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Forbes J, Paxton S, Yager Z. Raising Confident Girls: A pragmatic school-based trial of a body image and parenting program for mothers of adolescent girls. Body Image 2024; 50:101718. [PMID: 38815453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated Raising Confident Girls (RCG), delivered to mothers of Year 8 students (mean age 12.8-years) who were receiving the classroom-based Dove Confident Me (DCM) program. RCG is an interactive, multi-session intervention designed to improve body image in mothers in order to enhance their capacity to parent and role model this to their daughters. A pragmatic non-randomised controlled trial involved delivery of the program to mothers (n = 69) over three, 2-hour seminars in evenings, compared with a comparison group (n = 51). The study took place at an independent all-girls secondary school in Australia. Multilevel mixed modelling analyses compared pre- and post-test scores on standardized scales. Mothers who participated in the program had significantly higher scores on primary outcome variables of body esteem and body appreciation compared to the comparison group at post-test. Further, participation significantly improved mother's knowledge, confidence, and skills for parenting, and improved role modeling of positive body image. Mothers were well engaged, with low attrition rates, and rated the program highly. The RCG program was effective and engaging for mothers, offering deeper insight into improving parental engagement in body image interventions delivered within the school context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Forbes
- School Psychologist, Brisbane Girls Grammar School, Australia
| | | | - Zali Yager
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Australia; The Embrace Collective, Australia.
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2
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Pacheco CR, VanderJagt H, Serier KN, Peterson KP, Smith JE. Measurement invariance of two measures of positive body image among Hispanic/Latina undergraduate women. Body Image 2024; 51:101752. [PMID: 38865896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Although positive body image is associated with mental and physical health benefits, there is a relative dearth of research investigating the psychometric properties of commonly used measures of positive body image among Hispanic/Latina women in the United States. The current study explored the psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a) and the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) in undergraduate women. Altogether 565 undergraduates (n = 386 Hispanic/Latina; n = 179 non-Hispanic White [NHW]) completed the BAS-2, FAS, and demographic questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance testing across ethnicity was conducted on each measure. The CFA confirmed the 1-factor, 10-item model of the BAS-2 among Hispanic/Latina women but indicated a less than adequate model fit for the FAS which improved after correlating the residuals of items 6 and 7. Measurement invariance testing revealed evidence of partial scalar invariance of the BAS-2 and full invariance of the FAS across ethnicity. There were no significant mean differences between groups on the measures. These analyses indicate acceptable psychometric properties of the BAS-2 and FAS among Hispanic/Latina women. Nonetheless, they did suggest potentially meaningful group differences in how these items behaved, which warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina R Pacheco
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hayley VanderJagt
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kelsey N Serier
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Street, Boston MA 02130, USA
| | - Kirsten P Peterson
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jane Ellen Smith
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, 2001 Redondo Drive Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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3
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Behrend N, Webb JB, Warschburger P. Explaining the prospective paths from body appreciation to intuitive eating facets: Does body image flexibility serve as a mediator? Body Image 2024; 49:101710. [PMID: 38569448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Initial evidence suggests that body appreciation prospectively predicts intuitive eating. However, the limited number of longitudinal studies focused solely on girls and women, with a lack of evaluation among men. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms explaining this relationship remain poorly understood. The present study examined whether body appreciation prospectively predicted intuitive eating facets among women and men in Germany. We also tested whether adaptive affect regulation skills (i.e., body image flexibility) mediated these relationships. We analyzed data from 1436 women and 704 men across three time points: Baseline (T1), 6-month (T2), and 12-month (T3) follow-up, using latent variable path models to assess direct and indirect effects. Among women, T1 body appreciation directly predicted T3 body-food choice congruence. Additionally, body appreciation indirectly predicted unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, and reliance on hunger and satiety cues at T3 via its effect on T2 body image flexibility. Among men, T1 body appreciation indirectly predicted T3 eating for physical rather than emotional reasons via T2 body image flexibility. Our findings suggest that body image flexibility plays a pivotal role in explaining why individuals who appreciate their bodies are more likely to eat intuitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Behrend
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Petra Warschburger
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany.
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4
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Munns LB, Preston C. The role of bodily experiences during pregnancy on mother and infant outcomes. J Neuropsychol 2024. [PMID: 38764291 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a transformative time for women and their bodies, and therefore thoughts and feelings and about one's own body and internal bodily sensations may understandably change during this period. Body satisfaction and interoception have been found to influence factors such as antenatal attachment (AA) and maternal mental health. However, mixed results in the literature suggest complex relationships between the bodily experience during pregnancy and outcomes, necessitating a broader investigative approach. We aim to examine the relationship between the pregnancy bodily experience and multiple mother-infant outcomes. It is hypothesised that poor bodily experiences during pregnancy will have negative impacts on these outcomes. Cross-sectional online survey data was collected from individuals at various gestations throughout pregnancy as part of a larger longitudinal study (N = 253, mean age = 32). We analysed validated measures of pregnancy body satisfaction, interoceptive sensibility, AA and mood, as well as intentions to breastfeed. Linear regressions were used to confirm findings from previous literature and a network analysis allowed for a more exploratory approach to understanding the importance of the bodily experience during pregnancy. Multiple regressions found low body satisfaction predicts higher levels of anxiety, depression and AA. A network analysis revealed relationships between body satisfaction and interoception during pregnancy and mother-infant outcomes, including depression and AA. Our results highlight the far-reaching effects of poor bodily experiences during pregnancy on a variety of outcomes. Understanding the impact of the pregnant bodily experience can help identify at-risk individuals and inform interventions.
