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Adisasmita M, Lee HK, An Y, Kim M, Mamo MG, Hur JK, Choi D, Shin JH, Jung YK. Epigenetic modulation inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition-driven fibrogenesis and enhances characteristics of chemically-derived hepatic progenitors. Ann Surg Treat Res 2024; 106:274-283. [PMID: 38725803 PMCID: PMC11076951 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2024.106.5.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose One of the novel cell sources of cell-based liver regenerative medicine is human chemically-derived hepatic progenitors (hCdHs). We previously established this cell by direct hepatocyte reprogramming with a combination of small molecules (hepatocyte growth factor, A83-01, CHIR99021). However, there have been several issues concerning the cell's stability and maintenance, namely the occurrences of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that develop fibrotic phenotypes, resulting in the loss of hepatic progenitor characteristics. These hepatic progenitor attributes are thought to be regulated by SOX9, a transcription factor essential for hepatic progenitor cells and cholangiocytes. Methods To suppress the fibrotic phenotype and improve our long-term hCdHs culture technology, we utilized the epigenetic modulating drugs DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-azacytidine) and histone deacetylase inhibitor (sodium butyrate) that have been reported to suppress and revert hepatic fibrosis. To confirm the essential role of SOX9 to our cell, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-interference (CRISPRi) to repress the SOX9 expression. Results The treatment of only 5-azacytidine significantly reduces the fibrosis/mesenchymal marker and EMT-related transcription factor expression level in the early passages. Interestingly, this treatment also increased the hepatic progenitor markers expression, even during the reprogramming phase. Then, we confirmed the essential role of SOX9 by repressing the SOX9 expression with CRISPRi which resulted in the downregulation of several essential hepatic progenitor cell markers. Conclusion These results highlight the capacity of 5-azacytidine to inhibit EMT-driven hepatic fibrosis and the significance of SOX9 on hepatic progenitor cell stemness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adisasmita
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyomin K Lee
- Major in Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Genetics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohan An
- Department of Genetics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myounghoi Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michael Girma Mamo
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junho K. Hur
- Department of Genetics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Shin
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jung
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Lichtiger L, Jezioro J, Rivera J, McDonald JD, Terry MB, Sahay D, Miller RL. Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, altered regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar)γ, and links with mammary cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116213. [PMID: 37224940 PMCID: PMC10330651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been shown to be associated with chronic disease outcomes through multiple mechanisms including altered regulation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar) γ. Because PAH exposure and Pparγ each have been associated with mammary cancer, we asked whether PAH would induce altered regulation of Pparγ in mammary tissue, and whether this association may underlie the association between PAH and mammary cancer. Pregnant mice were exposed to aerosolized PAH at proportions that mimic equivalent human exposures in New York City air. We hypothesized that prenatal PAH exposure would alter Pparγ DNA methylation and gene expression and induce the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary tissue of offspring (F1) and grandoffspring (F2) mice. We also hypothesized that altered regulation of Pparγ in mammary tissue would associate with biomarkers of EMT, and examined associations with whole body weight. We found that prenatal PAH exposure lowered Pparγ mammary tissue methylation among grandoffspring mice at postnatal day (PND) 28. However, PAH exposure did not associate with altered Pparγ gene expression or consistently with biomarkers of EMT. Finally, lower Pparγ methylation, but not gene expression, was associated with higher body weight among offspring and grandoffspring mice at PND28 and PND60. Findings suggest additional evidence of multi-generational adverse epigenetic effects of prenatal PAH exposure among grandoffspring mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lichtiger
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Jezioro
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Janelle Rivera
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Department of Toxicology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Debashish Sahay
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.
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Sawalha K, Norgard N, López-Candales A. Epigenetic Regulation and its Effects on Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e39395. [PMID: 37362531 PMCID: PMC10286850 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), specifically coronary atherosclerosis, is regulated by an interplay between genetic and lifestyle factors. Most recently, a factor getting much attention is the role epigenetics play in atherosclerosis; particularly the development of coronary artery disease. Furthermore, it is important to understand the intricate interaction between the environment and each individual genetic material and how this interaction affects gene expression and consequently influences the development of atherosclerosis. Our main goal is to discuss epigenetic regulations; particularly, the factors contributing to coronary atherosclerosis and their role in aging and longevity. We reviewed the current literature and provided a simplified yet structured and reasonable appraisal of this topic. This role has also been recently linked to longevity and aging. Epigenetic regulations (modifications) whether through histone modifications or DNA or RNA methylation have been shown to be regulated by environmental factors such as social stress, smoking, chemical contaminants, and diet. These sensitive interactions are further aggravated by racial health disparities that ultimately impact cardiovascular disease outcomes through epigenetic interactions. Certainly, limiting our exposure to such causative events at younger ages seems our "golden opportunity" to tackle the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis and probably the answer to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sawalha
- Cardiometabolic Diseases, Truman Medical Centers - University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | - Nicholas Norgard
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Truman Medical Centers - University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
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Lin R, Qian Y, Zhang J, Xia D, Guo D, Hong L, Qing B, Xu M, Huang Y, Lin W, Chen G, Liu S. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of gastric cardia cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:290-300. [PMID: 36342849 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Aberrant DNA methylation has been found in various cancer types including gastric cancer, yet the genome-wide DNA methylation profile of gastric cardia cancer (GCC) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to profile the DNA methylation pattern of GCC and identify promising diagnostic epigenetic biomarkers. METHODS We investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in eight pairs of GCC and adjacent normal tissues using Illumina 850K microarrays. Subsequently, bisulfite-pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time PCR were performed on eight pairs of GCC-adjacent normal tissues for validation. Finally, we performed immunohistochemistry to examine ADHFE1 expression on 126 pairs of GCC-adjacent normal samples. RESULTS DNA methylome analysis showed global hypomethylation and local hypermethylation of promoter cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands (CGIs) in GCC tissues compared with gastric cardia normal mucosa (P < 2.2 × 10-16 ). Differential methylation analysis identified a total of 91 723 differentially-methylated probes (DMPs), and the candidate gene with the largest average DNA methylation difference mapped to ADHFE1 (mean Δβ = 0.53). Subsequently, three DMPs in the ADHFE1 promoter were validated by pyrosequencing. Notably, the mean methylation level of the three candidate DMPs (ADHFE1_cg08090772, ADHFE1_cg19283840, and ADHFE1_cg20295442) was negatively associated with ADHFE1 mRNA expression level (Spearman rho = -0.64, P = 0.01). Moreover, both mRNA (P = 0.0213) and protein (P < 0.0001) expression of ADHFE1 were significantly decreased in GCCs compared with the adjacent normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal DNA methylation aberrations in GCC and that ADHFE1 gene DNA methylation contributes to the risk of GCC, thus providing novel mechanistic insights into gastric cardia cancer carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanli Qian
