1
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Högberg T, Receveur JM, Murray A, Linget JM, Nørregaard PK, Little PB, Cooper M. Optimizing and characterizing 4-methyl substituted pyrazol-3-carboxamides leading to the peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor inverse agonist TM38837. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 98:129572. [PMID: 38043690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Several series of diverse pyrazole-3-carboxamides functionalized with 4-methylamides, 4-methylcarboxylic acids and 4-methyltetrazoles were prepared from the corresponding 4-cyanomethylpyrazoles and investigated as Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists and inverse agonists with the aim of making compounds with less CNS (Central Nervous System) mediated side-effects compared to rimonabant. The compounds were evaluated and optimized with respect to lipophilicity, solubility, CB1 potency, metabolism, distribution to brain and liver, effect on weight loss in diet-induced mice models. A few carboxylic acids and tetrazoles were selected as especially promising with the tetrazole TM38837 subsequently demonstrating impressive efficacy in various animal models of obesity, producing considerable weight loss and improvements on plasma markers of inflammation and glucose homeostasis, at doses apparently producing negligible brain exposure. TM38837 became the first peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist to enter clinical trials supporting its lack of CNS effects and it is now believed that the non-CNS mediated efficacy is linked to high liver exposure. This opens opportunities to be explored in other indications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH). Note that this is a first-time disclosure of the structure of TM38837 and other structures appearing in literature are not connected with this program.
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2
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Morningstar M, Kolodziej A, Ferreira S, Blumen T, Brake R, Cohen Y. Novel cannabinoid receptor 1 inverse agonist CRB-913 enhances efficacy of tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutidein the diet-induced obesity mouse model. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2676-2688. [PMID: 37840407 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Incretin receptor agonists are now standard of care in treating obesity. Their efficacy and tolerability might be further improved by combining them with compounds that offer orthogonal mechanisms of action. The cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) is a clinically validated therapeutic target in obesity, and several experimental CB1R inverse agonists have been shown to induce weight loss. METHODS This study characterizes a novel CB1R inverse agonist (CRB-913) with similar preclinical potency to rimonabant but markedly reduced brain penetration. CRB-913 was tested as monotherapy and in combination with tirzepatide, semaglutide, or liraglutide in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model for body weight reduction. RESULTS CRB-913 demonstrated enhanced plasma exposure (3.8-fold larger area under the curvelast ) and reduced brain levels (9.5-fold lower area under the curvelast ) than rimonabant. CRB-913 monotherapy yielded a dose-dependent decrease in body weight in DIO mice reaching -22% within 18 days. In further DIO studies in combination with tirzepatide, semaglutide, or liraglutide, CRB-913 (2.5 mg/kg) resulted in -32.6%, -28.8%, and -16.8% decreases in body weight on Day 18, respectively, with concomitant improvements in body fat content, liver triglycerides, and liver fat deposits. CONCLUSIONS CRB-913 in combination with incretin analogues could deliver meaningful improvements over current standards of care for obesity and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracy Blumen
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yuval Cohen
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Dalle S, Schouten M, Meeus G, Slagmolen L, Koppo K. Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3517-3540. [PMID: 35862111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB1 ], CB2 ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB1 might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB2 agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB2 ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gitte Meeus
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Slagmolen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Fulp A, Bingham S, Fisler B, Kho F, Kim J, Kim SJ, Martin T, Mims B, Reji Thomas K, Roe G, Spiotta J, Young J, Lazenka M. Design and synthesis of endocannabinoid enzyme inhibitors for ocular indications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 68:128763. [PMID: 35500728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A small library of FAAH and dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors designed for peripheral selectivity were targeted. Of these compounds, three were identified to have desirable FAAH inhibition and reduced permeability in a PAMPA assay. Those three compounds were advanced into a MAGL inhibitor assay and one was found to be a relative selective FAAH inhibitor, FAAH to MAGL IC50 ratio of 1:27, and one was found to be more characteristic of a true dual enzyme inhibitor, FAAH to MAGL IC50 ratio of 1:4. Both compounds showed activity in an ABPP assay, blockage of TAMRA-FP labeling of FAAH and MAGL in rat eye homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fulp
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA.
