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Heffernan DS, Chun TT, Monaghan SF, Chung CS, Ayala A. invariant Natural Killer T Cells Modulate the Peritoneal Macrophage Response to Polymicrobial Sepsis. J Surg Res 2024; 300:211-220. [PMID: 38824851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A dysregulated immune system is a major driver of the mortality and long-term morbidity from sepsis. With respect to macrophages, it has been shown that phenotypic changes are critical to effector function in response to acute infections, including intra-abdominal sepsis. Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) have emerged as potential central regulators of the immune response to a variety of infectious insults. Specifically, various iNKT cell:macrophage interactions have been noted across a spectrum of diseases, including acute events such as sepsis. However, the potential for iNKT cells to affect peritoneal macrophages during an abdominal septic event is as yet unknown. METHODS Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed in both wild type (WT) and invariant natural killer T cell knockout (iNKT-/-) mice. 24 h following CLP or sham operation, peritoneal macrophages were collected for analysis. Analysis of macrophage phenotype and function was undertaken to include analysis of bactericidal activity and cytokine or superoxide production. RESULTS Within iNKT-/- mice, a greater degree of intraperitoneal macrophages in response to the sepsis was noted. Compared to WT mice, within iNKT-/- mice, CLP did induce an increase in CD86+ and CD206+, but no difference in CD11b+. Unlike WT mice, intra-abdominal sepsis within iNKT-/- mice induced an increase in Ly6C-int (5.2% versus 14.9%; P < 0.05) and a decrease in Ly6C-high on peritoneal macrophages. Unlike phagocytosis, iNKT cells did not affect macrophage bactericidal activity. Although iNKT cells did not affect interleukin-6 production, iNKT cells did affect IL-10 production and both nitrite and superoxide production from peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The observations indicate that iNKT cells affect specific phenotypic and functional aspects of peritoneal macrophages during polymicrobial sepsis. Given that pharmacologic agents that affect iNKT cell functioning are currently in clinical trial, these findings may have the potential for translation to critically ill surgical patients with abdominal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daithi S Heffernan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Tristen T Chun
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sean F Monaghan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chun-Shiang Chung
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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Sieniawska J, Krzewska A, Skowronek A, Wrobel W, Tomczyk Z, Pach E, Rosolowska I, Wilczynska B, Beń-Skowronek I. Lower percentages of natural killer cells in children with type 1 diabetes and their siblings. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 29:214-224. [PMID: 38282490 PMCID: PMC10826694 DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2023.132029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most common children's endocrine and autoimmune diseases in the world is type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The incidence of type 1 diabetes is constantly increasing, and according to current estimates, the number of children with T1DM in the world has exceeded 542,000. There are 3 main components emphasized in the pathogenesis: genetic and environmental factors, and the patient's immune system. Many publications have confirmed the role of natural killer cells (NK) in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the population of NK cells and pancreatic β cell autoantibodies in a group of children with T1DM and their healthy siblings in comparison with children from families with no history of autoimmune diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research included 76 children with T1DM, 101 children from the sibling group, and 30 children from the control group. Peripheral blood was analysed on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) to evaluate the NK cell population. The results were presented as the percentage of NK cells among lymphocytes. Statistical analysis was performed using STATIS-TICA 10 PL software. RESULTS The mean percentage of NK cells in children with T1D (10.59 ±5.37) and in the sibling group (11.93 ±5.62) was statistically reduced in comparison to the control group (14.89 ±7.78) in sequence (Student's t -test: t = -3.24; df = 103; p = 0.002) (Stu-dent's t -test: t = -2.30; df = 128; p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of NK cells be-tween the group of children with T1DM and their siblings (Student's t -test: t = -1.59; df = 173; p = 0.11). In the group of sib-lings, the younger the child, the lower the reported percentage of NK cells. This relationship was statistically significant (test for the Pearson correlation coefficient t = 3.41; p = 0.0009; r = 0.33). In the group of children with type 1 diabetes, a similar relationship was not found. The concentration of anti-IA2 and anti-Znt8 antibodies was statistically significantly higher in the sibling group compared to the control group (anti-IA2 p = 0.0000001; anti-ZnT8 p = 0.00001), and the concentration of anti-GAD antibodies was comparable in both groups. In the group of children with type 1 diabetes, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the reduced percentage of NK cells and the coexistence of anti-GAD and anti-ZnT8 antibodies (Mann-Whitney U test Z = -2.02; p = 0.04). There was no similar relationship in the group of siblings. CONCLUSIONS The reduced percentage of NK cells in children with T1DM and in their siblings compared to the control group suggests the role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM. Genetic predisposition and dysfunction of NK cells probably underlie the pathogenesis of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Beń-Skowronek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology with Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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A Distinctive γδ T Cell Repertoire in NOD Mice Weakens Immune Regulation and Favors Diabetic Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101406. [PMID: 36291615 PMCID: PMC9599391 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in mice and humans suggesting that γδ T cells play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes have been inconsistent and contradictory. We attempted to resolve this for the type 1 diabetes-prone NOD mice by characterizing their γδ T cell populations, and by investigating the functional contributions of particular γδ T cells subsets, using Vγ-gene targeted NOD mice. We found evidence that NOD Vγ4+ γδ T cells inhibit the development of diabetes, and that the process by which they do so involves IL-17 production and/or promotion of regulatory CD4+ αβ T cells (Tregs) in the pancreatic lymph nodes. In contrast, the NOD Vγ1+ cells promote diabetes development. Enhanced Vγ1+ cell numbers in NOD mice, in particular those biased to produce IFNγ, appear to favor diabetic disease. Within NOD mice deficient in particular γδ T cell subsets, we noted that changes in the abundance of non-targeted T cell types also occurred, which varied depending upon the γδ T cells that were missing. Our results indicate that while certain γδ T cell subsets inhibit the development of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, others exacerbate it, and they may do so via mechanisms that include altering the levels of other T cells.
