of the principal players may allow assembly of the circuit interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States.
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31
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Chronic pain impact on rodents’ behavioral repertoire. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:101-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fang Y, Ren R, Shi H, Huang L, Lenahan C, Lu Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang JH. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Promising Neuroprotective Peptide in Stroke. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1496-1512. [PMID: 33269103 PMCID: PMC7673855 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for viable, effective treatments for acute stroke continues to be a global priority due to the high mortality and morbidity. Current therapeutic treatments have limited effects, making the search for new treatments imperative. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-established cytoprotective neuropeptide that participates in diverse neural physiological and pathological activities, such as neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as neuroprotection. It is considered a promising treatment in numerous neurological diseases. Thus, PACAP bears potential as a new therapeutic strategy for stroke treatment. Herein, we provide an overview pertaining to the current knowledge of PACAP, its receptors, and its potential neuroprotective role in the setting of stroke, as well as various mechanisms of neuroprotection involving ionic homeostasis, excitotoxicity, cell edema, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, as well as the route of PACAP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shi
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,5Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihui Tang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - John H Zhang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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33
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Fonseca-Rodrigues D, Amorim D, Almeida A, Pinto-Ribeiro F. Emotional and cognitive impairments in the peripheral nerve chronic constriction injury model (CCI) of neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113008. [PMID: 33171146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Emotional and cognitive impairments are common comorbidities of chronic neuropathic pain that significantly impact the quality of life of patients. While the nociceptive components of the peripheral nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) animal model have been extensively analyzed, data related to the development of mood and cognitive disorders, and especially its impact on female rats remains fragmented. We systematically reviewed the literature analyzing the methods used to induce and evaluate the development of emotional- and cognitive-like impairments and sex-specific differences in the CCI model. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT We searched PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science from inception to September 30th, 2019, and a total of 44 papers were considered eligible for inclusion. We included animal studies assessing nociception, locomotion, anxious-like, depressive-like and cognitive behaviours after the CCI induction. RESULTS The overall quality of the studies was considered moderate to high. Overall, the induction of CCI leads to the development of emotional impairments, namely anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, as well as cognitive impairments. With the majority of the studies using male subjects, the lack of evidence on female animals prevents the evaluation of sex-specific differences. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the development of an anxiodepressive-like phenotype, associated with cognitive impairments, in CCI-induced animals. These results support the use of this animal model for the study of the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities, as well as a screening tool for the development/repurposing of drugs that tackle both the neuropathy-induced nociceptive and emotional impairments, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Importantly, our review also highlights the need for studies performed in female rodents as these are almost non-existent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fonseca-Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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34
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Deng J, Zhou H, Lin JK, Shen ZX, Chen WZ, Wang LH, Li Q, Mu D, Wei YC, Xu XH, Sun YG. The Parabrachial Nucleus Directly Channels Spinal Nociceptive Signals to the Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei, but Not the Amygdala. Neuron 2020; 107:909-923.e6. [PMID: 32649865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is one of the major targets of spinal projection neurons and plays important roles in pain. However, the architecture of the spinoparabrachial pathway underlying its functional role in nociceptive information processing remains elusive. Here, we report that the PBN directly relays nociceptive signals from the spinal cord to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ILN). We demonstrate that the spinal cord connects with the PBN in a bilateral manner and that the ipsilateral spinoparabrachial pathway is critical for nocifensive behavior. We identify Tacr1-expressing neurons as the major neuronal subtype in the PBN that receives direct spinal input and show that these neurons are critical for processing nociceptive information. Furthermore, PBN neurons receiving spinal input form functional monosynaptic excitatory connections with neurons in the ILN, but not the amygdala. Together, our results delineate the neural circuit underlying nocifensive behavior, providing crucial insight into the circuit mechanism underlying nociceptive information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun-Kai Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Han Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Di Mu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Chao Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Gang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science & Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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35
