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Liu T, Padyana AK, Judd ET, Jin L, Hammoudeh D, Kung C, Dang L. Structure-Based Design of AG-946, a Pyruvate Kinase Activator. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300559. [PMID: 38109501 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and adenosine diphosphate to pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate in glycolysis and plays a crucial role in regulating cell metabolism. We describe the structure-based design of AG-946, an activator of PK isoforms, including red blood cell-specific forms of PK (PKR). This was designed to have a pseudo-C2-symmetry matching its allosteric binding site on the PK enzyme, which increased its potency toward PKR while reducing activity against off-targets observed from the original scaffold. AG-946 (1) demonstrated activation of human wild-type PK (half-maximal activation concentration [AC50 ]=0.005 μM) and a panel of mutated PK proteins (K410E [AC50 =0.0043 μM] and R510Q [AC50 =0.0069 μM]), (2) displayed a significantly longer half-time of activation (>150-fold) compared with 6-(3-methoxybenzyl)-4-methyl-2-(methylsulfinyl)-4,6-dihydro-5H-thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazin-5-one, and (3) stabilized PKR R510Q, an unstable mutant PKR enzyme, and preserved its catalytic activity under increasingly denaturing conditions. As a potent, oral, small-molecule allosteric activator of wild-type and mutant PKR, AG-946 was advanced to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Ensem Therapeutics, 880 Winter St, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - Evan T Judd
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 88 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dalia Hammoudeh
- Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., 88 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles Kung
- Remix Therapeutics, 100 Forge Rd, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Lenny Dang
- Verolix, Inc., 800 Boylston St. Unit 900147, Boston, MA, 02199, USA
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2
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Chen P, Lou L, Sharma B, Li M, Xie C, Yang F, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Gao L. Recent Advances on PKM2 Inhibitors and Activators in Cancer Applications. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2955-2973. [PMID: 37455458 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230714144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells, from the normal mode of glucose metabolism named glycolysis, is a pivotal characteristic of impending cancerous cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an important enzyme that catalyzes the final rate-limiting stage during glycolysis, is highly expressed in numerous types of tumors and aids in development of favorable conditions for the survival of tumor cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that PKM2 is one of promising targets for innovative drug discovery, especially for the developments of antitumor therapeutics. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent advancement on PKM2 modulators including inhibitors and activators in cancer applications. We also discussed the classifications of pyruvate kinases in mammals and the biological functions of PKM2 in this review. We do hope that this review would provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research on PKM2 modulators, which may benefit the development of more potent PKM2-related drug candidates to treat PKM2-associated diseases including cancers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Bigyan Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Mengchu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Chengliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yihang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
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3
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van Dijk MJ, de Wilde JRA, Bartels M, Kuo KHM, Glenthøj A, Rab MAE, van Beers EJ, van Wijk R. Activation of pyruvate kinase as therapeutic option for rare hemolytic anemias: Shedding new light on an old enzyme. Blood Rev 2023; 61:101103. [PMID: 37353463 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Novel developments in therapies for various hereditary hemolytic anemias reflect the pivotal role of pyruvate kinase (PK), a key enzyme of glycolysis, in red blood cell (RBC) health. Without PK catalyzing one of the final steps of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, there is no net yield of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during glycolysis, the sole source of energy production required for proper RBC function and survival. In hereditary hemolytic anemias, RBC health is compromised and therefore lifespan is shortened. Although our knowledge on glycolysis in general and PK function in particular is solid, recent advances in genetic, molecular, biochemical, and metabolic aspects of hereditary anemias have improved our understanding of these diseases. These advances provide a rationale for targeting PK as therapeutic option in hereditary hemolytic anemias other than PK deficiency. This review summarizes the knowledge, rationale, (pre)clinical trials, and future advances of PK activators for this important group of rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe J van Dijk
- Department of Central Diagnostic Laboratory - Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis - Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R A de Wilde
- Department of Central Diagnostic Laboratory - Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bartels
- Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis - Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin H M Kuo
- Division of Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Glenthøj
- Danish Red Blood Center, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Minke A E Rab
- Department of Central Diagnostic Laboratory - Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eduard J van Beers
- Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis - Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Central Diagnostic Laboratory - Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Wubben TJ, Chaudhury S, Watch BT, Stuckey JA, Weh E, Fernando R, Goswami M, Pawar M, Rech JC, Besirli CG. Development of Novel Small-Molecule Activators of Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isozyme 2, PKM2, to Reduce Photoreceptor Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050705. [PMID: 37242488 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options are lacking to prevent photoreceptor death and subsequent vision loss. Previously, we demonstrated that reprogramming metabolism via the pharmacologic activation of PKM2 is a novel photoreceptor neuroprotective strategy. However, the features of the tool compound used in those studies, ML-265, preclude its advancement as an intraocular, clinical candidate. This study sought to develop the next generation of small-molecule PKM2 activators, aimed specifically for delivery into the eye. Compounds were developed that replaced the thienopyrrolopyridazinone core of ML-265 and modified the aniline and methyl sulfoxide functional groups. Compound 2 demonstrated that structural changes to the ML-265 scaffold are tolerated from a potency and efficacy standpoint, allow for a similar binding mode to the target, and circumvent apoptosis in models of outer retinal stress. To overcome the low solubility and problematic functional groups of ML-265, compound 2's efficacious and versatile core structure for the incorporation of diverse functional groups was then utilized to develop novel PKM2 activators with improved solubility, lack of structural alerts, and retained potency. No other molecules are in the pharmaceutical pipeline for the metabolic reprogramming of photoreceptors. Thus, this study is the first to cultivate the next generation of novel, structurally diverse, small-molecule PKM2 activators for delivery into the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wubben
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Sraboni Chaudhury
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Brennan T Watch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Roshini Fernando
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Moloy Goswami
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Mercy Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jason C Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Nain-Perez A, Nilsson O, Lulla A, Håversen L, Brear P, Liljenberg S, Hyvönen M, Borén J, Grøtli M. Tuning liver pyruvate kinase activity up or down with a new class of allosteric modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115177. [PMID: 36753880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKL) has gained interest due to its potential capacity to regulate fatty acid synthesis involved in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we describe a novel series of PKL modulators that can either activate or inhibit the enzyme allosterically, from a cryptic site at the interface of two protomers in the tetrameric enzyme. Starting from urolithin D, we designed and synthesised 42 new compounds. The effect of these compounds on PKL enzymatic activity was assessed after incubation with cell lysates obtained from a liver cell line. Pronounced activation of PKL activity, up to 3.8-fold, was observed for several compounds at 10 μM, while other compounds were prominent PKL inhibitors reducing its activity to 81% at best. A structure-activity relationship identified linear-shaped sulfone-sulfonamides as activators and non-linear compounds as inhibitors. Crystal structures revealed the conformations of these modulators, which were used as a reference for designing new modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalyn Nain-Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oscar Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleksei Lulla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Håversen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Liljenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Zhou J, Ekström P. Pyruvate Kinase 2, an Energy Metabolism Related Enzyme, May Have a Neuroprotective Function in Retinal Degeneration. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231151534. [PMID: 36799552 PMCID: PMC9940218 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited disorder that results in vision impairment but general and mutation-independent therapeutic strategies are not available. However, it is widely regarded that the cGMP system, including cGMP and its interactor cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), acts as a crucial effector during retinal degeneration. We have previously identified a list of cGMP-PKG-dependent genes in the context of RP, and in this study, we further validated one of these, namely pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2), and investigated the potential role of PKM2 for the photoreceptors' well-being during RP. With the aid of organotypic retinal explant cultures, we pharmacologically manipulated the PKM2 activities in two different RP mouse models (rd2 and rd10) via the addition of TEPP-46 (a PKM2 activator) and found that activation of PKM2 alleviates the progress of photoreceptor death in the rd10 mouse model. We also noted that the expression of both PKM2 and one of its targets, glucose transporter-1 (Glut1), showed alterations depending on the degeneration state. The observations provide supportive evidence that PKM2 may serve as a novel potential molecular target in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhou