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Ning L, Yan Y, Fu X, Cheng Y, Li M, Zhang X, Shen H, Yang M, Wang L, Cai H. The Differential Expression of Circular RNAs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:118-126. [PMID: 35349376 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ning
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiying Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Maoguang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanqing Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Melo AM, Taher NAB, Doherty DG, Molloy EJ. The role of lymphocytes in neonatal encephalopathy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100380. [PMID: 34755125 PMCID: PMC8560973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy is a syndrome characterised by abnormal neurological function often caused by a hypoxic insult during childbirth. Triggers such as hypoxia-ischaemia result in the release of cytokines and chemokines inducing the infiltration of neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, T cells and innate T cells into the brain. However, the role of these cells in the development of the brain injury is poorly understood. We review the mechanisms by which lymphocytes contribute to brain damage in NE. NK, T and innate T cells release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to the neurodegeneration in the secondary and tertiary phase of injury, whereas B cells and regulatory T cells produce IL-10 protecting the brain in NE. Targeting lymphocytes may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of NE in terms of management of inflammation and brain damage, particularly in the tertiary or persistent phases.
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Key Words
- Blood-brain barrier, BBB
- Hypoxia-ischaemia encephalopathy, HIE
- Hypoxia-ischaemia, HI
- Hypoxic-ischaemia
- Immune response
- Lymphocytes
- Neonatal encephalopathy
- Neonatal encephalopathy, NE
- Regulatory T cells, Tregs
- T cell receptors, TCRs
- T helper, Th
- Therapeutic hypothermia, TH
- White Matter Injury, WMI
- activating transcription factor-6, ATF6
- central nervous system, CNS
- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF
- interleukin, IL
- major histocompatibility complex, MHC
- natural killer, NK cells
- tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanty M. Melo
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nawal AB. Taher
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J. Molloy
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Immunology Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght & Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Neonatology & National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gardner G, Fraker CA. Natural Killer Cells as Key Mediators in Type I Diabetes Immunopathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722979. [PMID: 34489972 PMCID: PMC8417893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of type I diabetes (T1D) presents a complicated case in part because of the multifactorial origin of this disease. Typically, T1D is thought to occur as a result of autoimmunity toward islets of Langerhans, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing cells (β cells) and thus lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin. However, that explanation obscures much of the underlying mechanism, and the actual precipitating events along with the associated actors (latent viral infection, diverse immune cell types and their roles) are not completely understood. Notably, there is a malfunctioning in the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target endocrine cells through antigen-mediated attack. Further examination has revealed the likelihood of an imbalance in distinct subpopulations of tolerogenic and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells that may be the catalyst of adaptive immune system malfunction. The contributions of components outside the immune system, including environmental factors such as chronic viral infection also need more consideration, and much of the recent literature investigating the origins of this disease have focused on these factors. In this review, the details of the immunopathology of T1D regarding NK cell disfunction is discussed, along with how those mechanisms stand within the context of general autoimmune disorders. Finally, the rarer cases of latent autoimmune, COVID-19 (viral), and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes are discussed as their exceptional pathology offers insight into the evolution of the disease as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Tissue and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Al-Fadhel SZ, Al-Ghuraibawi NHA, Mohammed Ali DM, Al-Hakeim HK. Serum cytokine dependent hematopoietic cell linker (CLNK) as a predictor for the duration of illness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 19:959-966. [PMID: 33520815 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine illness associated with various changes in the immune system and adaptor protein levels. Cytokine dependent hematopoietic cell linker (CLNK) is an adapter protein that regulates immune receptor signaling and acts as a regulator of the receptor signaling of T-cells and natural killer cells. The role of CLNK in T2DM is not studied previously. In the present study, serum CLNK level was measured and correlated with some sociodemographic and insulin resistance (IR) parameters. To achieve these goals, we measured CLNK level and insulin parameters (glucose, insulin, HbA1c, in addition to the calculation of the functions of IR (HOMA2IR), insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S), and beta-cell function (HOMA%B)) in 60 T2DM patients and 30 controls. The results indicated a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum CLNK in patients group in comparison with the controls. Multivariate generalized linear model (GLM) analysis revealed no significant effect of age, BMI, and sex on the CLNK level. The results of tests for between-subjects showed that the CLNK affects diagnosis significantly (F = 7.445, p = 0.008, partial η2 = 0.081) and its effect is approximately the same as the effect of insulin (F = 8.107, p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.087). The correlation study showed a highly significant positive correlation between CLNK and the duration of disease (rho = 0.420, p < 0.001). It can be concluded that the increase CLNK in T2DM revealing the role of the adaptor proteins level in the progression of the disease and may act as a predictor for diabetes complications, which deserves more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaer Zeki Al-Fadhel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
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Galler KM, Weber M, Korkmaz Y, Widbiller M, Feuerer M. Inflammatory Response Mechanisms of the Dentine-Pulp Complex and the Periapical Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031480. [PMID: 33540711 PMCID: PMC7867227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the oral cavity is complex and unique in the human body. Soft-tissue structures are in close interaction with mineralized bone, but also dentine, cementum and enamel of our teeth. These are exposed to intense mechanical and chemical stress as well as to dense microbiologic colonization. Teeth are susceptible to damage, most commonly to caries, where microorganisms from the oral cavity degrade the mineralized tissues of enamel and dentine and invade the soft connective tissue at the core, the dental pulp. However, the pulp is well-equipped to sense and fend off bacteria and their products and mounts various and intricate defense mechanisms. The front rank is formed by a layer of odontoblasts, which line the pulp chamber towards the dentine. These highly specialized cells not only form mineralized tissue but exert important functions as barrier cells. They recognize pathogens early in the process, secrete antibacterial compounds and neutralize bacterial toxins, initiate the immune response and alert other key players of the host defense. As bacteria get closer to the pulp, additional cell types of the pulp, including fibroblasts, stem and immune cells, but also vascular and neuronal networks, contribute with a variety of distinct defense mechanisms, and inflammatory response mechanisms are critical for tissue homeostasis. Still, without therapeutic intervention, a deep carious lesion may lead to tissue necrosis, which allows bacteria to populate the root canal system and invade the periradicular bone via the apical foramen at the root tip. The periodontal tissues and alveolar bone react to the insult with an inflammatory response, most commonly by the formation of an apical granuloma. Healing can occur after pathogen removal, which is achieved by disinfection and obturation of the pulp space by root canal treatment. This review highlights the various mechanisms of pathogen recognition and defense of dental pulp cells and periradicular tissues, explains the different cell types involved in the immune response and discusses the mechanisms of healing and repair, pointing out the close links between inflammation and regeneration as well as between inflammation and potential malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin M. Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93093 Regensburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuel Weber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Yüksel Korkmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93093 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Department for Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Hammad R, Elmadbouly AA, Ahmad IH, Mohammed SA, Farouk N, Futooh Z, Alfy MO, Abozaid S, Mohamed EF, Kotb FM, Abdelbadea A, Seliem N, Elshafei A, Mashaal A. T-Natural Killers and Interferon Gamma/Interleukin 4 in Augmentation of Infection in Foot Ulcer in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1897-1908. [PMID: 33958881 PMCID: PMC8093190 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s305511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between immune system and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis attracted attention to demonstrate the role of immune cells and their secreted cytokines in T2DM development and its subsequent foot complications. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between T Natural killer cell (TNK) %, Interleukin 4 (IL4) and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and diabetic foot infection (DFI) development in patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety patients with diabetes were included in this work, divided as T2DM group (n=30), DFU group (n=30), and DFI group (n=30). TNK% was detected using flow cytometry. Serum IL4 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA. Diabetes biochemical parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS Significant decrease was detected in TNK% and IFN-γ in DFI group compared to other 2 groups (P<0.001). Significant decrease was detected in serum levels of IL4 in DFI group compared to T2DM group (P=0.006). IFN-γ/IL4 was significantly decreased in DFI compared to DFU group (P=0.020). There was a significant correlation of TNK% with both IL4 and IFN-γ (r=0.385, P<0.001; r=0.534, P<0.001, respectively). Significant negative correlation of TNK% with HbA1c and LDL was revealed (r=-0.631, P<0.001; and r=-0.261, P=0.013, respectively), while a positive correlation was seen with HDL (r=0.287, P=0.006). A significant negative correlation of IL4 with HbA1c was found (r=-0.514, P<0.001;. As for IFN-γ, a significant negative correlation with HbA1c and LDL was detected (r=-0.369, P< 0.001; r=-0.229, P=0.030). TNK % and IFN-γ level showed negative correlations with disease duration/year (r=-0.546, P< 0.001; r=-0.338, P=0.001,respectively). CONCLUSION Decline in TNK frequency has essential role in T2DM pathogenesis and subsequent foot complications. Downregulation of TNK% and IFN-γ level have potential roles in predicting infection of diabetic ulcer and are correlated with disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hammad
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Elmadbouly
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Correspondence: Asmaa A Elmadbouly Tel +20 1011504476 Email
| | - Inass Hassan Ahmad
- Endocrinology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa A Mohammed
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal Farouk
- Vascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zahraa Futooh
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Omar Alfy
- General Surgery Department, Al Zahraa University Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Abozaid
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman F Mohamed
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Kotb
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alzahra Abdelbadea
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora Seliem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elshafei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alya Mashaal
- Immunology, Zoology & Entomology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wang Y, Bhave MS, Yagita H, Cardell SL. Natural Killer T-Cell Agonist α-Galactosylceramide and PD-1 Blockade Synergize to Reduce Tumor Development in a Preclinical Model of Colon Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581301. [PMID: 33193386 PMCID: PMC7606378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine and human invariant natural killer T (iNKT) lymphocytes are activated by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) presented on CD1d. α-GalCer was first described as a lipid that had strong anti-metastatic effects in a mouse melanoma model, and it has subsequently been shown to induce efficient iNKT cell dependent tumor immunity in several tumor models. We have shown that α-GalCer treatment leads to a weak reduction of polyp burden in the autochthonous ApcMin/+ mouse model for human colon cancer, however this treatment resulted in upregulation of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 on iNKT cells. While anti-PD-1 treatment can prevent immune-suppression in other cancer types, human colon cancer is generally resistant to this treatment. Here we have used the ApcMin/+ model to investigate whether a combined treatment with α-GalCer and PD-1 blockade results in improved effects on polyp development. We find that PD-1 expression was high on T cells in polyps and lamina propria (LP) of ApcMin/+ mice compared to polyp free Apc+/+ littermates. Anti-PD-1 treatment alone promoted Tbet expression in iNKT cells and CD4 T cells, but did not significantly reduce polyp numbers. However, the combined treatment with anti-PD-1 and α-GalCer had synergistic effects, resulting in highly significant reduction of polyp numbers in the small and large intestine. Addition of PD-1 blockade to α-GalCer treatment prevented loss of iNKT cells that were skewed towards a TH1-like iNKT1 phenotype specifically in polyps. It also resulted in TH1 skewing and increased granzyme B expression of CD4 T cells. Taken together this demonstrates that a combination of immune stimulation targeting iNKT cells and checkpoint blockade may be a promising approach to develop for improved tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madhura S Bhave
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Batatinha H, Tavares-Silva E, Leite GSF, Resende AS, Albuquerque JAT, Arslanian C, Fock RA, Lancha AH, Lira FS, Krüger K, Thomatieli-Santos R, Rosa-Neto JC. Probiotic supplementation in marathonists and its impact on lymphocyte population and function after a marathon: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18777. [PMID: 33139757 PMCID: PMC7608678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation arises as playing an immune-stimulatory role. High-intensity and -volume exercise can inhibit immune cell function, which threatens athletic performance and recovery. We hypothesized that 30 days of probiotic supplementation could stabilize the immune system of athletes preventing immune suppression after a marathon race. Twenty-seven male marathonists were double-blinded randomly into probiotic (Bifidobacterium-animalis-subsp.-Lactis (10 × 109) and Lactobacillus-Acidophilus (10 × 109) + 5 g of maltodextrin) and placebo (5 g of maltodextrin) group. They received 30 sachets and supplemented 1 portion/day during 30 days before the race. Blood were collected 30 days before (rest), 1 day before (pre), 1 h after (post) and 5 days after the race (recovery). Both chronic and acute exercise modulated a different T lymphocyte population (CD3+CD4−CD8− T-cells), increasing pre-race, decreasing post and returning to rest values at the recovery. The total number of CD8 T cell and the memory subsets statistically decreased only in the placebo group post-race. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by stimulated lymphocytes decreased in the probiotic group after the supplementation period. 30 days of probiotic supplementation maintained CD8 T cell and effector memory cell population and played an immunomodulatory role in stimulated lymphocytes. Both, training and marathon modulated a non-classical lymphocyte population regardless of probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo,, 1524, Prof Lineu Prestes Av., Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Edgar Tavares-Silva
- Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Geovana S F Leite
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayane S Resende
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A T Albuquerque
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Arslanian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio H Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronaldo Thomatieli-Santos
- Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - José C Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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High-parametric evaluation of human invariant natural killer T cells to delineate heterogeneity in allo- and autoimmunity. Blood 2020; 135:814-825. [PMID: 31935280 PMCID: PMC7068034 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a rare innate-like lymphocyte population that recognizes glycolipids presented on CD1d. Studies in mice have shown that these cells are heterogeneous and are capable of enacting diverse functions, and the composition of iNKT cell subsets can alter disease outcomes. In contrast, far less is known about how heterogeneity in human iNKT cells relates to disease. To address this, we used a high-dimensional, data-driven approach to devise a framework for parsing human iNKT heterogeneity. Our data revealed novel and previously described iNKT cell phenotypes with distinct functions. In particular, we found 2 phenotypes of interest: (1) a population with T helper 1 function that was increased with iNKT activation characterized by HLA-II+CD161- expression, and (2) a population with enhanced cytotoxic function characterized by CD4-CD94+ expression. These populations correlate with acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and with new onset type 1 diabetes, respectively. Our study identifies human iNKT cell phenotypes associated with human disease that could aid in the development of biomarkers or therapeutics targeting iNKT cells.
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13
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Moyse E, Haddad M, Benlabiod C, Ramassamy C, Krantic S. Common Pathological Mechanisms and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Type-2 Diabetes: Focus on Inflammation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:986-1006. [PMID: 31692443 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191106094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease, but it is yet unclear whether this pathological link is reciprocal. Although Alzheimer's disease and diabetes appear as entirely different pathological entities affecting the Central Nervous System and a peripheral organ (pancreas), respectively, they share a common pathological core. Recent evidence suggests that in the pancreas in the case of diabetes, as in the brain for Alzheimer's Disease, the initial pathological event may be the accumulation of toxic proteins yielding amyloidosis. Moreover, in both pathologies, amyloidosis is likely responsible for local inflammation, which acts as a driving force for cell death and tissue degeneration. These pathological events are all inter-connected and establish a vicious cycle resulting in the progressive character of both pathologies. OBJECTIVE To address the literature supporting the hypothesis of a common pathological core for both diseases. DISCUSSION We will focus on the analogies and differences between the disease-related inflammatory changes in a peripheral organ, such as the pancreas, versus those observed in the brain. Recent evidence suggesting an impact of peripheral inflammation on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease will be presented. CONCLUSION We propose that it is now necessary to consider whether neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease affects inflammation in the pancreas related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
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14
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Suvas P, Liu L, Rao P, Steinle JJ, Suvas S. Systemic alterations in leukocyte subsets and the protective role of NKT cells in the mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108203. [PMID: 32890483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of leukocytes in the pathophysiology of DR has mostly examined the role of monocytes and neutrophils with little emphasis on other immune cell types. In this study, we determined the systemic alterations in T cell subsets, myeloid cell types, NK cells, and NKT cells in the streptozotocin (STZ) mouse model of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the role of NKT cells on retinal leukostasis and permeability changes. C57BL/6 J mice were made diabetic with 60 mg/kg dose of STZ given for 5-days. Flow cytometry assay measured the frequency of leukocyte subsets in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow of STZ- and vehicle-treated C57BL/6 J mice. Our results showed an increased proportion of memory CD8 T cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting CD8 T cells in the bone marrow of STZ-treated compared to control mice. Subsequently, increased production of inflammatory monocytes in the bone marrow and an enhanced frequency of CD11b + cells in the diabetic retina were seen in STZ-treated compared to control mice. The diabetic mice also exhibited a decrease in total NKT and CD4+NKT cells. A monoclonal antibody-based approach depleted NKT cells from STZ-treated mice, followed by measurements of retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis. The depletion of NKT cells in STZ-treated mice resulted in a significant increase in vascular permeability in the retinal tissue. Together, our results strongly imply the involvement of NKT cells in regulating the pathophysiology of the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pushpa Rao
- Department of Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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15
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Darcy PW, Denzin LK, Sant'Angelo DB. YY1 lo NKT cells are dedicated IL-10 producers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3897. [PMID: 32127556 PMCID: PMC7054430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is required for the full function of the transcription factor, PLZF, which is essential for the development of natural killer T cell (NKT cell) effector functions. Discordant expression of YY1 and PLZF, therefore, might define NKT cell subsets with distinct effector functions. A subset of NKT cells was identified that expressed low levels of YY1. YY1lo NKT cells were found in all tissues, had a mature phenotype and, distinct from other NKT cells, expressed almost no ThPOK or Tbet. When activated, YY1lo NKT cells produced little IL-4 or IFN-γ. YY1lo NKT cells were found to constitutively transcribe IL-10 mRNA and, accordingly, produced IL-10 upon primary activation. Finally, we find that tumor infiltrating NKT cells are highly enriched for the YY1lo subset. Low YY1 expression, therefore, defines a previously unrecognized NKT cell subset that is committed to producing IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Darcy
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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16
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Becker MW, Simonovich JA, Phelps EA. Engineered microenvironments and microdevices for modeling the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. Biomaterials 2019; 198:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Zhou T, Hu Z, Yang S, Sun L, Yu Z, Wang G. Role of Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:7457269. [PMID: 30533447 PMCID: PMC6250017 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7457269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After the recognition of the essential role of the immune system in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, more studies are focused on the effects produced by the abnormal differentiation of components of the immune system. In patients suffering from obesity or T2DM, there were alterations in proliferation of T cells and macrophages, and impairment in function of NK cells and B cells, which represented abnormal innate and adaptive immunity. The abnormality of either innate immunity, adaptive immunity, or both was involved and interacted with each other during the progression of T2DM. Although previous studies have revealed the functional involvement of T cells in T2DM, and the regulation of metabolism by the innate or adaptive immune system during the pathogenesis of T2DM, there has been a lack of literature reviewing the relevant role of adaptive and innate immunity in the progression of T2DM. Here, we will review their relevant roles, aiming to provide new thought for the development of immunotherapy in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yu