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Edvinsson JCA, Viganò A, Alekseeva A, Alieva E, Arruda R, De Luca C, D'Ettore N, Frattale I, Kurnukhina M, Macerola N, Malenkova E, Maiorova M, Novikova A, Řehulka P, Rapaccini V, Roshchina O, Vanderschueren G, Zvaune L, Andreou AP, Haanes KA. The fifth cranial nerve in headaches. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:65. [PMID: 32503421 PMCID: PMC7275328 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fifth cranial nerve is the common denominator for many headaches and facial pain pathologies currently known. Projecting from the trigeminal ganglion, in a bipolar manner, it connects to the brainstem and supplies various parts of the head and face with sensory innervation. In this review, we describe the neuroanatomical structures and pathways implicated in the sensation of the trigeminal system. Furthermore, we present the current understanding of several primary headaches, painful neuropathies and their pharmacological treatments. We hope that this overview can elucidate the complex field of headache pathologies, and their link to the trigeminal nerve, to a broader field of young scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C A Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark. .,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - A Viganò
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - A Alekseeva
- Department of Neurology, First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Alieva
- GBUZ Regional Clinical Hospital № 2, Krasnodar, Russia
| | - R Arruda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - C De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Public Medicine, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - N D'Ettore
- Department of Neurology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - I Frattale
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Kurnukhina
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg, Lev Tolstoy Street 6-8, St.Petersburg, Russia.,The Leningrad Regional State Budgetary Institution of health care "Children's clinical hospital", St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Macerola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - E Malenkova
- Pain Department, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Maiorova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Novikova
- F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center for Hygiene, Mytishchy, Russia
| | - P Řehulka
- Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Rapaccini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL) Umbria 2, Viale VIII Marzo, 05100, Terni, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - O Roshchina
- Department of Neurology, First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Vanderschueren
- Department of Neurology, ZNA Middelheim, Lindendreef 1, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Zvaune
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Pain Medicine, Hospital Jurmala, Jurmala, Latvia.,Headache Centre Vivendi, Riga, Latvia
| | - A P Andreou
- Headache Research, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,The Headache Centre, Guy's and St Thomas, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - K A Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
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36
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Johnson GC, Parsons R, May V, Hammack SE. The Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Signaling in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:111. [PMID: 32425759 PMCID: PMC7203336 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, ADCYAP1) dysregulation has been associated with multiple stress-related psychopathologies that may be related to altered hippocampal function. In coherence, PACAP- and PAC1 receptor (ADCYAP1R1)-null mice demonstrate changes in hippocampal-dependent behavioral responses, implicating the PACAPergic system function in this structure. Within the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus (DG) may play an important role in discerning the differences between similar contexts, and DG granule cells appear to both highly express PAC1 receptors and receive inputs from PACAP-expressing terminals. Here, we review the evidence from our laboratories and others that PACAP is an important regulator of activity within hippocampal circuits, particularly within the DG. These data are consistent with an increasing literature implicating PACAP circuits in stress-related pathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and implicate the hippocampus, and in particular the DG, as a critical site in which PACAP dysregulation can alter stress-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Johnson
- Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Rodney Parsons
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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37
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Stojakovic A, Ahmad SM, Malhotra S, Afzal Z, Ahmed M, Lutfy K. The role of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide in the motivational effects of addictive drugs. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108109. [PMID: 32325064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was originally isolated from the hypothalamus and found to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in the pituitary. Later studies showed that this peptide and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2) are widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Consistent with its distribution in the CNS, the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system is involved in several physiological responses, such as mediation of the stress response, modulation of nociception, regulation of prolactin release, food intake, etc. This system is also implicated in different pathological states, e.g., affective component of nociceptive processing, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorders. A review of the literature on PubMed revealed that PACAP and its receptors also play a significant role in the actions of addictive drugs. The goal of this review is to discuss the literature regarding the involvements of PACAP and its receptors in the motivational effects of addictive drugs. We particularly focus on the role of this peptide in the motivational effects of morphine, alcohol, nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stojakovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Syed Muzzammil Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Shreya Malhotra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Zakia Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Mudassir Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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38