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Jiaming Zhou, Biomedical Center (BMC-B11), Sölvegatan 19, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Per Ekström
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Wang X, Guo W, Han J, Li J, Zhao Q, Mao Y, Wang S. Oral spatial-to-point cascade targeting "sugar-coated bullets" for precise and safe chemotherapy by intervention Warburg effect. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113108. [PMID: 36586235 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis plays a vital role in the development and progression of tumors. Inhibiting glycolysis via smart and safe methods serves as a promising target for cancer therapy. Here, an oral "sugar-coated bullet" aiming at intervening Warburg effect is designed by coating colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CMS) encapsulating glycolysis inhibitor shikonin (SHK) with dextran, namely DCMS/SHK. The solubility and drug-loading capacity of SHK were enhanced by the special structure of CMS. Besides, the tempting bullets possess the spatial-to-point cascade targeting ability in delivering SHK from the colonic lumen to colon cancer cells and finally to PKM2. After DCMS/SHK reaches the colon, the dextran is hydrolyzed by dextranase especially existing in the colon site to glucose and the carriers become glucose-coated nanoparticles. The glucose-cloak nanoparticles would be largely endocytosed by tumor cells and complete the efficient delivery of SHK. The encapsulated SHK can prevent the glycolysis of cancer cells and thus inhibit tumor growth effectively. This work presents an ingenious cascade colon-targeting strategy to treat colon cancer by destroying cell energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Wen Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Jianan Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Qinfu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Yuling Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China.
| | - Siling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China.
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8
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Zhou J, Rasmussen M, Ekström P. A Potential Neuroprotective Role for Pyruvate Kinase 2 in Retinal Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:479-483. [PMID: 37440075 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited disorder that results in vision impairment that specific therapeutic strategies are not available. However, it is widely regarded that the cGMP system, including cGMP and its interactor cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), acts as a crucial effector during retinal degeneration. We have previously identified a list of cGMP-PKG-dependent genes in the context of RP, and in this study, we further validated one of the targets, namely, pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2), and investigated the potential role of PKM2 for the photoreceptors' well-being during RP. With the aid of organotypic retinal explant cultures, we pharmacologically manipulated the PKM2 activities in different RP mouse models via the addition of TEPP-46 (a PKM2 activator) and found that activation of PKM2 alleviates the progress of photoreceptor death in the rd10 mouse model. This observation provides supportive evidence that PKM2 may serve as a novel potential molecular target in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhou
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Michel Rasmussen
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Ekström
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Rihan M, Sharma SS. Role of Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:382-402. [PMID: 36178660 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world's leading cause of death, accounting for 32% of all fatalities. Although therapeutic agents are available for CVDs, however, most of them have significant limitations such as the time-dependency effect, hypotension, and bradycardia. To overcome the limitations of current pharmacological therapies, new molecular targets and pathways need to be identified and investigated to provide better treatment options for CVDs. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and targeting PKM2 by its modulators (inhibitors and activators) has shown promising results in several CVDs. PKM2 regulates gene activation in the context of apoptosis, mitosis, hypoxia, inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming. PKM2 modulators might have a significant impact on the molecular pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. Therefore, PKM2 modulators can be one of the therapeutic options for CVDs. This review provides an insight into PKM2 involvement in various CVDs along with their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Merde İB, Önel GT, Türkmenoğlu B, Gürsoy Ş, Dilek E, Özçelik AB, Uysal M. Synthesis of (
p‐
tolyl)‐3(2
H
)pyridazinone Derivatives as Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İrem Bozbey Merde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Yalnızbağ 24002 Erzincan Turkey
| | - Gülce Taşkor Önel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Yalnızbağ 24002 Erzincan Turkey
| | - Burçin Türkmenoğlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Yalnızbağ 24002 Erzincan Turkey
| | - Şule Gürsoy
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Yalnızbağ 24002 Erzincan Turkey
| | - Esra Dilek
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Yalnızbağ 24002 Erzincan Turkey
| | - Azime Berna Özçelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University 06330 Ankara Turkey
| | - Mehtap Uysal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Yalnızbağ 24002 Erzincan Turkey
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11
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El-Far AH, Al Jaouni SK, Li X, Fu J. Cancer metabolism control by natural products: Pyruvate kinase M2 targeting therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3181-3201. [PMID: 35794729 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is the primary source of energy for cancer growth and metastasis. The shift in metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis is called the Warburg effect. Cancer progression due to aerobic glycolysis is often associated with the activation of oncogenes or the loss of tumor suppressors. Therefore, inhibition of glycolysis is one of the effective strategies in cancer control. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme overexpressed in breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, and liver cancers. Here, we discuss published studies regarding PKM2 inhibitors from natural products that are promising drug candidates for cancer therapy. We have highlighted the potential of natural PKM2 inhibitors for various cancer types. Moreover, we encourage researchers to evaluate the combinational effects between natural and synthetic PKM2 inhibitors. Also, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Arts and Sciences, New York University-Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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12
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Synthetic and DFT Modeling Studies on Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of 4,5-Dibromo-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one with Ferrocene Boronates, Accompanied by Hydrodebromination and a Novel Bridge-Forming Annulation In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of the Ferrocenyl–Pyridazinone Products. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presented the efficiency of different Pd-based catalytic systems in a series of SM reactions of 4,5-dibromo-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one with ferroceneboronic acid, ferrocene-1,1′-diboronoc acid, and its bis-pinacol ester. In addition to the disubstituted product, these transformations afford substantial amounts of isomeric 4- and 5-ferrocenyl-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-ones, and a unique asymmetric bi-pyridazinone-bridged ferrocenophane with a screwed molecular architecture. The reactions of phenylboronic acid, conducted under the conditions, are proven to be the most reductive in the conversions of ferroceneboronic acid, and produce 2-methyl-4,5-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one as single product, supporting our view about solvent-mediated hydrodehalogenations that are supposed to proceed via the assistance of the ferrocenyl group present in the reaction mixture, or attached to the bromo-pyridazinone scaffold, which is constructed in the first SM coupling of the heterocyclic precursor. A comparative DFT modelling study on the structures and possible transformations of relevant bromo-, ferrocene- and phenyl-containing carbopalladated intermediate pairs was carried out, providing reasonable mechanisms suitable to account for the apparently surprising regioselectivity of the alternative hydrodebromination processes, and for the formation of the ferrocenophane product. Supporting the results of DFT modelling studies, the implication of DMF as a hydrogen transfer agent in the hydrodebromination reactions is evidenced by deuterium labelling experiments using the solvent mixtures DMF-d7–H2O (4:1) and DMF–D2O (4:1). The organometallic products display antiproliferative effects on human malignant cell lines.