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinhai Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Di Xia
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongming Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bojuan Qing
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Muming Xu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yiteng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guangcan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Pal SC, Eslam M, Mendez-Sanchez N. Detangling the interrelations between MAFLD, insulin resistance, and key hormones. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:573-589. [PMID: 35921046 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has increasingly become a significant and highly prevalent cause of chronic liver disease, displaying a wide array of risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms of which only a few have so far been clearly elucidated. A bidirectional interaction between hormonal discrepancies and metabolic-related disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been described. Since the change in nomenclature from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to MAFLD is based on the clear impact of metabolic elements on the disease, the reciprocal interactions of hormones such as insulin, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and estrogens have strongly pointed to the intrinsic links that lead to the heterogeneous epidemiology, clinical presentations, and risk factors involved in MAFLD in different populations. The objective of this work is twofold. Firstly, there is a brief discussion regarding the change in nomenclature as well as epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiologic mechanisms other than hormonal effects, which include nutrition and the gut microbiome, as well as genetic and epigenetic influences. Secondly, we review the basis of the most important hormonal factors involved in the development and progression of MAFLD that act both independently and in an interrelated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya C Pal
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 4510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150. Col. Toriello Guerra, 14050, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nahum Mendez-Sanchez
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 4510, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150. Col. Toriello Guerra, 14050, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Rasking L, Roelens C, Sprangers B, Thienpont B, Nawrot TS, De Vusser K. Lupus, DNA Methylation, and Air Pollution: A Malicious Triad. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15050. [PMID: 36429769 PMCID: PMC9690025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains elusive to this day; however, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors have been implicated to be involved in disease pathogenesis. Recently, it was demonstrated that in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, interferon-regulated genes are hypomethylated in naïve CD4+ T cells, CD19+ B lymphocytes, and CD14+ monocytes. This suggests that interferon-regulated genes may have been epigenetically poised in SLE patients for rapid expression upon stimulation by different environmental factors. Additionally, environmental studies have identified DNA (hypo)methylation changes as a potential mechanism of environmentally induced health effects in utero, during childhood and in adults. Finally, epidemiologic studies have firmly established air pollution as a crucial SLE risk factor, as studies showed an association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and traditional SLE biomarkers related to disease flare, hospital admissions, and an increased SLEDAI score. In this review, the relationship between aberrant epigenetic regulation, the environment, and the development of SLE will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Rasking
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Céline Roelens
- Depatment of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Depatment of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Department of Human Genetics, Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Environment and Health Unit, Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Vusser
- Depatment of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Bisht D, Arora A, Sachan M. Role of DNA De-methylation intermediate '5-hydroxymethylcytosine' in ovarian cancer management: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113674. [PMID: 36099791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most eminent silent killer, with high morbidity and mortality among all gynaecological cancers. The advanced-stage patient's diagnosis has a low survival rate caused by its asymptomatic progression and diverse histopathological sub-types, wherefore in poor prognosis and highly recurring malignancy with multidrug resistance towards chemotherapy. Epigenetic biomarkers open promising avenues of intriguing research to combat OC malignancy, furthermore a tool for its early diagnosis. 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5-hmC), alias the sixth base of the genome, is an intermediate formed during the recently established DNA demethylation process and catalysed via ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes. It plays a significant role in regulating gene expression and has sparked interest in various cancer types. This review summarizes the role of active DNA demethylation process, its enzymes and intermediate 5-hmC in epigenetic landscape of ovarian cancer as a potent biomarker for clinical translation in identification of therapeutic targets, diagnostic and prognostic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arisha Arora
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Assam, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Menouni A, Duca RC, Berni I, Khouchoua M, Ghosh M, El Ghazi B, Zouine N, Lhilali I, Akroute D, Pauwels S, Creta M, Poels K, Hoet P, Vanoirbeeck J, Kestemont MP, Janssen P, Attwood TS, Godderis L, El Jaafari S. The Parental Pesticide and Offspring's Epigenome Study: Towards an Integrated Use of Human Biomonitoring of Exposure and Effect Biomarkers. TOXICS 2021; 9:332. [PMID: 34941766 PMCID: PMC8703387 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Morocco, due to the lack of education and the presence of a counterfeit market, pesticides constitute a major problem to be addressed by occupational and environmental health agencies. This paper aims to introduce the PaPOE (Parental Pesticides and Offspring Epigenome) prospective study and its goals, to motivate the study rationale and design, and to examine comprehensively whether multi-residue exposure to commonly used pesticides could induce epigenetic alterations through the oxidative stress pathway. The PaPOE project includes a cross-sectional study assessing the occupational exposure among 300 farmworkers in Meknes, and initiates a birth cohort of 1000 pregnant women. Data and biological samples are collected among farmworkers, and throughout pregnancy, and at birth. Oxidative stress biomarkers include Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, and 8-OHdG. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation is assessed. The study began enrollment in 2019 and is ongoing. As of 30 June 2021, 300 farmworkers and 125 pregnant women have enrolled. The results are expected to showcase the importance of biomonitoring for understanding individual risks, and to identify a number of regions where DNA methylation status is altered in the pesticides-exposed population, paving the way for an integrated biomonitoring system in Morocco and Africa to assess environmental exposures and their long-term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Menouni
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
- Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Imane Berni
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Mohamed Khouchoua
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Brahim El Ghazi
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Noura Zouine
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Ilham Lhilali
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Dina Akroute
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
| | - Sara Pauwels
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Matteo Creta
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
- Unit of Environmental Hygiene and Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Katrien Poels
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Peter Hoet
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeeck
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
| | - Marie-Paule Kestemont
- Louvain School of Management, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Paul Janssen
- Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Tara Sabo Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Lode Godderis
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.C.D.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (K.P.); (P.H.); (J.V.); (L.G.)
- IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco; (I.B.); (M.K.); (B.E.G.); (N.Z.); (I.L.); (D.A.); (S.E.J.)
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Elmajnoun HK, Faris ME, Uday S, Gorman S, Greening JE, Haris PI, Abu-Median AB. Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review With Emphasis on the Potential of Intermittent Fasting as a Preventive Strategy. Front Nutr 2021; 8:756413. [PMID: 34778345 PMCID: PMC8581608 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.756413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The world is still struggling to control the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The level of uncertainty regarding the virus is still significantly high. The virus behaves differently in children and young adults. Most children and adolescents are either asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. They generally have a very good prognosis. However, it is not well-known whether children and young adults with type 2 diabetes are at risk of getting a severe infection of COVID-19. Many Muslim children with type 2 diabetes have been performing dawn to dusk fasting during the month of Ramadan, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of this on their health has not been well investigated. Previous studies in adults have suggested that intermittent fasting may be beneficial in different ways including reversal of type 2 diabetes and prevention of COVID-19 infection. Objective: The primary aim of this narrative review is to summarise the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and young adults with type 2 diabetes, and to identify the knowledge gaps in the literature. It also explores the potential of intermittent fasting in reversing the pathogenesis of diabetes and highlighting how this approach could prevent these patients from developing chronic complications. Methods: This narrative review has been produced by examining several databases, including Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and Web of Science. The most common search terms used were "COVID-19 AND Children", "SARS-CoV-2 AND/OR Children", "COVID-19 AND Diabetes" "COVID-19 Epidemiology", "COVID-19 AND Ramadan fasting", "COVID-19 and Intermittent fasting." All the resources used are either peer-reviewed articles/reports and/or official websites of various media, governmental and educational organisations. Results: Having reviewed the currently limited evidence, it has been found that the incidence of COVID-19 among children with type 2 diabetes seems to be not much different from children without diabetes. However, these patients are still vulnerable to any infection. Several studies have reported that prevention programmes such as intermittent fasting are effective to protect these groups of patients from developing any complications. Moreover, observing Ramadan fasting as a type of intermittent fasting could be beneficial for some children with established diabetes, prediabetes and people at risk. Conclusion: Children and young adults with type 2 diabetes are not at risk of severe COVID-19 infection as the case in adults with diabetes. More research is needed to identify the impact of COVID-19 and to investigate the efficacy and safety of intermittent fasting, including Ramadan fasting, among these age groups. Implementing these cost-effective programmes may have a great impact in minimising the incidence of diabetes. Moreover, this could be effective particularly at prediabetes stage by preventing these people from going onto develop type 2 diabetes and taking medications for the rest of their life and protecting people from complications linked to disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala K. Elmajnoun
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Histology and Medical Genetics, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - MoezAlIslam E. Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Sharjah Institute for Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suma Uday
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Gorman
- Department of Paediatrics, St Luke's Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Greening
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Parvez I. Haris
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Abu-Bakr Abu-Median
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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10
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Grady WM. Epigenetic alterations in the gastrointestinal tract: Current and emerging use for biomarkers of cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 151:425-468. [PMID: 34148620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. One of the hallmarks of cancer and a fundamental trait of virtually all gastrointestinal cancers is genomic and epigenomic DNA alterations. Cancer cells acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive the initiation and progression of the cancers by altering the molecular and cell biological process of the cells. These alterations, as well as other host and microenvironment factors, ultimately mediate the initiation and progression of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Epigenetic alterations, which include changes affecting DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin structure, and noncoding RNA expression, have emerged as a major class of molecular alteration in colon polyps and colorectal cancer. The classes of epigenetic alterations, their status in colorectal polyps and cancer, their effects on neoplasm biology, and their application to clinical care will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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11
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Grady WM, Yu M, Markowitz SD. Epigenetic Alterations in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Current and Emerging Use for Biomarkers of Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:690-709. [PMID: 33279516 PMCID: PMC7878343 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and esophageal cancer are leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A fundamental trait of virtually all gastrointestinal cancers is genomic and epigenomic DNA alterations. Cancer cells acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive the initiation and progression of the cancers by altering the molecular and cell biological processes of the cells. These alterations, as well as other host and microenvironment factors, ultimately mediate the clinical behavior of the precancers and cancers and can be used as biomarkers for cancer risk determination, early detection of cancer and precancer, determination of the prognosis of cancer and prediction of the response to therapy. Epigenetic alterations have emerged as one of most robust classes of biomarkers and are the basis for a growing number of clinical tests for cancer screening and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ming Yu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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12
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Zuo W, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Xia Y, Xu Y, Peng C, Yu L, Wang N. BRD4 inhibition sensitizes aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas to PI3Kδ inhibitors by suppressing PI3K reactivation and c-MYC expression. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:215-235. [PMID: 33520370 PMCID: PMC7840716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) is an important therapeutic strategy for indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). However, we previously observed reactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in aggressive NHL cell lines following continuous exposure to PI3Kδ inhibitors (PI3Kδi), which limited their efficacy and suggests that more studies should be focused on this reactivation to improve current PI3Kδi-based treatments. Herein we conducted a drug synergy screening that combined a marketed PI3Kδi, idelalisib, with 14 well-characterized epigenetic drugs across several types of aggressive NHL cell lines. We identified BRD4 inhibitors (BRD4i) as potent partners that, in combination with idelalisib, were capable of synergistically exerting anti-proliferative activity and inducing cell apoptosis in a panel of aggressive NHL cell lines through continuous suppression of PI3K pathways. More importantly, the combination of BRD4i and PI3Kδi simultaneously inhibited transcription and translation of the oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC, downregulating the expression of c-MYC and continuously suppressing the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro, as well as the growth of tumors in vivo even after drug withdrawal. This study, thus, reveals the potential of simultaneously targeting PI3Kδ and BRD4 as a new therapeutic strategy for aggressive forms of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxia Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengdu 610041, China