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Johnson GC, Parsons RL, May V, Hammack SE. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-induced PAC1 receptor internalization and recruitment of MEK/ERK signaling enhance excitability of dentate gyrus granule cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C870-C878. [PMID: 32186931 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00065.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP; ADCYAP1) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide widely distributed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. PACAP and its specific cognate PAC1 receptor (ADCYAP1R1) play critical roles in the homeostatic maintenance of multiple physiological and behavioral systems. Notably, maladaptations in the PACAPergic system have been associated with several psychopathologies related to fear and anxiety. PAC1 receptor transcripts are highly expressed in granule cells of the dentate gyrus (DG). Here, we examined the direct effects of PACAP on DG granule cells in brain slices using whole cell patch recordings in current clamp mode. PACAP significantly increased the intrinsic excitability of DG granule cells via PAC1 receptor activation. This increased excitability was not mediated by adenylyl cyclase/cAMP or phospholipase C/PKC activation, but instead via activation of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway initiated through PAC1 receptor endocytosis/endosomal signaling. PACAP failed to increase excitability in DG granule cells pretreated with the persistent sodium current blocker riluzole, suggesting that the observed PACAP effects required this component of the inward sodium current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Johnson
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Rodney L Parsons
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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39
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Kremer M, Becker LJ, Barrot M, Yalcin I. How to study anxiety and depression in rodent models of chronic pain? Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:236-270. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Léa J. Becker
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Barrot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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40
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Lindberg PT, Mitchell JW, Burgoon PW, Beaulé C, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Eiden LE, Jiang SZ, Gillette MU. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP)-Glutamate Co-transmission Drives Circadian Phase-Advancing Responses to Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Projections by Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1281. [PMID: 31866806 PMCID: PMC6909886 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from a variety of sources indicate a role for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in light/glutamate-induced phase resetting of the circadian clock mediated by the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Attempts to block or remove PACAP’s contribution to clock-resetting have generated phenotypes that differ in their responses to light or glutamate. For example, previous studies of circadian behaviors found that period-maintenance and early-night phase delays are intact in PACAP-null mice, yet there is a consistent deficit in behavioral phase-resetting to light stimulation in the late night. Here we report rodent stimulus–response characteristics of PACAP release from the RHT, and map these to responses of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in intact and PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus with regard to phase-resetting. SCN of PACAP-null mice exhibit normal circadian rhythms in neuronal activity, but are “blind” to glutamate stimulating phase-advance responses in late night, although not in early night, consistent with previously reported selective lack of late-night light behavioral responsiveness of these mice. Induction of CREB phosphorylation, a hallmark of the light/glutamate response of the SCN, also is absent in SCN-containing ex vivo slices from PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus. PACAP replacement to the SCN of PACAP-null mice restored wild-type phase-shifting of firing-rate patterns in response to glutamate applied to the SCN in late night. Likewise, ex vivo SCN of wild-type mice post-orbital enucleation are unresponsive to glutamate unless PACAP also is restored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the period of efficacy of PACAP at SCN nerve terminals corresponds to waxing of PACAP mRNA expression in ipRGCs during the night, and waning during the day. These results validate the use of PACAP-deficient mice in defining the role and specificity of PACAP as a co-transmitter with glutamate in ipRGC-RHT projections to SCN in phase advancing the SCN circadian rhythm in late night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder T Lindberg
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Penny W Burgoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Christian Beaulé
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin K-H Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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41
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Seiglie MP, Huang L, Cottone P, Sabino V. Role of the PACAP system of the extended amygdala in the acoustic startle response in rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107761. [PMID: 31493466 PMCID: PMC6842120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety-related disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders in the world and they are characterized by abnormal responses to stressors. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide highly expressed in the extended amygdala, a brain macrostructure involved in the response to threat that includes the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The aim of this series of experiments was to systematically elucidate the role of the PACAP system of the CeA and BNST under both control, unstressed conditions and after the presentation of a stressor in rats. For this purpose, we used the acoustic startle response (ASR), an unconscious response to sudden acoustic stimuli sensitive to changes in stress which can be used as an operationalization of the hypervigilance present in anxiety- and trauma-related disorders. We found that infusion of PACAP, but not the related peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), into either the CeA or the BNST causes a dose-dependent increase in ASR. In addition, while infusion of the antagonist PACAP(6-38) into either the CeA or the BNST does not affect ASR in non-stressed conditions, it prevents the sensitization of ASR induced by an acute footshock stress. Finally, we found that footshock stress induces a significant increase in PACAP, but not VIP, levels in both of these brain areas. Altogether, these data show that the PACAP system of the extended amygdala contributes to stress-induced hyperarousal and suggest it as a potential novel target for the treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel P Seiglie
