1
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Kubheka MX, Ndlovu SI, Mkhwanazi NP. Anti-HIV Activity and Immunomodulatory Properties of Fractionated Crude Extracts of Alternaria alternata. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1150. [PMID: 38930532 PMCID: PMC11205553 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing new anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug candidates that target different sites in HIV-1 replication, with better resistance profiles and lower drug toxicity, is essential to eradicating HIV. This study investigated the potential of fractionated crude extracts of Alternaria alternata as immunomodulatory or anti-HIV drug candidates. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to fractionate A. alternata PO4PR2 using three different columns: MAX (Mixed-mode, strong Anion-eXchange), MCX (Mixed-mode, strong Cation-eXchange), and HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) with methanol gradient methods (5%, 45%, and 95%). An MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was used to assess the cell viability and cytotoxicity of the fractionated crude extract A. alternata PO4PR2 in the TZM-bl cell lines. This was followed by a luciferase-based antiviral assay to assess the antiviral activity of A. alternata PO4PR2. A time of addition (TOA) assay was performed to ascertain the mechanism of inhibition employed by the fractionated crude extract of A. alternata PO4PR2 in the HIV life cycle. The p24 titer was determined using an ELISA, while a luciferase-based antiviral assay was used to evaluate the HIV percentage inhibition for different HIV-1 replication cycles. The TOA assay was established using antiviral drugs that target different sites in the HIV replication cycle. These included maraviroc, azidothymidine, raltegravir, and amprenavir. The immunomodulatory effect of the fractionated crude extracts on CD4+ T cells was measured by a flow cytometric analysis, for which fluorochrome-labelled monoclonal antibodies were used as markers for activation (CD38 and HLA-DR) and exhaustion (PD-1). The MCX fraction demonstrated a more significant anti-HIV inhibition than that of the fractions generated in other columns, with an IC50 of 0.3619 µg/mL, an HIV inhibition of 77%, 5% HLB (IC50: 0.7232 µg/mL; HIV inhibition of 64%), and 5% MAX (IC50: 5.240 µg/mL; HIV inhibition of 67%). It was evident from the time of addition data that the crude extract and the 5% MCX fraction inhibited viral binding (68%), reverse transcription (75%), integration (98%), and proteolysis (77%). It was shown that A. alternata (the MCX fraction) have a significant inhibitory effect on reverse transcription (75% HIV inhibition) and integration (100% HIV inhibition). The 5% MCX (p = 0.0062), 5% HLB (p = 0.0269), and 5% MAX (p = 0.0117) fractionated A. alternata crude extracts had low levels of CD4+ T cell (CD38 + HLA-DR+) activation compared to those of the AZT treatment, while CD4+ T cell activation was insignificant. The 5% MAX and HLB A. alternata fractions may possess immunomodulatory compounds with less anti-HIV-1 activity. A. alternata could be a key source of innovative anti-HIV drugs with immunomodulatory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbali X. Kubheka
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I. Ndlovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa;
| | - Nompumelelo P. Mkhwanazi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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2
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Wu YM, Yang XQ, Yang YB, Cai L, He FF, Ding ZT. The antifungal metabolites from coculture of Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata associated with Coffea arabica. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:753-758. [PMID: 37021795 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2196722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
One new cyclohexenone derivative, asperfumtone A (1) along with six known compounds were obtained from the coculture of Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata associated with Coffea arabica. The configuration of 2 was first reported in the research. The structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculation. Compounds 3, 4 and 7 showed significant antifungal activities against coffee phytopathogens A. alternata and Fusarium incarnatum with MICs of 1 μg/mL. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antifungal activities against A. alternata and F. incarnatum with MICs of 32-64 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Wu
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiong Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Bin Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Cai
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei He
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mteremko D, Chilongola J, Paluch AS, Chacha M. Ensemble-based virtual screening of African natural products to target human thymidylate synthase. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108568. [PMID: 37591123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is a validated drug target for chemotherapy. A virtual screening experiment was used to prioritize a list of compounds from African Natural Products Databases docked against the orthosteric binding pocket of hTS. Consensus scores of binding affinities from ensemble-based virtual screening, hydrated docking and MM-PBSA calculations ranked compounds NEA4433 and NEA4434 as the best candidates owing to binding affinity scores in the picomolar order, their excellent ADMET profiles and the good stability of the protein-ligand complexes formed. The current study demonstrates the role of water in small molecule binding to hTS in mediating protein-ligand interactions. Similarly, the robust ensemble docking (relaxed scheme complex) ranked NEA4433 and NEA4434 as the best candidates. Furthermore, the best candidates prioritized were shown to strongly interact with the same residues that interacted with hTS substrate and cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mteremko
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Jaffu Chilongola
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Andrew S Paluch
- Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Musa Chacha
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Arusha Technical College, Arusha, Tanzania
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4
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Spina R, Ropars A, Bouazzi S, Dadi S, Lemiere P, Dupire F, Khiralla A, Yagi S, Frippiat JP, Laurain-Mattar D. Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Metabolomics Analysis of Endophytic Fungal Extracts; Identification and Characterization of Perylenequinones and Terpenoids from the Interesting Active Alternaria Endophyte. Molecules 2023; 28:6531. [PMID: 37764307 PMCID: PMC10534442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from inflammatory chronic diseases are classically treated with anti-inflammatory drugs but unfortunately are highly susceptible to becoming resistant to their treatment. Finding new drugs is therefore crucial and urgent and research on endophytic fungi is a promising way forward. Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that colonize healthy plants and live within their intercellular tissues. They are able to produce a large variety of secondary metabolites while allowing their host to stay healthy. A number of these molecules are endowed with antioxidant or antimicrobial as well as cytotoxic properties, making them very interesting/promising in the field of human therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate whether extracts from five endophytic fungi isolated from plants are endowed with anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts of the endophytic fungi Alternaria alternata from Calotropis procera leaves and Aspergillus terreus from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds were able to counteract the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory effect on THP-1 cells differentiated into macrophages. Moreover, they were able to induce an anti-inflammatory state, rendering them less sensitive to the LPS pro-inflammatory stimulus. Taken together, these results show that these both endophytic fungi could be interesting alternatives to conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. To gain more detailed knowledge of their chemical richness, phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extracts of the five endophytic fungi studied was performed using HPTLC, GC-MS and LC-MS with the Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) platform and the MolNetEnhancer tool. A large family of metabolites (carboxylic acids and derivatives, steroid derivatives, alkaloids, hydroxyanthraquinones, valerolactones and perylenequinones) were detected. The purification of endophytic fungus extract of Alternaria alternate, which diminished TNF-α production of 66% at 20 µg/mL, incubated one hour before LPS addition, led to the characterization of eight pure compounds. These molecules are altertoxins I, II, III, tricycloalternarenes 3a, 1b, 2b, anthranilic acid, and o-acetamidobenzoic acid. In the future, all these pure compounds will be evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity, while altertoxin II has been shown in the literature as the most active mycotoxin in terms of anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Spina
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LAE, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Armelle Ropars
- Université de Lorraine, SIMPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.R.); (J.-P.F.)
| | - Sihem Bouazzi
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.B.); (S.D.); (P.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Safa Dadi
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.B.); (S.D.); (P.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Pascal Lemiere
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.B.); (S.D.); (P.L.); (F.D.)
| | - François Dupire
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (S.B.); (S.D.); (P.L.); (F.D.)
| | - Afra Khiralla
- Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Shendi University, Shendi 11111, Sudan;
| | - Sakina Yagi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan;
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Université de Lorraine, SIMPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.R.); (J.-P.F.)