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13
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Hou DY, Xiao WY, Wang JQ, Yaseen M, Wang ZJ, Fei Y, Wang MD, Wang L, Wang H, Shi X, Cai MM, Feng HT, Xu W, Li LL. OGA activated glycopeptide-based nano-activator to activate PKM2 tetramerization for switching catabolic pathways and sensitizing chemotherapy resistance. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Arora S, Joshi G, Chaturvedi A, Heuser M, Patil S, Kumar R. A Perspective on Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1171-1205. [PMID: 34726055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) affects the switching of the PKM2 protein between the high-activity and low-activity states that allow ATP and lactate production, respectively. PKM2, in its low catalytic state (dimeric form), is chiefly active in metabolically energetic cells, including cancer cells. More recently, PKM2 has emerged as an attractive target due to its role in metabolic dysfunction and other interrelated conditions. PKM2 (dimer) activity can be inhibited by modulating PKM2 dimer-tetramer dynamics using either PKM2 inhibitors that bind at the ATP binding active site of PKM2 (dimer) or PKM2 activators that bind at the allosteric site of PKM2, thus activating PKM2 from the dimer formation to the tetrameric formation. The present perspective focuses on medicinal chemistry approaches to design and discover PKM2 inhibitors and activators and further provides a scope for the future design of compounds targeting PKM2 with better efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Arora
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248171, India
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Santoshkumar Patil
- Discovery Services, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, SEZ, Bommasandra Industrial Area-Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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15
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Bertelsen LB, Hansen ESS, Sadowski T, Ruf S, Laustsen C. Hyperpolarized pyruvate to measure the influence of PKM2 activation on glucose metabolism in the healthy kidney. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4583. [PMID: 34240478 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate if hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate can inform us on the metabolic consequences for the kidney glucose metabolism upon treatment with the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activator TEPP-46, which has shown promise as a novel therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy. A healthy male Wistar rat model was employed to study the conversion of [1-13 C]pyruvate to [1-13 C]lactate in the kidney 2 and 4 h after treatment with TEPP-46. All rats were scanned with hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate kidney MR and vital parameters and blood samples were taken after scanning. The PKM2 activator TEPP-46 increases the glycolytic activity in the kidneys, leading to an increased lactate production, as seen by hyperpolarized pyruvate-to-lactate conversion. The results are supported by an increase in blood lactate, a decreased blood glucose level and an increased pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. The metabolic changes observed in both kidneys following treatment with TEPP-46 are largely independent of renal function and could as such represent a new and extremely sensitive metabolic readout for future drugs targeting PKM2. These results warrant further studies in disease models to evaluate if [1-13 C]pyruvate-to-[1-13 C]lactate conversion can predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Bonde Bertelsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Liu Z, Le Y, Chen H, Zhu J, Lu D. Role of PKM2-Mediated Immunometabolic Reprogramming on Development of Cytokine Storm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748573. [PMID: 34759927 PMCID: PMC8572858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine storm is a marker of severity of various diseases and increased mortality. The altered metabolic profile and energy generation of immune cells affects their activation, exacerbating the cytokine storm. Currently, the emerging field of immunometabolism has highlighted the importance of specific metabolic pathways in immune regulation. The glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key regulator of immunometabolism and bridges metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction. This enzyme changes its conformation thus walks in different fields including metabolism and inflammation and associates with various transcription factors. This review summarizes the vital role of PKM2 in mediating immunometabolic reprogramming and its role in inducing cytokine storm, with a focus on providing references for further understanding of its pathological functions and for proposing new targets for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Wang D, Li C, Zhu Y, Song Y, Lu S, Sun H, Hao H, Xu X. TEPP-46-Based AIE Fluorescent Probe for Detection and Bioimaging of PKM2 in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12682-12689. [PMID: 34505513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme, is a hallmark of different types of tumors and plays a significant role in the Warburg effect. However, there is no fluorescent probe for PKM2 that has been reported yet. In this study, TEPC466, a novel TEPP-46-based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe for the detection of PKM2, was designed, synthesized, and fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. When the fluorescent agent, coumarine, was conjugated to TEPP-46, the bioprobe TEPC466 showed a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of PKM2 protein via the AIE effect. TEPC466 was then successfully applied in imaging the PKM2 protein in colorectal cancer cells with low toxicity. Moreover, structure-based modeling and the PK activity assay confirmed that TEPC466 has a better binding with PKM2 than TEPP-46, which suggests that TEPC466 could also be a good agonist of PKM2. Taken together, the bioprobe shows potential in selective detection of PKM2 and provides a useful tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxia Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 211816 Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
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18
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Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Analyses in the Local Milieu of Islet Allografts in Rejection versus Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168754. [PMID: 34445459 PMCID: PMC8395897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the immune mechanisms that lead to rejection versus tolerance of allogeneic pancreatic islet grafts is of paramount importance, as it facilitates the development of innovative methods to improve the transplant outcome. Here, we used our established intraocular islet transplant model to gain novel insight into changes in the local metabolome and proteome within the islet allograft’s immediate microenvironment in association with immune-mediated rejection or tolerance. We performed integrated metabolomics and proteomics analyses in aqueous humor samples representative of the graft’s microenvironment under each transplant outcome. The results showed that several free amino acids, small primary amines, and soluble proteins related to the Warburg effect were upregulated or downregulated in association with either outcome. In general, the observed shifts in the local metabolite and protein profiles in association with rejection were consistent with established pro-inflammatory metabolic pathways and those observed in association with tolerance were immune regulatory. Taken together, the current findings further support the potential of metabolic reprogramming of immune cells towards immune regulation through targeted pharmacological and dietary interventions against specific metabolic pathways that promote the Warburg effect to prevent the rejection of transplanted islets and promote their immune tolerance.