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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18
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Cortesi F, Delfanti G, Casorati G, Dellabona P. The Pathophysiological Relevance of the iNKT Cell/Mononuclear Phagocyte Crosstalk in Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2375. [PMID: 30369933 PMCID: PMC6194905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are regarded as sentinels of tissue integrity by sensing local cell stress and damage. This occurs via recognition of CD1d-restricted lipid antigens, generated by stress-related metabolic changes, and stimulation by inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-18. Increasing evidence suggest that this occurs mainly upon NKT cell interaction with CD1d-expressing cells of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System, i.e., monocytes, macrophages and DCs, which patrol parenchymatous organs and mucosae to maintain tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss critical examples of this crosstalk, presenting the known underlying mechanisms and their effects on both cell types and the environment, and suggest that the interaction with CD1d-expressing mononuclear phagocytes in tissues is the fundamental job of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cortesi
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Delfanti
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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19
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Zhao Y, Lin L, Li J, Xiao Z, Chen B, Wan L, Li M, Wu X, Hin Cho C, Shen J. CD4+ T cells in obesity and obesity-associated diseases. Cell Immunol 2018; 332:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Van Kaer L, Wu L. Therapeutic Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:519. [PMID: 29593743 PMCID: PMC5859017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance against self-antigens is regulated by a variety of cell types with immunoregulatory properties, such as CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In many experimental models of autoimmunity, iNKT cells promote self-tolerance and protect against autoimmunity. These findings are supported by studies with patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. Based on these studies, the therapeutic potential of iNKT cells in autoimmunity has been explored. Many of these studies have been performed with the potent iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 or its structural variants. These findings have generated promising results in several autoimmune diseases, although mechanisms by which iNKT cells modulate autoimmunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we will review these preclinical studies and discuss the prospects for translating their findings to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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21
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Holland R, Gomes JE, Cintra LTA, Queiroz ÍODA, Estrela C. Factors affecting the periapical healing process of endodontically treated teeth. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:465-476. [PMID: 29069143 PMCID: PMC5804382 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is an essential process that reestablishes tissue integrity and regular function. Nevertheless, different therapeutic factors and clinical conditions may interfere in this process of periapical healing. This review aims to discuss the important therapeutic factors associated with the clinical protocol used during root canal treatment and to highlight the systemic conditions associated with the periapical healing process of endodontically treated teeth. The antibacterial strategies indicated in the conventional treatment of an inflamed and infected pulp and the modulation of the host's immune response may assist in tissue repair, if wound healing has been hindered by infection. Systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, can also inhibit wound healing. The success of root canal treatment is affected by the correct choice of clinical protocol. These factors are dependent on the sanitization process (instrumentation, irrigant solution, irrigating strategies, and intracanal dressing), the apical limit of the root canal preparation and obturation, and the quality of the sealer. The challenges affecting the healing process of endodontically treated teeth include control of the inflammation of pulp or infectious processes and simultaneous neutralization of unpredictable provocations to the periapical tissue. Along with these factors, one must understand the local and general clinical conditions (systemic health of the patient) that affect the outcome of root canal treatment prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Holland
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - João Eduardo Gomes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Índia Olinta de Azevedo Queiroz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Estrela
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Ciências Estomatológicas, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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22
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Yang JH, Eun SC. Therapeutic application of T regulatory cells in composite tissue allotransplantation. J Transl Med 2017; 15:218. [PMID: 29073905 PMCID: PMC5658973 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With growing number of cases in recent years, composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) has been improving the quality of life of patient who seeks reconstruction and repair of damaged tissues. Composite tissue allografts are heterogeneous. They are composed of a variety of tissue types, including skin, muscle, vessel, bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes, nerve, and tendon. As a primary target of CTA, skin has high antigenicity with a rich repertoire of resident cells that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance. In this regard, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in immune rejection in the skin would be essential to achieve successful CTA. Although scientific evidence has proved the necessity of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of allotransplanted tissues, there remains a lingering dilemma due to the lack of specificity of targeted immunosuppression and risks of side effects. A cumulative body of evidence has demonstrated T regulatory (Treg) cells have critical roles in induction of immune tolerance and immune homeostasis in preclinical and clinical studies. Presently, controlling immune susceptible characteristics of CTA with adoptive transfer of Treg cells is being considered promising and it has drawn great interests. This updated review will focus on a dominant form of Treg cells expressing CD4+CD25+ surface molecules and a forkhead box P3 transcription factor with immune tolerant and immune homeostasis activities. For future application of Treg cells as therapeutics in CTA, molecular and cellular characteristics of CTA and immune rejection, Treg cell development and phenotypes, Treg cell plasticity and stability, immune tolerant functions of Treg cells in CTA in preclinical studies, and protocols for therapeutic application of Treg cells in clinical settings are addressed in this review. Collectively, Treg cell therapy in CTA seems feasible with promising perspectives. However, the extreme high immunogenicity of CTA warrants caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hee Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Immunology Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Eun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Immunology Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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23