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Gupta A, Meshram V, Gupta M, Goyal S, Qureshi KA, Jaremko M, Shukla KK. Fungal Endophytes: Microfactories of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Interventions; A Comprehensive Review on the Biotechnological Developments in the Field of Fungal Endophytic Biology over the Last Decade. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1038. [PMID: 37509074 PMCID: PMC10377637 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal discovery of paclitaxel from endophytic fungus Taxomyces andreanae was a milestone in recognizing the immense potential of endophytic fungi as prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites of use in medicine, agriculture, and food industries. Following the discovery of paclitaxel, the research community has intensified efforts to harness endophytic fungi as putative producers of lead molecules with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardio-protective, and immunomodulatory properties. Endophytic fungi have been a valuable source of bioactive compounds over the last three decades. Compounds such as taxol, podophyllotoxin, huperzine, camptothecin, and resveratrol have been effectively isolated and characterized after extraction from endophytic fungi. These findings have expanded the applications of endophytic fungi in medicine and related fields. In the present review, we systematically compile and analyze several important compounds derived from endophytic fungi, encompassing the period from 2011 to 2022. Our systematic approach focuses on elucidating the origins of endophytic fungi, exploring the structural diversity and biological activities exhibited by these compounds, and giving special emphasis to the pharmacological activities and mechanism of action of certain compounds. We highlight the tremendous potential of endophytic fungi as alternate sources of bioactive metabolites, with implications for combating major global diseases. This underscores the significant role that fungi can play in the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents that address the challenges posed by prevalent diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vineet Meshram
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mahiti Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Soniya Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Kamal Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Shukla
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
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6
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Makhwitine JP, Kumalo HM, Ndlovu SI, Mkhwanazi NP. Epigenetic Induction of Secondary Metabolites Production in Endophytic Fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and GC-MS Analysis of Crude Metabolites with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1404. [PMID: 37374906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous burden of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Sub-Saharan Africa, coupled with the inability of antiretroviral agents to eradicate HIV-1 from viral reservoirs, the potential risks of drug resistance development, and the development of adverse effects, emphasizes the need to develop a new class of HIV-1 inhibitors. Here, we cultivated four endophytic fungal isolates from a medicinal plant, Albizia adianthifolia with the addition of small epigenetic modifiers, sodium butyrate, and valproic acid, to induce the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding active secondary metabolites with probable anti-HIV activities. We identified a non-toxic crude extract of the endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum treated with sodium butyrate to possess significantly greater anti-HIV activity than the untreated extracts. Penicillium chrysogenum P03MB2 showed anti-HIV activity with an IC50 of 0.6024 µg/mL compared to untreated fungal crude extract (IC50 5.053 µg/mL) when treated with sodium butyrate. The profile of secondary metabolite compounds from the bioactive, partially purified extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and more bioactive compounds were detected in treated P. chrysogenum P03MB2 fractions than in untreated fractions. Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro (13.64%), cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (8.18%), cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl (7.23%), cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl (6.36%), quinoline, 1,2-dihydro-2,24-trimethyl (5.45%), propanenitrile (4.55%), deca-6,9-diene (4.55%), dibutyl phthalate (4.55%), and silane[1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)oxy]dimethyl (2.73%) were the most abundant compounds. These results indicate that treatment of endophytic fungi with small epigenetic modifiers enhances the secretion of secondary metabolites with stronger anti-HIV-1 properties, acknowledging the feasibility of epigenetic modification as an innovative approach for the discovery of cryptic fungal metabolites which can be developed into therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Makhwitine
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I Ndlovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo P Mkhwanazi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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7
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Nzimande B, Makhwitine JP, Mkhwanazi NP, Ndlovu SI. Developments in Exploring Fungal Secondary Metabolites as Antiviral Compounds and Advances in HIV-1 Inhibitor Screening Assays. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051039. [PMID: 37243125 DOI: 10.3390/v15051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 strains against anti-HIV therapies in the clinical pipeline, and the persistence of HIV in cellular reservoirs remains a significant concern. Therefore, there is a continuous need to discover and develop new, safer, and effective drugs targeting novel sites to combat HIV-1. The fungal species are gaining increasing attention as alternative sources of anti-HIV compounds or immunomodulators that can escape the current barriers to cure. Despite the potential of the fungal kingdom as a source for diverse chemistries that can yield novel HIV therapies, there are few comprehensive reports on the progress made thus far in the search for fungal species with the capacity to produce anti-HIV compounds. This review provides insights into the recent research developments on natural products produced by fungal species, particularly fungal endophytes exhibiting immunomodulatory or anti-HIV activities. In this study, we first explore currently existing therapies for various HIV-1 target sites. Then we assess the various activity assays developed for gauging antiviral activity production from microbial sources since they are crucial in the early screening phases for discovering novel anti-HIV compounds. Finally, we explore fungal secondary metabolites compounds that have been characterized at the structural level and demonstrate their potential as inhibitors of various HIV-1 target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Nzimande
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - John P Makhwitine
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo P Mkhwanazi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I Ndlovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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8
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Digra S, Nonzom S. An insight into endophytic antimicrobial compounds: an updated analysis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 17:1-31. [PMID: 37359493 PMCID: PMC10013304 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-023-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Resistance in micro-organisms against antimicrobial compounds is an emerging phenomenon in the modern era as compared to the traditional world which brings new challenges to discover novel antimicrobial compounds from different available sources, such as, medicinal plants, various micro-organisms, like, bacteria, fungi, algae, actinomycetes, and endophytes. Endophytes reside inside the plants without exerting any harmful impact on the host plant along with providing ample of benefits. In addition, they are capable of producing diverse antimicrobial compounds similar to their host, allowing them to serve as useful micro-organism for a range of therapeutic purposes. In recent years, a large number of studies on the antimicrobial properties of endophytic fungi have been carried out globally. These antimicrobials have been used to treat various bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in humans. In this review, the potential of fungal endophytes to produce diverse antimicrobial compounds along with their various benefits to their host have been focused on. In addition, classification systems of endophytic fungi as well as the need for antimicrobial production with genetic involvement and some of the vital novel antimicrobial compounds of endophytic origin can further be utilized in the pharmaceutical industries for various formulations along with the role of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Digra