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19
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Lee YB, Min JK, Kim JG, Cap KC, Islam R, Hossain AJ, Dogsom O, Hamza A, Mahmud S, Choi DR, Kim YS, Koh YH, Kim HA, Chung WS, Suh SW, Park JB. Multiple functions of pyruvate kinase M2 in various cell types. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:128-148. [PMID: 34311499 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the ultimate enrichment of mature metabolites in the cell. Recently, glycolytic enzymes have been shown to have unconventional but important functions. Among these enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays several roles including having conventional metabolic enzyme activity, and also being a transcriptional regulator and a protein kinase. Compared with the closely related PKM1, PKM2 is highly expressed in cancer cells and embryos, whereas PKM1 is dominant in mature, differentiated cells. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation of PKM2 change its cellular functions. In particular, PKM2 can translocate to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of many target genes. It is notable that PKM2 also acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate several substrate proteins. Besides cancer cells and embryonic cells, astrocytes also highly express PKM2, which is crucial for lactate production via expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), while mature neurons predominantly express PKM1. The lactate produced in cancer cells promotes tumor progress and that in astrocytes can be supplied to neurons and may act as a major source for neuronal ATP energy production. Thereby, we propose that PKM2 along with its different posttranslational modifications has specific purposes for a variety of cell types, performing unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Beom Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung K Min
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,eLmed Inc. #3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Abu J Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oyungerel Dogsom
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, School of Bio-Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shohel Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dae R Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-A Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Ahnyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang W Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,eLmed Inc. #3419, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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20
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Li R, Ning X, He J, Lin Z, Su Y, Li R, Yin Y. Synthesis of novel sulfonamide derivatives containing pyridin-3-ylmethyl 4-(benzoyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate moiety as potent PKM2 activators. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104653. [PMID: 33517002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) plays a key role in cancer progression through both metabolic and non-metabolic functions, thus it is recognized as a potential target for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we discovered a sulfonamide-dithiocarbamate compound 8a as a novel PKM2 activator from a random screening of an in-house compound library. Then, a series of lead compound 8a analogs were designed and synthesized for screening as potent PKM2 activators. Among them, compound 8b (AC50 = 0.136 µM) and 8k (AC50 = 0.056 µM) showed higher PKM2 activation activities than positive control NZT (AC50 = 0.228 µM), and they (IC50 < 1 µM) exhibited more significant anti-proliferative activities against human tumor cell lines than NZT (IC50 > 10 µM). Especially, compound 8k inhibited the proliferation of multiple cancer cells, but showed little toxicity on normal cells. In addition, we found that compound 8k inhibit the colony formation of MCF7 cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that 8k could reduce PKM2 nuclear localization and block the downstream signaling pathway of PKM2, resulting in suppression of tumor cell proliferation. Overall, compound 8k may be a promising candidate for further mechanistic investigation of PKM2 and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Xianling Ning
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jianan He
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Runtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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21
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Abstract
Targeting glycolysis in T helper 17 (Th17) cells presents an attractive
opportunity to treat Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple
sclerosis (MS). Pyruvate kinase isoform 2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme
expressed in T cells infiltrating the central nervous system in a mouse model of
MS, suggesting PKM2 modulation could provide a new avenue for MS therapeutics.
In a recent article in Science Signaling, Seki et al. show that
pharmacological modulation of PKM2 alters but does not ameliorate disease in a
mouse model of MS. These results warrant further consideration of PKM2
modulators to treat Th17 cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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22
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Targeting Cancer Metabolism and Current Anti-Cancer Drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1286:15-48. [PMID: 33725343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have exploited the metabolic hallmarks that distinguish between normal and cancer cells, aiming at identifying specific targets of anti-cancer drugs. It has become apparent that metabolic flexibility allows cancer cells to survive during high anabolic demand or the depletion of nutrients and oxygen. Cancers can reprogram their metabolism to the microenvironments by increasing aerobic glycolysis to maximize ATP production, increasing glutaminolysis and anabolic pathways to support bioenergetic and biosynthetic demand during rapid proliferation. The increased key regulatory enzymes that support the relevant pathways allow us to design small molecules which can specifically block activities of these enzymes, preventing growth and metastasis of tumors. In this review, we discuss metabolic adaptation in cancers and highlight the crucial metabolic enzymes involved, specifically those involved in aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, de novo fatty acid synthesis, and bioenergetic pathways. Furthermore, we also review the success and the pitfalls of the current anti-cancer drugs which have been applied in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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23
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Lewandowski SL, Cardone RL, Foster HR, Ho T, Potapenko E, Poudel C, VanDeusen HR, Sdao SM, Alves TC, Zhao X, Capozzi ME, de Souza AH, Jahan I, Thomas CJ, Nunemaker CS, Davis DB, Campbell JE, Kibbey RG, Merrins MJ. Pyruvate Kinase Controls Signal Strength in the Insulin Secretory Pathway. Cell Metab 2020; 32:736-750.e5. [PMID: 33147484 PMCID: PMC7685238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells couple nutrient metabolism with appropriate insulin secretion. Here, we show that pyruvate kinase (PK), which converts ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into ATP and pyruvate, underlies β cell sensing of both glycolytic and mitochondrial fuels. Plasma membrane-localized PK is sufficient to close KATP channels and initiate calcium influx. Small-molecule PK activators increase the frequency of ATP/ADP and calcium oscillations and potently amplify insulin secretion. PK restricts respiration by cyclically depriving mitochondria of ADP, which accelerates PEP cycling until membrane depolarization restores ADP and oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings support a compartmentalized model of β cell metabolism in which PK locally generates the ATP/ADP required for insulin secretion. Oscillatory PK activity allows mitochondria to perform synthetic and oxidative functions without any net impact on glucose oxidation. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic route for diabetes based on PK activation that would not be predicted by the current consensus single-state model of β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cardone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hannah R Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Thuong Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Evgeniy Potapenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Halena R VanDeusen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sophia M Sdao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Megan E Capozzi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Arnaldo H de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Craig S Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Richard G Kibbey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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24
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Abulizi A, Cardone RL, Stark R, Lewandowski SL, Zhao X, Hillion J, Ma L, Sehgal R, Alves TC, Thomas C, Kung C, Wang B, Siebel S, Andrews ZB, Mason GF, Rinehart J, Merrins MJ, Kibbey RG. Multi-Tissue Acceleration of the Mitochondrial Phosphoenolpyruvate Cycle Improves Whole-Body Metabolic Health. Cell Metab 2020; 32:751-766.e11. [PMID: 33147485 PMCID: PMC7679013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP)-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle couples mitochondrial PEPCK (PCK2) to pyruvate kinase (PK) in the liver and pancreatic islets to regulate glucose homeostasis. Here, small molecule PK activators accelerated the PEP cycle to improve islet function, as well as metabolic homeostasis, in preclinical rodent models of diabetes. In contrast, treatment with a PK activator did not improve insulin secretion in pck2-/- mice. Unlike other clinical secretagogues, PK activation enhanced insulin secretion but also had higher insulin content and markers of differentiation. In addition to improving insulin secretion, acute PK activation short-circuited gluconeogenesis to reduce endogenous glucose production while accelerating red blood cell glucose turnover. Four-week delivery of a PK activator in vivo remodeled PK phosphorylation, reduced liver fat, and improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed rats. These data provide a preclinical rationale for PK activation to accelerate the PEP cycle to improve metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca L Cardone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Romana Stark
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sophie L Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joelle Hillion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lingjun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Raghav Sehgal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Craig Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Bei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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25
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Seki SM, Posyniak K, McCloud R, Rosen DA, Fernández-Castañeda A, Beiter RM, Serbulea V, Nanziri SC, Hayes N, Spivey C, Gemta L, Bullock TNJ, Hsu KL, Gaultier A. Modulation of PKM activity affects the differentiation of T H17 cells. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaay9217. [PMID: 33109748 PMCID: PMC8040370 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay9217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that promote the metabolic activity of the pyruvate kinase isoform PKM2, such as TEPP-46 and DASA-58, limit tumorigenesis and inflammation. To understand how these compounds alter T cell function, we assessed their therapeutic activity in a mouse model of T cell-mediated autoimmunity that mimics multiple sclerosis (MS). TH17 cells are believed to orchestrate MS pathology, in part, through the production of two proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-17 (IL-17) and GM-CSF. We found that both TEPP-46 and DASA-58 suppressed the development of IL-17-producing TH17 cells but increased the generation of those producing GM-CSF. This switch redirected disease pathology from the spinal cord to the brain. In addition, we found that activation of PKM2 interfered with TGF-β1 signaling, which is necessary for the development of TH17 and regulatory T cells. Collectively, our data clarify the therapeutic potential of PKM2 activators in MS-like disease and how these agents alter T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Seki