| | - Cuiting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengdu 610041, China
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengdu 610041, China
| | - Ningyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610031, China
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13
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An introduction to EpiPol (Epigenetic affecting Polymorphism) concept with an in silico identification of CpG-affecting SNPs in the upstream regulatory sequences of human AHR gene. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Rehman S, Aatif M, Rafi Z, Khan MY, Shahab U, Ahmad S, Farhan M. Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation in the epigenetics of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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15
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Rinke J, Chase A, Cross NCP, Hochhaus A, Ernst T. EZH2 in Myeloid Malignancies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071639. [PMID: 32650416 PMCID: PMC7407223 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the significance of epigenetic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies has greatly advanced in the past decade. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic core component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), which is responsible for gene silencing through trimethylation of H3K27. EZH2 dysregulation is highly tumorigenic and has been observed in various cancers, with EZH2 acting as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor depending on cellular context. While loss-of-function mutations of EZH2 frequently affect patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndrome and myelofibrosis, cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) seem to be largely characterized by EZH2 overexpression. A variety of other factors frequently aberrant in myeloid leukemia can affect PRC2 function and disease pathogenesis, including Additional Sex Combs Like 1 (ASXL1) and splicing gene mutations. As the genetic background of myeloid malignancies is largely heterogeneous, it is not surprising that EZH2 mutations act in conjunction with other aberrations. Since EZH2 mutations are considered to be early events in disease pathogenesis, they are of therapeutic interest to researchers, though targeting of EZH2 loss-of-function does present unique challenges. Preliminary research indicates that combined tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and EZH2 inhibitor therapy may provide a strategy to eliminate the residual disease burden in CML to allow patients to remain in treatment-free remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rinke
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrew Chase
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (A.C.); (N.C.P.C.)
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, UK
| | - Nicholas C. P. Cross
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (A.C.); (N.C.P.C.)
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, UK
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.R.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9324201; Fax: +49-3641-9324202
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16
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Zwergel C, Schnekenburger M, Sarno F, Battistelli C, Manara MC, Stazi G, Mazzone R, Fioravanti R, Gros C, Ausseil F, Florean C, Nebbioso A, Strippoli R, Ushijima T, Scotlandi K, Tripodi M, Arimondo PB, Altucci L, Diederich M, Mai A, Valente S. Identification of a novel quinoline-based DNA demethylating compound highly potent in cancer cells. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:68. [PMID: 31060628 PMCID: PMC6501426 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are epigenetic enzymes involved in embryonic development, cell differentiation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and control of gene expression, whose overexpression or enhanced catalytic activity has been widely reported in cancer initiation and progression. To date, two DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi), 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC), are approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Nevertheless, they are chemically instable and quite toxic for healthy cells; thus, the discovery of novel DNMTi is urgent. Results Here, we report the identification of a new quinoline-based molecule, MC3353, as a non-nucleoside inhibitor and downregulator of DNMT. This compound was able, in promoter demethylating assays, to induce enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene expression in HCT116 cells and transcription in a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven luciferase reporter system in KG-1 cells. Moreover, MC3353 displayed a strong antiproliferative activity when tested on HCT116 colon cancer cells after 48 h of treatment at 0.5 μM. At higher doses, this compound provided a cytotoxic effect in double DNMT knockout HCT116 cells. MC3353 was also screened on a different panel of cancer cells (KG-1 and U-937 acute myeloid leukemia, RAJI Burkitt’s lymphoma, PC-3 prostate cancer, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer), where it arrested cell proliferation and reduced viability after 48 h of treatment with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 μM. Compared to healthy cell models, MC3353 induced apoptosis (e.g., U-937 and KG-1 cells) or necrosis (e.g., RAJI cells) at lower concentrations. Importantly, together with the main DNMT3A enzyme inhibition, MC3353 was also able to downregulate the DNMT3A protein level in selected HCT116 and PC-3 cell lines. Additionally, this compound provided impairment of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing E-cadherin while reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP2) mRNA and protein levels in PC-3 and HCT116 cells. Last, tested on a panel of primary osteosarcoma cell lines, MC3353 markedly inhibited cell growth with low single-digit micromolar IC50 ranging from 1.1 to 2.4 μM. Interestingly, in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells, MC3353 induced both expression of genes and mineralized the matrix as evidence of osteosarcoma to osteoblast differentiation. Conclusions The present work describes MC3353 as a novel DNMTi displaying a stronger in cell demethylating ability than both 5-AZA and DAC, providing re-activation of the silenced ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) gene. MC3353 displayed dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative activity in several cancer cell types, inducing cell death and affecting EMT through E-cadherin and MMP2 modulation. In addition, this compound proved efficacy even in primary osteosarcoma cell models, through the modulation of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0663-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 rue Edward Steichen, L-2540, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Federica Sarno
- Department of Medicine of Precision, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giulia Stazi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Christina Gros
- Center for High-Throughput Chemical Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Ausseil
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, Toulouse, 31100, France
| | - Cristina Florean
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 rue Edward Steichen, L-2540, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Medicine of Precision, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75724, France
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Medicine of Precision, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Korea