- Depatment of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K 180006 India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Depatment of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K 180006 India
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Alternaria alternata Isolated from Infected Pears (Pyrus communis) in Italy Produces Non-Host Toxins and Hydrolytic Enzymes as Infection Mechanisms and Exhibits Competitive Exclusion against Botrytis cinerea in Co-Infected Host Fruits. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030326. [PMID: 36983494 PMCID: PMC10053571 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is one of the most devastating phytopathogenic fungi. This microorganism causes black spots in many fruits and vegetables worldwide, generating significant post-harvest losses. In this study, an A. alternata strain, isolated from infected pears (Pyrus communis) harvested in Italy, was characterized by focusing on its pathogenicity mechanisms and competitive exclusion in the presence of another pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. In in vitro assays, the fungus produces strong enzymatic activities such as amylase, xylanase, and cellulase, potentially involved during the infection. Moreover, it secretes four different toxins purified and identified as altertoxin I, alteichin, alternariol, and alternariol 4-methyl ether. Only alteichin generated necrotic lesions on host-variety pears, while all the compounds showed moderate to slight necrotic activity on non-host pears and other non-host fruit (lemon, Citrus limon), indicating they are non-host toxins. Interestingly, A. alternata has shown competitive exclusion to the competitor fungus Botrytis cinerea when co-inoculated in host and non-host pear fruits, inhibiting its growth by 70 and 65%, respectively, a result not observed in a preliminary characterization in a dual culture assay. Alteichin and alternariol 4-methyl ether tested against B. cinerea had the best inhibition activity, suggesting that the synergism of these toxins and enzymatic activities of A. alternata are probably involved in the competitive exclusion dynamics in host and non-host pear fruits.
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10
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Nzimande B, Kumalo HM, Ndlovu SI, Mkhwanazi NP. Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi, Alternaria alternata, as potential inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus. Front Genet 2022; 13:1077159. [PMID: 36583026 PMCID: PMC9794146 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1077159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment has significantly reduced human immunodeficiency virus infection and mortality. However, the current treatment regimen is limited by adverse side effects, the emergence of drug resistance, and the inability to eliminate viral reservoirs. Here, fifteen endophytic fungi were isolated from Sclerocarya birrea and Hypoxis plants. Crude extracts of Alternaria alternata (strain ID PO4PR1, PO4PR2, and PO2PL1) of the fifteen isolate's crude extracts showed anti-HIV-1 activity in TZM-bl cell line at inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.017 to 1.170 μg/ml. The three crude extracts also maintained the virus replication inhibition profile on PBMCs and CD4+ T cells at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 50.2 ng/ml. Partial purification using the solid phase extraction and analysis with Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry showed a diverse profile. The bioactive compounds were identified based on peak area, retention time, similarity index. The major compounds from GC-MS analysis of A. Alternata revealed the existence of cyclotrisiloxane octamethyl (22.92%); Propaninitrile (16,67%); Pyrrolol[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methyl propyl) (10.42%); Silane, diethylethoxy(2-ethoxyethyloxy) (4.17%); Coumarin, 3,4-dihydro-4,5,7-trimethyl- 4,5,7-Trimethyl-2-chromanone (13.7%) and 1,2-Cyclobutanedicarbonitrile (2.08%) with previously reported biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, these bioactive compounds from A. alternata fungal endophytes could be repurposed as potential anti-HIV agents. This study showed the potential of endophytic fungi, Alternaria alternata from S. birrea, and Hypoxis species as producers of anti-HIV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Nzimande
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I. Ndlovu
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa,*Correspondence: Sizwe I. Ndlovu, ; Nompumelelo P. Mkhwanazi,
| | - Nompumelelo P. Mkhwanazi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,*Correspondence: Sizwe I. Ndlovu, ; Nompumelelo P. Mkhwanazi,
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11
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Geris R, Pinho MA, Boffo EF, Simpson TJ. Naturally Occurring Partially Reduced Perylenequinones from Fungi. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2236-2250. [PMID: 36098709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This Review provides a critical analysis of the literature covering the naturally occurring partially reduced perylenequinones (PQs) from fungi without carbon substituents (which can be named class A perylenequinones) and discusses their structures, stereochemistry, biosynthesis, and biological activities as appropriate. Perylenequinones are natural pigments with a perylene skeleton produced by certain fungi, aphids, some plants, and animal species. These compounds display several biological activities, e.g., antimicrobial, anti-HIV, photosensitizers, cytotoxic, and phytotoxic. It describes 36 fungal PQs and cites 81 references, covering from 1956 to August 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Geris
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Química de Microrganismos (LBQM), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo S/n, 40170-115 Salvador, Brasil
| | - Matheus A Pinho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Química de Microrganismos (LBQM), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo S/n, 40170-115 Salvador, Brasil
| | - Elisangela F Boffo
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Química de Microrganismos (LBQM), Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo S/n, 40170-115 Salvador, Brasil
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Microbial Natural Products with Antiviral Activities, Including Anti-SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134305. [PMID: 35807550 PMCID: PMC9268554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Currently, only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. These compounds treat bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. This review incorporates evidence from the available research publications on isolated and identified natural products derived from microbes with anti-hepatitis, anti-herpes simplex, anti-HIV, anti-influenza, anti-respiratory syncytial virus, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. About 131 compounds with in vitro antiviral activity and 1 compound with both in vitro and in vivo activity have been isolated from microorganisms, and the mechanism of action for some of these compounds has been described. Recent reports have shown that natural products produced by the microbes, such as aurasperone A, neochinulin A and B, and aspulvinone D, M, and R, have potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, targeting the main protease (Mpro). In the near and distant future, these molecules could be used to develop antiviral drugs for treating infections and preventing the spread of disease.
