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Wood-Barcalow NL, Alleva JM, Tylka TL. Revisiting positive body image to demonstrate how body neutrality is not new. Body Image 2024; 50:101741. [PMID: 38850714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In this position paper, we review nonacademic and academic discourse on body neutrality, a recent concept that has spread from social media platforms into scientific publications. This discourse has (inaccurately) promulgated that body neutrality is distinct from and more realistic than positive body image and body positivity. We identify and challenge 10 myths found within this discourse: (1) positive body image and body positivity are the same and therefore interchangeable, (2) positive body image isn't realistic or attainable, (3) we should forget about body positivity and positive body image, (4) body neutrality is a new way of thinking about body image, (5) body neutrality is unique from positive body image and positivity, (6) body neutrality is a more realistic and inclusive alternative to positive body image and body positivity, (7) body neutrality is different from positive body image but we can still use the research on positive body image to support body neutrality, (8) body neutrality is a midpoint between negative body image and positive body image, (9) striving for body neutrality is sufficient, and (10) appearance can be disregarded. We offer recommendations applicable to researchers, clinicians, media, and the general public interested in body neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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2
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Granfield P, Kemps E, Prichard I. A pre-post evaluation of the impact of the Embrace Kids film on children's and adults' body image and self-compassion. Body Image 2024; 49:101700. [PMID: 38554670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among young people, which tends to persist into adulthood, a need exists for large-scale interventions that address this problem. Film has been identified as a resource that is well-suited to large-scale dissemination, which can achieve broad impact and reach. Embrace Kids, a film aimed at improving young people's body image, is one such resource. To evaluate the film's impact on body image, 55 children (M = 10.59, SD = 1.49) and 47 adults (M = 43.75, SD = 8.54) were recruited from the Australian general public to complete a brief survey before and after viewing the film. After viewing the film, significant increases in state body appreciation, state functionality appreciation and state self-compassion were reported for children (d = 0.46 - 0.61) and adults (d = 0.88 - 1.08). They supported the safety of the film by indicating that it did not make them more concerned about their appearance. Findings provide initial support for the film as a scalable intervention that can be safely task-shifted to non-professional audiences. Future research directions include comparing the effect of Embrace Kids against a control film, and testing the longitudinal impact of the film on trait body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Granfield
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Embrace Impact Lab, Australia; Flinders University, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Health & Exercise Sciences, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Embrace Impact Lab, Australia; Flinders University, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Health & Exercise Sciences, Australia
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3
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Czepczor-Bernat K, Modrzejewska J, Modrzejewska A, Bieńkowska I, Swami V. Does a nature walk improve state body appreciation in children? Body Image 2024; 49:101707. [PMID: 38581777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The available evidence suggests that exposure to natural environments promotes more positive body image, but to date this research has not considered impacts on children. To answer this question, we invited two groups of children in Poland - matched in terms of age (range = 6 to 12 years), gender identities, and racialised status - to go for a group walk in either a natural environment (n = 80) or a built environment (n = 81). Before and after the walks, participants were asked to complete an adapted, state version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children. The results of a mixed analysis of variance indicated that children who went for a walk in the natural environment reported a significant improvement to state body appreciation (d = 0.35), whereas those who went for a walk in the built environment did not (d = 0.04). The results also showed no significant impact of gender identity (girls vs. boys) or age (middle vs. late childhood) on this finding. These results show for the first time that nature exposure may help to improve body image outcomes in children, at least in the immediate term, which may prove beneficial for future interventionist work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | | | - Adriana Modrzejewska
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Izabela Bieńkowska
- Institute of Pedagogy, University of Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Kling J, Billaud Feragen K. Experiences of appearance conversations among young people living with a visible difference. Body Image 2024; 49:101699. [PMID: 38489964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Stigmatisation surrounding having a visible difference to the face or body may have a marked impact on how young people communicate about appearance. The aim of our study was therefore to explore the experiences of appearance conversations among young people living with a visible difference. Interviews were conducted with 32 young people (mean age 14.1 years; 67.7% girls), with a condition resulting in a visible difference (e.g., craniofacial condition or scarring). Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified three themes. Importance of Safety and Understanding reflects the importance of feeling safe in order to be able to talk about appearance. Participants described appearance conversations as often originating in their need for emotional support or practical assistance when encountering difficulties (Conversations When in Need of Support), but appearance was also experienced as a sensitive topic that was difficult to talk about (Avoiding Appearance Conversations). Our results highlight the importance of creating spaces where young people with a visible difference feel safe to bring up the topic of appearance when in need of support. Elements that facilitate such conversations include others having knowledge about the condition and having one's feelings and experiences validated instead of minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kling
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Longhurst P, Aspell J, Todd J, Swami V. "There's No Separating My View of My Body from My Autism": A qualitative study of positive body image in autistic individuals. Body Image 2024; 48:101655. [PMID: 38042087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
While scholars have investigated positive body image across diverse populations, extant theory largely excludes those with differing socio-cognitive experiences, such as autistic individuals. Using constructivist grounded theory, this study sought to develop a grounded theory of positive body image in autistic individuals. One-to-one interviews with photo-elicitation were conducted with 20 autistic adults (7 women, 8 men, 5 non-binary/agender; aged 18-53 years) from the United Kingdom. Through a process of open, axial, and focused coding, a grounded theory was developed around a core category of positive body image in autistic adults and was found to comprise six themes: body connection, body acceptance, appreciating body functionality and neurodivergent strengths, having a body-positive protective filter, taking care of the body, and body and appearance neutrality. Our findings suggest that some aspects of positive body image in autistic individuals are consistent with those found in neurotypical adults. However, positive body image in autistic individuals further encompasses both the sensory (i.e., how the body is felt) and aesthetic (i.e., how the body is seen) body. These findings may stimulate research aimed at improving positive body image in autistic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaedra Longhurst
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane Aspell
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Lucibello KM, Gohari MR, Leatherdale ST, Patte KA. Factors associated with prospective changes in weight control intentions among adolescents. J Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 38402411 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study examined predictors of negative changes in weight control intentions from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents. METHODS Participants were Canadian secondary school students enrolled in the COMPASS study and had completed self-report surveys before (T1; 2018/2019 and/or 2019/2020 school year) and during (T2; 2020/2021 and/or 2021/2022) the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 11,869, Mage ± SD = 13.79 years old ± 1.15, 52.89% girls, 45.30% boys, 1.81% gender diverse). Demographic, interpersonal, behavioral, and psychological predictors of weight control intention change from T1 (stay the same weight, not doing anything about weight) to T2 (lose weight, gain weight) were tested using multilevel logistic regressions. RESULTS Over one-third (37.0%) of adolescents who reported wanting to stay the same weight at T1 changed their intention to lose or gain weight at T2, as did 28.5% of adolescents who reported not wanting to do anything about their weight at T1. Changing weight control intention from "not doing anything about weight" at T1 to weight gain/loss at T2 was associated with resistance training, emotion dysregulation, bullying, social media use, and gender. Changing weight control intention from "stay the same weight" at T1 to weight gain/loss at T2 was associated with gender, perceived financial comfort, social media use, and flourishing. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the prevalence of maladaptive weight control intention changes among adolescents, and elucidate related behavioral, interpersonal, demographic, and psychological factors. Findings can inform targeted intervention and prevention strategies to disrupt maladaptive changes in weight control intentions among high-risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Lucibello
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmood R Gohari
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Ogle JP, Johnson AN, Reddy-Best KL, Harmon J, Morris K, Kittersong P. A qualitative exploration of positive body image experiences among nonbinary individuals. Body Image 2023; 47:101632. [PMID: 37774425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
One group whose positive body image experiences remain under-explored is individuals who identify as nonbinary, gender fluid, and/or genderqueer (including other nonbinary identities). Thus, we sought to answer the questions: What does it look like to have a positive body image for a nonbinary person? and How do nonbinary persons form and maintain a positive body image? To answer these questions, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 nonbinary individuals who were assessed as having positive body image using the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a). Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were identified as characterizing the core features of positive body image among nonbinary persons: body appreciation, body- and self-acceptance, bodily appearance embodied their authentic self, and holding flexible ideals for ways of being. Six themes were identified as related to on-going processes that explain how body image is formed and maintained among nonbinary persons: reframing negative body image information, staging resistance, experiencing representation, receiving and giving social support, practicing self-compassion and self-care, and using dress to create a satisfying presentation of self. In keeping with the tenets of queer theory, findings reflected how gender identity set a context for participants' positive body image experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Paff Ogle
- Colorado State University, Department of Design & Merchandising, Mail Delivery Code 1574, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1574, USA.