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Schäfer C, Ascui G, Ribeiro CH, López M, Prados-Rosales R, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Baena A, Kalergis AM, Carreño LJ. Innate immune cells for immunotherapy of autoimmune and cancer disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:315-337. [PMID: 28933579 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1365145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system has been widely targeted for the treatment of several immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, due to its crucial role in these pathologies. Current available therapies focus mainly on symptomatic treatment and are often associated with undesirable secondary effects. For several years, remission of disease and subsequently recovery of immune homeostasis has been a major goal for immunotherapy. Most current immunotherapeutic strategies are aimed to inhibit or potentiate directly the adaptive immune response by modulating antibody production and B cell memory, as well as the effector potential and memory of T cells. Although these immunomodulatory approaches have shown some success in the clinic with promising therapeutic potential, they have some limitations related to their effectiveness in disease models and clinical trials, as well as elevated costs. In the recent years, a renewed interest has emerged on targeting innate immune cells for immunotherapy, due to their high plasticity and ability to exert a potent and extremely rapid response, which can influence the outcome of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory potential of several innate immune cells, as well as they use for immunotherapy, especially in autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Schäfer
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mercedes López
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- c Centro de Investigaciones Cooperativas en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE) , Bilbao , Spain
| | - Pablo A González
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,e Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrés Baena
- f Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,g Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are considered chronic inflammatory diseases. While early publications have reported the implication of innate immune cells such as macrophages to promote systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunctions, recent publications underline the alterations of the T cell compartment in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. These recent findings are the focus of this review. RECENT FINDINGS In humans, obesity and T2D induce the expansion of proinflammatory T cells such as CD4 Th1, Th17, and CD8 populations, whereas innate T cells such as MAIT and iNKT cells are decreased. These alterations reflect a loss of total T cell homeostasis that may contribute to tissue and systemic inflammation. Whether these changes are adaptive to nutritional variations and/or contribute to the progression of metabolic diseases remains to be clarified. T cell phenotyping may improve obese and/or T2D patient stratification with therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sothea Touch
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team 6 Nutriomics, 75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, 75005, Paris, France
- ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team 6 Nutriomics, 75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, 75005, Paris, France
- ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013, Paris, France
- Nutrition, Endocrinology and Cardiology Departments, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien André
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team 6 Nutriomics, 75013, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, 75005, Paris, France.
- ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013, Paris, France.
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25
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Liu S, Chen X. Dietary therapy may be sufficient for type 1 diabetes treatment. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:85-87. [PMID: 28690325 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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26
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Smith JA, Zhao W, Wang X, Ratliff SM, Mukherjee B, Kardia SLR, Liu Y, Roux AVD, Needham BL. Neighborhood characteristics influence DNA methylation of genes involved in stress response and inflammation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Epigenetics 2017; 12:662-673. [PMID: 28678593 PMCID: PMC5687339 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1341026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with poor health outcomes even after accounting for individual-level socioeconomic factors. The chronic stress of unfavorable neighborhood conditions may lead to dysregulation of the stress reactivity and inflammatory pathways, potentially mediated through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. We used multi-level models to examine the relationship between 2 neighborhood conditions and methylation levels of 18 genes related to stress reactivity and inflammation in purified monocytes from 1,226 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a population-based sample of US adults. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, a summary of 16 census-based metrics, was associated with DNA methylation [False discovery rate (FDR) q-value ≤ 0.1] in 2 out of 7 stress-related genes evaluated (CRF, SLC6A4) and 2 out of 11 inflammation-related genes (F8, TLR1). Neighborhood social environment, a summary measure of aesthetic quality, safety, and social cohesion, was associated with methylation in 4 of the 7 stress-related genes (AVP, BDNF, FKBP5, SLC6A4) and 7 of the 11 inflammation-related genes (CCL1, CD1D, F8, KLRG1, NLRP12, SLAMF7, TLR1). High socioeconomic disadvantage and worse social environment were primarily associated with increased methylation. In 5 genes with significant associations between neighborhood and methylation (FKBP5, CD1D, F8, KLRG1, NLRP12), methylation was associated with gene expression of at least one transcript. These results demonstrate that multiple dimensions of neighborhood context may influence methylation levels and subsequent gene expression of stress- and inflammation-related genes, even after accounting for individual socioeconomic factors. Further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these relationships will be important for understanding the etiology of health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Smith
- a Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- a Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Xu Wang
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Scott M Ratliff
- a Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- d Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- a Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- e Department of Epidemiology and Prevention , School of Medicine, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Ava V Diez Roux
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Belinda L Needham
- a Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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27
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Adipose tissue inflammation: a cause or consequence of obesity-related insulin resistance? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1603-14. [PMID: 27503945 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has become a major health concern, because it contributes to higher mortality due to an increased risk for noncommunicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders and some cancers. Insulin resistance may link accumulation of adipose tissue in obesity to metabolic diseases, although the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. In the past decades, data from human studies and transgenic animal models strongly suggested correlative, but also causative associations between activation of proinflammatory pathways and insulin resistance. Particularly chronic inflammation in adipose tissue seems to play an important role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. On the other hand, adipose tissue inflammation has been shown to be essential for healthy adipose tissue expansion and remodelling. However, whether adipose tissue inflammation represents a consequence or a cause of impaired insulin sensitivity remains an open question. A better understanding of the molecular pathways linking excess adipose tissue storage to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance may provide the basis for the future development of anti-inflammatory treatment strategies to improve adverse metabolic consequences of obesity. In this review, potential mechanisms of adipose tissue inflammation and how adipose tissue inflammation may cause insulin resistance are discussed.