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Lacerda ÍCDS, Polonio JC, Golias HC. Endophytic Fungi as a Source of Antiviral Compounds - A Review. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100971. [PMID: 35426966 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are a rich source of secondary metabolites. The interactions between endophytes and their hosts lead to the production of several bioactive substances grouped into different classes, each having a wide variety of effects against various pathogens. The metabolites obtained from these organisms include steroids, alkaloids, phenols, isocoumarins, xanthones, quinones, and terpenoids, among others. These substances are known to have antibiotic, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral effects. This review summarizes secondary metabolites with antiviral effects produced by endophytic fungi and highlights the importance of research in developing novel antiviral substances. We demonstrate that endophytic fungi are a rich source of secondary metabolites that combat pathologies caused by viruses. Optimizing practical and biotechnological screening tools for the research of these metabolites will provide promising drugs to combat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlio Cesar Polonio
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology, State University of Maringá (UEM), Brazil
| | - Halison Correia Golias
- Department of Humanities, Microbiology Laboratory, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Brazil
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Perceiving SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro dual inhibitors from pool of recognized antiviral compounds of endophytic microbes: an in silico simulation study. Struct Chem 2022; 33:1619-1643. [PMID: 35431517 PMCID: PMC8990578 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) persists and shook the global population where the endgame to this pandemic is brought on by developing vaccines in record-breaking time. Nevertheless, these vaccines are far from perfect where their efficiency ranges from 65 to 90%; therefore, vaccines are not the one only solution to overcome this situation, and apart from administration of vaccines, the scientific community is at quest for finding alternative solutions to incumber SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, our research group is keen on identifying a bioactive molecule that is independent in its mode of action from existing vaccines which can potentially target the SARS-CoV-2 virus replicative efficacy. Papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro) are the most lucrative targets of COVIDs against which the drugs can be developed, as these proteases play a vital role in the replication and development of viral particles. Researchers have modelled a compound such as GRL0617 and X77 as an inhibitor of Mpro and PLpro, respectively, but use of these compounds has several limitations on hosts like toxicity and solubility. Under the current study by deploying rigorous computational assessments, pool of microbial secondary metabolites was screened and handpicked to search a structural or functional analogue of GRL0617 and X77, with an idea to identify a compound that can serve as dual inhibitor for both PLpro and Mpro. From the manually curated database of known antiviral compounds from fungal origin, we found cytonic acids A and B to potentially serve as dual inhibitor of PLpro and Mpro.
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Mahmoud MM, Abdel-Razek AS, Soliman HS, Ponomareva LV, Thorson JS, Shaaban KA, Shaaban M. Diverse polyketides from the marine endophytic Alternaria sp . LV52: Structure determination and cytotoxic activities. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00628. [PMID: 35036335 PMCID: PMC8752877 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of five polyketides [alternariol (1), alternariol-9-methyl ether (2), altertoxin I (3), altertoxin II (4) and tenuazonic acid (5)] from the marine endophytic Alternaria sp. LV52 derived from Cystoseira tamariscifolia, collected from the Red Sea at Nabq-Bay, Egypt. The chemical structures of compounds 1-5 were identified by extensive 1D, 2D NMR, and HR mass measurements. Isolation and phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the producing fungus is reported. The antimicrobial activity of the produced extract and derived compounds was examined against a panel of test organisms. In addition, an in vitro cytotoxic activity of 1-5 was performed against diverse cancer cell lines: HEPG2, HELA, A549 and PC3, revealing that compounds 2 and 4 are potentially cytotoxic against A549 and PC3 with EC50 of 0.73 µg/ml (2.69 µM) and 0.17 µg/ml (0.64 µM) for 2, and 0.40 µg/ml (1.15 µM) and 0.12 µg/ml (0.33 µM) for 4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M. Mahmoud
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan City-Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, d-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Razek
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, d-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St. 33, Dokki-Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Hesham S.M. Soliman
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan City-Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Pharm D program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Larissa V. Ponomareva
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Mohamed Shaaban
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, d-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St. 33, Dokki-Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Wang H, Guo Y, Luo Z, Gao L, Li R, Zhang Y, Kalaji HM, Qiang S, Chen S. Recent Advances in Alternaria Phytotoxins: A Review of Their Occurrence, Structure, Bioactivity and Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020168. [PMID: 35205922 PMCID: PMC8878860 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus in many ecosystems, consisting of species and strains that can be saprophytic, endophytic, or pathogenic to plants or animals, including humans. Alternaria species can produce a variety of secondary metabolites (SMs), especially low molecular weight toxins. Based on the characteristics of host plant susceptibility or resistance to the toxin, Alternaria phytotoxins are classified into host-selective toxins (HSTs) and non-host-selective toxins (NHSTs). These Alternaria toxins exhibit a variety of biological activities such as phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties. Generally, HSTs are toxic to host plants and can cause severe economic losses. Some NHSTs such as alternariol, altenariol methyl-ether, and altertoxins also show high cytotoxic and mutagenic activities in the exposed human or other vertebrate species. Thus, Alternaria toxins are meaningful for drug and pesticide development. For example, AAL-toxin, maculosin, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid have potential to be developed as bioherbicides due to their excellent herbicidal activity. Like altersolanol A, bostrycin, and brefeldin A, they exhibit anticancer activity, and ATX V shows high activity to inhibit the HIV-1 virus. This review focuses on the classification, chemical structure, occurrence, bioactivity, and biosynthesis of the major Alternaria phytotoxins, including 30 HSTs and 50 NHSTs discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Yanjing Guo
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Zhi Luo
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Liwen Gao
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Rui Li
- Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Ecology and Resource Protection Center, Ordos Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Ordos 017010, China;
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395117
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17
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Weeds harbor an impressive diversity of fungi, which offers possibilities for biocontrol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0217721. [PMID: 35080907 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbicides for weed control is very common, but some of them represent a threat to human health, are environmentally detrimental and stimulate herbicide resistance. Therefore, using microorganisms as natural herbicides appears as a promising alternative. The mycoflorae colonizing different species of symptomatic and asymptomatic weeds were compared to characterize the possible mycoherbicidal candidates associated with symptomatic weeds. A collection of 475 symptomatic and asymptomatic plants belonging to 23 weed species was established. A metabarcoding approach based on amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region combined with high-throughput amplicon sequencing revealed the diversity of fungal communities hosted by these weeds: 542 fungal genera were identified. The variability of the composition of fungal communities revealed a dispersed distribution of taxa governed neither by geographical location nor by the botanical species, suggesting a common core displaying non-specific interactions with host plants. Beyond this core, specific taxa were more particularly associated with symptomatic plants. Some of these, such as Alternaria, Blumeria, Cercospora, Puccinia, are known pathogens, while others such as Sphaerellopsis, Vishniacozyma and Filobasidium are not, at least on crops, and constitute new tracks to be followed in the search for mycoherbicidal candidates. IMPORTANCE: This approach is original because the diversity of weed-colonizing fungi has rarely been studied before. Furthermore, targeting both the ITS1 and ITS2 regions to characterize the fungal communities i) highlighted the complementarity of these two regions, ii) revealed a great diversity of weed-colonizing fungi, and iii) allowed for the identification of potential mycoherbicides, among which unexpected genera.