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kacper Posyniak
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca McCloud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Dorian A Rosen
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anthony Fernández-Castañeda
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca M Beiter
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Graduate Program in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sarah C Nanziri
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nikolas Hayes
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Charles Spivey
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lelisa Gemta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Wubben TJ, Pawar M, Weh E, Smith A, Sajjakulnukit P, Zhang L, Dai L, Hager H, Pai MP, Lyssiotis CA, Besirli CG. Small molecule activation of metabolic enzyme pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2, PKM2, circumvents photoreceptor apoptosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2990. [PMID: 32076076 PMCID: PMC7031539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in many retinal disorders, and there is an unmet need for neuroprotective modalities to improve photoreceptor survival. Similar to cancer cells, photoreceptors maintain pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) expression, which is a critical regulator in aerobic glycolysis. Unlike PKM1, which has constitutively high catalytic activity, PKM2 is under complex regulation. Recently, we demonstrated that genetically reprogramming photoreceptor metabolism via PKM2-to-PKM1 substitution is a promising neuroprotective strategy. Here, we explored the neuroprotective effects of pharmacologically activating PKM2 via ML-265, a small molecule activator of PKM2, during acute outer retinal stress. We found that ML-265 increased PKM2 activity in 661 W cells and in vivo in rat eyes without affecting the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. ML-265 treatment did, however, alter metabolic intermediates of glucose metabolism and those necessary for biosynthesis in cultured cells. Long-term exposure to ML-265 did not result in decreased photoreceptor function or survival under baseline conditions. Notably, though, ML-265-treatment did reduce entrance into the apoptotic cascade in in vitro and in vivo models of outer retinal stress. These data suggest that reprogramming metabolism via activation of PKM2 is a novel, and promising, therapeutic strategy for photoreceptor neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wubben
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mercy Pawar
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- University of Michigan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- University of Michigan Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Metabolomics Core, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lipeng Dai
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Heather Hager
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- University of Michigan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, USA.
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27
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Alquraishi M, Puckett DL, Alani DS, Humidat AS, Frankel VD, Donohoe DR, Whelan J, Bettaieb A. Pyruvate kinase M2: A simple molecule with complex functions. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:176-192. [PMID: 31401304 PMCID: PMC6848794 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 is a critical enzyme that regulates cell metabolism and growth under different physiological conditions. In its metabolic role, pyruvate kinase M2 catalyzes the last glycolytic step which converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with the generation of ATP. Beyond this metabolic role in glycolysis, PKM2 regulates gene expression in the nucleus, phosphorylates several essential proteins that regulate major cell signaling pathways, and contribute to the redox homeostasis of cancer cells. The expression of PKM2 has been demonstrated to be significantly elevated in several types of cancer, and the overall inflammatory response. The unusual pattern of PKM2 expression inspired scientists to investigate the unrevealed functions of PKM2 and the therapeutic potential of targeting PKM2 in cancer and other disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanistic and therapeutic potential of targeting PKM2 with the focus on cancer metabolism, redox homeostasis, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. This review highlights and provides insight into the metabolic and non-metabolic functions of PKM2 and its relevant association with health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dexter L Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dina S Alani
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Amal S Humidat
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Victoria D Frankel
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dallas R Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA.
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28
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Su Q, Luo S, Tan Q, Deng J, Zhou S, Peng M, Tao T, Yang X. The role of pyruvate kinase M2 in anticancer therapeutic treatments. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5663-5672. [PMID: 31788038 PMCID: PMC6865080 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by a high glycolytic rate, which leads to energy regeneration and anabolic metabolism; a consequence of this is the abnormal expression of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2). Multiple studies have demonstrated that the expression levels of PKM2 are upregulated in numerous cancer types. Consequently, the mechanism of action of certain anticancer drugs is to downregulate PKM2 expression, indicating the significance of PKM2 in a chemotherapeutic setting. Furthermore, it has previously been highlighted that the downregulation of PKM2 expression, using either inhibitors or short interfering RNA, enhances the anticancer effect exerted by THP treatment on bladder cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The present review summarizes the detailed mechanisms and therapeutic relevance of anticancer drugs that inhibit PKM2 expression. In addition, the relationship between PKM2 expression levels and drug resistance were explored. Finally, future directions, such as the targeting of PKM2 as a strategy to explore novel anticancer agents, were suggested. The current review explored and highlighted the important role of PKM2 in anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongli Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Sichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Mei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ting Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Yueyang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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29
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Hsieh IS, Gopula B, Chou CC, Wu HY, Chang GD, Wu WJ, Chang CS, Chu PC, Chen CS. Development of Novel Irreversible Pyruvate Kinase M2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8497-8510. [PMID: 31465224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in the course of tumorigenesis, targeting energy metabolism represents a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Among various metabolic enzymes examined, pyruvate kinase M2 type (PKM2) has received much attention in light of its multifaceted function in promoting tumor growth and progression. In this study, we reported the development of a novel irreversible inhibitor of PKM2, compound 1, that exhibits a differential tumor-suppressive effect among an array of cancer cell lines. We further used a clickable activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe and SILAC coupled with LC-MS/MS to identify the Cys-317 and Cys-326 residues of PKM2 as the covalent binding sites. Equally important, compound 1 at 10 mg/kg was effective in suppressing xenograft tumor growth in nude mice without causing acute toxicity by targeting both metabolic and oncogenic functions. Together, these data suggest its translational potential to foster new strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shan Hsieh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Balraj Gopula
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
- Drug Development Center , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yi Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Geen-Dong Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jin Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shiang Chang
- Drug Development Center , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Chu
- Drug Development Center , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Cosmeceutics and Graduate Institute of Cosmeceutics , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
| | - Ching S Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research , China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University , Taichung 40447 , Taiwan
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30
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Mohammad GH, Vassileva V, Acedo P, Olde Damink SWM, Malago M, Dhar DK, Pereira SP. Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Lactate Dehydrogenase A Is an Effective Combination Strategy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091372. [PMID: 31527446 PMCID: PMC6770573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed glucose metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), has been associated with poor prognosis in various malignancies. Targeting these enzymes could attenuate aerobic glycolysis and inhibit tumor proliferation. We investigated whether the PKM2 activator, TEPP-46, and the LDHA inhibitor, FX-11, can be combined to inhibit in vitro and in vivo tumor growth in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. We assessed PKM2 and LDHA expression, enzyme activity, and cell proliferation rate after treatment with TEPP-46, FX-11, or a combination of both. Efficacy was validated in vivo by evaluating tumor growth, PK and LDHA activity in plasma and tumors, and PKM2, LDHA, and Ki-67 expression in tumor tissues following treatment. Dual therapy synergistically inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo without apparent toxicity. Treatment with TEPP-46 and FX-11 resulted in increased PK and reduced LDHA enzyme activity in plasma and tumor tissues and decreased PKM2 and LDHA expression in tumors, which was reflected by a decrease in tumor volume and proliferation. The targeting of glycolytic enzymes such as PKM2 and LDHA represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Hamid Mohammad
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Komar Research Center, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Vessela Vassileva
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0UQ, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center & Nutrim School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Malago
- Hepato-pancreatic-biliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Dipok Kumar Dhar
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Comparative Medicine Department and Organ Transplantation Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK.