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Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:200-221. [PMID: 27702700 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
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Jaiswal AK, Sadasivam M, Hamad ARA. Syndecan-1-coating of interleukin-17-producing natural killer T cells provides a specific method for their visualization and analysis. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:130-134. [PMID: 28465789 PMCID: PMC5394732 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are innate-like T cells that acquire effector functions while developing in the thymus, polarize into three distinct functional subsets viz. NKT1, NKT2 and NKT17 cells that produce interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17, respectively. However, there has been no unique surface markers that define each subsets, forcing investigators to use intracellular staining of transcription factors and cytokines in combination of surface markers to distinguish among these subsets. Intracellular staining, however, causes apoptosis and prevents subsequent utilization of NKT cells in functional in vitro and in vivo assays that require viable cells. This limitation has significantly impeded understanding the specific properties of each subset and their interactions with each other. Therefore, there has been fervent efforts to find a specific markers for each NKT cell subset. We have recently identified that syndecan-1 (SDC-1; CD138) as a specific surface marker of NKT17 cells. This discovery now allows visualization of NKT17 in situ and study of their peripheral tissue distribution, characteristics of their TCR and viable sorting for in vitro and in vivo analysis. In addition, it lays the ground working for investigating significance of SDC-1 expression on this particular subset in regulating their roles in host defense and glucose metabolism.
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30
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Baglaenko Y, Cruz Tleugabulova M, Gracey E, Talaei N, Manion KP, Chang NH, Ferri DM, Mallevaey T, Wither JE. Invariant NKT Cell Activation Is Potentiated by Homotypic trans-Ly108 Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3949-3962. [PMID: 28373584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that respond to glycolipids presented by the MHC class Ib molecule CD1d and are rapidly activated to produce large quantities of cytokines and chemokines. iNKT cell development uniquely depends on interactions between double-positive thymocytes that provide key homotypic interactions between signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family members. However, the role of SLAM receptors in the differentiation of iNKT cell effector subsets and activation has not been explored. In this article, we show that C57BL/6 mice containing the New Zealand Black Slam locus have profound alterations in Ly108, CD150, and Ly9 expression that is associated with iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. This loss of function was only apparent when dendritic cells and iNKT cells had a loss of SLAM receptor expression. Using small interfering RNA knockdowns and peptide-blocking strategies, we demonstrated that trans-Ly108 interactions between dendritic cells and iNKT cells are critical for robust activation. LY108 costimulation similarly increased human iNKT cell activation. Thus, in addition to its established role in iNKT cell ontogeny, Ly108 regulates iNKT cell function in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Baglaenko
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | | | - Eric Gracey
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nafiseh Talaei
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Kieran Patricia Manion
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nan-Hua Chang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Dario Michael Ferri
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Joan E Wither
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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31
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Suárez-Fueyo A, Bradley SJ, Klatzmann D, Tsokos GC. T cells and autoimmune kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:329-343. [PMID: 28287110 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is traditionally considered to result from the invasion of the kidney by autoantibodies and immune complexes from the circulation or following their formation in situ, and by cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system. The inflammatory response leads to the proliferation and dysfunction of cells of the glomerulus, and invasion of the interstitial space with immune cells, resulting in tubular cell malfunction and fibrosis. T cells are critical drivers of autoimmunity and related organ damage, by supporting B-cell differentiation and antibody production or by directly promoting inflammation and cytotoxicity against kidney resident cells. T cells might become activated by autoantigens in the periphery and become polarized to secrete inflammatory cytokines before entering the kidney where they have the opportunity to expand owing to the presence of costimulatory molecules and activating cytokines. Alternatively, naive T cells could enter the kidney where they become activated after encountering autoantigen and expand locally. As not all individuals with a peripheral autoimmune response to kidney antigens develop glomerulonephritis, the contribution of local kidney factors expressed or produced by kidney cells is probably of crucial importance. Improved understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of T cells in patients with glomerulonephritis offers unique opportunities for the recognition of treatment targets for autoimmune kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Suárez-Fueyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-937, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sean J Bradley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-937, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University, INSERM UMR_S 959, 83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-937, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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32
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Isaacs SR, Wang J, Kim KW, Yin C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Craig ME. MicroRNAs in Type 1 Diabetes: Complex Interregulation of the Immune System, β Cell Function and Viral Infections. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:133. [PMID: 27844276 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first mammalian microRNA (miRNA) more than two decades ago, a plethora of miRNAs has been identified in humans, now amounting to more than 2500. Essential for post-transcriptional regulation of gene networks integral for developmental pathways and immune response, it is not surprising that dysregulation of miRNAs is often associated with the aetiology of complex diseases including cancer, diabetes and autoimmune disorders. Despite massive expansion of small RNA studies and extensive investigation in diverse disease contexts, the role of miRNAs in type 1 diabetes has only recently been explored. Key studies using human islets have recently implicated virus-induced miRNA dysregulation as a pivotal mechanism of β cell destruction, while the interplay between miRNAs, the immune system and β cell survival has been illustrated in studies using animal and cellular models of disease. The role of specific miRNAs as major players in immune system homeostasis highlights their exciting potential as therapeutics and prognostic biomarkers of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Isaacs
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW and POWH Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Jie Wang
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW and POWH Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Congcong Yin
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Qing Sheng Mi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Maria E Craig
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- UNSW and POWH Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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33