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18
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Zhang BW, Jiang L, Li Z, Gao XH, Cao F, Lu XH, Shen WB, Zhang XX, Kong FD, Luo DQ. Carotane sesquiterpenoids A–G from the desert endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. HM 166. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24590-24595. [PMID: 36128376 PMCID: PMC9428550 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02762c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven undescribed carotane sesquiterpenoids named fusanoids A–G (1–7), along with one known analog (8) and two known sesterterpenes (9 and 10), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the desert endophytic fungi Fusarium sp. HM166. The structures of the compounds, including their absolute configurations, were determined by spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD calculations. Compound 10 showed cytotoxic activities against human hepatoma carcinoma cell line (Huh-7) and human breast cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), and compound 2 showed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, while compounds 4–9 were inactive against all the tested cell lines. Compounds 4 and 10 showed potent inhibitory activities against the IDH1R132h mutant. Seven undescribed carotane sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the endophytic fungi Fusarium sp. HM166. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD defined absolute configurations. Cytotoxicity for Huh-7, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines and IDH1R132h mutant were studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hui Gao
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-hua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory for New Drug Screening Technology of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang 052165, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Bin Shen
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory for New Drug Screening Technology of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang 052165, Hebei, China
| | - Xue-Xia Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory for New Drug Screening Technology of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang 052165, Hebei, China
| | - Fan-Dong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, Republic of China
| | - Du-Qiang Luo
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
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New cytochalasan alkaloids and cyclobutane dimer from an endophytic fungus Cytospora chrysosperma in Hippophae rhamnoides and their antimicrobial activities. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Raihan T, Rabbee MF, Roy P, Choudhury S, Baek KH, Azad AK. Microbial Metabolites: The Emerging Hotspot of Antiviral Compounds as Potential Candidates to Avert Viral Pandemic Alike COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:732256. [PMID: 34557521 PMCID: PMC8452873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.732256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present global COVID-19 pandemic caused by the noble pleomorphic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a vulnerable situation in the global healthcare and economy. In this pandemic situation, researchers all around the world are trying their level best to find suitable therapeutics from various sources to combat against the SARS-CoV-2. To date, numerous bioactive compounds from different sources have been tested to control many viral diseases. However, microbial metabolites are advantageous for drug development over metabolites from other sources. We herein retrieved and reviewed literatures from PubMed, Scopus and Google relevant to antiviral microbial metabolites by searching with the keywords "antiviral microbial metabolites," "microbial metabolite against virus," "microorganism with antiviral activity," "antiviral medicine from microbial metabolite," "antiviral bacterial metabolites," "antiviral fungal metabolites," "antiviral metabolites from microscopic algae' and so on. For the same purpose, the keywords "microbial metabolites against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2" and "plant metabolites against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2" were used. Only the full text literatures available in English and pertinent to the topic have been included and those which are not available as full text in English and pertinent to antiviral or anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity were excluded. In this review, we have accumulated microbial metabolites that can be used as antiviral agents against a broad range of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on this concept, we have included 330 antiviral microbial metabolites so far available to date in the data bases and were previously isolated from fungi, bacteria and microalgae. The microbial source, chemical nature, targeted viruses, mechanism of actions and IC50/EC50 values of these metabolites are discussed although mechanisms of actions of many of them are not yet elucidated. Among these antiviral microbial metabolites, some compounds might be very potential against many other viruses including coronaviruses. However, these potential microbial metabolites need further research to be developed as effective antiviral drugs. This paper may provide the scientific community with the possible secret of microbial metabolites that could be an effective source of novel antiviral drugs to fight against many viruses including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the future viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topu Raihan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Puja Roy
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Swapnila Choudhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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21
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Quimque MTJ, Notarte KIR, Fernandez RAT, Mendoza MAO, Liman RAD, Lim JAK, Pilapil LAE, Ong JKH, Pastrana AM, Khan A, Wei DQ, Macabeo APG. Virtual screening-driven drug discovery of SARS-CoV2 enzyme inhibitors targeting viral attachment, replication, post-translational modification and host immunity evasion infection mechanisms. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:4316-4333. [PMID: 32476574 PMCID: PMC7309309 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1776639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2, the causative agent of the pandemic disease COVID-19, emerged in December 2019 forcing lockdown of communities in many countries. The absence of specific drugs and vaccines, the rapid transmission of the virus, and the increasing number of deaths worldwide necessitated the discovery of new substances for anti-COVID-19 drug development. With the aid of bioinformatics and computational modelling, ninety seven antiviral secondary metabolites from fungi were docked onto five SARS-CoV2 enzymes involved in viral attachment, replication, post-translational modification, and host immunity evasion infection mechanisms followed by molecular dynamics simulation and in silico ADMET prediction (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) of the hit compounds. Thus, three fumiquinazoline alkaloids scedapin C (15), quinadoline B (19) and norquinadoline A (20), the polyketide isochaetochromin D1 (8), and the terpenoid 11a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (11) exhibited high binding affinities on the target proteins, papain-like protease (PLpro), chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp), non-structural protein 15 (nsp15), and the spike binding domain to GRP78. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to optimize the interaction and investigate the stability of the top-scoring ligands in complex with the five target proteins. All tested complexes were found to have dynamic stability. Of the five top-scoring metabolites, quinadoline B (19) was predicted to confer favorable ADMET values, high gastrointestinal absorptive probability and poor blood-brain barrier crossing capacities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tristan J. Quimque
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Mark Andrew O. Mendoza
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Justin Allen K. Lim
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Luis Agustin E. Pilapil
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jehiel Karsten H. Ong
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Adriel M. Pastrana
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
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22