| | - Sarah Bingham
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Bethany Fisler
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Felice Kho
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Joshua Kim
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - So Jung Kim
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Tabitha Martin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Bailey Mims
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Kezia Reji Thomas
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Grace Roe
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Julia Spiotta
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Julianna Young
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, 1971 University Blvd, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA
| | - Matthew Lazenka
- Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine and Kentucky College of Optometry, University of Pikeville, 147 Sycamore Street, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA
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5
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Jun JJ, Xie X. Implementation of Diverse Synthetic and Strategic Approaches to Biologically Active Sulfamides. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaden J. Jun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center School of Pharmacy 335 Sutherland Drive 206 Salk Pavilion University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA15261 USA
- NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
- Drug Discovery Institute
| | - Xiang‐Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center School of Pharmacy 335 Sutherland Drive 206 Salk Pavilion University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA15261 USA
- NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
- Drug Discovery Institute
- Departments of Computational Biology and Structural Biology Director of CCGS and NIDA CDAR Centers School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261 United States
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6
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The therapeutic potential of second and third generation CB1R antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Nguyen T, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1418-1435. [PMID: 31284863 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708164841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor (CB1R) is involved in a variety of physiological pathways and has long been considered a golden target for therapeutic manipulation. A large body of evidence in both animal and human studies suggests that CB1R antagonism is highly effective for the treatment of obesity, metabolic disorders and drug addiction. However, the first-in-class CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, though demonstrating effectiveness for obesity treatment and smoking cessation, displays serious psychiatric side effects, including anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideation, resulting in its eventual withdrawal from the European market. Several strategies are currently being pursued to circumvent the mechanisms leading to these side effects by developing neutral antagonists, peripherally restricted ligands, and allosteric modulators. In this review, we describe the progress in the development of therapeutics targeting the CB1R in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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8
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Amato G, Wiethe R, Manke A, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-diphenyl purines as inverse agonists of the CB1 receptor - SAR efforts towards selectivity and peripheralization. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3632-3649. [PMID: 31301950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) may be useful in treating diabetes, hepatic disorders, and fibrosis. Otenabant (1) is a potent and selective CB1 inverse agonist that was under investigation as an anti-obesity agent, but its development was halted once adverse effects associated with another marketed inverse agonist rimonabant (2) became known. Non-tissue selective antagonists of CB1 that have high levels of brain penetration produce adverse effects in a small subset of patients including anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. Currently, efforts are underway to produce compounds that have limited brain penetration. In this report, novel analogs of 1 are explored to develop and test strategies for peripheralization. The piperidine of 1 is studied as a linker, which is functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups using a connector in the form of an amine, amide, sulfonamide, sulfamide, carbamate, oxime, amidine, or guanidine. We also report more polar replacements for the 4-chlorophenyl group in the 9-position of the purine core, which improve calculated physical properties of the molecules. These studies resulted in compounds such as 75 that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with exceptional selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. SAR studies revealed ways to adjust physical properties to limit brain exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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9
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Amato G, Manke A, Wiethe R, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Yueh YL, Decker A, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(Piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-Diphenyl Purines as Peripherally Restricted Inverse Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6330-6345. [PMID: 31185168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonists may be useful in treating metabolic syndrome, diabetes, liver diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. Clinical development of the centrally acting CB1 inverse agonist otenabant (1) was halted due to its potential of producing adverse effects. SAR studies of 1 are reported herein with the objective of producing peripherally restricted analogues. Crystal structures of hCB1 and docking studies with 1 indicate that the piperidine group could be functionalized at the 4-position to access a binding pocket that can accommodate both polar and nonpolar groups. The piperidine is studied as a linker, functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups using a urea connector. Orally bioavailable and peripherally selective compounds have been produced that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with exceptional selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. Compound 38 blocked alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice and has good ADME properties for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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10
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Amato G, Manke A, Wiethe R, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Yueh YL, Decker A, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(Piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-Diphenyl Purines as Peripherally Restricted Inverse Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00727 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.025 10.1038/s41598-018-20078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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11