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lillian Huang
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liao C, de Molliens MP, Schneebeli ST, Brewer M, Song G, Chatenet D, Braas KM, May V, Li J. Targeting the PAC1 Receptor for Neurological and Metabolic Disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1399-1417. [PMID: 31284862 PMCID: PMC6761004 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190709092647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-selective PAC1 receptor (PAC1R, ADCYAP1R1) is a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/secretin/glucagon family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). PAC1R has been shown to play crucial roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The activation of PAC1R initiates diverse downstream signal transduction pathways, including adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, MEK/ERK, and Akt pathways that regulate a number of physiological systems to maintain functional homeostasis. Accordingly, at times of tissue injury or insult, PACAP/PAC1R activation of these pathways can be trophic to blunt or delay apoptotic events and enhance cell survival. Enhancing PAC1R signaling under these conditions has the potential to mitigate cellular damages associated with cerebrovascular trauma (including stroke), neurodegeneration (such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease), or peripheral organ insults. Conversely, maladaptive PACAP/PAC1R signaling has been implicated in a number of disorders, including stressrelated psychopathologies (i.e., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and related abnormalities), chronic pain and migraine, and metabolic diseases; abrogating PAC1R signaling under these pathological conditions represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Given the diverse PAC1R-mediated biological activities, the receptor has emerged as a relevant pharmaceutical target. In this review, we first describe the current knowledge regarding the molecular structure, dynamics, and function of PAC1R. Then, we discuss the roles of PACAP and PAC1R in the activation of a variety of signaling cascades related to the physiology and diseases of the nervous system. Lastly, we examine current drug design and development of peptides and small molecules targeting PAC1R based on a number of structure- activity relationship studies and key pharmacophore elements. At present, the rational design of PAC1R-selective peptide or small-molecule therapeutics is largely hindered by the lack of structural information regarding PAC1R activation mechanisms, the PACAP-PAC1R interface, and the core segments involved in receptor activation. Understanding the molecular basis governing the PACAP interactions with its different cognate receptors will undoubtedly provide a basis for the development and/or refinement of receptor-selective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | | | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Matthias Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Gaojie Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - David Chatenet
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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Varodayan FP, Minnig MA, Steinman MQ, Oleata CS, Riley MW, Sabino V, Roberto M. PACAP regulation of central amygdala GABAergic synapses is altered by restraint stress. Neuropharmacology 2019; 168:107752. [PMID: 31476352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) system plays a central role in the brain's emotional response to psychological stress by activating cellular processes and circuits associated with threat exposure. The neuropeptide PACAP and its main receptor PAC1 are expressed in the rodent central amygdala (CeA), a brain region critical in negative emotional processing, and CeA PACAPergic signaling drives anxiogenic and stress coping behaviors. Despite this behavioral evidence, PACAP's effects on neuronal activity within the medial subdivision of the CeA (CeM, the major output nucleus for the entire amygdala complex) during basal conditions and after psychological stress remain unknown. Therefore, in the present study, male Wistar rats were subjected to either restraint stress or control conditions, and PACAPergic regulation of CeM cellular function was assessed using immunohistochemistry and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Our results demonstrate that PACAP-38 potentiates GABA release in the CeM of naïve rats, via its actions at presynaptic PAC1. Basal PAC1 activity also enhances GABA release in an action potential-dependent manner. Notably, PACAP-38's facilitation of CeM GABA release was attenuated after a single restraint stress session, but after repeated sessions returned to the level observed in naïve animals. A single restraint session also significantly decreased PAC1 levels in the CeM, with repeated restraint sessions producing a slight recovery. Collectively our data reveal that PACAP/PAC1 signaling enhances inhibitory control of the CeM and that psychological stress can modulate this influence to potentially disinhibit downstream effector regions that mediate anxiety and stress-related behaviors. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Varodayan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - M A Minnig
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - M Q Steinman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - C S Oleata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - M W Riley
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - V Sabino