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Vora J, Velhal S, Sinha S, Patel V, Shrivastava N. Bioactive phytocompound mulberroside C and endophytes of Morus alba as potential inhibitors of HIV-1 replication: a mechanistic evaluation. HIV Med 2021; 22:690-704. [PMID: 33987901 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite considerable advancement in antiretroviral therapy, development of safe, effective, and multi-targeted drugs for HIV still remains a big challenge. Endophytes are untouched and, hence, an important and novel sources in drug discovery endeavours. The present study was conducted to identify the anti-HIV compounds from Morus alba and endophytes isolated from it. METHODS The extracts of isolated endophytes were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Further, all samples were analysed for their cytotoxicity using a thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay. Subsequently, anti-HIV activity was performed using cell-based and cell-free assay. At the end, potential endophytes were identified using gene sequencing. RESULTS A total of 27 endophytes were isolated from the eight stem bark samples of M. alba. Of the 27 endophytes, extracts of total of four endophytes showed a profile similar to the M. alba plant when analysed by HPLC. Further experimentation with extracts of these four endophytes, along with an extract of M. alba stem bark and its bioactive molecule, mulberroside C, revealed that all these six samples have good inhibitory potential for HIV. Among them, mulberroside C and two endophytic fungal extracts showed very potent anti-HIV activity. Subsequently, mechanistic studies at the molecular level showed that out of six test samples, three acted as protease inhibitors. Further, all four potential endophytes were identified using gene sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The overall findings of these studies can help in the development of a novel anti-HIV candidate from mulberroside C, an extract of stem bark of M. alba and extracts of these endophytes. However, further validation and clinical studies are required to develop an anti-HIV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vora
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India.,Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - S Velhal
- Department of Biochemistry & Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - S Sinha
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India.,Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - V Patel
- Department of Biochemistry & Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - N Shrivastava
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India
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Qader MM, Hamed AA, Soldatou S, Abdelraof M, Elawady ME, Hassane ASI, Belbahri L, Ebel R, Rateb ME. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of the Fungal Metabolites Isolated from the Marine Endophytes Epicoccum nigrum M13 and Alternaria alternata 13A. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040232. [PMID: 33924262 PMCID: PMC8074750 DOI: 10.3390/md19040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epicotripeptin (1), a new cyclic tripeptide along with four known cyclic dipeptides (2-5) and one acetamide derivative (6) were isolated from seagrass-associated endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum M13 recovered from the Red Sea. Additionally, two new compounds, cyclodidepsipeptide phragamide A (7) and trioxobutanamide derivative phragamide B (8), together with eight known compounds (9-16), were isolated from plant-derived endophyte Alternaria alternata 13A collected from a saline lake of Wadi El Natrun depression in the Sahara Desert. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, HRESIMS data, and a comparison with the reported literature. The absolute configurations of 1 and 7 were established by advanced Marfey's and Mosher's ester analyses. The antimicrobial screening indicated that seven of the tested compounds exhibited considerable (MIC range of 2.5-5 µg/mL) to moderate (10-20 µg/mL) antibacterial effect against the tested Gram-positive strains and moderate to weak (10-30 µg/mL) antibacterial effect against Gram-negative strains. Most of the compounds exhibited weak or no activity against the tested Gram-negative strains. On the other hand, four of the tested compounds showed considerable antibiofilm effects against biofilm forming Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mallique Qader
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.M.Q.); (A.S.I.H.)
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Ahmed A. Hamed
- National Research Centre, Microbial Chemistry Department, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.A.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
| | - Mohamed Abdelraof
- National Research Centre, Microbial Chemistry Department, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.A.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed E. Elawady
- National Research Centre, Microbial Biotechnology Department, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed S. I. Hassane
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.M.Q.); (A.S.I.H.)
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland;
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
- Correspondence: (R.E.); (M.E.R.); Tel.: +44-1224-272930 (R.E.); +44-141-8483072 (M.E.R.)
| | - Mostafa E. Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (M.M.Q.); (A.S.I.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.E.); (M.E.R.); Tel.: +44-1224-272930 (R.E.); +44-141-8483072 (M.E.R.)
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Sagaya Jansi R, Khusro A, Agastian P, Alfarhan A, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Rajagopal R, Barcelo D, Al-Tamimi A. Emerging paradigms of viral diseases and paramount role of natural resources as antiviral agents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143539. [PMID: 33234268 PMCID: PMC7833357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario, the increasing prevalence of diverse microbial infections as well as emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics with high morbidity and mortality rates are major public health threat. Despite the persistent production of antiviral drugs and vaccines in the global market, viruses still remain as one of the leading causes of deadly human diseases. Effective control of viral diseases, particularly Zika virus disease, Nipah virus disease, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus disease, Herpes simplex virus infection, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Ebola virus disease remain promising goal amidst the mutating viral strains. Current trends in the development of antiviral drugs focus solely on testing novel drugs or repurposing drugs against potential targets of the viruses. Compared to synthetic drugs, medicines from natural resources offer less side-effect to humans and are often cost-effective in the productivity approaches. This review intends not only to emphasize on the major viral disease outbreaks in the past few decades and but also explores the potentialities of natural substances as antiviral traits to combat viral pathogens. Here, we spotlighted a comprehensive overview of antiviral components present in varied natural sources, including plants, fungi, and microorganisms in order to identify potent antiviral agents for developing alternative therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sagaya Jansi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Stella Maris College, Chennai, India
| | - Ameer Khusro
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India.
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, JORDI GIRONA 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amal Al-Tamimi
- Ecology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abdel-Azeem AM. Recent Advances in Fungal Antimicrobial Molecules. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Baranova AA, Alferova VA, Korshun VA, Tyurin AP. Antibiotics from Extremophilic Micromycetes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020; 46:903-971. [PMID: 33390684 PMCID: PMC7768999 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Extremophilic microorganisms, which are capable of functioning normally at extremely high or low temperatures, pressure, and in other environmental conditions, have been in the focus of microbiologists' attention for several decades due to the biotechnological potential of enzymes inherent in extremophiles. These enzymes (also called extremozymes) are used in the production of food and detergents and other industries. At the same time, the inhabitants of extreme econiches remained almost unexplored for a long time in terms of the chemistry of natural compounds. In recent years, the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens, which affect humans and animals has become a global problem. The problem is compounded by a strong slowdown in the development of new antibiotics. In search of new active substances and scaffolds for medical chemistry, researchers turn to unexplored natural sources. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of studies on secondary metabolites produced by extremophiles. From the discovery of penicillin to the present day, micromycetes, along with actinobacteria, are one of the most productive sources of antibiotic compounds for medicine and agriculture. Many authors consider extremophilic micromycetes as a promising source of small molecules with an unusual mechanism of action or significant structural novelty. This review summarizes the latest (for 2018-2019) experimental data on antibiotic compounds, which are produced by extremophilic micromycetes with various types of adaptation. Active metabolites are classified by the type of structure and biosynthetic origin. The data on the biological activity of the isolated metabolites are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Baranova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. A. Alferova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. A. Korshun
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. P. Tyurin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
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28