| | - Ashlie N Johnson
- Linfield University, Department of Psychology, Pioneer Hall, Portland, OR 97230, USA
| | - Kelly L Reddy-Best
- Iowa State University, Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, 31 McKay Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1178, USA
| | - Jennifer Harmon
- University of Wyoming, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, AGC 3010, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Kristen Morris
- Colorado State University, Department of Design & Merchandising, Mail Delivery Code 1574, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1574, USA
| | - Piper Kittersong
- Colorado State University, Department of Design & Merchandising, Mail Delivery Code 1574, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1574, USA
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Tort-Nasarre G, Pollina-Pocallet M, Ferrer Suquet Y, Ortega Bravo M, Vilafranca Cartagena M, Artigues-Barberà E. Positive body image: a qualitative study on the successful experiences of adolescents, teachers and parents. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2023; 18:2170007. [PMID: 36710436 PMCID: PMC9888451 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2023.2170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Body image encompasses body-related self-perceptions and personal attitudes. Dissatisfaction with body image during the early stages of adolescence is negatively related to self-esteem and other health problems. A few publications focused on positive body image and directly related to the experiences and interactions of adolescents themselves. To explore positive body image in adolescents and describe the familial and educational factors that contribute to its development.Methods A qualitative study was conducted. Purposive sampling was used, and 9 adolescents, 6 families, and 8 teachers participated in semi-structured interviews, which were then theme analyzed. Results Self-care, body acceptance, confronting messages that attack body image, and the influence of social media have been identified as emerging themes in adolescents' positive body image experiences. Therefore, the pubertal period, family values, fostering, and educational actions as well as media literacy were identified as factors promoting self-esteem and positive body image in the family and educational environment. Conclusions Their parents also expressed aspects such as those that contribute to the development of healthy self-esteem, confidence, and positive body image. Alternatively, the teachers indicated educational activities to work on self-image and self-esteem when faced with situations of concern in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tort-Nasarre
- Calaf Primary Care Center, SAP Anoia-Gerència Territorial Catalunya Central, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Calaf, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain,AFIN, Research Group and Outreach Centre, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pollina-Pocallet
- Bellpuig Primary Care Center, Diputació, Lleida, Gerència Territorial Lleida, Catalan Health Institute (ICS), Barcelona, Spain,Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain
| | - Y Ferrer Suquet
- Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain
| | - M Ortega Bravo
- Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain,Cappont Primary Care Center, Lleida, Gerència Territorial Lleida, Catalan Health Institute (ICS), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - M Vilafranca Cartagena
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVIC-UCC), Manresa, Spain
| | - E Artigues-Barberà
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain,Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain,Balafia Primary Care Center, Lleida, Gerència Territorial Lleida, Catalan Health Institute (ICS), Barcelona, Spain,CONTACT E Artigues-Barberà Research Support Unit Lleida, Rambla Ferran, 44, Lleida25007, Spain
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9
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Mahon C, Hamburger D, Webb JB, Yager Z, Howard E, Booth A, Fitzgerald A. Protocol of a cluster randomised trial of BodyKind: a school-based body image programme for adolescents. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2246. [PMID: 37964252 PMCID: PMC10647142 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor body image is prevalent among adolescents and associated with several negative outcomes for their physical and psychological health. There is a pressing need to address this growing public health concern, yet there are few evidence-informed universal programmes for older adolescents that address contemporary body image concerns (i.e., social media). BodyKind is a four lesson, school-based, teacher led, universal body image programme that incorporates empirically supported principles of cognitive dissonance, self-compassion, compassion for others and social activism, to support positive body image development. Building on previous pilot trials in the USA, this paper outlines the protocol for a cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) and implementation evaluation of the BodyKind programme which was culturally adapted for the Irish cultural context. METHODS We aim to recruit 600 students aged 15-17 years in Transition Year (4th year) across 26 second-level schools in Ireland. Using minimisation, schools will be randomly assigned to receive BodyKind (intervention condition, n=300) or classes as usual (waitlist control, n=300). Teachers in intervention groups will receive training and deliver the programme to students over four weeks, at a rate of one lesson per week. Primary outcomes of body appreciation, body dissatisfaction and psychological wellbeing and secondary outcomes of self-compassion, compassion for others, body ideal internalisation, social justice motives and appearance-based social media use will be assessed at pre-, post- and 2 month follow up. Mediation and moderation analyses will be conducted to identify how and for whom the intervention works best. An implementation evaluation will assess the quality of programme implementation across schools and how this may influence intervention outcomes. Waitlist control schools will receive the programme after the 2-month follow up. CONCLUSION This study will be the first to implement a cRCT and an implementation evaluation to assess the impact of this multicomponent school-based body image programme designed to support healthy body image development. If shown to be effective, BodyKind will have the potential to improve adolescent body image and wellbeing and inform efforts to implement sustainable and scalable programmes in schools. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered on 10/10/2023 on ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06076993 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Mahon
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Jennifer B Webb
- Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte), Charlotte, USA
| | - Zali Yager
- Embrace Collective NFP, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Howard
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ailbhe Booth
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Jigsaw, The National Centre for Youth Mental Health, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda Fitzgerald
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin (UCD), Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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10
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Kvardova N, Lacko D, Machackova H. The validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:176. [PMID: 37798665 PMCID: PMC10557209 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the formation of body image is critical for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders, especially in adolescence, when body image develops significantly. One of the important facets of body image is body appreciation, which consists of positive feelings and attitudes towards the body regardless of its perceived "flaws". To measure body appreciation, Body Appreciation Scale-2 (Tylka and Wood-Barcalow in Body Image 12:53-67, 2015a), a unidimensional 10-item measure, has been developed and routinely used in body image research. The current study examined the validity (i.e., factor structure, gender and age invariance, associations with other constructs) of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. METHODS The study used two large samples of Czech adolescents, aged 13-18 (N1 = 613, M = 15.5, 52% girls; N2 = 1,530, M = 15.4, 50% girls). The data were collected in August 2021 (N1) and November 2020 (N2) through an online survey. For the data analysis, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). RESULTS Our findings supported the proposed unidimensional factor structure and the gender (i.e., girls, boys) and age (i.e., 13-15, 16-18) scalar invariance of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2. The data also showed the expected positive correlations with body satisfaction and self-esteem, and negative correlations with media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, and depression. Furthermore, we discovered that body appreciation was more strongly connected to media-ideal internalization and depression for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided robust evidence that supports the validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 and its usability for the assessment of body appreciation in Czech adolescents. We also proposed future directions for the research on body appreciation based on the explored gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kvardova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Lacko
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Machackova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Ren Y, Barnhart WR, Cui T, Song J, Tang C, Cui S, He J. Exploring the longitudinal association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation in Chinese adolescents: A four-wave, random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Body Image 2023; 46:32-40. [PMID: 37196387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although ample research evidence exists regarding the negative association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation, the longitudinal association between these two constructs remains unclear, especially for adolescents. Thus, this study investigated the longitudinal association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation and potential gender differences in this relationship in Chinese adolescents using four-wave longitudinal data. A sample of 2566 adolescents (54.10% girls) were included. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) was conducted separately for boys and girls after controlling for baseline age and BMI z-scores. Results at the within-person level showed that for boys, body dissatisfaction at each wave negatively predicted body appreciation at the following wave, and body appreciation at Wave 2 and Wave 3 negatively predicted body dissatisfaction at Wave 3 and Wave 4. For girls, at the within-person level, body dissatisfaction at Wave 1 and Wave 2 negatively predicted body appreciation at Wave 2 and Wave 3, and body appreciation at Wave 3 negatively predicted body dissatisfaction at Wave 4. However, no gender differences in the RI-CLPM were found. The current findings enrich positive and negative body image research by providing evidence for the reciprocal relationships between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Ren
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jianwen Song
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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Bordeleau M, Alméras N, Panahi S, Drapeau V. Body Image and Lifestyle Behaviors in High School Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1263. [PMID: 37508760 PMCID: PMC10377786 DOI: 10.3390/children10071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This secondary data analysis study aimed to examine the associations between 1) body size perception (BSP) and body size dissatisfaction (BSD) and 2) lifestyle behaviors and BSP and BSD in adolescents. The study pooled cross-sectional data from two studies (n = 301) performed in adolescents. Weight and height were measured, while lifestyle behaviors and perceived actual and desired body size variables were self-reported. Linear regression analysis assessed the contribution of sex and zBMI to BSP and BSD scores. Pearson's correlation explored associations between BSP and BSD. Cohen's effect sizes compared satisfied and dissatisfied adolescents within the underestimators subgroup. A positive association between BSP and BSD scores was observed among girls living with normal-weight and overweight/obesity only (r = 0.26; p ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.38; p < 0.05, respectively). Underestimators who were satisfied with their body size showed a moderate effect size for a lower zBMI, a small effect size for lower screen time, and higher sleep duration compared to dissatisfied underestimators. Underestimation was associated with more body size satisfaction in adolescent girls with normal weight and overweight/obesity, suggesting a protective effect of underestimation. These findings support the hypothesis that body size satisfaction and underestimation in adolescents is associated with healthier lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bordeleau