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Matera C, Casati C, Paradisi M, Di Gesto C, Nerini A. Positive Body Image and Psychological Wellbeing among Women and Men: The Mediating Role of Body Image Coping Strategies. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:378. [PMID: 38785869 PMCID: PMC11118086 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the mediating role of body image coping strategies in the relationship between positive body image and wellbeing. Three hundred and seventy-two women and three hundred and seventy-seven men completed a questionnaire assessing body appreciation, body appreciation functionality, body compassion, body image coping strategies (appearance fixing, avoidance, positive rational acceptance), self-acceptance and overall psychological wellbeing. Path analysis showed that avoidance significantly mediated the relationship between body appreciation and overall psychological wellbeing among both women and men; its mediating role was confirmed for men's but not for women's self-acceptance. Positive rational acceptance was a significant mediator of the relationship between body compassion and both psychological wellbeing and self-acceptance among men but not among women. These findings show that higher body appreciation is associated with a lower tendency to avoid appearance-related cognitions or thoughts that are interpreted as threatening, with an indirect effect on women's and men's psychological wellbeing. Analogously, but only for men, body compassion is associated with mental activities and self-care behaviors that foster rational self-talk and the acceptance of one's experiences, which, in turn, are linked to higher wellbeing. These findings can help to plan programs aimed at fostering individuals' wellbeing by focusing on their positive body image considering gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (M.P.); (C.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Chiara Casati
- School of Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy;
| | - Monica Paradisi
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (M.P.); (C.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Cristian Di Gesto
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (M.P.); (C.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (M.P.); (C.D.G.); (A.N.)
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Wodarz R, Rogowska AM. The Moderating Effect of Body Appreciation on the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:870-887. [PMID: 38667811 PMCID: PMC11049024 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although positive associations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image have previously been established, differences in these variables by gender and age have yielded mixed results. Moreover, little is known about the interplay between self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of body appreciation on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, considering disparities between females and males and also between emerging adults (before the age of thirty) and older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was performed in Poland with a sample of 449 adults aged between 18 and 75 (M = 30.41, SD = 12.72), including 68% of women. The survey included the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2). RESULTS Men scored higher than women in terms of life satisfaction and self-esteem, while older participants (age > 30) scored higher than younger individuals (age ≤ 30) in terms of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The study confirmed positive and moderate correlations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The interactive effect of self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction was also found by controlling for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Some intervention programs focused on increasing levels of self-esteem and body appreciation should be implemented, especially among women and emerging adults, to improve their well-being.
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Jackson AM, Parker L, Sano Y, Cox AE, Lanigan J. Associations between body image, eating behavior, and diet quality. Nutr Health 2024; 30:93-102. [PMID: 35369805 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221090696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Weight-neutral interventions that promote adaptive eating behaviors are becoming a growing area of practice. Understanding whether adaptive eating behaviors are associated with improved diet quality is essential. Body image may be an important factor in this relationship given its close connection to eating behaviors. Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the relationships between positive and negative body image, adaptive and maladaptive eating behaviors, and diet quality. Methods: We recruited 288 adults 18 years and older who were living in the US using Prolific Academic. Participants completed an online survey including measures of positive and negative body image, adaptive and maladaptive eating behaviors, and a dietary screener questionnaire (DSQ). We ran a hierarchical linear regression and tested whether body image and diet quality were mediated by eating behavior. Results: Body image and maladaptive eating behaviors were not associated with diet quality. Body-food choice congruence (B-FCC), an adaptive eating behavior, was associated with diet quality. B-FCC mediated the relationship of positive and negative body image to diet quality. Conclusions: Our findings provide additional support for weight-neutral or adaptive eating interventions as a mechanism to promote diet quality. Additional research may benefit from exploring indirect effects of body image on diet intake, the relationship between eating behavior and diet quality using qualitative data, and the comparison of weight-neutral or non-diet interventions with traditional behavior change interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Parker
- Extension Youth and Families Unit, Human Development, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoshie Sano
- Human Development, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Anne E Cox
- Kinesiology & Educational Psychology, College of Education, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA *Present Address: Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, 1100 Olive Way Suite 1200 Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jane Lanigan
- Human Development, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
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8
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More KR, Hayes NL, Phillips LA. Contrasting constructs or continuum? Examining the dimensionality of body appreciation and body dissatisfaction. Psychol Health 2024; 39:336-357. [PMID: 35361011 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2022.2055025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals experiencing body dissatisfaction have poorer health outcomes in part due to engaging in less physical activity. Body appreciation is protective of health behaviors and proposed to be conceptually different from body dissatisfaction. Two studies evaluated whether body appreciation and dissatisfaction represented two distinct dimensions, and whether body appreciation and dissatisfaction would interact in their effect on activity-related motivation and behavior. Study 1 (n = 313) was prospective and utilized a self-report measure of physical activity whereas Study 2 (n = 123) was prospective and used an objective measure. All hypotheses and analyses were pre-registered. A multiverse approach was taken to demonstrate the robustness of results. In exploratory factor analyses, body appreciation and dissatisfaction did not represent two distinct dimensions of body image as both loaded onto the same factor. This result was largely supported by latent profile analyses, which revealed that participants scored high, moderate, or low on both body satisfaction and appreciation. Additionally, body appreciation did not buffer the negative impact of body dissatisfaction on activity-related motivation and behavior. This study provides the first statistical evaluation of the theoretical proposition that body appreciation and dissatisfaction may be distinct constructs with distinct relationships to outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R More