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A New Chromene Derivative from Alternaria sp. ZG22. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Dalinova AA, Salimova DR, Berestetskiy AO. Fungi of the Genera Alternaria as Producers of Biological Active Compounds and Mycoherbicides. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Fadiji AE, Babalola OO. Elucidating Mechanisms of Endophytes Used in Plant Protection and Other Bioactivities With Multifunctional Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:467. [PMID: 32500068 PMCID: PMC7242734 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes are abundant in plants and studies are continuously emanating on their ability to protect plants from pathogens that cause diseases especially in the field of agriculture. The advantage that endophytes have over other biocontrol agents is the ability to colonize plant's internal tissues. Despite this attributes, a deep understanding of the mechanism employed by endophytes in protecting the plant from diseases is still required for both effectiveness and commercialization. Also, there are increasing cases of antibiotics resistance among most causative agents of diseases in human beings, which calls for an alternative drug discovery using natural sources. Endophytes present themselves as a storehouse of many bioactive metabolites such as phenolic acids, alkaloids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids which makes them a promising candidate for anticancer, antimalarial, antituberculosis, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, and immunosuppressive properties among many others, even though the primary function of bioactive compounds from endophytes is to make the host plants resistant to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes still present themselves as a peculiar source of possible drugs. This study elucidates the mechanisms employed by endophytes in protecting the plant from diseases and different bioactivities of importance to humans with a focus on endophytic bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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31
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Park SY, Jeon J, Kim JA, Jeon MJ, Jeong MH, Kim Y, Lee Y, Chung H, Lee YH, Kim S. Draft Genome Sequence of Alternaria alternata JS-1623, a Fungal Endophyte of Abies koreana. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:240-244. [PMID: 37970559 PMCID: PMC10635108 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1756134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata JS-1623 is an endophytic fungus isolated from a stem tissue of Korean fir, Abies koreana. Ethyl acetate extracts of culture filtrates exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in LPS induced microglia BV-2 cell without cytotoxicity. Here we report a 33.67 Mb sized genome assembly of JS-1623 comprised of 13 scaffolds with N50 of 4.96 Mb, and 92.41% of BUSCO completeness. GC contents were 50.97%. Of the 11,197 genes annotated, gene families related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites or transcription factors were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Jongbum Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung A. Kim
- Microbiology Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Jeon
- Microbiology Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Yerim Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- Microbiology Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
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Ariantari NP, Ancheeva E, Frank M, Stuhldreier F, Meier D, Gröner Y, Reimche I, Teusch N, Wesselborg S, Müller WEG, Kalscheuer R, Liu Z, Proksch P. Didymellanosine, a new decahydrofluorene analogue, and ascolactone C from Didymella sp. IEA-3B.1, an endophyte of Terminalia catappa. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7232-7240. [PMID: 35493894 PMCID: PMC9049863 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Didymellanosine (1), the first analogue of the decahydrofluorene-class of natural products bearing a 13-membered macrocyclic alkaloid conjugated with adenosine, and a new benzolactone derivative, ascolactone C (4) along with eight known compounds (2, 3, 5–10), were isolated from a solid rice fermentation of the endophytic fungus Didymella sp. IEA-3B.1 derived from the host plant Terminalia catappa. In addition, ascochitamine (11) was obtained when (NH4)2SO4 was added to rice medium and is reported here for the first time as a natural product. Didymellanosine (1) displayed strong activity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y, Burkitt's lymphoma B cells (Ramos) and adult lymphoblastic leukemia T cells (Jurkat J16), with IC50 values of 2.0, 3.3 and 4.4 µM, respectively. When subjected to a NFκB inhibition assay, didymellanosine (1) moderately blocked NFκB activation in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231. In an antimicrobial assay, ascomylactam C (3) was the most active compound when tested against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria including drug-resistant strains with MICs of 3.1–6.3 µM, while 1 revealed weaker activity. Interestingly, both compounds were also found active against Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii with MICs of 3.1 µM, in the presence of a sublethal concentration (0.1 µM) of colistin. An unusual decahydrofluorene-class alkaloid from Didymella sp. exhibited NFκB inhibitory and antimicrobial activities.![]()
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Exploring the Benefits of Endophytic Fungi via Omics. ADVANCES IN ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03589-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Berestetskiy AO, Gannibal FB, Minkovich EV, Osterman IA, Salimova DR, Sergiev PV, Sokornova SV. Spectrum of Biological Activity of the Alternaria Fungi Isolated from the Phyllosphere of Herbaceous Plants. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Ranganathan N, Mahalingam G. Secondary metabolite as therapeutic agent from endophytic fungi Alternaria longipes strain VITN14G of mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4021-4031. [PMID: 30321457 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi, especially from mangrove plants, are rich source of secondary metabolites, which plays a major role in various pharmacological actions preferably in cancer and bacterial infections. To perceive its role in antidiabetic activity we isolated and tested the metabolites derived from a novel strain Alternaria longipes strain VITN14G obtained from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis. The crude extract was analyzed for antidiabetic activity and subjected to column chromatography. The isolated fractions were screened in vitro for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The cytotoxicity of the isolated fractions was studied on L929 cell lines. Following which, the screened fraction 2 was allowed for structure elucidation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, one-dimensional, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet, and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The binding energies of the isolated fraction 2 with glycolytic enzymes were calculated by molecular docking studies using AutoDock Vina. The isolated fraction 2 identified as 2,4,6-triphenylaniline, showed no significant difference in α-amylase inhibition rates and a significant difference of 10% in α-glucosidase inhibition rates than that of the standard drug acarbose. Further, the cytotoxicity assay of the isolated fraction 2 resulted in a cell viability of 73.96%. Supportingly, in silico studies showed 2,4,6-triphenylaniline to produce a stronger binding affinity toward the glycolytic enzyme targets. The compound 2,4,6-triphenylaniline isolated from A. longipes strain VITN14G exhibited satisfactory antidiabetic activity for type 2 diabetes in vitro, which will further be confirmed by in vivo studies. Successful outcome of the study will result in a natural substitute for existing synthetic antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathiya Ranganathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Gayathri Mahalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Veteli P, Cortina-Escribano M, Vanhanen H, Marjomäki V. Antiviral Agents From Fungi: Diversity, Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2325. [PMID: 30333807 PMCID: PMC6176074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most common diseases affecting people worldwide. New viruses emerge all the time and presently we have limited number of vaccines and only few antivirals to combat viral diseases. Fungi represent a vast source of bioactive molecules, which could potentially be used as antivirals in the future. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of fungi as producers of antiviral compounds and discuss their potential applications. In particular, we have investigated how the antiviral action has been assessed and what is known about the molecular mechanisms and actual targets. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of accurate fungal species identification on antiviral and other natural products studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pyry Veteli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri Vanhanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Zwickel T, Kahl SM, Rychlik M, Müller MEH. Chemotaxonomy of Mycotoxigenic Small-Spored Alternaria Fungi - Do Multitoxin Mixtures Act as an Indicator for Species Differentiation? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1368. [PMID: 30018598 PMCID: PMC6037717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Alternaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Alternaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Alternaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Alternaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Alternaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by alternariol and alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of alternariol, alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Alternaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. alternata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Zwickel