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Olmeda-Gómez C, Romá-Mateo C, Ovalle-Perandones MA. Overview of trends in global epigenetic research (2009–2017). Scientometrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-019-03095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Gambichler T, Schmitt K, Rüddel I, Dreibigacker M, Stockfleth E, Becker JC. Decreased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine immunoreactivity in primary Merkel cell carcinoma is a strong predictor for disease-specific death. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:389-390. [PMID: 30703276 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - K Schmitt
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - I Rüddel
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Dreibigacker
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - E Stockfleth
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - J C Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, DKTK Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Consortium, Dermatology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Lorente-Pozo S, Parra-Llorca A, Núñez-Ramiro A, Cernada M, Hervás D, Boronat N, Sandoval J, Vento M. The Oxygen Load Supplied during Delivery Room Stabilization of Preterm Infants Modifies the DNA Methylation Profile. J Pediatr 2018; 202:70-76.e2. [PMID: 30172427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the amount of oxygen provided during postnatal stabilization changes the DNA methylome in preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN This prospective, observational study included 32 preterm infants ≤32 weeks of gestation who received oxygen in the delivery room. Patients were monitored using a respiratory function monitor to determine the amount of oxygen received upon stabilization. Blood samples were processed for comparison of DNA methylation before and after resuscitation using a DNA methylation high-resolution microarray Infinium Human DNA methylation EPIC 850K BeadChip. RESULTS The median amount oxygen provided to preterm infants during stabilization was 644 mLO2/kg. Male sex and vaginal delivery were associated with increased oxygen needs. There were 2626 differentially methylated CpGs representing 1567 genes that showed an association with oxygen load selected and, of these, 85% were hypomethylated. We found that oxygen loads of >500 mLO2/kg changed the methylation pattern of the selected CpGs. Genes associated with these CpGs were "enriched" in KEGG pathways involved in cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The oxygen load provided upon resuscitation modified the DNA methylome. Differential methylation may lead to altered expression of genes related to cell cycle progression, oxidative stress, and DNA repair. The reversibility of these early epigenetic changes is unknown but merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Parra-Llorca
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Núñez-Ramiro
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Cernada
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Hervás
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Boronat
- Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Sandoval
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has grown exponentially during the last few decades, due in part to the use of nanoparticles in many manufacturing processes, as well as their potential as clinical agents for treatment of diseases and for drug delivery. This has created several new avenues by which humans can be exposed to nanoparticles. Unfortunately, investigations assessing the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles (i.e. nanotoxicity), as well as their possible risks to human health and the environment, have not kept pace with the rapid rise in their use. This has created a gap-in-knowledge and a substantial need for more research. Studies are needed to help complete our understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of nanoparticles, as well as the mechanisms mediating their distribution and accumulation in cells and tissues and their elimination from the body. This review summarizes our knowledge on nanoparticles, including their various applications, routes of exposure, their potential toxicity and risks to human health.
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Nakamura S, Nakajima R, Fujimoto K. DNA Photocrosslinking Using 3-Vinylcarbazole Derivatives in Two-color Detection of Methylcytosine. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahi-dai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakajima
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahi-dai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Kenzo Fujimoto
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahi-dai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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22
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Calegari-Silva TC, Vivarini ÁC, Pereira RDMS, Dias-Teixeira KL, Rath CT, Pacheco ASS, Silva GBL, Pinto CAS, Dos Santos JV, Saliba AM, Corbett CEP, de Castro Gomes CM, Fasel N, Lopes UG. Leishmania amazonensis downregulates macrophage iNOS expression via Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1): a novel parasite evasion mechanism. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1188-1198. [PMID: 29645094 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The induced expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) controls the intracellular growth of Leishmania in infected macrophages. Histones deacetylases (HDACs) negatively regulate gene expression through the formation of complexes containing transcription factors such as NF-κB p50/50. Herein, we demonstrated the occupancy of p50/p50_HDAC1 to iNOS promoter associated with reduced levels of H3K9Ac. Remarkably, we found increased levels of HDAC1 in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. HDAC1 upregulation was not found in L. major-infected macrophages. The parasite intracellular load was reduced in HDAC1 knocked-down macrophages, which presented increased nitric oxide levels. HDAC1 silencing led to the occupancy of CBP/p300 to iNOS promoter and the rise of H3K9Ac modification. Importantly, the immunostaining of skin samples from hiporeactive cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. amazonensis, revealed high levels of HDAC1. In brief, L. amazonensis induces HDAC1 in infected macrophages, which contribute to parasite survival and is associated to hiporeactive stage found in L. amazonensis infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Calegari-Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Áislan C Vivarini
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata de M S Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina L Dias-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina T Rath
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda S S Pacheco
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B L Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Charlene A S Pinto
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José V Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Fasel
- Departamento of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ulisses G Lopes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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VENTURI V, MASEK T, POSPISEK M. A Blood Pact: the Significance and Implications of eIF4E on Lymphocytic Leukemia. Physiol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) are implicated in neoplasia, with cumulative evidence pointing to its role in the etiopathogenesis of hematological diseases. As a node of convergence for several oncogenic signaling pathways, eIF4E has attracted a great deal of interest from biologists and clinicians whose efforts have been targeting this translation factor and its biological circuits in the battle against leukemia. The role of eIF4E in myeloid leukemia has been ascertained and drugs targeting its functions have found their place in clinical trials. Little is known, however, about the pertinence of eIF4E to the biology of lymphocytic leukemia and a paucity of literature is available in this regard that prospectively evaluates the topic to guide practice in hematological cancer. A comprehensive analysis on the significance of eIF4E translation factor in the clinical picture of leukemia arises, therefore, as a compelling need. This review presents aspects of eIF4E involvement in the realm of the lymphoblastic leukemia status; translational control of immunological function via eIF4E and the state-of-the-art in drugs will also be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. POSPISEK