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - M Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Parsons RL, May V. PACAP-Induced PAC1 Receptor Internalization and Recruitment of Endosomal Signaling Regulate Cardiac Neuron Excitability. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:340-347. [PMID: 30054797 PMCID: PMC6348136 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, Adcyap1) activation of PAC1 receptors (Adcyap1r1) significantly increases excitability of guinea pig cardiac neurons. This modulation of excitability is mediated in part by plasma membrane G protein-dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase and downstream signaling cascades, as well as by endosomal signaling mechanisms. PACAP/PAC1 receptor-mediated activation of plasma membrane adenylyl cyclase (AC) and the resulting increase in cellular cAMP enhances a hyperpolarization-induced nonselective cationic current Ih, which contributes to the PACAP-induced increase in cardiac neuron excitability. Further, PACAP-mediated AC/cAMP/PKA downstream signaling also appears to enhance cardiac neuron IT to facilitate the excitatory responses. PACAP activation of PAC1 receptors rapidly stimulates receptor internalization, and reducing ambient temperature or treatments with the clathrin inhibitor Pitstop2 or the dynamin I/II inhibitor dynasore to block endocytic events can suppress PACAP-enhanced neuronal excitability. Thus, endocytosis inhibitors essentially eliminate PACAP-enhanced excitability suggesting that endosomal platforms represent a primary signaling mechanism. Endosomal signaling is associated canonically with ERK activation and in accord, PACAP-enhanced cardiac neuron excitability is reduced by MEK inhibitor pretreatments. PACAP activation of MEK/ERK signaling can enhance currents through voltage-dependent Nav1.7 channels. Hence, PACAP-induced PAC1 receptor internalization/endosomal signaling, recruitment of MEK/ERK signaling, and modulation of Nav1.7 are implicated as key mechanisms contributing to the PACAP-enhanced neuronal excitability. PACAP/PAC1 receptor-mediated endosomal ERK signaling in central circuits can play key roles in development of chronic pain and anxiety-related responses; thus, PAC1 endosomal signaling likely participates in a variety of homeostatic responses within neuronal circuits in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney L Parsons
- Departmental of Neurological Sciences, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Victor May
- Departmental of Neurological Sciences, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Miles OW, Maren S. Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:68. [PMID: 31024271 PMCID: PMC6461014 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) afflicts approximately 8% of the United States population and represents a significant public health burden, but the underlying neural mechanisms of this and other anxiety- and stressor-related disorders are largely unknown. Within the last few decades, several preclinical models of PSTD have been developed to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying dysregulated fear states. One brain area that has emerged as a critical mediator of stress-related behavioral processing in both clinical and laboratory settings is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The BNST is interconnected with essential emotional processing regions, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. It is activated by stressor exposure and undergoes neurochemical and morphological alterations as a result of stressor exposure. Stress-related neuro-peptides including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) are also abundant in the BNST, further implicating an involvement of BNST in stress responses. Behaviorally, the BNST is critical for acquisition and expression of fear and is well positioned to regulate fear relapse after periods of extinction. Here, we consider the role of the BNST in stress and memory processes in the context of preclinical models of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia W. Miles
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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de Anda-Jáuregui G, Guo K, McGregor BA, Feldman EL, Hur J. Pathway crosstalk perturbation network modeling for identification of connectivity changes induced by diabetic neuropathy and pioglitazone. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:1. [PMID: 30616626 PMCID: PMC6322225 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregation of high-throughput biological data using pathway-based approaches is useful to associate molecular results to functional features related to the studied phenomenon. Biological pathways communicate with one another through the crosstalk phenomenon, forming large networks of interacting processes. RESULTS In this work, we present the pathway crosstalk perturbation network (PXPN) model, a novel model used to analyze and integrate pathway perturbation data based on graph theory. With this model, the changes in activity and communication between pathways observed in transitions between physiological states are represented as networks. The model presented here is agnostic to the type of biological data and pathway definition used and can be implemented to analyze any type of high-throughput perturbation experiments. We present a case study in which we use our proposed model to analyze a gene expression dataset derived from experiments in a BKS-db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated neuropathy (DN) and the effects of the drug pioglitazone in this condition. The networks generated describe the profile of pathway perturbation involved in the transitions between the healthy and the pathological state and the pharmacologically treated pathology. We identify changes in the connectivity of perturbed pathways associated to each biological transition, such as rewiring between extracellular matrix, neuronal system, and G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways. CONCLUSION The PXPN model is a novel, flexible method used to integrate high-throughput data derived from perturbation experiments; it is agnostic to the type of data and enrichment function used, and it is applicable to a wide range of biological phenomena of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 USA
- Present address: Computational Genomics Division, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 14610 Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 USA
| | - Brett A. McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 USA