- Département D'éducation Physique, Faculté des Sciences de L'éducation, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire sur la Formation et Profession Enseignante (CRIFPE), Université de Montréal, Québec, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Natalie Alméras
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Shirin Panahi
- Département D'éducation Physique, Faculté des Sciences de L'éducation, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire sur la Formation et Profession Enseignante (CRIFPE), Université de Montréal, Québec, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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13
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Lunde C, Reinholdsson T, Skoog T. Unexcused absence from physical education in elementary school. On the role of autonomous motivation and body image factors. Body Image 2023; 45:229-237. [PMID: 36965234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Physical education (PE) is an essential school subject due to its potential to promote well-being and health in all children. Yet, PE stands out among other subjects in terms of truancy. This study is one of the first to examine if unexcused absence from PE is associated with early adolescents' body image and autonomous motivation towards PE. A total of 526 Swedish 6th graders (Mage = 12.28, SD = 0.31) reported the frequency of unexcused absence from PE and answered questions about aesthetic and functional body image, social physique anxiety, and autonomous motivation. Findings showed that unexcused absence from PE was associated with less autonomous motivation and higher social physique anxiety. Participants who had never been absent reported higher functional body image investment and satisfaction. Analyses showed that whereas the aesthetic aspects of body image were associated with decreased autonomous motivation toward PE, functional aspects predicted higher autonomous motivation. The study sheds novel light on the links between absence from PE, body image, and autonomous motivation. As absence may have real-life practical effects for school achievement, health, and well-being, the findings demonstrate the importance of mitigating social physique anxiety and promoting an inclusive and body positive PE context early on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lunde
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Therése Skoog
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Ghafouri K, Noorwali E. Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Body Image Satisfaction and Appreciation Among Saudi Adults. Cureus 2023; 15:e33468. [PMID: 36751167 PMCID: PMC9900045 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity remains a public health concern, and intermittent fasting (IF) is a popular strategy for weight loss that has gained considerable scientific and popular attention. However, weight control can affect body image. Poor body image and its impact on psychological well-being are linked to obesity in many individuals. Body appreciation is a crucial characteristic of positive body image. However, there is a lack of studies assessing these relationships in Saudi adults. AIM To evaluate the associations between IF diet, body image satisfaction, and body appreciation in Saudi adults. METHOD A web-based cross-sectional study was done with healthy Saudi adults aged 18 to 50 years old who followed the IF diet. The questionnaire had five sections: a brief study introduction, sociodemographic variables, adherence to the diet, modified body image scale, and body appreciation scale. Ethical approval was obtained. RESULTS A total of 190 participants were included in this study, including 59 (31.1%) males and 131 (68.9%) females. Comparing before and after IF, the body mass index (BMI) significantly decreased after IF (p < 0.001). After IF, a significant decrease in the body image dissatisfaction score was observed (p < 0.001). A significant increase was noted in the body appreciation score (p < 0.001). Conclusion: IF is significantly associated with better body image satisfaction and body appreciation. These results may help weight loss studies and may have public health implications.
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15
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Mills JS, Minister C, Samson L. Enriching sociocultural perspectives on the effects of idealized body norms: Integrating shame, positive body image, and self-compassion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983534. [PMID: 36506975 PMCID: PMC9732395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image is an integral aspect of the psychology of the self. Idealized body images are ubiquitous in both traditional media forms (e.g., magazines, television) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram). The classic sociocultural model of body image (i.e., the Tripartite Influence Model) emphasizes pathways between idealized body norms, appearance comparisons, internalization of body ideals, and body dissatisfaction and its outcomes. We summarize the model and identify some issues to be addressed in future work, particularly in light of the immense popularity of social media. We review three topics that are not included in the sociocultural model but that provide a more complete picture of the influence of societal body norms on body image: (1) body shame, (2) positive body image, and (3) self-compassion. Research on the nature, assessment, and relevance of these constructs is reviewed in detail. In terms of clinical applications of these areas of research for individuals at risk of body dissatisfaction, we suggest assessing for and targeting body shame, cultivating facets of positive body image, and teaching strategies for developing self-compassion.
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16
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Rekkers ME, Aardenburg L, Scheffers M, van Elburg AA, van Busschbach JT. Shifting the Focus: A Pilot Study on the Effects of Positive Body Exposure on Body Satisfaction, Body Attitude, Eating Pathology and Depressive Symptoms in Female Patients with Eating Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11794. [PMID: 36142068 PMCID: PMC9517204 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the most commonly used techniques for the treatment of body image problems in eating disorders (ED) is body exposure (BE). However, evidence of its effectiveness in clinical populations is scarce. In the Positive Body Experience (PBE) protocol, the focus of positive BE is on aesthetic, functional and tactile aspects of the body. The current study evaluates the outcomes of positive BE with regard to changes in attitudinal body image and eating pathology, as well as the factors that influence these changes, in a sample of 84 adult female patients with different EDs who did not receive any other treatment for their EDs during the period in which BE treatment occurred. The results show significant positive changes in attitudinal body image, ED behaviors and depressive symptoms, with depressive symptoms at baseline mediating the changes in attitudinal body image. This study indicates that the PBE protocol is a suitable intervention for reducing negative attitudinal body image in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients, as well as those with binge eating disorder. Furthermore, the results suggest that positive non-weight-related and functional body satisfaction are strong catalysts for change and that depressive symptoms play an important role in the ability to change. Additional RCTs are needed to gain more insight into the effects of PBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E. Rekkers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017 CA Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Aardenburg
- GGZ inGeest, Mental Health Institute, Laan van de Helende Meesters 433, 1186 DL Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Mia Scheffers
- Department of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017 CA Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A. van Elburg
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rintveld, Centre for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, 3705 WE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Jooske T. van Busschbach
- Department of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017 CA Zwolle, The Netherlands
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Swami V, Punshon S, Paul TD. Promoting positive body image in children through theatre: An evaluation of Cinderella: the AWESOME Truth. Body Image 2022; 42:50-57. [PMID: 35660945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cinderella: the AWESOME Truth is a children's theatrical production developed with the aim of promoting positive body image and improved self-image. As part of the production's initial run at the Polka Theatre in London, United Kingdom, we conducted an evaluation of the show's efficacy at improving state positive body image and self-image. Using a single-arm design, we recruited 54 girls and 45 boys between the ages of 5 and 9 years attending a performance of Cinderella with their parents/caregivers, and asked them to complete an adapted measure of state body appreciation at pre- and post-attendance. Participants were also asked to complete open-ended questions about their own uniqueness and awesomeness - two central themes of the production - at both time-points, and their enjoyment of the show at post-attendance. Results indicated that attending the performance improved state body appreciation, self-perceived uniqueness, and self-perceived awesomeness, with small-to-moderate effects. These results were consistent across girls and boys, and enjoyment of the performance was near universally high. Despite limitations - including the lack of a control group and the constrained assessment period - these results suggest that tailored children's theatre may be a viable method of promoting positive body image in young age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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18
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Kvardova N, Machackova H, Smahel D. A moderated mediation model for body-positive online content and body image among adolescents. Body Image 2022; 42:370-374. [PMID: 35930872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Body-positive online content (BPOC) has recently become widespread, yet the factors that explain its association with body satisfaction have scarcely been studied. The current study investigates the indirect association between the self-reported frequency of viewing BPOC and body satisfaction through body appreciation and the moderating roles of body-ideal internalization, self-esteem, intentional searching, and gender. Utilizing survey data from 1530 Czech adolescents aged 13-18 (M=15.4, SD=1.7, 50 % girls), the present study found limited support for an indirect connection between the frequency of viewing BPOC and body satisfaction through body appreciation. Nonetheless, an indirect association appeared among adolescents with average and above-average frequencies for intentional searching for BPOC. Other investigated moderating factors were not significant. The present findings suggest that BPOC may be positively associated with body image, but only for those who deliberately search for it. The study highlights the importance of individual moderating factors in the context of BPOC and the remaining research gaps, such as the examination of its various types and aspects and their relationship with body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kvardova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, Brno.