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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O'Toole JF, Sedor JR. CKD, Genetic Variation, and the Epigenome: Decrypting the Code. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 72:164-167. [PMID: 29728315 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Doroshow DB, Eder JP, LoRusso PM. BET inhibitors: a novel epigenetic approach. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:1776-1787. [PMID: 28838216 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has been defined as 'the structural adaptation of chromosomal regions so as to register, signal or perpetuate altered activity states.' Currently, several classes of anticancer drugs function at the epigenetic level, including inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase, histone deacetylase (HDAC), lysine-specific demethylase 1, zeste homolog 2, and bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) proteins.BET proteins have multiple functions, including the initiation and elongation of transcription and cell cycle regulation. In recent years, inhibitors of BET proteins have been developed as anticancer agents. These inhibitors exhibit selectivity for tumor cells by preferentially binding to superenhancers, noncoding regions of DNA critical for the transcription of genes that determine a cell's identity. Preclinical research on BET inhibitors has identified them as a potential means of targeting MYC.Early clinical trials with BET inhibitors have had mixed results, with few responses in both hematologic and solid tumors that tend to be short-lived. Toxicities have included severe, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; GI side-effects, fatigue, and low-grade dysgeusia have limited compliance. However, preclinical data suggest that BET inhibitors may have a promising future in combination with other agents. They appear to be able to overcome resistance to targeted agents and have strong synergy with immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as with multiple epigenetic agents, particularly HDAC inhibitors. In many instances, BET and HDAC inhibitors were synergistic at reduced doses, suggesting a potential means of avoiding the overlapping toxicities of the two drug classes.BET inhibitors provide a novel approach to epigenetic anticancer therapy. However, to date they appear to have limited efficacy as single agents. A focus on BET inhibitors in combination with other drugs such as targeted and/or as other epigenetic agents is warranted, due to limited monotherapy activity, including pharmacodynamic correlatives differential activity amongst select drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Doroshow
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, USA
| | - J P Eder
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, USA
| | - P M LoRusso
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, USA
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26
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Prachayakul V, Kanchanapermpoon J, Thuwajit C, Boonyaarunnate T, Pongpaibul A, Chobson P, Thuwajit P. DNA Methylation Markers Improve the Sensitivity of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography-Based Brushing Cytology in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:1252-1258. [PMID: 29484968 PMCID: PMC5762100 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617748090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with brushed cytology is still the standard method for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in obstructive jaundice; however, the diagnostic yield is limited. To improve the diagnostic sensitivity, DNA methylation analysis is an attractive candidate, since this may constitute a stable marker in brushed specimens. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the importance of such epigenetic markers in brushed biliary cells from patients with obstructive jaundice for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The cells examined were those that were left over from brushed cytology done during routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography of patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The methylation states of HOXA1, RASSF1A, P16, and NEUROG1 genes in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were measured by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and compared between brushed biliary cells and normal gall bladder epithelial cells. The results showed that the sensitivity of the methylation index measurements of HOXA1 and NEUROG1 genes from brushed samples was markedly superior to that of standard cytology. In conclusion, measurement of the DNA methylation status of HOXA1 and NEUROG1 genes in leftover brushed biliary cells might serve as a useful supplement in the detection of malignant biliary obstruction by increasing the sensitivity of diagnosis by routine cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varayu Prachayakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kanchanapermpoon
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thiraphon Boonyaarunnate
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ananya Pongpaibul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Chobson
- NANOTEC-Mahidol University Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NANOTEC-Mahidol University Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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Griffiths EA, Srivastava P, Matsuzaki J, Brumberger Z, Wang ES, Kocent J, Miller A, Roloff GW, Wong HY, Paluch BE, Lutgen-Dunckley LG, Martens BL, Odunsi K, Karpf AR, Hourigan CS, Nemeth MJ. NY-ESO-1 Vaccination in Combination with Decitabine Induces Antigen-Specific T-lymphocyte Responses in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1019-1029. [PMID: 28947565 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Treatment options are limited for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The azanucleosides, azacitidine and decitabine, are first-line therapy for MDS that induce promoter demethylation and gene expression of the highly immunogenic tumor antigen NY-ESO-1. We demonstrated that patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving decitabine exhibit induction of NY-ESO-1 expression in circulating blasts. We hypothesized that vaccinating against NY-ESO-1 in patients with MDS receiving decitabine would capitalize upon induced NY-ESO-1 expression in malignant myeloid cells to provoke an NY-ESO-1-specific MDS-directed cytotoxic T-cell immune response.Experimental Design: In a phase I study, 9 patients with MDS received an HLA-unrestricted NY-ESO-1 vaccine (CDX-1401 + poly-ICLC) in a nonoverlapping schedule every four weeks with standard-dose decitabine.Results: Analysis of samples serially obtained from the 7 patients who reached the end of the study demonstrated induction of NY-ESO-1 expression in 7 of 7 patients and NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses in 6 of 7 and 4 of 7 of the vaccinated patients, respectively. Myeloid cells expressing NY-ESO-1, isolated from a patient at different time points during decitabine therapy, were capable of activating a cytotoxic response from autologous NY-ESO-1-specific T lymphocytes. Vaccine responses were associated with a detectable population of CD141Hi conventional dendritic cells, which are critical for the uptake of NY-ESO-1 vaccine and have a recognized role in antitumor immune responses.Conclusions: These data indicate that vaccination against induced NY-ESO-1 expression can produce an antigen-specific immune response in a relatively nonimmunogenic myeloid cancer and highlight the potential for induced antigen-directed immunotherapy in a group of patients with limited options. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1019-29. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Fuchs, p. 991.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. .,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Pragya Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zachary Brumberger
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eunice S Wang
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Justin Kocent
- Clinical Research Services, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Gregory W Roloff
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hong Yuen Wong
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Brandon L Martens
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Christopher S Hourigan
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. .,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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28