- Department of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Nicole L Hayes
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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9
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Longhurst P, Aspell J, Todd J, Swami V. "There's No Separating My View of My Body from My Autism": A qualitative study of positive body image in autistic individuals. Body Image 2024; 48:101655. [PMID: 38042087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
While scholars have investigated positive body image across diverse populations, extant theory largely excludes those with differing socio-cognitive experiences, such as autistic individuals. Using constructivist grounded theory, this study sought to develop a grounded theory of positive body image in autistic individuals. One-to-one interviews with photo-elicitation were conducted with 20 autistic adults (7 women, 8 men, 5 non-binary/agender; aged 18-53 years) from the United Kingdom. Through a process of open, axial, and focused coding, a grounded theory was developed around a core category of positive body image in autistic adults and was found to comprise six themes: body connection, body acceptance, appreciating body functionality and neurodivergent strengths, having a body-positive protective filter, taking care of the body, and body and appearance neutrality. Our findings suggest that some aspects of positive body image in autistic individuals are consistent with those found in neurotypical adults. However, positive body image in autistic individuals further encompasses both the sensory (i.e., how the body is felt) and aesthetic (i.e., how the body is seen) body. These findings may stimulate research aimed at improving positive body image in autistic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaedra Longhurst
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane Aspell
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Marashi M, Lucibello KM, Sabiston CM. The female athletic ideal - Friend or foe? Fit, thin, and athletic body ideals and their associations with women's body image. Body Image 2024; 48:101672. [PMID: 38113660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The internalization of body ideals is a critical predictor of body image and health behaviors. Thin and athletic ideal internalization in women need to be elucidated. The aims of the current study included: (i) describing the endorsement of thin and athletic body ideals among women and (ii) examining group differences in negative and positive self-conscious emotions and body image. Participants (N = 392 women; Mage = 25.6, SD = 5.3 years) were assigned to Fit Ideal (n = 110), Thin Ideal (n = 83), Athletic Ideal (n = 55), and Low Internalization (n = 144) groups based on scores for thin and athletic internalization. Three multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to examine Body Ideal group differences on negative appearance and fitness self-conscious emotions, and positive self-conscious emotions and body image. The Athletic Ideal and Low Internalization groups generally scored lower on negative self-conscious emotions and higher on positive self-conscious emotions and body image in comparison to the Fit and Thin Ideal groups (Cohen's d =.35 to 1.15). Results suggest that differing levels of thin and athletic internalization may intersect uniquely with women's body-related self-conscious emotions and positive body image and thus may have distinct effects on women's health and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Marashi
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Activity, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Kristen M Lucibello
- Department of Health Sciences in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Activity, University of Toronto, Canada
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11
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Acar Bektaş H, Öcalan D. The relationship between women's mode of delivery, body image, self-respect, and genital self-image. Int Urogynecol J 2023; 34:2885-2892. [PMID: 37530801 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-023-05610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Many factors affect women's genital self-image. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between women's mode of delivery, body image, self-esteem, and genital self-image. METHODS The research was carried out in two public hospitals between 15 January 2022 and 30 June 2022. The study sample consisted of a total of 197 multiparous women in the early postpartum period. They were asked to fill out a Personal Information Form, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Body-Esteem Scale (BES), and the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS), based on self-report. The Chi-squared, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were used. RESULTS Of the participants, 49.50% had a vaginal delivery, and 50.50% had a cesarean section. Their mean scores were 0.64 ± 0.62 on the RSES, 155.01 ± 24.40 on the BIS, and 20.97 ± 4.39 on the FGSIS. As the women's age increased, their mean FGSIS score also increased. There was negative correlation between women's mean RSES and FGSIS scores. A positive, significant correlation was found between the mean FGSIS and BES scores of the women. Of the variables included in the multiple linear regression model, age, self-esteem, and body image were statistically significant predictors 19.5% of the FGSIS score (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Mode of delivery was not a predictor of female genital self-image in the early postpartum period. Women with high self-esteem had a positive body image and genital self-image. Age, self-esteem, and body image were influential on female genital self-image. On the other hand, age, self-esteem, and body image predicted about 19.5% of female genital self-image according to multiple linear regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Acar Bektaş
- Faculty of Health Science, Midwifery Department, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Öcalan
- Faculty of Health Science, Midwifery Department, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
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12