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Jin C, Decker AM, Makhijani VH, Besheer J, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Maitra R. Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Small Molecule that Activates the Orphan Receptor GPR88 and Reduces Alcohol Intake. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6748-6758. [PMID: 30011199 PMCID: PMC6108082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 is highly expressed in the striatum. Studies using GPR88 knockout mice have suggested that the receptor is implicated in alcohol seeking and drinking behaviors. To date, the biological effects of GPR88 activation are still unknown due to the lack of a potent and selective agonist appropriate for in vivo investigation. In this study, we report the discovery of the first potent, selective, and brain-penetrant GPR88 agonist RTI-13951-33 (6). RTI-13951-33 exhibited an EC50 of 25 nM in an in vitro cAMP functional assay and had no significant off-target activity at 38 GPCRs, ion channels, and neurotransmitter transporters that were tested. RTI-13951-33 displayed enhanced aqueous solubility compared to (1 R,2 R)-2-PCCA (2) and had favorable pharmacokinetic properties for behavioral assessment. Finally, RTI-13951-33 significantly reduced alcohol self-administration and alcohol intake in a dose-dependent manner without effects on locomotion and sucrose self-administration in rats when administered intraperitoneally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Viren H. Makhijani
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joyce Besheer
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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12
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Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of functionalized 6-piperazin-1-yl-purines as cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4518-4531. [PMID: 30077609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of peripheral type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) may have utility in the treatment of obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemias. We have targeted analogues of the purine inverse agonist otenabant (1) for this purpose. The non-tissue selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (2) was approved as a weight-loss agent in Europe but produced centrally mediated adverse effects in some patients including dysphoria and suicidal ideation leading to its withdrawal. Efforts are now underway to produce compounds with limited brain exposure. While many structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 2 have been reported, along with peripheralized compounds, 1 remains relatively less studied. In this report, we pursued analogues of 1 in which the 4-aminopiperidine group was switched to piperazine group to enable a better understanding of SAR to eventually produce compounds with limited brain penetration. To access a binding pocket and modulate physical properties, the piperazine was functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups using a variety of connectors, including amides, sulfonamides, carbamates and ureas. These studies resulted in compounds that are potent antagonists of hCB1 with high selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. The SAR obtained led to the discovery of 65 (Ki = 4 nM, >1,000-fold selective for hCB1 over hCB2), an orally bioavailable aryl urea with reduced brain penetration, and provides direction for discovering peripherally restricted compounds with good in vitro and in vivo properties.
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13
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Amato GS, Manke A, Harris DL, Wiethe RW, Vasukuttan V, Snyder RW, Lefever TW, Cortes R, Zhang Y, Wang S, Runyon SP, Maitra R. Blocking Alcoholic Steatosis in Mice with a Peripherally Restricted Purine Antagonist of the Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4370-4385. [PMID: 29688015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists have demonstrated promise for the treatment of obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemias. However, the inhibition of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system can produce adverse effects, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Efforts are now underway to produce peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists to circumvent CNS-associated undesirable effects. In this study, a series of analogues were explored in which the 4-aminopiperidine group of compound 2 was replaced with aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted piperazine groups both with and without a spacer. This resulted in mildly basic, potent antagonists of human CB1 (hCB1). The 2-chlorobenzyl piperazine, 25, was found to be potent ( Ki = 8 nM); to be >1000-fold selective for hCB1 over hCB2; to have no hERG liability; and to possess favorable ADME properties including high oral absorption and negligible CNS penetration. Compound 25 was tested in a mouse model of alcohol-induced liver steatosis and found to be efficacious. Taken together, 25 represents an exciting lead compound for further clinical development or refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Danni L Harris
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Robert W Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ricardo Cortes
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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14
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New role of phenothiazine derivatives as peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonizing anti-obesity agents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1650. [PMID: 29374224 PMCID: PMC5785958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing peripherally active cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists is a novel therapeutic approach for the management of obesity. An unusual phenothiazine scaffold containing CB1R antagonizing hit was identified by adopting virtual screening work flow. The hit so identified was further modified by introducing polar functional groups into it to enhance the polar surface area and decrease the hydrophobicity of the resulting molecules. CB1 receptor antagonistic activity for the designed compounds was computed by the previously established pharmacophore and three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship models. Docking studies of these designed compounds confirmed the existence of favourable interactions within the active site of the CB1 receptor. The designed compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their CB1 receptor antagonistic activity. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay was performed to evaluate their potential to permeate into the central nervous system wherein it was observed that the compounds did not possess the propensity to cross the blood brain barrier and would be devoid of central nervous system side effects. In pharmacological evaluation, the synthesized compounds (23, 25, 27 and 34) showed significant decrease in food intake suggesting their potential application in the management of obesity through CB1 receptor antagonist activity.