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra M. Kahl
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
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Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Veteli P, Cortina-Escribano M, Vanhanen H, Marjomäki V. Antiviral Agents From Fungi: Diversity, Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 30333807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most common diseases affecting people worldwide. New viruses emerge all the time and presently we have limited number of vaccines and only few antivirals to combat viral diseases. Fungi represent a vast source of bioactive molecules, which could potentially be used as antivirals in the future. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of fungi as producers of antiviral compounds and discuss their potential applications. In particular, we have investigated how the antiviral action has been assessed and what is known about the molecular mechanisms and actual targets. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of accurate fungal species identification on antiviral and other natural products studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pyry Veteli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri Vanhanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Abstract
Various viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza, and hepatitis, have emerged as leading causes of human death worldwide. Scientific endeavor since invention of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of pox virus in 1967 resulted in better understanding of virus replication and development of various novel therapeutic strategies. Despite considerable advancement in every facet of drug discovery process, development of commercially viable, safe, and effective drugs for these viruses still remains a big challenge. Decades of intense research yielded a handful of natural and synthetic therapeutic options. But emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant viral strains had made new drug development process a never-ending battle. Small-molecule fungal metabolites due to their vast diversity, stereochemical complexity, and preapproved biocompatibility always remain an attractive source for new drug discovery. Though, exploration of therapeutic importance of fungal metabolites has started early with discovery of penicillin, recent prediction asserted that only a small percentage (5-10%) of fungal species have been identified and much less have been scientifically investigated. Therefore, exploration of new fungal metabolites, their bioassay, and subsequent mechanistic study bears huge importance in new drug discovery endeavors. Though no fungal metabolites so far approved for antiviral treatment, many of these exhibited high potential against various viral diseases. This review comprehensively discussed about antiviral activities of fungal metabolites of diverse origin against some important viral diseases. This also highlighted the mechanistic details of inhibition of viral replication along with structure-activity relationship of some common and important classes of fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit G Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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Grover S, Lawrence CB. The Alternaria alternata Mycotoxin Alternariol Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071577. [PMID: 28726766 PMCID: PMC5536065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) have been shown to possess genotoxic and cytotoxic properties. In this study, the ability of AOH and AME to modulate innate immunity in the human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) were investigated. During these studies, it was discovered that AOH and to a lesser extent AME potently suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate immune responses in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of BEAS-2B cells with AOH resulted in morphological changes including a detached pattern of growth as well as elongated arms. AOH/AME-related immune suppression and morphological changes were linked to the ability of these mycotoxins to cause cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This model was also used to investigate the AOH/AME mechanism of immune suppression in relation to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR was not found to be important for the immunosuppressive properties of AOH/AME, but appeared important for the low levels of cell death observed in BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Grover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Bashyal BP, Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Tillotson J, Arnold AE, Chapman E, Leslie Gunatilaka AA. Chlorinated Dehydrocurvularins and Alterperylenepoxide A from Alternaria sp. AST0039, a Fungal Endophyte of Astragalus lentiginosus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:427-433. [PMID: 28139929 PMCID: PMC5504521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of Alternaria sp. AST0039, an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaf tissue of Astragalus lentiginosus, led to the isolation of (-)-(10E,15S)-4,6-dichloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (1), (-)-(10E,15S)-6-chloro-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (2), (-)-(10E,15S)-10(11)-dehydrocurvularin (3), and alterperylenepoxide A (4) together with scytalone and α-acetylorcinol. Structures of 1 and 4 were established from their spectroscopic data, and the relative configuration of 4 was determined with the help of nuclear Overhauser effect difference data. All metabolites were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity and ability to induce heat-shock and unfolded protein responses. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity to all five cancer cell lines tested and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP, but only 3 induced the heat-shock response and caused a strong unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat P. Bashyal
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Joseph Tillotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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Xu YM, Mafezoli J, Oliveira MCF, U'Ren JM, Arnold AE, Gunatilaka AAL. Anteaglonialides A-F and Palmarumycins CE(1)-CE(3) from Anteaglonium sp. FL0768, a Fungal Endophyte of the Spikemoss Selaginella arenicola. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2738-2747. [PMID: 26539727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anteaglonialides A-F (1-6), bearing a spiro[6-(tetrahydro-7-furanyl)cyclohexane-1,2'-naphtho[1,8-de][1,3]-dioxin]-10-one skeleton, three new spirobisnaphthalenes, palmarumycins CE1-CE3 (7-9), nine known palmarumycin analogues, palmarumycins CP5 (10), CP4a (11), CP3 (12), CP17 (13), CP2 (14), and CP1 (15), CJ-12,371 (16), 4-O-methyl CJ-12,371 (17), and CP4 (18), together with a possible artifact, 4a(5)-anhydropalmarumycin CE2 (8a), and four known metabolites, O-methylherbarin (19), herbarin (20), herbaridine B (21), and hyalopyrone (22), were encountered in a cytotoxic extract of a potato dextrose agar culture of Anteaglonium sp. FL0768, an endophytic fungus of the sand spikemoss, Selaginella arenicola. The planar structures and relative configurations of the new metabolites 1-9 were elucidated by analysis of extensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the modified Mosher's ester method. Application of the modified Mosher's ester method combined with the NOESY data resulted in revision of the absolute configuration previously proposed for 10. Co-occurrence of 1-6 and 7-18 in this fungus led to the proposal that the anteagloniolides may be biogenetically derived from palmarumycins. Among the metabolites encountered, anteaglonialide F (6) and known palmarumycins CP3 (12) and CP1 (15) exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against the human Ewing's sarcoma cell line CHP-100, with IC50 values of 1.4, 0.5, and 1.6 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ming Xu
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Jair Mafezoli
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Campus do Pici, Caixa Postal 6044, Fortaleza-CE 60455-970, Brazil
| | - Maria C F Oliveira
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Campus do Pici, Caixa Postal 6044, Fortaleza-CE 60455-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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Wijeratne EMK, Xu Y, Arnold AE, Gunatilaka AAL. Pulvinulin A, Graminin C, and cis-Gregatin B – New Natural Furanones from Pulvinula sp. 11120, a Fungal Endophyte of Cupressus arizonica. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new natural furanones, pulvinulin A (1), graminin C (2), and cis-gregatin B (3), together with the known fungal metabolites, graminin B (4) and 10-norparvulenone (5), were isolated from Pulvinula sp. 11120, an endophytic fungal strain occurring in healthy foliage of Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by the analysis of their spectroscopic data and chemical interconversions, and that of 3 was determined by comparison with data for synthetic cis-gregatin B. Comparison of spectroscopic data of 4 and 5 with those reported identified them as graminin B and 10-norparvulenone, respectively. Metabolites 1–4 exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800, USA
| | - Yaming Xu
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800, USA
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800, USA
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