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Granfield P, Kemps E, Yager Z, Alleva JM, Prichard I. Enhancing body image in motherhood: A randomised controlled trial of Expand Your Horizon among mothers of young children. Body Image 2023; 47:101648. [PMID: 37992557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Motherhood can increase vulnerability to body dissatisfaction, but positive body image interventions may mitigate this. Expand Your Horizon (Alleva et al., 2015), an online writing intervention, enhances functionality appreciation, an aspect of positive body image. The intervention's demonstrated efficacy and focus on body functionality indicate its potential use among mothers. However, its original 3-session format may be unfeasible for mothers alongside other commitments. Thus, we tested the impact of a single 15-minute Expand Your Horizon session on state body appreciation and functionality appreciation. Mothers (N = 143) of 0-10-year-olds were randomly allocated to either the intervention group, or an active control group. State body appreciation and functionality appreciation were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Trait self-compassion was tested as a potential moderator. Participants who completed Expand Your Horizon reported greater state body appreciation and functionality appreciation post-intervention than those in the control group. Self-compassion moderated the intervention's effect on state functionality appreciation, with effects strongest for those with lower levels of self-compassion. Overall, findings support the intervention's suitability for mothers, particularly those with low self-compassion. Practical implications include possibly tailoring Expand Your Horizon and similar interventions to benefit all mothers. Future research directions include longitudinal and qualitative designs, and extension to other specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Granfield
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Psychology, Australia; Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Psychology, Australia
| | - Zali Yager
- The Embrace Collective, Australia; Victoria University, Australia
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Australia; Flinders University, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Health & Exercise Sciences, Australia
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13
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Vankerckhoven L, Claes L, Raemen L, Vanderhaegen J, Eggermont S, Luyckx K. Inhabiting the body: Exploring the link between embodiment and identity in community adolescents. Body Image 2023; 47:101623. [PMID: 37690378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The intricate relationship between the body and identity has been highlighted in previous studies. However, a holistic approach to the body that focuses on embodiment is lacking in research examining body - identity linkages. The current study (N = 917 adolescents; 58% female; Mage = 16.17, range = 14-19 years) examined the psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of the Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES) and explored the link between embodiment and personal identity. First, confirmatory factor analysis revealed a second-order factor structure for the EES and adequate reliability coefficients were obtained. Metric invariance across gender was demonstrated for the first- and second-order factors. Second, path analysis demonstrated that experiencing embodiment was positively associated with adaptive identity work. Third, five identity statuses emerged using cluster analysis. Adolescents in statuses reflecting less adaptive identity functioning displayed lower levels of embodiment. The EES shows promising indications of reliability and factor structure for assessing adolescents' Experience of Embodiment, and the present study demonstrates that embodiment is meaningfully related to identity functioning. These findings support the call for the adoption of a positive psychology framework within this research field, with attention given to more broadly defined body-related concepts such as embodiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Vankerckhoven
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leni Raemen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Vanderhaegen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Eggermont
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Child & Youth Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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14
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Gahler H, Zeng J, Yan K, Terán L, Dajches L, Aubrey JS. Birds of a feather flocking together on Instagram: How racially similar followers and followings on Instagram are linked to young women's body image. Body Image 2023; 47:101626. [PMID: 37751661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In light of recent studies demonstrating the detrimental effects of social media use on young women's body image, we examined the racial composition of young women's Instagram followers, as well as the racial composition of the individuals in young women's followed Instagram accounts, in relation to their appearance ideals and body image. Based on social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), we tested two main propositions. First, women who have racially similar followers and followed accounts will be more likely to internalize body ideal preferences that are relevant to their in-group (i.e., thinness for Asian-American and White women; curviness for Black and Latina women). Second, following and being followed by people of one's racial identity in-group will have ameliorative effects on young women's body image (i.e., more body appreciation; less body dissatisfaction). Our sample included 533 U.S. women who identified as Asian-American (n = 97), Black (n = 101), Latina (n = 98), or White (n = 237). The results provided more support for the notion that racially similar followers and accounts followed are related to better body image outcomes rather than to the internalization of body ideals. Specifically, following a higher percentage of racially similar accounts was positively associated with body appreciation among Asian-American and White participants and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction among Asian-American participants. Likewise, being followed by a higher percentage of racially similar others was positively associated with body appreciation among Asian-American, Black, and White participants, and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction among Latina participants. The findings are discussed in light of social identity theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Gahler
- Department of Communication, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Communication, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kun Yan
- Department of Communication, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Larissa Terán
- Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, PO Box 9615, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, United States
| | - Leah Dajches
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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15