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31
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Macpherson JA, Theisen A, Masino L, Fets L, Driscoll PC, Encheva V, Snijders AP, Martin SR, Kleinjung J, Barran PE, Fraternali F, Anastasiou D. Functional cross-talk between allosteric effects of activating and inhibiting ligands underlies PKM2 regulation. eLife 2019; 8:e45068. [PMID: 31264961 PMCID: PMC6636998 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several enzymes can simultaneously interact with multiple intracellular metabolites, however, how the allosteric effects of distinct ligands are integrated to coordinately control enzymatic activity remains poorly understood. We addressed this question using, as a model system, the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). We show that the PKM2 activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) alone promotes tetramerisation and increases PKM2 activity, but addition of the inhibitor L-phenylalanine (Phe) prevents maximal activation of FBP-bound PKM2 tetramers. We developed a method, AlloHubMat, that uses eigenvalue decomposition of mutual information derived from molecular dynamics trajectories to identify residues that mediate FBP-induced allostery. Experimental mutagenesis of these residues identified PKM2 variants in which activation by FBP remains intact but cannot be attenuated by Phe. Our findings reveal residues involved in FBP-induced allostery that enable the integration of allosteric input from Phe and provide a paradigm for the coordinate regulation of enzymatic activity by simultaneous allosteric inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Macpherson
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alina Theisen
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Louise Fets
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C Driscoll
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vesela Encheva
- Proteomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Proteomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Martin
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Kleinjung
- Computational Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Perdita E Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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32
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Liu B, Yuan X, Xu B, Zhang H, Li R, Wang X, Ge Z, Li R. Synthesis of novel 7-azaindole derivatives containing pyridin-3-ylmethyl dithiocarbamate moiety as potent PKM2 activators and PKM2 nucleus translocation inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:1-15. [PMID: 30878825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have indicated that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is upregulated in most cancer cells and it is increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. In a continuation of our discovery of lead compound 5 and SAR study, the 7-azaindole moiety in compound 5 was systematically optimized. The results showed that compound 6f, which has a difluoroethyl substitution on the 7-azaindole ring, exhibited high PKM2 activation potency and anti-proliferation activities on A375 cell lines. In a xenograft mouse model, oral administration of compound 6f led to significant tumor regression without obvious toxicity. Further mechanistic studies revealed that 6f could influence the translocation of PKM2 into nucleus, as well as induction of apoptosis and autophagy of A375 cells. More importantly, compound 6f significantly inhibited migration of A375 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, 6f may serve as a lead compound in the development of potent PKM2 activators for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ridong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zemei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Runtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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A critical review of the role of M 2PYK in the Warburg effect. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:225-239. [PMID: 30708038 PMCID: PMC6525063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming generally accepted in recent literature that the Warburg effect in cancer depends on inhibition of M2PYK, the pyruvate kinase isozyme most commonly expressed in tumors. We remain skeptical. There continues to be a general lack of solid experimental evidence for the underlying idea that a bottle neck in aerobic glycolysis at the level of M2PYK results in an expanded pool of glycolytic intermediates (which are thought to serve as building blocks necessary for proliferation and growth of cancer cells). If a bottle neck at M2PYK exists, then the remarkable increase in lactate production by cancer cells is a paradox, particularly since a high percentage of the carbons of lactate originate from glucose. The finding that pyruvate kinase activity is invariantly increased rather than decreased in cancer undermines the logic of the M2PYK bottle neck, but is consistent with high lactate production. The "inactive" state of M2PYK in cancer is often described as a dimer (with reduced substrate affinity) that has dissociated from an active tetramer of M2PYK. Although M2PYK clearly dissociates easier than other isozymes of pyruvate kinase, it is not clear that dissociation of the tetramer occurs in vivo when ligands are present that promote tetramer formation. Furthermore, it is also not clear whether the dissociated dimer retains any activity at all. A number of non-canonical functions for M2PYK have been proposed, all of which can be challenged by the finding that not all cancer cell types are dependent on M2PYK expression. Additional in-depth studies of the Warburg effect and specifically of the possible regulatory role of M2PYK in the Warburg effect are needed.
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34
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Kubota Y, Kimura K, Jin J, Manseki K, Funabiki K, Matsui M. Synthesis of near-infrared absorbing and fluorescing thiophene-fused BODIPY dyes with strong electron-donating groups and their application in dye-sensitised solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiophene-fused BODIPY dyes with two diethylaminophenyl groups as strong donors demonstrated near-infrared (NIR) absorption (λmax: 783–812 nm, ε: 119 500–145 900) and fluorescence (Fmax: 862–916 nm, Φf: 0.02–0.12) in dichloromethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kubota
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
- Yanagido
- Japan
| | - Kosei Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
- Yanagido
- Japan
| | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
- Matsumoto
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Manseki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
- Yanagido
- Japan
| | - Kazumasa Funabiki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
- Yanagido
- Japan
| | - Masaki Matsui
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
- Yanagido
- Japan
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35
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Hsu MC, Hung WC. Pyruvate kinase M2 fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: from cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation to extracellular signaling. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:35. [PMID: 29455645 PMCID: PMC5817853 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP in the glycolytic pathway, pyruvate kinase M2-type (PKM2) has been shown to exhibit novel biological activities in the nucleus and outside the cells. Although cell-based studies reveal new non-canonical functions of PKM2 in gene transcription, epigenetic modulation and cell cycle progression, the importance of these non-canonical functions in PKM2-mediated tumorigenesis is still under debate because studies in genetically modified mice do not consistently echo the findings observed in cultured cancer cells. In addition to regulation of gene expression, the existence of PKM2 in exosomes opens a new venue to study the potential role of this glycolytic enzyme in cell-cell communication and extracellular signal initiation. In this review, we briefly summarize current understanding of PKM2 in metabolic switch and gene regulation. We will then emphasize recent progress of PKM2 in extracellular signaling and tumor microenvironment reprogramming. Finally, the discrepancy of some PKM2’s functions in vitro and in vivo, and the application of PKM2 in cancer detection and treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan.