| | - Hana Machackova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, Brno.
| | - David Smahel
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, Brno.
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19
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Psychometric properties of a Farsi translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Iranian adolescents. Body Image 2022; 41:163-171. [PMID: 35255273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) measures an individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing (i.e., functionality appreciation). However, few studies have assessed the psychometric properties of the FAS in non-English speaking populations and in younger age groups. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Farsi translation of the FAS in Iranian adolescent girls and boys. A sample of 828 Iranian adolescents completed the FAS alongside the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Participants were randomly split into a first split-half for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) or a second split-half for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA broadly supported a 1-dimensional model of FAS scores, although one item had low item-factor loadings. The CFA indicated that both the 6- and 7-item models had adequate fit. In further analyses, we found that the 7-item unidimensional model was invariant across gender and that higher FAS scores were significantly associated with higher self-esteem and lower depressive symptoms, indicative of convergent validity. These results provide evidence that the Farsi translation of the FAS is reliable and valid for use in Iranian adolescent girls and boys.
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20
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Tylka TL, Linardon J, Wood-Barcalow NL, Daníelsdóttir S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Short forms of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2SF): Item selection and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2022; 41:308-330. [PMID: 35427857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a widely used contemporary measure of positive body image that assesses one's love for, acceptance and appreciation of, and respect for their body. Given the need for abbreviated measures to reduce participant burden and study cost, we aimed to generate a short form of the BAS-2 (BAS-2SF). Two versions of the BAS-2SF emerged: a 3-item version derived deductively from theory (items selected based on their unique contribution to the body appreciation construct), and a 2-item version generated empirically (items selected based on a genetic algorithm approach). Psychometric evidence was garnered across five studies, totaling 3114 participants. Both BAS-2SF versions correlated highly (rs = .93-.97) with the original 10-item BAS-2 and demonstrated internally consistent and stable scores. Factor analyses revealed high item-factor loadings, unidimensionality, and gender invariance of the 3-item BAS-2SF. Correlations with construct validity measures, as well as model pathways, were similar between both BAS-2SF versions and the 10-item BAS-2. BAS-2SF versions also evidenced incremental validity. Both BAS-2SF versions retain the psychometric integrity of the BAS-2 and are recommended for use; however, the 3-item BAS-2SF is an ideal option for researchers who wish to estimate a body appreciation latent factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus and Marion Campuses, United States.
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, United States
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21
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Alleva JM, Paraskeva N, Craddock N, Stuijfzand BG, Diedrichs PC. A longitudinal study investigating positive body image, eating disorder symptoms, and other related factors among a community sample of men in the UK. Body Image 2022; 41:384-395. [PMID: 35525157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that positive body image-an overall love and respect for one's body- may be a protective factor for eating disorder (ED) symptoms. This study aimed to explore the relationships between positive body image, ED symptoms, and related factors among men across time. A community sample of 440 British men completed questionnaires at Time 1 and Time 2 (1 year later). Linear models showed that, unexpectedly, positive body image at Time 1 did not predict change in ED symptoms at Time 2, and ED symptoms at Time 1 did not predict change in positive body image at Time 2. However, positive body image at Time 1 did predict increased appearance satisfaction and decreased appearance-ideal internalisation at Time 2. Increased positive body image at Time 2 was only predicted by appearance satisfaction at Time 1. Although no evidence for a longitudinal relationship between positive body image and ED symptoms was found, positive body image did predict change in established risk factors for disordered eating among men. Future research on positive body image and eating behaviour among men could be improved by including assessments of muscularity-oriented and adaptive eating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Paraskeva
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Craddock
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, United Kingdom
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22
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Rogers CB, Webb JB, Bauert L, Carelock J. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Guided Self-Help, Text-Messaging Intervention to Promote Positive Body Image of Emerging Adult Women. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:849836. [PMID: 35572213 PMCID: PMC9099092 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.849836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant approach of existing eating disorder prevention programs targets risk factors for development; furthermore, burgeoning evidence suggests that promotion of protective factors against eating disorders (e.g., positive body image) is also a worthy avenue for prevention efforts. The present study considered existing literature gaps in the design of an 8-week guided self-help intervention meant to address the risk for disordered eating through the improvement of positive body image and enhancement of current adaptive functioning. The intervention incorporated elements of weight-inclusive health promotion (e.g., Health at Every Size; HAES) alongside positive psychology and third-wave behavioral interventions [e.g., self-compassion, mindful eating, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)] to promote engagement in mindful-self-care. This mixed-methods study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of the text-messaging based intervention in a diverse sample of cisgender college women (N = 30; 30% Black; 30% bisexual) at risk for disordered eating. Results indicated a high level of engagement and satisfaction with the intervention. Proof of concept was preliminarily supported by the observed significant changes in variables of interest (i.e., body appreciation, positive embodiment, mindful self-care, intuitive eating, self-compassion, disordered eating, and body image dissatisfaction) across the intervention. Overall, results of this study suggest that the use of a guided self-help program based in technology which seeks to reduce risk factors for disordered eating while also supporting adaptive functioning may be indicated for emerging adult women. This article will discuss how the present study provides the groundwork for continued development of innovative and remotely accessible interventions which promote positive body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B. Rogers
- Cherokee Health Systems, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Courtney B. Rogers
| | - Jennifer B. Webb
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Lia Bauert
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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23
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Medeiros SSDE, Enes CC, Nucci LB. Association of Weight Perception, Body Satisfaction, and Weight Loss Intention With Patterns of Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity. Behav Med 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35465848 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2022.2057407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health issue and childhood is a critical window in which to establish healthy eating patterns and modify risk factors for overweight. This study aims to verify the association of weight perception, body satisfaction, and weight loss intention with patterns of health risk behaviors in adolescents with overweight and obesity. We analyzed health risk behavior from a school-based national survey conducted in 2015 in Brazil (n = 2,703 students with overweight or obesity, aged 13-17 years). We performed latent class analysis of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical activity, screen time, and eating habits for adolescents with overweight and identified four distinct health behavior patterns. The association of these patterns with weight perception, body satisfaction, and weight loss intention was analyzed through multinomial logistic regression. Adolescents who perceived themselves as "fat" or "very fat" were more likely to have a sedentary lifestyle and low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Body satisfaction was a protective factor against sedentary lifestyle. Students who reported weight loss intention were less likely to be in high-health-risk behavior groups (low consumption of fruit and vegetables; sedentary lifestyle; tobacco and alcohol use). Self-perception as overweight had detrimental associations, while body satisfaction was a protective factor for a healthy lifestyle. Weight loss intention still requires rigorous analysis due to inconsistencies in the literature. The complexity of the relationship between body image and obesity needs to be highlighted. Multicomponent strategies are required to control the global obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S D E Medeiros
- School of Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla C Enes
- Health Sciences Post Graduate Program, Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Nucci
- Health Sciences Post Graduate Program, Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Mafra AL, Silva CSA, Varella MAC, Valentova JV. The contrasting effects of body image and self-esteem in the makeup usage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265197. [PMID: 35333869 PMCID: PMC8956164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Women wearing makeup are perceived by others as more attractive, competent, dominant, and more socially prestigious. Individuals differ in how much and how frequently they use makeup. Some studies show that women with lower self-esteem use more makeup, probably to hide imperfections. However, women with higher self-esteem can also use makeup to attract attention. This study verified whether social and general self-esteem and body image are associated with makeup usage in Brazilian women. We collected data from 1,483 women (Mage = 31.08; SD = 11.15) about body image (appearance orientation and appearance evaluation), social self-esteem, general self-esteem, and makeup usage (frequency of makeup usage, time spent applying makeup per day, and money spent on makeup per month). Appearance orientation positively predicted frequency of makeup usage, time spent applying makeup, and money spent on makeup, whereas appearance evaluation inversely predicted money spent on makeup per month. Social self-esteem and general self-esteem also positively predicted money spent on makeup, but in different directions. The results suggest that the significance given to appearance and social interactions are importantly associated with makeup usage in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caio S. A. Silva