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Naraindas AM, Cooney SM. Body image disturbance, interoceptive sensibility and the body schema across female adulthood: a pre-registered study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1285216. [PMID: 38098520 PMCID: PMC10720753 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1285216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Body image disturbance (BID) typically involves explicit negative attitudes toward one's shape and weight and is associated with altered interoceptive sensibility (the subjective perception of internal bodily states). This association is a known risk factor for the development and maintenance of eating disorders. However, while research has centred on younger women with eating disorders, diverse facets of BID appear in women without eating disorders across adulthood. Research shows that in the general population, young women (ages 18-25) with high BID exhibit disturbances in the body schema: an implicit sensorimotor representation of the body in space which includes mental simulation of a movement such as motor imagery. Given that body image is subject to age-related influences, it is important to investigate how age-related variation in BID can influence the body schema beyond young adulthood alone. Here, we examine the relationship between BID, interoceptive sensibility and the body schema across female adulthood. Methods Cross-sectional data was collected online from 1,214 women across four age groups: Young adults (18-24), Adults (25-39), Middle-aged adults (40-59), and Older aged adults (60-75). BID was indexed by questionnaires measuring body objectification, state, and trait body dissatisfaction. Interoceptive sensibility (IS) was measured using the MAIA-2 questionnaire. The body schema was evaluated through the Own Body Transformation task: a mental rotation task which assesses the capacity to make an embodied mental transformation. Results Analyses revealed that while body objectification and trait body dissatisfaction decreased from young to older adulthood, state body dissatisfaction showed a marked increase. A negative relationship between IS and BID across all age groups was also evidenced. Finally, age, BID and orientation of the presented body were significant predictors of the time taken to make an embodied transformation. Discussion These findings highlight the consistent relationship of BID and IS across age groups beyond young adulthood and demonstrate the varying importance of different aspects of BID as individuals age. We also evidence for the first time that disruptions in body image have the potential to impact implicit sensorimotor representations of the body even in women without eating disorders across female adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. Cooney
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Engel MM, Woertman EM, Dijkerman HC, Keizer A. Functionality appreciation is associated with improvements in positive and negative body image in patients with an eating disorder and following recovery. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:179. [PMID: 37814348 PMCID: PMC10561462 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on body image in eating disorders has predominantly focused on negative body image, only recently shifting to positive body image. Findings suggest that enhancing positive body image can, amongst other things, serve as a protective mechanism against (re)developing a negative body image. One suggested way of enhancing positive body image is to focus on enhancing body functionality appreciation. Although studies show promising effects, this research is mainly conducted in non-clinical samples. METHODS The current study investigated the levels of positive and negative body image in an online community sample of patients with an eating disorder (PAT, n = 227), patients recovered from an eating disorder (REC, n = 102) and controls (HC, n = 175) (self-reported diagnosis, not confirmed). In addition, we tested whether body functionality appreciation was associated with appearance dissatisfaction (negative body image) and body appreciation (positive body image). RESULTS REC showed similar results to controls to most of the body image measures except for how much importance one places on their appearance (no different between REC and PAT), and how satisfied one is with certain body parts. For this measure, REC scored in-between PAT and HC. We further found functionality appreciation to be significantly associated with of both positive and negative body image, except for appearance evaluation in patients with an eating disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a positive association between body functionality appreciation and positive body image and a negative association between body functionality appreciation and negative body image. Further research is required to investigate the effectiveness of interventions targeting body functionality appreciation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja M Engel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E M Woertman
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H C Dijkerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Keizer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Kvardova N, Lacko D, Machackova H. The validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:176. [PMID: 37798665 PMCID: PMC10557209 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the formation of body image is critical for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders, especially in adolescence, when body image develops significantly. One of the important facets of body image is body appreciation, which consists of positive feelings and attitudes towards the body regardless of its perceived "flaws". To measure body appreciation, Body Appreciation Scale-2 (Tylka and Wood-Barcalow in Body Image 12:53-67, 2015a), a unidimensional 10-item measure, has been developed and routinely used in body image research. The current study examined the validity (i.e., factor structure, gender and age invariance, associations with other constructs) of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents. METHODS The study used two large samples of Czech adolescents, aged 13-18 (N1 = 613, M = 15.5, 52% girls; N2 = 1,530, M = 15.4, 50% girls). The data were collected in August 2021 (N1) and November 2020 (N2) through an online survey. For the data analysis, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). RESULTS Our findings supported the proposed unidimensional factor structure and the gender (i.e., girls, boys) and age (i.e., 13-15, 16-18) scalar invariance of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2. The data also showed the expected positive correlations with body satisfaction and self-esteem, and negative correlations with media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, and depression. Furthermore, we discovered that body appreciation was more strongly connected to media-ideal internalization and depression for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided robust evidence that supports the validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 and its usability for the assessment of body appreciation in Czech adolescents. We also proposed future directions for the research on body appreciation based on the explored gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kvardova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Lacko