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Li R, Ning X, Zhou S, Lin Z, Wu X, Chen H, Bai X, Wang X, Ge Z, Li R, Yin Y. Discovery and structure-activity relationship of novel 4-hydroxy-thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives as tumor cell specific pyruvate kinase M2 activators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:48-65. [PMID: 29172082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) is a crucial protein responsible for aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells. Activation of PKM2 may alter aberrant metabolism in cancer cells. In this study, we discovered a 4-hydroxy-thiazolidine-2-thione compound 2 as a novel PKM2 activator from a random screening of an in-house compound library. Then a series of novel 4-hydroxy-thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives were designed and synthesized for screening as potent PKM2 activators. Among these, some compounds showed higher PKM2 activation activity than lead compound 2 and also exhibited significant anti-proliferative activities on human cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentration. The compound 5w was identified as the most potent antitumor agent, which showed excellent anti-proliferative effects with IC50 values from 0.46 μM to 0.81 μM against H1299, HCT116, Hela and PC3 cell lines. 5w also showed less cytotoxicity in non-tumor cell line HELF compared with cancer cells. In addition, Preliminary pharmacological studies revealed that 5w arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in HCT116 cell line. The best PKM2 activation by compound 5t was rationalized through docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xianling Ning
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentuchy, 789 South Lime-stone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xingyu Wu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zemei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Runtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Adem S, Comakli V, Uzun N. Pyruvate kinase activators as a therapy target: a patent review 2011-2017. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:61-68. [PMID: 28994333 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1391218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well known that cancer cells have an altered metabolism both to meet the energy needs and to provide initial molecules for the synthesis of macromolecules. To cope with the new metabolic state, different forms of certain enzymes are expressed in extreme amounts. These enzymes are seen as very attractive targets to deal with cancer. Pyruvate kinases isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) is a key enzyme that determines whether glucose is used for energy or synthesis of biosynthetic molecules. The dimeric form of PKM2 main form in several cancer cells serves the formation of synthetic precursors required for the cell growth and proliferation from glycolytic intermediates. AREAS COVERED This article reviews appropriate publications on PKM2 activators from the points of view of synthesis and biological activities between 2011-2017. Herein, based on the chemical structure, PKM2 activators are classified into sulfonamide, phenolic, carboxamide and pyridopyrimidinone derivatives. EXPERT OPINION PKM2 activation inhibits cell growth and proliferation by decreasing a number of biomolecules required for cell building. Therefore; PKM2 activators are considered as an ideal drug for or the treatment of many cancer pathogens. It is necessary to discover new, more active and selective compounds for PKM2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevki Adem
- a Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department , Cankiri Karatekin University , Cankiri , Turkey
| | - Veysel Comakli
- b High School of Health , Agrı Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey
| | - Naim Uzun
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Agrı Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey
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Palsson-McDermott EM, Dyck L, Zasłona Z, Menon D, McGettrick AF, Mills KHG, O'Neill LA. Pyruvate Kinase M2 Is Required for the Expression of the Immune Checkpoint PD-L1 in Immune Cells and Tumors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1300. [PMID: 29081778 PMCID: PMC5646285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking interaction of the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1 with its ligand PD-L1 is associated with good clinical outcomes in a broad variety of malignancies. High levels of PD-L1 promote tumor growth by restraining CD8+ T-cell responses against tumors. Limiting PD-L1 expression and function is therefore critical for allowing the development of antitumor immune responses and effective tumor clearance. Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) is also a key player in regulating cancer as well as immune responses. PKM2 catalyzes the final rate-limiting step of glycolysis. Furthermore, PKM2 as a dimer translocates to the nucleus, where it stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) transactivation domain function and recruitment of p300 to the hypoxia response elements (HRE) of Hif-1α target genes. Here, we provide the first evidence of a role for PKM2 in regulating the expression of PD-L1 on macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and tumor cells. LPS-induced expression of PD-L1 in primary macrophages was inhibited by the PKM2 targeting compound TEPP-46. Furthermore, RNA silencing of PKM2 inhibited LPS-induced PD-L1 expression. This regulation occurs through direct binding of PKM2 and Hif-1α to HRE sites on the PD-L1 promoter. Moreover, TEPP-46 inhibited expression of PD-L1 on macrophages, DCs, and T cells as well as tumor cells in a mouse CT26 cancer model. These findings broaden our understanding of how PKM2 may contribute to tumor progression and may explain the upregulation of PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lydia Dyck
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zbigniew Zasłona
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deepthi Menon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Dublin, Ireland
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N -ferrocenylpyridazinones and new organic analogues: Synthesis, cyclic voltammetry, DFT analysis and in vitro antiproliferative activity associated with ROS-generation. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gehrig S, Macpherson JA, Driscoll PC, Symon A, Martin SR, MacRae JI, Kleinjung J, Fraternali F, Anastasiou D. An engineered photoswitchable mammalian pyruvate kinase. FEBS J 2017; 284:2955-2980. [PMID: 28715126 PMCID: PMC5637921 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in allosteric regulation of glycolytic enzymes have been linked to metabolic reprogramming involved in cancer. Remarkably, allosteric mechanisms control enzyme function at significantly shorter time-scales compared to the long-term effects of metabolic reprogramming on cell proliferation. It remains unclear if and how the speed and reversibility afforded by rapid allosteric control of metabolic enzymes is important for cell proliferation. Tools that allow specific, dynamic modulation of enzymatic activities in mammalian cells would help address this question. Towards this goal, we have used molecular dynamics simulations to guide the design of mPKM2 internal light/oxygen/voltage-sensitive domain 2 (LOV2) fusion at position D24 (PiL[D24]), an engineered pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) variant that harbours an insertion of the light-sensing LOV2 domain from Avena Sativa within a region implicated in allosteric regulation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). The LOV2 photoreaction is preserved in the PiL[D24] chimera and causes secondary structure changes that are associated with a 30% decrease in the Km of the enzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate resulting in increased pyruvate kinase activity after light exposure. Importantly, this change in activity is reversible upon light withdrawal. Expression of PiL[D24] in cells leads to light-induced increase in labelling of pyruvate from glucose. PiL[D24] therefore could provide a means to modulate cellular glucose metabolism in a remote manner and paves the way for studying the importance of rapid allosteric phenomena in the regulation of metabolism and enzyme control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gehrig
- Cancer Metabolism LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Paul C. Driscoll
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Alastair Symon
- Instrument Prototyping Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Stephen R. Martin
- Structural Biology Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - James I. MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Jens Kleinjung
- Computational BiologyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's CollegeLondonUK
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Matsui Y, Yasumatsu I, Asahi T, Kitamura T, Kanai K, Ubukata O, Hayasaka H, Takaishi S, Hanzawa H, Katakura S. Discovery and structure-guided fragment-linking of 4-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-1-methyl-pyrrole-2-carboxamide as a pyruvate kinase M2 activator. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3540-3546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Allosteric regulation of metabolism in cancer: endogenous mechanisms and considerations for drug design. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 48:102-110. [PMID: 28431259 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in metabolic processes have been linked to various diseases, including cancer. Although gene expression can dictate long-term metabolic adaptation, many metabolic changes found in cancer are associated with altered allosteric properties of the underlying enzymes. Small molecule-protein interactions and intracellular signalling converge to orchestrate these allosteric mechanisms, which, emerging evidence suggests, constitute a promising therapeutic avenue. In this review we focus on glucose and energy metabolism to illustrate the role of allostery in cancer physiology and we discuss approaches to streamline the process of targeting aberrant allosteric pathways with small molecules.