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15
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Seltzman HH, Shiner C, Hirt EE, Gilliam AF, Thomas BF, Maitra R, Snyder R, Black SL, Patel PR, Mulpuri Y, Spigelman I. Peripherally Selective Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (CB1R) Agonists for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7525-43. [PMID: 27482723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alleviation of neuropathic pain by cannabinoids is limited by their central nervous system (CNS) side effects. Indole and indene compounds were engineered for high hCB1R affinity, peripheral selectivity, metabolic stability, and in vivo efficacy. An epithelial cell line assay identified candidates with <1% blood-brain barrier penetration for testing in a rat neuropathy induced by unilateral sciatic nerve entrapment (SNE). The SNE-induced mechanical allodynia was reversibly suppressed, partially or completely, after intraperitoneal or oral administration of several indenes. At doses that relieve neuropathy symptoms, the indenes completely lacked, while the brain-permeant CB1R agonist HU-210 (1) exhibited strong CNS side effects, in catalepsy, hypothermia, and motor incoordination assays. Pharmacokinetic findings of ∼0.001 cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratio further supported limited CNS penetration. Pretreatment with selective CB1R or CB2R blockers suggested mainly CB1R contribution to an indene's antiallodynic effects. Therefore, this class of CB1R agonists holds promise as a viable treatment for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Craig Shiner
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Erin E Hirt
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Anne F Gilliam
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rod Snyder
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sherry L Black
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
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16
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Pyrazole antagonists of the CB1 receptor with reduced brain penetration. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1063-70. [PMID: 26827137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists might be useful for treating obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemias. Unfortunately, inhibition of CB1 in the central nervous system (CNS) produces adverse effects, including depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation in some patients, which led to withdrawal of the pyrazole inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716A) from European markets. Efforts are underway to produce peripherally selective CB1 antagonists to circumvent CNS-associated adverse effects. In this study, novel analogs of rimonabant (1) were explored in which the 1-aminopiperidine group was switched to a 4-aminopiperidine, attached at the 4-amino position (5). The piperidine nitrogen was functionalized with carbamates, amides, and sulfonamides, providing compounds that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with good selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. Select compounds were further studied using in vitro models of brain penetration, oral absorption and metabolic stability. Several compounds were identified with predicted minimal brain penetration and good metabolic stability. In vivo pharmacokinetic testing revealed that inverse agonist 8c is orally bioavailable and has vastly reduced brain penetration compared to rimonabant.
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17
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Carroll FI, Gichinga MG, Kormos CM, Maitra R, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of JDTic analogs to examine the significance of the 3- and 4-methyl substituents. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6379-88. [PMID: 26342544 PMCID: PMC4582009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and discovery of JDTic as a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist used the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine pharmacophore as the lead structure. In order to determine if the 3-methyl or 4-methyl groups were necessary in JDTic and JDTic analogs for antagonistic activity, compounds 4a-c, and 4d-f which have either the 3-methyl or both the 3- and 4-methyl groups removed, respectively, from JDTic and analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro opioid receptor antagonist activities using a [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay. Other ADME properties were also assessed for selected compounds. These studies demonstrated that neither the 3-methyl or 3,4-dimethyl groups present in JDTic and analogs are required to produce potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States.
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
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18
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Vasiljevik T, Groer CE, Lehner K, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE. Studies toward the Development of Antiproliferative Neoclerodanes from Salvinorin A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1817-1824. [PMID: 25075762 PMCID: PMC4143179 DOI: 10.1021/np5002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The success rate for central nervous system (CNS) drug candidates in the clinic is relatively low compared to the industry average across other therapeutic areas. Penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the therapeutic target is a major obstacle in development. The rapid CNS penetration of salvinorin A has suggested that the neoclerodane nucleus offers an excellent scaffold for developing antiproliferative compounds that enter the CNS. The Liebeskind-Srogl reaction was used as the main carbon-carbon bond-forming step toward the synthesis of quinone-containing salvinorin A analogues. Quinone-containing salvinorin A analogues were shown to have antiproliferative activity against the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, but show no significant activity at the κ-opioid receptors. In an in vitro model of BBB penetration, quinone-containing salvinorin A analogues were shown to passively diffuse across the cell monolayer. The analogues, however, are substrates of P-glycoprotein, and thus further modification of the molecules is needed to reduce the affinity for the efflux transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vasiljevik