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Machackova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Crossland AE, Munns L, Kirk E, Preston CEJ. Comparing body image dissatisfaction between pregnant women and non-pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:709. [PMID: 37794358 PMCID: PMC10548696 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Body image dissatisfaction refers to negative thoughts and feelings individuals have towards their own body appearance and this is thought to be affected by the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. There are two main conflicting theories as to the effect pregnancy has on body image dissatisfaction: 1) Pregnancy related changes are in direct conflict with social ideas of female beauty (e.g. weight gain) and so increase body image dissatisfaction; 2) Due to changes in expectations of bodily appearance during pregnancy, women are liberated from social ideals at this time and thus body image dissatisfaction would decrease. This study aimed to assess these theories by synthesising the current literature. Six databases were searched, and 2,017 study abstracts were screened based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following screening and quality assessment by two blind reviewers, 17 studies (comprising 17 effect sizes) were subject to full review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. These studies included cross-sectional, longitudinal and retrospective designs. Results varied with some studies showing women to feel more positive about their body during pregnancy, others showing a more negative body experience and yet others showing no statistical difference. Overall the analysis showed no statistical difference in body image dissatisfaction between pregnant women and non-pregnant women (p = 0.39). Any changes that do occur are heterogeneous and likely to be largely dependent on the individual experience as well as moderator variables and other factors such as differences in methodology of research studies. Studies in this field of research would benefit from more explicit and complete reporting of data and key variables, in order to allow early intervention for women who display body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Munns
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Kirk
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
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19
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Inns SJ, Chen A, Myint H, Lilic P, Ovenden C, Su HY, Hall RM. Comparative Analysis of Body Image Dissatisfaction, Depression, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3938. [PMID: 37764722 PMCID: PMC10534710 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: This case-control study investigated body image dissatisfaction, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with type 1 diabetes. (2) Methods: A total of 35 adults with diabetes and an equal number of age- and gender-matched controls were included. Assessment tools used were the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. (3) Results: Body image dissatisfaction did not differ significantly between the groups. However, adults with diabetes reported higher levels of depression (p = 0.002) and lower scores for physical health (p = 0.015) and general health (p < 0.001) on the HRQoL measure. Qualitative analysis identified common themes related to physical disturbance, effect on activities, and psychosocial concerns. (4) Conclusions: Despite similar body image dissatisfaction, adults with type 1 diabetes exhibited increased depression and reduced HRQoL. These findings emphasize the need to integrate psychological well-being into type 1 diabetes management. They also support further research into the impact of body image dissatisfaction in T1D and potential interventions to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Inns
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Chen
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
| | - Helen Myint
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
| | - Priyanka Lilic
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
| | - Crispin Ovenden
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
| | - Heidi Y. Su
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
| | - Rosemary M. Hall
- Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, P.O. Box 793, Wellington 6140, New Zealand (C.O.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
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20
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Dhillon TK, Gammage KL. Understanding the relationship between body image and menopause in South Asian Canadian women. Body Image 2023; 46:280-293. [PMID: 37392676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding women's body image experiences during menopause is limited; few studies reflect the experiences of South Asian Canadian women. This study qualitatively explored body image and menopause experiences in South Asian Canadian women. Nine first-generation South Asian immigrant Canadian women (aged 49-59 years), in perimenopause or postmenopause, took part in semi-structured interviews. Overall, two themes were constructed. The push and pull of South Asian and Western cultures focused on South Asian and Western cultural perspectives on upbringing, beauty standards, and menopause. Navigating through uncertainty towards acceptance addressed the intricacy of body image, menopause, and aging experiences and the struggle to accept change to their bodies. The results highlight the intersectionality of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, and menopause status in participants' understanding, perceptions, and behaviours toward body image and menopause experiences. The findings demonstrate a need for critical examinations of social constructs (i.e., Western ideal, Western views of menopause) that nfluence participants' experiences, and indicate a need for the development of culturally-appropriate and community-based interventions and resources. Given the underlying narrative of influence and conflict between Western and South Asian cultures, examining acculturation may uncover potential protective strategies for subsequent generations of South Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranjot K Dhillon
- Brock University, 1812 Sir Issac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Kimberley L Gammage
- Brock University, 1812 Sir Issac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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21
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Behrend N, Webb JB, Warschburger P. Exploring the reciprocal associations between body appreciation, body image flexibility, and body acceptance by others in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: Results from cross-lagged panel analyses among women and men. Body Image 2023; 46:139-151. [PMID: 37295122 PMCID: PMC10247189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic provided a context associated with negative consequences for body image and eating behavior. However, little is known about what factors helped to mitigate these consequences and build a positive body image. Previous research pointed to the significance of body image flexibility and perceived body acceptance by others in predicting body appreciation. However, as most of the studies have been cross-sectional, causal relationships are poorly understood. This longitudinal study tested the reciprocal association between body appreciation, body image flexibility, and perceived body acceptance by others during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We analyzed data from a large community sample consisting of 1436 women and 704 men who were invited to complete the study measures (BAS-2, BI-AAQ-5, BAOS-2) at three time points, each approximately six months apart. Latent cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that greater T1 body appreciation predicted an increase in T2 body image flexibility among both genders, while for women, we additionally observed reciprocal effects between T2 and T3. Among both genders, we further found that greater body appreciation predicted increased perceived body acceptance by others over both measurement intervals (but not vice versa). Our findings are discussed in light of pandemical constraints during the studies' assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Behrend
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychological Science, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, Charlotte, United States
| | - Petra Warschburger
- University of Potsdam, Department of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Potsdam, Germany.