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Townsend TA, Parrish MC, Engelward BP, Manjanatha MG. The development and validation of EpiComet-Chip, a modified high-throughput comet assay for the assessment of DNA methylation status. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:508-521. [PMID: 28755435 PMCID: PMC5839338 DOI: 10.1002/em.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage and alterations in global DNA methylation status are associated with multiple human diseases and are frequently correlated with clinically relevant information. Therefore, assessing DNA damage and epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, is critical for predicting human exposure risk of pharmacological and biological agents. We previously developed a higher-throughput platform for the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, CometChip, to assess DNA damage and genotoxic potential. Here, we utilized the methylation-dependent endonuclease, McrBC, to develop a modified alkaline comet assay, "EpiComet," which allows single platform evaluation of genotoxicity and global DNA methylation [5-methylcytosine (5-mC)] status of single-cell populations under user-defined conditions. Further, we leveraged the CometChip platform to create an EpiComet-Chip system capable of performing quantification across simultaneous exposure protocols to enable unprecedented speed and simplicity. This system detected global methylation alterations in response to exposures which included chemotherapeutic and environmental agents. Using EpiComet-Chip on 63 matched samples, we correctly identified single-sample hypermethylation (≥1.5-fold) at 87% (20/23), hypomethylation (≥1.25-fold) at 100% (9/9), with a 4% (2/54) false-negative rate (FNR), and 10% (4/40) false-positive rate (FPR). Using a more stringent threshold to define hypermethylation (≥1.75-fold) allowed us to correctly identify 94% of hypermethylation (17/18), but increased our FPR to 16% (7/45). The successful application of this novel technology will aid hazard identification and risk characterization of FDA-regulated products, while providing utility for investigating epigenetic modes of action of agents in target organs, as the assay is amenable to cultured cells or nucleated cells from any tissue. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:508-521, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Townsend
- United States Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
- Correspondence to: Todd Townsend, United States Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, USA, ; Phone: +1 (870) 543-7155
| | - Marcus C. Parrish
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mugimane G. Manjanatha
- United States Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
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29
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Dalgaard JZ. What is the underlying cause of type II diabetes? – Are cells protecting themselves against the reactivity of glucose? Med Hypotheses 2017; 105:22-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Whittaker S. Global Patterns of Methylation in Sézary Syndrome Provide Insight into the Role of Epigenetics in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 136:1753-1754. [PMID: 27542296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
van Doorn et al. have defined the DNA methylomes of Sézary cells based on a genome-wide methylation analysis using the Illumina 450K array platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Their results show aberrant DNA methylation patterns in CD4-enriched T cells from peripheral blood samples, patterns that are distinct from those of patients with inflammatory erythroderma and from healthy volunteers. Whereas 7.8% of 473,921 5'-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3' (CpG) sites were hypomethylated, 3.2% showed marked enrichment and selection for hypermethylated CpG sites within the proximal region of gene promoters, including some genes that have previously been shown to be hypermethylated in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs), using standard bisulfite modification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Whittaker
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK.
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31
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Vaiserman AM. Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Type 2 Diabetes: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030236. [PMID: 28273874 PMCID: PMC5372899 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent evidence from both experimental and human studies suggest that inadequate nutrition in early life can contribute to risk of developing metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adult life. In human populations, most findings supporting a causative relationship between early-life malnutrition and subsequent risk of T2D were obtained from quasi-experimental studies (‘natural experiments’). Prenatal and/or early postnatal exposures to famine were demonstrated to be associated with higher risk of T2D in many cohorts around the world. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of epigenetic regulation of gene expression as a possible major contributor to the link between the early-life famine exposure and T2D in adulthood. Findings from these studies suggest that prenatal exposure to the famine may result in induction of persistent epigenetic changes that have adaptive significance in postnatal development but can predispose to metabolic disorders including T2D at the late stages of life. In this review, quasi-experimental data on the developmental programming of T2D are summarized and recent research findings on changes in DNA methylation that mediate these effects are discussed.
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32
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Adler B, Sattler C, Adler H. Herpesviruses and Their Host Cells: A Successful Liaison. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Zhu X, Enomoto K, Zhao L, Zhu YJ, Willingham MC, Meltzer P, Qi J, Cheng SY. Bromodomain and Extraterminal Protein Inhibitor JQ1 Suppresses Thyroid Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:430-440. [PMID: 27440272 PMCID: PMC5241246 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New therapeutic approaches are needed for patients with thyroid cancer refractory to radioiodine treatment. An inhibitor of bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, JQ1, shows potent antitumor effects in hematological cancers and solid tumors. To evaluate whether JQ1 is effective against thyroid cancer, we examined antitumor efficacy of JQ1 using the ThrbPV/PVKrasG12D mouse, a model of anaplastic thyroid cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We treated ThrbPV/PVKrasG12D mice with vehicle or JQ1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight/day starting at the age of 8 weeks for a 10-week period and monitored thyroid tumor progression. RESULTS JQ1 markedly inhibited thyroid tumor growth and prolonged survival of these mice. Global differential gene expression analysis showed that JQ1 suppressed the cMyc (hereafter referred to as Myc) transcription program by inhibiting mRNA expression of Myc, ccnd1, and other related genes. JQ1-suppressed Myc expression was accompanied by chromatin remodeling as evidenced by increased expression of histones and hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible 1, a suppressor of RNA polymerase II transcription elongation. Analyses showed that JQ1 decreased MYC abundance in thyroid tumors and attenuated the cyclin D1-CDK4-Rb-E2F3 signaling to decrease tumor growth. Further analysis indicated that JQ1 inhibited the recruitment of BDR4 to the promoter complex of the Myc and Ccnd1 genes in rat thyroid follicular PCCL3 cells, resulting in decreased MYC expression at the mRNA and protein levels to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical findings suggest that BET inhibitors may be an effective agent to reduce thyroid tumor burden for the treatment of refractory thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 430-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keisuke Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuelin J Zhu
- Laboratory Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark C Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Laboratory Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jun Qi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Borghese B, Zondervan K, Abrao M, Chapron C, Vaiman D. Recent insights on the genetics and epigenetics of endometriosis. Clin Genet 2016; 91:254-264. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Borghese