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A. C. Varella
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Mahon C, Seekis V. Systematic Review of Digital Interventions for Adolescent and Young Adult Women's Body Image. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:832805. [PMID: 35392118 PMCID: PMC8982933 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.832805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing number of digital interventions have been developed to address a range of mental health issues including body image. Identifying effective interventions for body image is important given the prevalence of body image concerns and their associated negative outcomes among young women. This review aimed to critically evaluate current evidence on the use of digital interventions for adolescent and young adult women's body image. Methods A literature search was performed in November 2021 across three databases, PsychINFO, Web of Science and Pubmed to identify studies published with keywords and synonyms of "body image" and "digital interventions" that have been conducted with girls/women aged 10-25 years. Studies were included if they assessed a universal body image intervention delivered through a digital platform (e.g., web-based, mobile phone) and if they reported body image outcomes using validated measures. Two authors independently screened studies extracted data and assessed the quality of studies. Results Eight of 15 interventions were effective in improving at least one body image outcome from pre-post intervention; however, effect sizes were mostly small-medium, and few effects were maintained at follow-up. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of delivery format, duration, sample characteristics, quality, and outcomes. Discussion Findings suggest that digitally delivered interventions can effectively improve some body image outcomes in young women. Characteristics of effective studies are discussed and suggestions for future work on intervention development in this field are provided. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021281435, identifier CRD42021281435.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Mahon
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Veya Seekis
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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26
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Blazek JL, Saint Arnault DM, Carter R. Breasts, Butts, and Thighs—Oh My! Weight Spurt and Body Image Messages in Girls’ Puberty Books. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584221076052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Analyze popular girls’ puberty books to understand what messages they portray about weight spurt and body image. A critical ethnography was conducted of 13 best-selling books about girls’ puberty. This analysis specifically focused on messages about weight gain/spurt and body image presented in the books and whether these were aligned with larger cultural understandings of weight gain and body image. A data-driven thematic analysis was conducted on the portions of each book relevant to weight gain and body image. The cultural fat-phobic scripts were prevalent in the books, contrasting the well-intended developmental messages. Discussions of weight tended to be negatively framed and weight gain expectations were distressingly vague. The books discussed the necessity of and biological rationale for those changes while normalizing variation in timing. The books also focused on developing a positive body image during this time. Understanding this allows us to see the pervasive, conflicting messages about weight-spurts that girls are receiving from these resources, which can be used to tailor book choice and outreach programs.
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Protective filtering: A qualitative study on the cognitive strategies young women use to promote positive body image in the face of beauty-ideal imagery on Instagram. Body Image 2021; 39:40-52. [PMID: 34171579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Research supports the hypothesis that people with a positive body image engage in a cognitive process of protective filtering, whereby positive information is "filtered in" and negative information is "filtered out" to promote and maintain positive body image (Wood-Barcalow et al., 2010). To provide more insight into this process, this study qualitatively explored the experiences of young women self-identifying as having a positive body image (N = 20, Mage = 21.00) when they were exposed to beauty-ideal imagery. Participants wrote down their thoughts during beauty-ideal exposure on Instagram, and were interviewed. Via reflexive thematic analysis, we identified four themes concerning the protective filtering strategies the participants described using: (a) critiquing the beauty ideal/imagery; (b) appreciating their own/other's bodies; (c) focusing on the values and personality of the women in beauty-ideal imagery; (d) linking beauty-ideal imagery with its past negative consequences. Participants described factors contributing to the effectiveness of their protective filtering, and advice for others to foster positive body image. Overall, many of the protective filtering strategies overlapped with key characteristics of positive body image. Future research may examine whether deliberately "activating" these characteristics in the face of body image-threats could protect and promote positive body image among other women as well.
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Longhurst P. Incorporating positive body image in therapeutic practice: An overview of construct definitions, concepts and theoretical foundations. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phaedra Longhurst
- British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) BACP Lutterworth UK
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Rekkers ME, Scheffers M, van Busschbach JT, van Elburg AA. Measuring body satisfaction in women with eating disorders and healthy women: appearance-related and functional components in the Body Cathexis Scale (Dutch version). Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2665-2672. [PMID: 33591559 PMCID: PMC8602219 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Differentiating the concept of body satisfaction, especially the functional component, is important in clinical and research context. The aim of the present study is to contribute to further refinement of the concept by evaluating the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS). Differences in body satisfaction between clinical and non-clinical respondents are also explored. METHOD Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to investigate whether functional body satisfaction can be distinguished as a separate factor, using data from 238 adult female patients from a clinical sample and 1060 women from two non-clinical samples in the Netherlands. Univariate tests were used to identify differences between non-clinical and clinical samples. RESULTS EFA identified functionality as one of three factors, which was confirmed by CFA. CFA showed the best fit for a three-factor model, where functionality, non-weight, and weight were identified as separate factors in both populations. Internal consistency was good and correlations between factors were low. Women in the non-clinical sample scored significantly higher on the BCS than women with eating disorders on all three subscales, with high effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS The three factors of the BCS may be used as subscales, enabling researchers and practitioners to use one scale to measure different aspects of body satisfaction, including body functionality. Use of the BCS may help to achieve a more complete understanding of how people evaluate body satisfaction and contribute to further research on the effectiveness of interventions focussing on body functionality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Cross-sectional descriptive study, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E Rekkers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,School of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017 CA, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
| | - Mia Scheffers
- School of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017 CA, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Jooske T van Busschbach
- School of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017 CA, Zwolle, The Netherlands.,Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, P. O Box 30.001, CC72, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A van Elburg
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Rintveld, 3705WE, Zeist, The Netherlands
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30
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Body Dissatisfaction and Its Association with Health-Related Factors in Rural and Urban Mexican Adolescents from the State of Jalisco. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212215. [PMID: 34831971 PMCID: PMC8624549 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: To better understand Mexican adolescent’s body self-perception, this study aimed to analyze their body dissatisfaction (BD) levels according to sex and place of residence. We also aimed to explore differences in body composition (BC), physical fitness (PF), and physical activity (PA) between satisfied and dissatisfied adolescents and to find the associations between BD and these parameters. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study carried out in Jalisco (Mexico) in which 451 adolescents (43.68% males, 43.90% rural) aged 13–17 years were evaluated. BD and self-perceived PF and PA were assessed with validated questionnaires, while objectively measured PF (strength, explosive strength, speed-agility, and cardiovascular fitness) was assessed using field tests. To evaluate BC, anthropometric measures and bioelectric impedance analysis were carried out. Regression analysis was used to ascertain the associations between health-related factors and body dissatisfaction. Results: Girls obtained higher scores on the BD questionnaire than boys (11.12 ± 3.13 vs. 10.33 ± 2.73; p < 0.05), whereas no geographical differences between rural and urban adolescents were found. BD was positively associated with higher fat mass (β = 0.15; p < 0.001), and negatively associated with muscle mass and PF (β = −0.24 and β = −0.23; p < 0.001). However, PA was not associated with any of the measured parameters. Conclusions: selected parameters of BC, PF, and sex have an impact on the Mexican adolescent’s body satisfaction levels and should be considered when designing future health policies.