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De Biasi S, Simone AM, Nasi M, Bianchini E, Ferraro D, Vitetta F, Gibellini L, Pinti M, Del Giovane C, Sola P, Cossarizza A. iNKT Cells in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Display Pro-inflammatory Profiles. Front Immunol 2016; 7:555. [PMID: 27965675 PMCID: PMC5127814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease with neurodegeneration and inflammation is characterized by several alterations of different T cell subsets. However, few data exist on the role of iNKT lymphocytes. OBJECTIVE To identify possible changes in the phenotype of iNKT cells in patients with different clinical forms of MS and find alterations in their polyfunctionality [i.e., ability to produce simultaneously up to four cytokines such as IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-4]. METHODS We studied a total of 165 patients, 91 with a relapsing-remitting form [RR; 31 were treated with interferon (IFN)1a-β, 25 with natalizumab (NAT), 29 with glatiramer acetate; 17 were newly diagnosed RR without treatment, 19 not-active RR without treatment]. Forty-four patients had a progressive MS: 20 primary progressive (PP) and 24 secondary progressive (SP). A total of 55 age- and sex-matched subjects represented healthy controls (CTR). Among fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells, iNKT cells were identified by flow cytometry. Moreover, the capability of iNKT cells to produce different cytokines (IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-4) after in vitro stimulation were evaluated in 18 RR (11 treated with NAT and 7 with IFN), 4 PP, 6 SP, and 16 CTR. RESULTS No main differences were found in iNKT cell phenotype among MS patients with different MS forms or during different treatments. However, the polyfunctional response of iNKT cells showed Th1 and Th17 profiles. This was well evident in patients with SP form, who are characterized by high levels of inflammation and neurodegeneration, and exhibited a sustained increase in the production of Th17 cytokines. Patients treated with NAT displayed lower levels of iNKT cells producing IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the progressive phase of the disease is characterized by permanent iNKT activation and a skewing towards an inflammatory phenotype. Compared to other treatments, NAT was able to modulate iNKT cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Simone
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Elena Bianchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Francesca Vitetta
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
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Wang XL, Chang XY, Tang XX, Chen ZG, Zhou T, Sun K. Peripheral invariant natural killer T cell deficiency in metabolically unhealthy but normal weight versus metabolically healthy but obese individuals. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:1272-1282. [PMID: 28322093 PMCID: PMC5536764 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516663778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the proportion of circulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in four body health types. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants were classified into four body health types according to the body mass index and metabolic status: metabolically healthy and normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy but normal weight (MUNW), metabolically healthy but obese (MHO), or metabolically unhealthy and obese (MUO). Demographic and clinical characteristics were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were calculated. The proportion of circulating iNKT cells was also evaluated by flow cytometry. Results The study enrolled 41 MHNW, 37 MUNW, 30 MHO, and 43 MUO participants. Compared with the MHNW group, the MUNW, MHO, and MUO groups had significantly lower iNKT cell proportions. The iNKT cell proportion was significantly higher in the MHO group than the MUNW and MUO groups. The iNKT cell proportion was inversely correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR, and VAI values. Conclusion The proportion of iNKT cells was lower in people (lean or obese) with excessive visceral fat accumulation, suggesting that iNKT cell deficiency may be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Wang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Chang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Tang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- 2 Department of Medical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kan Sun
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
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35
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Rodi M, Dimisianos N, de Lastic AL, Sakellaraki P, Deraos G, Matsoukas J, Papathanasopoulos P, Mouzaki A. Regulatory Cell Populations in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) Patients: Effect of Disease Activity and Treatment Regimens. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091398. [PMID: 27571060 PMCID: PMC5037678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of autoimmune etiology that results from an imbalance between CNS-specific T effector cells and peripheral suppressive mechanisms mediated by regulatory cells (RC). In this research, we collected blood samples from 83 relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 45 healthy persons (HC), to assess the sizes of their RC populations, including CD4⁺CD25(high)Foxp3⁺ (nTregs), CD3⁺CD4⁺HLA(-)G⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺CD28(-), CD3⁺CD56⁺, and CD56(bright) cells, and how RC are affected by disease activity (acute phase or remission) and types of treatment (methylprednisolone, interferon, or natalizumab). In addition, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cultured them with peptides mapping to myelin antigens, to determine RC responsiveness to autoantigens. The results showed decreased levels of nTregs in patients in the acute phase ± methylprednisolone and in remission + natalizumab, but HC levels in patients in remission or receiving interferon. Patients + interferon had the highest levels of CD3⁺CD4⁺HLA(-)G⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺CD28(-) RC, and patients in the acute phase + methylprednisolone the lowest. Patients in remission had the highest levels of CD3⁺CD56⁺, and patients in remission + natalizumab the highest levels of CD56(bright) cells. Only nTregs responded to autoantigens in culture, regardless of disease activity or treatment. The highest suppressive activity was exhibited by nTregs from patients in remission. In conclusion, in RRMS disease activity and type of treatment affect different RC populations. nTregs respond to myelin antigens, indicating that it is possible to restore immunological tolerance through nTreg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Dimisianos
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Sakellaraki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - George Deraos
- Eldrug S.A., Pharmaceutical Company, Platani, Patras GR-26504, Greece.
| | - John Matsoukas
- Eldrug S.A., Pharmaceutical Company, Platani, Patras GR-26504, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Nel
- INSERM U1016 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Institut Cochin, and Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Lehuen
- INSERM U1016 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Institut Cochin, and Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Kanellopoulos J. Natural killer T cells. Biomed J 2016; 38:469. [PMID: 27013446 PMCID: PMC6138376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kanellopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Structural Biology, I2BC-CNRS 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France; Associate Editor at Biomedical Journal.
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Walton EL. The two faces of invariant natural killer T cells. Biomed J 2015; 38:465-8. [PMID: 27013445 PMCID: PMC6138262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we take a look at some of the immune system's most peculiar cells, invariant natural killer T cells, which have features of both innate and adaptive cells. We also highlight a clinical study revealing that high serum phosphate levels could show that it's time to start dialysis in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Finally, this issue also includes some case reports, including an unusual case of aspergillosis related to long-term inhaler use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Walton
- Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens Gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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