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chad E. Groer
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Kurt Lehner
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Hernan Navarro
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle
Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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19
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Prospective therapeutic agents for obesity: Molecular modification approaches of centrally and peripherally acting selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:298-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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21
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Spillane W, Malaubier JB. Sulfamic Acid and Its N- and O-Substituted Derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2507-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Spillane
- School
of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Malaubier
- Manufacturing Science
and
Technology, Roche Ireland Limited, Clarecastle, Co. Clare, Ireland
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22
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Chang CP, Wu CH, Song JS, Chou MC, Wong YC, Lin Y, Yeh TK, Sadani AA, Ou MH, Chen KH, Chen PH, Kuo PC, Tseng CT, Chang KH, Tseng SL, Chao YS, Hung MS, Shia KS. Discovery of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-4-((pyrrolidine-1-sulfonamido)methyl)-5-(5-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethynyl)thiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide as a novel peripherally restricted cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist with significant weight-loss efficacy in diet-induced obese mice. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9920-33. [PMID: 24224693 DOI: 10.1021/jm401158e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
After extensive synthetic efforts, we found that many structurally diverse bioisosteres could be generated via derivatizing the C-4 alkyl chain on the pyrazole ring of compound 3 (B/P = 1/33) with different electronegative groups. Especially when a sulfonamide or sulfamide moiety was added, resulting compounds exhibited not only potent CB1R activity but also a desired tPSA value over 90 Å(2), a threshold considered to possess a low probability to cross BBB, leading to the identification of compound 4 (B/P = 1/64) as a peripherally restricted CB1R antagonist. Apart from its significant weight-loss efficacy in DIO mice, compound 4 also displays 163 clean off-target profiles and is currently under development for treating obesity and the related metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Baldassarre M, Giannone FA, Napoli L, Tovoli A, Ricci CS, Tufoni M, Caraceni P. The endocannabinoid system in advanced liver cirrhosis: pathophysiological implication and future perspectives. Liver Int 2013; 33:1298-308. [PMID: 23890208 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoids (EC) are ubiquitous lipid signalling molecules providing different central and peripheral effects that are mediated mostly by the specific receptors CB1 and CB2. The EC system is highly upregulated during chronic liver disease and consistent experimental and clinical findings indicate that it plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and fatty liver disease associated with obesity, alcohol abuse and hepatitis C. Furthermore, a considerable number of studies have shown that EC and their receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of the cardio-circulatory disturbances occurring in advanced cirrhosis, such as portal hypertension, hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. More recently, the EC system has been implicated in the development of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and the inflammatory response related to bacterial infection. Rimonabant, a selective CB1 antagonist, was the first drug acting on the EC system approved for the treatment of obesity. Unfortunately, it has been withdrawn from the market because of its neuropsychiatric side effects. Compounds able to target selectively the peripheral CB1 receptors are under evaluation. In addition, molecules stimulating CB2 receptor or modulating the activity of enzymes implicated in EC metabolism are promising areas of pharmacological research. Liver cirrhosis and the related complications represent an important target for the clinical application of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Baldassarre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research (C.R.B.A.), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4751-60. [PMID: 23902803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists (inverse agonists) of the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor showed promise as new therapies for controlling obesity and related metabolic function/liver disease. These agents, representing diverse chemical series, shared the property of brain penetration due to the initial belief that therapeutic benefit was mainly based on brain receptor interaction. However, undesirable CNS-based side effects of the only marketed agent in this class, rimonabant, led to its removal, and termination of the development of other clinical candidates soon followed. Re-evaluation of this approach has focused on neutral or peripherally restricted (PR) antagonists. Supporting these strategies, pharmacological evidence indicates most if not all of the properties of globally acting agents may be captured by molecules with little brain presence. Methodology that can be used to eliminate BBB penetration and the means (in vitro assays, tissue distribution and receptor occupancy determinations, behavioral paradigms) to identify potential agents with little brain presence is discussed. Focus will be on the pharmacology supporting the contention that reported agents are truly peripherally restricted. Notable examples of these types of compounds are: TM38837 (structure not disclosed); AM6545 (8); JD5037 (15b); RTI-12 (19).