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31
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Rekkers M, Scheffers M, van Elburg AA, van Busschbach JT. The protocol for positive body experience (PBE); introducing a psychomotor therapy intervention based on positive body exposure targeting negative body image in eating disorders. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2020.1863261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Rekkers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Mia Scheffers
- School of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A. van Elburg
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Rintveld, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Jooske T. van Busschbach
- School of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
- Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Urke HB, Holsen I, Larsen T. Positive Youth Development and Mental Well-Being in Late Adolescence: The Role of Body Appreciation. Findings From a Prospective Study in Norway. Front Psychol 2021; 12:696198. [PMID: 34497559 PMCID: PMC8419256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a vulnerable period, adolescence is a time of great potential for healthy development. Understanding factors that contribute to mental well-being in this period is of great importance to facilitate for healthy development. During the adolescence period the body goes through rapid and considerable changes, and the focus on body appearance and perfection is substantial at societal, media, and peer level. In this study, we investigated the association between dimensions characterizing positive youth development, and mental well-being among Norwegian adolescents 16-17 years 1 year later, and whether this association was mediated by degree of body appreciation. We further tested whether the indirect and direct paths between positive youth development dimensions and mental well-being were moderated by gender. We used data from the first and second follow-up of the control arm of the COMPLETE study, a cluster randomized controlled trial in upper secondary schools in Norway. Findings showed that positive youth development in grade 1, as measured by both a combined global PYD and the dimensions competence, and connection were significantly associated with mental well-being in grade 2 in models adjusted for mental well-being in grade 1, gender and perceived family affluence. Also, body appreciation in grade 1 significantly predicted mental well-being in grade 2 in models including each of global PYD, competence, connection, character, and caring dimensions. Contrary to our hypothesis, no mediating effects of body appreciation were observed, and no moderation of indirect effects by gender were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Bjørnøy Urke
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Holsen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torill Larsen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Zelihić D, Williamson H, Kling J, Feragen KB. "It's tough because I see that it's upsetting her…": A qualitative exploration of parents' perceptions of talking with their adolescents about having a visible difference. Body Image 2021; 38:306-316. [PMID: 34052591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many adolescents live with a visible difference that affects their lives in profound ways, but studies investigating parents' perceptions of raising appearance issues during conversations with their adolescent are lacking. As part of a larger study exploring the effectiveness of a web-based intervention (YP Face IT), semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 parents of adolescents with a visible difference. Thematic analysis revealed four overarching themes: (1) Conversational settings; (2) Understanding adolescents' feelings and thoughts; (3) Providing parental guidance and encouragement; and (4) When the dialogue becomes difficult. Results showed that parents resorted to specific settings when instigating conversations about appearance, such as when their adolescents expressed a need for emotional care, were perceived to be upset, or whilst managing their condition. The choice of setting was also important as some parents generally felt uncomfortable raising appearance issues with their adolescent, for fear of fueling appearance concerns. Results further suggest that open communication can enable parents to stay informed about their adolescent's psychosocial adjustment to a visible difference. These results stress the need to make available support to facilitate open communication about appearance-related topics between parents and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Zelihić
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Heidi Williamson
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Johanna Kling
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Kristin B Feragen
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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34
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Maes C, Trekels J, Tylka TL, Vandenbosch L. The Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS): Conceptualization, development, and psychometric evaluation among adolescents from Belgium. Body Image 2021; 38:270-288. [PMID: 34044200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to offer a conceptualization of positive body image during adolescence and psychometrically examine a new scale developed to measure this conceptualization. A literature review on positive body image and adolescence was conducted, which shaped the development of the Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS). In Study 1, four focus groups (totaling 14 adolescents) from Belgium explored the content, clarity, and applicability of the PBIAS items. In Study 2, an exploratory factor analysis (N = 565; Mage = 14.9, 63.8 % girls) revealed 4 factors: body self-appreciation, body other-appreciation, resilience against media body ideals, and resilience against negative appearance feedback. This 4-factor structure was confirmed in Study 3 (N = 718; Mage = 15.2, 50.4 % girls), and gender invariance was upheld. The test-retest reliability of the PBIAS scores was partially supported in Study 4 (N = 309, Mage = 15.3, 66.3 % girls). Across studies, internal consistency was supported and construct validity (convergent and incremental) evidence was garnered. Further, the PBIAS was translated from Dutch to English to offer researchers an option for collecting data in English-speaking countries. Overall, the PBIAS is a brief measure with psychometric support that assesses four dimensions of adolescent positive body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelly Maes
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Trekels
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 170F Morrill Hall 1465 Mt. Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH, 43302, USA.
| | - Laura Vandenbosch
- School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Parkstraat 45, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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35
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Swami V, Todd J, Barron D, Wong KY, Zahari HS, Tylka TL. The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2): Psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation and an assessment of invariance across Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Body Image 2021; 38:346-357. [PMID: 34091281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2) is a 13-item instrument measuring generalised perceptions of body acceptance by others. Here, we first demonstrate that a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the BAOS-2 is psychometrically valid in a sample of 1,049 Malaysian adults (Study 1). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, we extracted a unidimensional model of BAOS-2 scores that retained all 13 items. BAOS-2 scores had adequate internal consistency and indices of validity (convergent, construct, concurrent, and incremental), and were scalar invariant across gender and ethnicity (Malaysian Malays vs. Chinese). Next, we assessed invariance of BAOS-2 scores across samples from Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (total N = 2,575; Study 2). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that partial scalar invariance was achieved. Participants in the interdependent cultural context of Malaysia had significantly higher scores - with small effect sizes - than their counterparts in the independent contexts of the United Kingdom and United States. In addition, women had significantly higher scores than men, but the effect size was negligible. The present study indicates that the Malay BAOS-2 is a psychometrically valid instrument and presents the first comparison of BAOS-2 scores across interdependent and independent contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kah Yan Wong
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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36
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Danthinne ES, Giorgianni FE, Ando K, Rodgers RF. Real beauty: Effects of a body-positive video on body image and capacity to mitigate exposure to social media images. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 27:320-337. [PMID: 34278653 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent industry-created social marketing campaigns have targeted positive body image; however, research investigating the effects of such social media campaigns on body image has largely neglected non-Western English-speaking groups. This study explored the effects on body image of a video produced by Dove for a Japanese audience 'Real Beauty ID', and its capacity to modify the effects of subsequent exposure to celebrity social media images of young women. METHOD Young women from Japan (n = 568), mean age (SD) = 25.38 (3.52) years, were randomly allocated to view either the Dove Real Beauty ID video, or a control video, followed by exposure to celebrity social media images (female celebrities or landscapes). Finally, participants reported on state and trait appearance-based comparisons, thin ideal internalization, body appreciation, and media similarity scepticism. RESULTS Among participants with high levels of thin ideal internalization, those who viewed the Dove Real Beauty ID video reported significantly lower satisfaction with body and facial features, as well as more negative mood (p < .05) compared with the control video. Little support emerged for the capacity of the Dove Real Beauty ID video to modify the effects of exposure to celebrity social media images, nor were these effects moderated by risk and resilience factors. CONCLUSIONS In sum, no usefulness emerged for the Dove Real Beauty ID video in promoting positive body image, and limited usefulness was seen in buffering the effects of exposure to celebrity social media images among Japanese young women. Given the reach of such interventions, exploring whether interventions that are culturally adapted and theoretically driven are more helpful is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa S Danthinne
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca E Giorgianni
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kanako Ando
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
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37
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Bailey KA, Dagenais M, Gammage KL. Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Using Photo-Elicitation to Study Body Image in Middle-to-Older Age Women With and Without Multiple Sclerosis. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:1542-1554. [PMID: 34027715 PMCID: PMC8371288 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211014830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored how women with varying relationships to disability and aging used photographs to represent their body image experiences. Seven middle-aged and older adult women with and without multiple sclerosis were asked to provide up to 10 photographs that represented their body image and complete a one-on-one interview. We used reflexive thematic analysis to develop themes and interpret the findings. Overall, the women expressed not only complicated relationships with their bodies, represented through symbolism, scrutiny of body features (e.g., posture, varicose veins, and arthritis) but also deep reflection linked to positive body image and resilience. These findings revealed not only the nuanced experiences women have with aging, disability, and gender but also the commonly experienced ingrained views of body appearance as each participant illustrated a difficult negotiation with the aesthetic dimension of their body image. Finally, we provide important implications of the use of visual methods in body image research.