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Paretkar T, Dimitrov E. Activation of enkephalinergic (Enk) interneurons in the central amygdala (CeA) buffers the behavioral effects of persistent pain. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:364-372. [PMID: 30572023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enk neurons in CeA modulate the activity of the amygdala projection neurons and it is very likely that changes of Enk signaling cause the heightened anxiety that accompanies chronic pain. We use chemogenetics and transgenic mice to investigate the effects of acute and continuous activation of the amygdala Enk neurons on persistent pain and anxiodepressive-like behavior in mice. Enk-cre mice were injected bilaterally into the CeA with cre-activated AAV-DREADD/Gq/mCherry, while neuropathic pain was induced by sciatic nerve constriction. A single injection of DREADD's ligand CNO decreased the anxiety-like behavior in both, uninjured mice and in mice with neuropathic pain and produced robust analgesia that lasted for 24 h. Furthermore, the activation of Enk neurons by the DREADD ligand led to increased c-Fos expression in PKC-δ interneurons of the CeA and in non-serotonergic neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a brain structure that is an essential part of the descending pain inhibitory system. Next, we added CNO to the drinking water of the experimental mice for 14 days in order to assess the effects of continuous activation of CeA Enk interneurons on anxiodepressive-like behavior, which is affected by chronic pain. The prolonged activation of the CeA Enk interneurons reduced neohypophagia in the novelty suppressed feeding test and increased ΔFosB (a marker for sustained neuronal activation) in the vlPAG of mice with chronic pain. All together, the results of our experiments point to an important role of the CeA Enk neurons in the control of both nociception and emotion. Activation of Enk neurons resulted in sustained analgesia accompanied by anxiolysis and antidepressant effects. Very likely, these effects of CeA Enk neurons are result of the activation of vlPAG, a brain region that is essential not only for descending inhibition of pain but it is also a core element in the resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Paretkar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| | - Eugene Dimitrov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
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Ojala J, Tooke K, Hsiang H, Girard BM, May V, Vizzard MA. PACAP/PAC1 Expression and Function in Micturition Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:357-367. [PMID: 30259317 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural injury, inflammation, or diseases commonly and adversely affect micturition reflex function that is organized by neural circuits in the CNS and PNS. One neuropeptide receptor system, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP; Adcyap1), and its cognate receptor, PAC1 (Adcyap1r1), have tissue-specific distributions in the lower urinary tract. PACAP and associated receptors are expressed in the LUT and exhibit changes in expression, distribution, and function in preclinical animal models of bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic, visceral pain syndrome characterized by pain, and LUT dysfunction. Blockade of the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system reduces voiding frequency and somatic (e.g., hindpaw, pelvic) sensitivity in preclinical animal models and a transgenic mouse model that mirrors some clinical symptoms of BPS/IC. The PACAP/receptor system in micturition pathways may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention to reduce LUT dysfunction following urinary bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ojala
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Katharine Tooke
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Harrison Hsiang
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Beatrice M Girard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret A Vizzard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Given Building, D405A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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Thomsen ARB, Jensen DD, Hicks GA, Bunnett NW. Therapeutic Targeting of Endosomal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:879-891. [PMID: 30180973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are conventionally considered to function at the plasma membrane, where they detect extracellular ligands and activate heterotrimeric G proteins that transmit intracellular signals. Consequently, drug discovery efforts have focused on identification of agonists and antagonists of cell surface GPCRs. However, β-arrestin (ARR)-dependent desensitization and endocytosis rapidly terminate G protein signaling at the plasma membrane. Emerging evidence indicates that GPCRs can continue to signal from endosomes by G-protein- and βARR-dependent processes. By regulating the duration and location of intracellular signaling events, GPCRs in endosomes control critically important processes, including gene transcription and ion channel activity. Thus, GPCRs in endosomes, in addition to at the cell surface, have emerged as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R B Thomsen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gareth A Hicks
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit (GI DDU), Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA.
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Liao C, May V, Li J. PAC1 Receptors: Shapeshifters in Motion. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:331-339. [PMID: 30074173 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shapeshifters, in common mythology, are entities that can undergo multiple physical transformations. As our understanding of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has accelerated and been refined over the last two decades, we now understand that GPCRs are not static proteins, but rather dynamic structures capable of moving from one posture to the next, and adopting unique functional characteristics at each transition. This model of GPCR dynamics underlies our current understanding of biased agonism-how different ligands to the same receptor can generate different intracellular signals-and constitutive receptor activity, or the level of unbound basal receptor signaling that can be attenuated by inverse agonists. From information derived from related class B receptors, we have recently modeled the structure and molecular dynamics of the full-length pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, Adcyap1)-selective PAC1 receptor (PAC1R, Adcyap1r1). The class B receptors are different from the class A GPCRs in part from the presence of a large extracellular domain (ECD); the transitions of the ECD along with the dynamics of the transmembrane domains (TMD or 7TM) of the PAC1R describes a series of open- and closed-state conformations that appear to identify the mechanisms for receptor activation. The PAC1R shapeshifts also have the ability of delineating the mechanisms and the design of reagents that may direct biased agonism (or antagonism) for potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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