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25
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Fulp A, Bortoff K, Zhang Y, Seltzman H, Mathews J, Snyder R, Fennell T, Maitra R. Diphenyl purine derivatives as peripherally selective cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10022-32. [PMID: 23098108 DOI: 10.1021/jm301181r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists are potentially useful for the treatment of several diseases. However, clinical development of several CB1 antagonists was halted due to central nervous system (CNS)-related side effects including depression and suicidal ideation in some users. Recently, studies have indicated that selective regulation of CB1 receptors in the periphery is a viable strategy for treating several important disorders. Past efforts to develop peripherally selective antagonists of CB1 have largely targeted rimonabant, an inverse agonist of CB1. Reported here are our efforts toward developing a peripherally selective CB1 antagonist based on the otenabant scaffold. Even though otenabant penetrates the CNS, it is unique among CB1 antagonists that have been clinically tested because it has properties that are normally associated with peripherally selective compounds. Our efforts have resulted in an orally absorbed compound that is a potent and selective CB1 antagonist with limited penetration into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fulp
- Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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26
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Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Zhang Y, Fulp A, Maitra R, Thomas BF, Mahadevan A. Structural analogs of pyrazole and sulfonamide cannabinoids: effects on acute food intake in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 695:62-70. [PMID: 22975289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity contributes to a multitude of serious health problems. Given the demonstrated role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in appetite regulation, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate structural analogs of two cannabinoids, rimonabant (cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist) and O-2050 (sulfonamide analog of Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol), that showed appetite suppressant effects in previous studies. Structure-activity relationships of these two lead compounds were examined in several assays, including cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor binding, food intake, and an in vivo test battery (locomotor activity, antinociception, ring immobility, and body temperature) in mice. Rimonabant and O-2050 reliably decreased feeding in mice; however, their analogs decreased feeding only at higher doses, even though some compounds had quite good cannabinoid CB(1) binding affinity. Results of the in vivo test battery were inconsistent, with some of the compounds producing effects characteristic of cannabinoid agonists while other compounds were inactive or were antagonists against an active dose of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. These results demonstrate that reduction of food intake is not a characteristic effect of pyrazole and sulfonamide cannabinoid analogs with favorable cannabinoid CB(1) binding affinity, suggesting that development of these classes of cannabinoids for the treatment of obesity will require evaluation of their effects in a broad spectrum of pharmacological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, U.S.A.
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27
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Silvestri C, Di Marzo V. Second generation CB1 receptor blockers and other inhibitors of peripheral endocannabinoid overactivity and the rationale of their use against metabolic disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1309-22. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.704019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry – CNR, Endocannabinoid Research Group,
Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy ;
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry – CNR, Endocannabinoid Research Group,
Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy ;
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28
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Dow RL, Carpino PA, Gautreau D, Hadcock JR, Iredale PA, Kelly-Sullivan D, Lizano JS, O’Connor RE, Schneider SR, Scott DO, Ward KM. Design of a Potent CB1 Receptor Antagonist Series: Potential Scaffold for Peripherally-Targeted Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:397-401. [PMID: 24900484 DOI: 10.1021/ml3000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor signaling has been demonstrated to inhibit feeding behaviors in humans, but CB1-mediated central nervous system (CNS) side effects have halted the marketing and further development of the lead drugs against this target. However, peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonists may hold potential for providing the desired efficacy with reduced CNS side effect profiles. In this report we detail the discovery and structure-activity-relationship analysis of a novel bicyclic scaffold (3) that exhibits potent CB1 receptor antagonism and oral activity in preclinical feeding models. Optimization of physical properties has led to the identification of analogues which are predicted to have reduced CNS exposure and could serve as a starting point for the design of peripherally targeted CB1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Dow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Philip A. Carpino
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Denise Gautreau
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John R. Hadcock
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Philip A. Iredale
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dawn Kelly-Sullivan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Lizano
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rebecca E. O’Connor
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven R. Schneider
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dennis O. Scott
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen M. Ward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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29
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Fulp A, Bortoff K, Seltzman H, Zhang Y, Mathews J, Snyder R, Fennell T, Maitra R. Design and synthesis of cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists for peripheral selectivity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2820-34. [PMID: 22372835 DOI: 10.1021/jm201731z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) have potential for the treatment of several diseases such as obesity, liver disease, and diabetes. Recently, development of several CB1 antagonists was halted because of adverse central nervous system (CNS) related side effects observed with rimonabant, the first clinically approved CB1 inverse agonist. However, recent studies indicate that regulation of peripherally expressed CB1 with CNS-sparing compounds is a viable strategy to treat several important disorders. Our efforts aimed at rationally designing peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists have resulted in compounds that have limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS exposure in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. Typically, compounds with high topological polar surface areas (TPSAs) do not cross the BBB passively. Compounds with TPSAs higher than that for rimonabant (rimonabant TPSA = 50) and excellent functional activity with limited CNS penetration were identified. These compounds will serve as templates for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fulp
- Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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