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38
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Mahon C, Hevey D. Processing Body Image on Social Media: Gender Differences in Adolescent Boys' and Girls' Agency and Active Coping. Front Psychol 2021; 12:626763. [PMID: 34093311 PMCID: PMC8175666 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although scholars continue to debate the influence of social media on body image, increased social media use, especially engaging in appearance-related behaviors may be a potential risk factor for body dissatisfaction in adolescents. Little research has investigated how adolescents process appearance-related content and the potential strategies they use to protect body image perceptions on social media. To investigate coping strategies used by adolescents, four qualitative focus groups were conducted with 29 adolescents (23 girls) aged 15–16 years (M = 15.31, SD = 0.47) in mixed-gender Irish secondary schools. Thematic analysis revealed that adolescents employed many different behavioral strategies such as avoiding negative content and selecting positive content. Cognitive processing strategies such as critically evaluating body-related content, psychologically distancing from and positively reframing challenging content were also used, although less frequently. Boys appeared to exhibit greater positive agency over their bodies and social media use and tended to use more active coping styles than girls. Efforts to promote body image on social media such as body positive pages and exposing artificial social media content were considered limited in their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Mahon
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Hevey
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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39
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Junqueira ACP, Tylka TL, Almeida SDS, Costa TMB, Laus MF. Translation and Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale With Brazilian Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211013459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, women are socialized to adopt a narrow definition of beauty. Research has revealed that, in the United States and China, the ability to broadly conceptualize beauty (perceive beauty in diverse body sizes, shapes, and appearances) is linked to women’s lower anti-fat attitudes, higher body appreciation, and higher well-being. In this study, we translated an existing measure of this construct, the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS), into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluated the factor structure and reliability and validity of its scores with a diverse sample of 563 Portuguese women. Findings revealed that the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS contains two factors—external/appearance features of beauty (BCBS-E) and internal features of beauty (BCBS-I)—contrary to the unidimensional factor structure found in previous studies. Support for internal consistency and 3-week test–retest reliability was garnered. Total BCBS and BCBS-E scores evidenced convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, whereas the BCBS-I did not accrue substantial convergent or incremental validity support beyond its inverse bivariate association with anti-fat attitudes. We recommend the use of the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS in body image research programs as well as clinical practice and prevention programs with Brazilian women seeking support for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Piko BF, Obál A, Mellor D. Body Appreciation in Light of Psychological, Health- and Weight-Related Variables Among Female Adolescents. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 16:676-687. [PMID: 33680205 PMCID: PMC7909497 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v16i4.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has begun to focus on positive body image and how this can be supported in adolescence. Body appreciation is a key element of positive body image, and has been associated with self-reported health status, weight-related concern, family factors and psychological variables such as self-esteem. In this study we explored these associations among Hungarian adolescent females. Female high school students from two major towns in Csongrád county, Hungary (N = 454; age range from 14 to 20; M = 16.3 years, SD = 1.2) completed questionnaires assessing body appreciation, self-esteem, optimism, life satisfaction and health- and weight-related variables. Analyses revealed that body appreciation was most strongly related to self-esteem, as well as being positively associated with life satisfaction, self-perceived health, being in control of diet, and engagement in sport. Conversely, binge drinking, engaging in slimming behaviors and having eating disorders in the family were negatively associated with body appreciation. These findings provide some indications of factors that might be targetted in health education programs aiming to promote positive body image and to develop resilience against body dissatisfaction in this demographic group. Such programs should also include information of nutrition and media literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina F Piko
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annabella Obál
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Siegel JA, Ramseyer Winter V, Cook M. "It really presents a struggle for females, especially my little girl": Exploring fathers' experiences discussing body image with their young daughters. Body Image 2021; 36:84-94. [PMID: 33217716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction in children, particularly young girls, is a growing concern around the world. The home environment can have a strong influence on children's well-being, and parents may contribute to their children's positive or negative body image development. Nearly all research on parent influence on body image has focused on mothers, leaving fathers' attitudes and experiences poorly-understood. To address this gap in the literature, we interviewed 30 fathers (Mage = 40.30; SD = 7.48) of girls between the ages of 5 and 10 about the conversations they have with their daughters regarding body image. Through thematic analysis, we identified three primary themes: barriers to effective communication, combatting negative influences, and strategies for discussing body image. Fathers recognized the importance of talking about body image with their daughters, yet many did not feel confident or competent to do so effectively. They engaged in a variety of strategies to combat adverse cultural influences and encourage self-expression, character development, and mental and physical health in their daughters. However, messages about health were sometimes conflated with messages about thinness or food restriction. Implications for families and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Siegel
- Western University, Department of Psychology, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7.
| | - Virginia Ramseyer Winter
- University of Missouri, School of Social Work, Clark Hall 729, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States.
| | - Mackenzie Cook
- University of Missouri, School of Social Work, Clark Hall 729, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States.
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42
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Swami V, Todd J, Stieger S, Furnham A, Horne G, Tylka TL. Body acceptance by others: Refinement of the construct, and development and psychometric evaluation of a revised measure - The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2. Body Image 2021; 36:238-253. [PMID: 33387962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Body Acceptance by Others Scale (BAOS) measures the degree to which individuals perceive body acceptance by others, but its factor structure is questionable. Here, we developed a revision of the BAOS (i.e., the BAOS-2) by designing novel items reflective of generalised perceptions of body acceptance by others. In three studies, we examined the psychometrics of the 13-item BAOS-2. Study 1, with United Kingdom adults (N = 601), led to the extraction of a unidimensional model of BAOS-2 scores and provided evidence of 4-week test-retest reliability. Study 2, with United Kingdom adults (N = 423), indicated that the unidimensional model of BAOS-2 scores had adequate fit and that scores were invariant across gender. Study 2 also provided evidence of convergent, construct, criterion, discriminant, and incremental validity. Study 3 cross-validated the fit of the unidimensional model in adults from the United State (N = 503) and provided evidence of invariance across gender and national group. Internal consistency coefficients of BAOS-2 scores were adequate across all three studies. There were no significant gender differences in BAOS-2 scores and a significant national difference had a negligible effect size. Thus, the BAOS-2 is a psychometrically-sound measure that can be utilised in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - George Horne
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Abstract
Body functionality describes everything that the body is able to do, across diverse domains (e.g., bodily senses, creative endeavours). Nearly a decade ago, leading scholars identified research on body functionality as a priority for the body image field. The field has responded, as shown by the recent rise of body functionality research. We considered this an opportune time to (a) define body functionality (what it is and is not); (b) present theoretical frameworks of body functionality; (c) articulate first-generation and current measures relating to body functionality; (d) offer functionality-focused body image interventions that can improve appreciation for one's body functionality (and body image more broadly); (e) summarise additional areas of research related to body functionality and positive body image; and (f) provide considerations and directions for future research and interventions incorporating body functionality. Research has underscored body functionality as a valuable construct with respect to positive body image and well-being, particularly when individuals appreciate what their bodies can do and conceptualise their body functionality holistically. Yet, the experience of body functionality is nuanced across social identities. Overall, the field has greatly advanced knowledge about body functionality, and we are excited to see the next generation of research that emerges.