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Akhtar W, Shaquiquzzaman M, Akhter M, Verma G, Khan MF, Alam MM. The therapeutic journey of pyridazinone. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:256-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Witney TH, James ML, Shen B, Chang E, Pohling C, Arksey N, Hoehne A, Shuhendler A, Park JH, Bodapati D, Weber J, Gowrishankar G, Rao J, Chin FT, Gambhir SS. PET imaging of tumor glycolysis downstream of hexokinase through noninvasive measurement of pyruvate kinase M2. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:310ra169. [PMID: 26491079 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac6117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to meet increased biosynthetic demands, commensurate with elevated rates of replication. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step in tumor glycolysis, controlling the balance between energy production and the synthesis of metabolic precursors. We report here the synthesis and evaluation of a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, [(11)C]DASA-23, that provides a direct noninvasive measure of PKM2 expression in preclinical models of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In vivo, orthotopic U87 and GBM39 patient-derived tumors were clearly delineated from the surrounding normal brain tissue by PET imaging, corresponding to exclusive tumor-associated PKM2 expression. In addition, systemic treatment of mice with the PKM2 activator TEPP-46 resulted in complete abrogation of the PET signal in intracranial GBM39 tumors. Together, these data provide the basis for the clinical evaluation of imaging agents that target this important gatekeeper of tumor glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Witney
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA. Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Christoph Pohling
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Natasha Arksey
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Aileen Hoehne
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Adam Shuhendler
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Jun-Hyung Park
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Deepika Bodapati
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Judith Weber
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA. Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science & Engineering, Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 943065, USA.
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Boukouris AE, Zervopoulos SD, Michelakis ED. Metabolic Enzymes Moonlighting in the Nucleus: Metabolic Regulation of Gene Transcription. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:712-730. [PMID: 27345518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During evolution, cells acquired the ability to sense and adapt to varying environmental conditions, particularly in terms of fuel supply. Adaptation to fuel availability is crucial for major cell decisions and requires metabolic alterations and differential gene expression that are often epigenetically driven. A new mechanistic link between metabolic flux and regulation of gene expression is through moonlighting of metabolic enzymes in the nucleus. This facilitates delivery of membrane-impermeable or unstable metabolites to the nucleus, including key substrates for epigenetic mechanisms such as acetyl-CoA which is used in histone acetylation. This metabolism-epigenetics axis facilitates adaptation to a changing environment in normal (e.g., development, stem cell differentiation) and disease states (e.g., cancer), providing a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Clark PM, Mai WX, Cloughesy TF, Nathanson DA. Emerging Approaches for Targeting Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Malignant Glioma. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16:17. [PMID: 26759318 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are intractable and among the most lethal human malignancies. Like other cancers, metabolic reprogramming is a key feature of glioma and is thought to accommodate the heightened nutrient requirements for tumor cell proliferation, growth, and survival. This metabolic rewiring, driven by oncogenic signaling and molded by the unique environment of the brain, may impose vulnerabilities that could be exploited therapeutically for increased tumor control. In this review, we discuss the prominent metabolic features of malignant glioma, the key pathways regulating glioma metabolism, and the potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Wilson X Mai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Henry Singleton Brain Tumor Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Dysregulated metabolism contributes to oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S129-S150. [PMID: 26454069 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by unrestrained cellular proliferation. In order to sustain growth, cancer cells undergo a complex metabolic rearrangement characterized by changes in metabolic pathways involved in energy production and biosynthetic processes. The relevance of the metabolic transformation of cancer cells has been recently included in the updated version of the review "Hallmarks of Cancer", where dysregulation of cellular metabolism was included as an emerging hallmark. While several lines of evidence suggest that metabolic rewiring is orchestrated by the concerted action of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, in some circumstances altered metabolism can play a primary role in oncogenesis. Recently, mutations of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes involved in key metabolic pathways have been associated with hereditary and sporadic forms of cancer. Together, these results demonstrate that aberrant metabolism, once seen just as an epiphenomenon of oncogenic reprogramming, plays a key role in oncogenesis with the power to control both genetic and epigenetic events in cells. In this review, we discuss the relationship between metabolism and cancer, as part of a larger effort to identify a broad-spectrum of therapeutic approaches. We focus on major alterations in nutrient metabolism and the emerging link between metabolism and epigenetics. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to manipulate metabolism in cancer and tradeoffs that should be considered. More research on the suite of metabolic alterations in cancer holds the potential to discover novel approaches to treat it.
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48
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Israelsen WJ, Vander Heiden MG. Pyruvate kinase: Function, regulation and role in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:43-51. [PMID: 26277545 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP to pyruvate and ATP in glycolysis and plays a role in regulating cell metabolism. There are four mammalian pyruvate kinase isoforms with unique tissue expression patterns and regulatory properties. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) supports anabolic metabolism and is expressed both in cancer and normal tissue. The enzymatic activity of PKM2 is allosterically regulated by both intracellular signaling pathways and metabolites; PKM2 thus integrates signaling and metabolic inputs to modulate glucose metabolism according to the needs of the cell. Recent advances have increased our understanding of metabolic regulation by pyruvate kinase, raised new questions, and suggested the possibility of non-canonical PKM2 functions to regulate gene expression and cell cycle progression via protein-protein interactions and protein kinase activity. Here we review the structure, function, and regulation of pyruvate kinase and discuss how these properties enable regulation of PKM2 for cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Israelsen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zhang Y, Liu B, Wu X, Li R, Ning X, Liu Y, Liu Z, Ge Z, Li R, Yin Y. New pyridin-3-ylmethyl carbamodithioic esters activate pyruvate kinase M2 and potential anticancer lead compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4815-4823. [PMID: 26081759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key protein responsible for cancer's Warburg effect. Activation of PKM2 may alter aberrant metabolism in cancer cells, which suggests PKM2 as a tumor selective therapeutic target. In this paper, the lead compound 8 was first discovered as a new kind of PKM2 activator from a random screening of an in-house compound library. Then, a series of lead compound 8 analogs were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their activation of PKM2 and anticancer activities. 7-Azaindole analog 32 was identified as the most potent PKM2 activator. Compounds with potent enzyme activity also exhibited selective anti-proliferation activity on cancer cell lines HCT116, Hela and H1299 compared with non-tumor cell line BEAS-2B. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds were supported by molecular docking results. Preliminary pharmacological studies also showed that compound 32 arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in HCT116 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingyu Wu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ridong Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianling Ning
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zemei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Runtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Wang P, Sun C, Zhu T, Xu Y. Structural insight into mechanisms for dynamic regulation of PKM2. Protein Cell 2015; 6:275-287. [PMID: 25645022 PMCID: PMC4383751 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate and plays an important role in cancer metabolism. Here, we show that post-translational modifications and a patient-derived mutation regulate pyruvate kinase activity of PKM2 through modulating the conformation of the PKM2 tetramer. We determined crystal structures of human PKM2 mutants and proposed a "seesaw" model to illustrate conformational changes between an inactive T-state and an active R-state tetramers of PKM2. Biochemical and structural analyses demonstrate that PKM2(Y105E) (phosphorylation mimic of Y105) decreases pyruvate kinase activity by inhibiting FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)-induced R-state formation, and PKM2(K305Q) (acetylation mimic of K305) abolishes the activity by hindering tetramer formation. K422R, a patient-derived mutation of PKM2, favors a stable, inactive T-state tetramer because of strong intermolecular interactions. Our study reveals the mechanism for dynamic regulation of PKM2 by post-translational modifications and a patient-derived mutation and provides a structural basis for further investigation of other modifications and mutations of PKM2 yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chang Sun
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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