- Cochin Institute, U1016 INSERM, CNRS 8104; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics II and Reproductive Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Ouest; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Centre; Paris France
| | - K.T. Zondervan
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Endometriosis Care Centre; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - M.S. Abrao
- Endometriosis Division, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department; Sao Paulo University; Sao Paulo Brazil
- Reproductive Clinic; Sirio Libanes Hospital; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - C. Chapron
- Cochin Institute, U1016 INSERM, CNRS 8104; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics II and Reproductive Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Ouest; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Centre; Paris France
| | - D. Vaiman
- Cochin Institute, U1016 INSERM, CNRS 8104; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics II and Reproductive Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Ouest; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Centre; Paris France
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35
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Arribas AJ, Bertoni F. Methylation patterns in marginal zone lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 30:24-31. [PMID: 28288713 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Promoter DNA methylation is a major regulator of gene expression and transcription. The identification of methylation changes is important for understanding disease pathogenesis, for identifying prognostic markers and can drive novel therapeutic approaches. In this review we summarize the current knowledge regarding DNA methylation in MALT lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Despite important differences in the study design for different publications and the existence of a sole large and genome-wide methylation study for splenic marginal zone lymphoma, it is clear that DNA methylation plays an important role in marginal zone lymphomas, in which it contributes to the inactivation of tumor suppressors but also to the expression of genes sustaining tumor cell survival and proliferation. Existing preclinical data provide the rationale to target the methylation machinery in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Arribas
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Lymphoma & Genomics Research Program, Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Chen F, Li X, Aquadro E, Haigh S, Zhou J, Stepp DW, Weintraub NL, Barman SA, Fulton DJR. Inhibition of histone deacetylase reduces transcription of NADPH oxidases and ROS production and ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:167-178. [PMID: 27498117 PMCID: PMC5240036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased expression of NADPH oxidases (Nox) have been proposed to contribute to pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Nox enzymes are major sources of ROS but the mechanisms regulating changes in Nox expression in disease states remain poorly understood. Epigenetics encompasses a number of mechanisms that cells employ to regulate the ability to read and transcribe DNA. Histone acetylation is a prominent example of an epigenetic mechanism regulating the expression of numerous genes by altering chromatin accessibility. The goal of this study was to determine whether inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC) affects the expression of Nox isoforms and reduces pulmonary hypertension. In immune cells, we found that multiple HDAC inhibitors robustly decreased Nox2 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner concomitant with reduced superoxide production. This effect was not restricted to Nox2 as expression of Nox1, Nox4 and Nox5 was also reduced by HDAC inhibition. Surprisingly, Nox promoter-luciferase activity was unchanged in the presence of HDAC inhibitors. In macrophages and lung fibroblasts, ChIP experiments revealed that HDAC inhibitors block the binding of RNA polymerase II and the histone acetyltransferase p300 to the Nox2, Nox4 and Nox5 promoter regions and decrease histones activation marks (H3K4me3 and H3K9ac) at these promoter sites. We further show that the ability of CRISPR-ON to drive transcription of Nox1, Nox2, Nox4 and Nox5 genes is blocked by HDAC inhibitors. In a monocrotaline (MCT) rat model of PAH, multiple HDAC isoforms are upregulated in isolated pulmonary arteries, and HDAC inhibitors attenuate Nox expression in isolated pulmonary arteries and reduce indices of PAH. In conclusion, HDAC inhibitors potently suppress Nox gene expression both in vitro and in vivo via epigenetically regulating chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Xueyi Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Emily Aquadro
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David W Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Scott A Barman
- Department of Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David J R Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Staal FJT. Wnt signalling meets epigenetics. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:38. [PMID: 27668245 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cui X, Jing X, Wu X, Yan M, Li Q, Shen Y, Wang Z. DNA methylation in spermatogenesis and male infertility. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1973-1979. [PMID: 27698683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a significant problem for human reproduction, with males and females equally affected. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying male infertility remain unclear. Spermatogenesis is a highly complex process involving mitotic cell division, meiosis cell division and spermiogenesis; during this period, unique and extensive chromatin and epigenetic modifications occur to bring about specific epigenetic profiles in spermatozoa. It has recently been suggested that the dysregulation of epigenetic modifications, in particular the methylation of sperm genomic DNA, may serve an important role in the development of numerous diseases. The present study is a comprehensive review on the topic of male infertility, aiming to elucidate the association between sperm genomic DNA methylation and poor semen quality in male infertility. In addition, the current status of the genetic and epigenetic determinants of spermatogenesis in humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Cui
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China; Division of Clinical Microbiology The Center Hospital of Linfen, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Jing
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Meiqin Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Shen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
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Jia Y, Chen L, Jia Q, Dou X, Xu N, Liao DJ. The well-accepted notion that gene amplification contributes to increased expression still remains, after all these years, a reasonable but unproven assumption. J Carcinog 2016; 15:3. [PMID: 27298590 PMCID: PMC4895059 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.182809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
“Gene amplification causes overexpression” is a longstanding and well-accepted concept in cancer genetics. However, raking the whole literature, we find only statistical analyses showing a positive correlation between gene copy number and expression level, but do not find convincing experimental corroboration for this notion, for most of the amplified oncogenes in cancers. Since an association does not need to be an actual causal relation, in our opinion, this widespread notion still remains a reasonable but unproven assumption awaiting experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Jia
- Animal Facilities, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, USA
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Animal Facilities, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, USA
| | - Xixi Dou
- Animal Facilities, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250101, USA
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang 550004, P.R. China
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