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Torres S. School-Based Body Image Intervention: Overcoming Challenges to Dissemination. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:229-230. [PMID: 33541597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Tort-Nasarre G, Pollina Pocallet M, Artigues-Barberà E. The Meaning and Factors That Influence the Concept of Body Image: Systematic Review and Meta-Ethnography from the Perspectives of Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031140. [PMID: 33561092 PMCID: PMC7908267 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Community care nurses educate adolescents about body image, but their interventions appear to be ineffective. Body dissatisfaction predicts unhealthy behaviors among adolescents. This study aimed to understand the meanings and factors that influence the concept of body image through a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative studies from the perspective of adolescents. Ten studies published from 2009–2019 were identified by a search of relevant systematic databases between September and December 2019. The review followed the seven steps of meta-ethnography developed by Noblit and Hare, including a line-of-argument. The synthesis revealed six themes: self-perception of body image; opinions of friends and colleagues; opinions of family; specific features of the school environment; expectations perceived across the mass-media; and strategies, practices, and self-management of body image. An explanatory model was developed that showed adolescents’ development of body image and the path towards its establishment. In conclusion, these results should be considered to implement strategies to promote a healthy body image in adolescents by community health and mental health nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Tort-Nasarre
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Carrer de Montserrat Roig, 225198 Lleida, Spain;
- Health Education Research Group (GREpS), Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Carrer de Montserrat Roig, 225198 Lleida, Spain
- Calaf Primary Care Center, Cta. Llarga, 19.08280 Calaf. Barcelona, Gerència Territorial Catalunya Central, Catalan Health Institute (ICS), 08272 St. Fruitós del Bages, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Mercè Pollina Pocallet
- Bellpuig Primary Care Center, Diputació, 5. 25250 Bellpuig, Lleida, Gerència Territorial Lleida, Catalan Health Institute (ICS), Rambla Ferran, 44, 25007 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Eva Artigues-Barberà
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, Carrer de Montserrat Roig, 225198 Lleida, Spain;
- Catalan Health Institute (ICS), Primary Care Lleida, Rambla Ferran, 44, 25007 Lleida, Spain
- Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol) Rambla Ferran, 44, 25007 Lleida, Spain
- Research Group in Therapies in Primary Care (GRETAPS), Rambla Ferran, 44, 25007 Lleida, Spain
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46
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Steinfeld B, Hartmann AS, Waldorf M, Vocks S. Development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity - Female Bodies. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:75. [PMID: 33292543 PMCID: PMC7709434 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00345-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence that thinness and muscularity are part of the female body ideal, there is not yet a reliable figure rating scale measuring the body image of women which includes both of these dimensions. To overcome this shortcoming, the Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity - Female Bodies (BIMTM-FB) was developed. METHODS The objective of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of this measure. N = 607 non-clinical women and N = 32 women with eating disorders answered the BIMTM-FB as well as instruments assessing eating disorder symptoms and body image disturbance in order to test the convergent validity of the BIMTM-FB. To assess test-retest reliability, a two-week interval was determined. RESULTS The results indicated that the body-fat dimension of the BIMTM-FB correlates significantly with the Contour Drawing Rating-Scale, the Drive for Leanness Scale (DLS) and the Body Appreciation Scale, while the muscularity dimension of the BIMTM-FB was significantly associated with the DLS and the Drive for Muscularity Scale, proving the convergent validity of the BIMTM-FB. High coefficients of test-retest reliability were found. Moreover, the BIMTM-FB differentiated between the clinical sample and the non-clinical controls. CONCLUSIONS The BIMTM-FB is a figure rating scale assessing both thinness and muscularity as part of the female body ideal. Due to its high reliability and validity, the BIMTM-FB can be recommended in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Steinfeld
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49088, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Andrea S Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49088, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49088, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49088, Osnabrück, Germany
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Poulter PI, Treharne GJ. "I'm actually pretty happy with how I am": a mixed-methods study of young women with positive body image. Psychol Health 2020; 36:649-668. [PMID: 32998598 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1820008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research on body image has tended to overlook what contributes to positive body image. The aim of the present study was to explore the perspectives of female undergraduate students with positive body image. DESIGN Nineteen young women who were studying at a New Zealand university (mean age 19.61) and self-reported positive body image participated in focus groups discussing body image. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Thematic analysis resulted in four themes. RESULTS The young women described a positive shift in body image that occurred between adolescence and early adulthood (theme 1). They were critical of messages about the female body within media and made conscious decisions about media they engage with (theme 2). They expressed a functional conceptualisation of their bodies and had strategies for responding to negative thoughts and feelings (theme 3). Religious and cultural identity played a specific role in body positivity for some participants (theme 4). CONCLUSION These findings highlight the developmental nature of positive body image and the role of adopting critical awareness when engaging with media. The findings support and elaborate on previous research suggesting that those with positive body image utilise a body-protective filter and demonstrate novel aspects of young women's body positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe I Poulter
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Gareth J Treharne
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand
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Swami V, Barron D, Todd J, Horne G, Furnham A. Nature exposure and positive body image: (Re-)examining the mediating roles of connectedness to nature and trait mindfulness. Body Image 2020; 34:201-208. [PMID: 32604023 PMCID: PMC7320863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported a significant association between nature exposure and positive body image, but understandings of the mechanisms that help to explain this link remain nascent. Here, we considered the extent to which trait mindfulness and connectedness to nature, respectively, mediate the aforementioned relationship both in parallel and serially. An online sample of 398 participants (199 women, 196 men, 3 other; age M = 28.1 years) from the United Kingdom completed measures of self-reported nature exposure, mindful awareness and acceptance, connectedness to nature, and body appreciation. Results indicated that inter-correlations between scores on all measures were significant and positive. Following the elimination of non-significant pathways, path analysis resulted in an adequately-fitting model in which the direct relationship between nature exposure and body appreciation was significant. In addition, connectedness to nature - but not trait mindfulness - significantly mediated the direct relationship. Finally, we also found evidence of a serial mediation, where the association between nature exposure and body appreciation was mediated by mindful awareness followed by connectedness to nature. The implications of these results for scholarly and practitioner understanding of the impact of nature exposure on positive body image are discussed in conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Horne
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Benau EM, Wiatrowski R, Timko CA. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Alexithymia, and Social Phobia Are Associated With Disordered Eating in Male and Female Undergraduate Athletes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1646. [PMID: 32774318 PMCID: PMC7387713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of disordered eating in the athlete population tend to focus on females and the influence of sport level. This leaves unanswered whether, and how, team interdependence (i.e., whether the competition is engaged with one person or as a team) may differentially impact male athletes. In the present study, we recruited a sample of non-athletes, individual athletes, and team athletes and examined the interaction of gender and teammate interdependence on established psychosocial risk factors for disordered eating, including social phobia, alexithymia, and emotion regulation. Although we identified a significant main effect of gender, there was no main effect of team type, nor was there a significant interaction of gender and team type. Using descriptive discriminant analysis, these variables significantly discriminated between genders. Women were defined by higher scores than men on drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and emotion recognition and men were defined by relatively higher scores on emotion dysregulation and binge eating. When we combined all athletes and compared them with non-athletes, a significant interaction of gender and athlete status emerged such that female athletes, compared to male athletes and women non-athletes, were defined by higher scores on drive for thinness, emotion dysregulation, and binge eating. Conversely, male athletes, compared to female athletes, were defined by greater difficulty identifying feelings and body dissatisfaction. Non-athletes were not well defined by the discriminant function. These results highlight that emotional processes convey risk of eating disorders in men and women, particularly in athletes, and these risk factors are not uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Benau
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Ryan Wiatrowski
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - C Alix Timko
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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50
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Marta-Simões J, Ferreira C. Self-to-others and self-to-self relationships: paths to understanding the valence of body image and eating attitudes in emerging adult women. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:399-406. [PMID: 30430463 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors contributing to body appreciation in emerging adult women remain poorly explored. Thus, the present study aimed to test the impact of early memories of warmth and safeness with peers, self-compassion, and social safeness, in body appreciation and in disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. METHODS A total of 387 women aged between 18 and 25 completed a set of self-report questionnaires. Data were analysed through descriptive and correlation statistics, and the suitability of a theoretical model was explored via path analysis. Self-report instruments assessed participants' weight and height, early memories of warmth and safeness with peers, self-compassion, social safeness, body appreciation, as well as disordered eating. RESULTS Early memories of warmth and safeness with peers associated with higher self-compassion and feelings of social safeness, which were both positively linked to body appreciation. Body appreciation associated with a lower display of disordered eating. CONCLUSION It seems that childhood and adolescent experiences may have an important influence on the development of self-to-self and self-to-others secure relationships, with consequences on the way women behave and relate with their unique body characteristics. The pertinence of developing self-compassion and affiliative skills to promote positive body image among females is suggested, as well as of applying compassion-based strategies when clinically approaching symptoms of eating disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Cross-sectional descriptive study, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Marta-Simões
- CINEICC, Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Ferreira
- CINEICC, Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal
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