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22
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Ren Y, Barnhart WR, Cui T, Song J, Tang C, Cui S, He J. Exploring the longitudinal association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation in Chinese adolescents: A four-wave, random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Body Image 2023; 46:32-40. [PMID: 37196387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although ample research evidence exists regarding the negative association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation, the longitudinal association between these two constructs remains unclear, especially for adolescents. Thus, this study investigated the longitudinal association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation and potential gender differences in this relationship in Chinese adolescents using four-wave longitudinal data. A sample of 2566 adolescents (54.10% girls) were included. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) was conducted separately for boys and girls after controlling for baseline age and BMI z-scores. Results at the within-person level showed that for boys, body dissatisfaction at each wave negatively predicted body appreciation at the following wave, and body appreciation at Wave 2 and Wave 3 negatively predicted body dissatisfaction at Wave 3 and Wave 4. For girls, at the within-person level, body dissatisfaction at Wave 1 and Wave 2 negatively predicted body appreciation at Wave 2 and Wave 3, and body appreciation at Wave 3 negatively predicted body dissatisfaction at Wave 4. However, no gender differences in the RI-CLPM were found. The current findings enrich positive and negative body image research by providing evidence for the reciprocal relationships between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Ren
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jianwen Song
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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23
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Swami V, Tran US, Stieger S, Aavik T, Ranjbar HA, Adebayo SO, Afhami R, Ahmed O, Aimé A, Akel M, Halbusi HA, Alexias G, Ali KF, Alp-Dal N, Alsalhani AB, Álvares-Solas S, Amaral ACS, Andrianto S, Aspden T, Argyrides M, Aruta JJBR, Atkin S, Ayandele O, Baceviciene M, Bahbouh R, Ballesio A, Barron D, Bellard A, Bender SS, Beydağ KD, Birovljević G, Blackburn MÈ, Borja-Alvarez T, Borowiec J, Bozogáňová M, Bratland-Sanda S, Browning MHEM, Brytek-Matera A, Burakova M, Çakır-Koçak Y, Camacho P, Camilleri VE, Cazzato V, Cerea S, Chaiwutikornwanich A, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chambers T, Chen QW, Chen X, Chien CL, Chobthamkit P, Choompunuch B, Compte EJ, Corrigan J, Cosmas G, Cowden RG, Czepczor-Bernat K, Czub M, da Silva WR, Dadfar M, Dalley SE, Dany L, Datu JAD, Berbert de Carvalho PH, Coelho GLDH, De Jesus AOS, Debbabi SH, Dhakal S, Di Bernardo F, Dimitrova DD, Dion J, Dixson B, Donofrio SM, Drysch M, Du H, Dzhambov AM, El-Jor C, Enea V, Eskin M, Farbod F, Farrugia L, Fian L, Fisher ML, Folwarczny M, Frederick DA, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Furnham A, García AA, Geller S, Ghisi M, Ghorbani A, Martinez MAG, Gradidge S, Graf S, Grano C, Gyene G, Hallit S, Hamdan M, Handelzalts JE, Hanel PHP, Hawks SR, Hekmati I, Helmy M, Hill T, Hina F, Holenweger G, Hřebíčková M, Ijabadeniyi OA, Imam A, İnce B, Irrazabal N, Jankauskiene R, Jiang DY, Jiménez-Borja M, Jiménez-Borja V, Johnson EM, Jovanović V, Jović M, Jović M, Junqueira ACP, Kahle LM, Kantanista A, Karakiraz A, Karkin AN, Kasten E, Khatib S, Khieowan N, Kimong PJ, Kiropoulos L, Knittel J, Kohli N, Koprivnik M, Kospakov A, Król-Zielińska M, Krug I, Kuan G, Kueh YC, Kujan O, Kukić M, Kumar S, Kumar V, Lamba N, Lauri MA, Laus MF, LeBlanc LA, Lee HJ, Lipowska M, Lipowski M, Lombardo C, Lukács A, Maïano C, Malik S, Manjary M, Baldó LM, Martinez-Banfi M, Massar K, Matera C, McAnirlin O, Mebarak MR, Mechri A, Meireles JFF, Mesko N, Mills J, Miyairi M, Modi R, Modrzejewska A, Modrzejewska J, Mulgrew KE, Myers TA, Namatame H, Nassani MZ, Nerini A, Neto F, Neto J, Neves AN, Ng SK, Nithiya D, O J, Obeid S, Oda-Montecinos C, Olapegba PO, Olonisakin TT, Omar SS, Örlygsdóttir B, Özsoy E, Otterbring T, Pahl S, Panasiti MS, Park Y, Patwary MM, Pethö T, Petrova N, Pietschnig J, Pourmahmoud S, Prabhu VG, Poštuvan V, Prokop P, Ramseyer Winter VL, Razmus M, Ru T, Rupar M, Sahlan RN, Hassan MS, Šalov A, Sapkota S, Sarfo JO, Sawamiya Y, Schaefer K, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Seekis V, Selvi K, Sharifi M, Shrivastava A, Siddique RF, Sigurdsson V, Silkane V, Šimunić A, Singh G, Slezáčková A, Sundgot-Borgen C, Ten Hoor G, Tevichapong P, Tipandjan A, Todd J, Togas C, Tonini F, Tovar-Castro JC, Trangsrud LKJ, Tripathi P, Tudorel O, Tylka TL, Uyzbayeva A, Vally Z, Vanags E, Vega LD, Vicente-Arruebarrena A, Vidal-Mollón J, Vilar R, Villegas H, Vintilă M, Wallner C, White MP, Whitebridge S, Windhager S, Wong KY, Yau EK, Yamamiya Y, Yeung VWL, Zanetti MC, Zawisza M, Zeeni N, Zvaríková M, Voracek M. Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age. Body Image 2023; 46:449-466. [PMID: 37582318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Reza Afhami
- Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oli Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Annie Aimé
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussam Al Halbusi
- Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Alexias
- Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Khawla F Ali
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Nursel Alp-Dal
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkiya
| | - Anas B Alsalhani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Álvares-Solas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador
| | | | - Sonny Andrianto
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Trefor Aspden
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Argyrides
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus
| | | | - Stephen Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Olusola Ayandele
- Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Radvan Bahbouh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Ballesio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Barron
- School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Ashleigh Bellard
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerime Derya Beydağ
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gorana Birovljević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Teresita Borja-Alvarez
- Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joanna Borowiec
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Miroslava Bozogáňová
- Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pedagogy, Andragogy, and Psychology, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
| | | | - Marina Burakova
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yeliz Çakır-Koçak
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkiye
| | | | | | - Valentina Cazzato
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Tim Chambers
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Qing-Wei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lung Chien
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Bovornpot Choompunuch
- Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Emilio J Compte
- School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Penalolen, Chile; Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jennifer Corrigan
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Getrude Cosmas
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Richard G Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Kamila Czepczor-Bernat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Czub
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mahboubeh Dadfar
- Department of Addiction, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simon E Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel Dany
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jesus Alfonso D Datu
- Teacher Education and Learning Leadership Academic Unit, Faculty of Education. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
- Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandesh Dhakal
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Donka D Dimitrova
- Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Barnaby Dixson
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
| | - Stacey M Donofrio
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Drysch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hongfei Du
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Angel M Dzhambov
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Claire El-Jor
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
| | - Mehmet Eskin
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Farinaz Farbod
- Department of Textile and Fashion Design, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leonie Fian
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michał Folwarczny
- Discipline of Marketing, J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
| | | | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alireza Ghorbani
- Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Gradidge
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Caterina Grano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gyöngyvér Gyene
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Motasem Hamdan
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Paul H P Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Hawks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UnitedStates of America
| | - Issa Hekmati
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mai Helmy
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, Egypt
| | - Tetiana Hill
- Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Hina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Asma Imam
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Başak İnce
- Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Irrazabal
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Ding-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Micaela Jiménez-Borja
- Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Borja
- Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evan M Johnson
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, United States of America
| | - Veljko Jovanović
- Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Jović
- Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Jović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lisa-Marie Kahle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ahmet Karakiraz
- Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | | | - Erich Kasten
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salam Khatib
- Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Nuannut Khieowan
- Asian Studies Department, Faculty of International Studies, Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand
| | | | - Litza Kiropoulos
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua Knittel
- Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neena Kohli
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Mirjam Koprivnik
- Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Aituar Kospakov
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Magdalena Król-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Garry Kuan
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Yee Cheng Kueh
- Biostatics and Research Methods Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Omar Kujan
- Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Miljana Kukić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Vipul Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India
| | - Nishtha Lamba
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Hyejoo J Lee
- Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
| | | | - Mariusz Lipowski
- Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Andrea Lukács
- Faculty of Health Care, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Sadia Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mandar Manjary
- Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India; M.M.D. Public School, Brahmpuri, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Lidia Márquez Baldó
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Martha Martinez-Banfi
- Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia; Life Science Research Centre, Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Camila Matera
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Olivia McAnirlin
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, United States of America
| | | | - Anwar Mechri
- Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Norbert Mesko
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Maya Miyairi
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ritu Modi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Adriana Modrzejewska
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay, Australia
| | - Taryn A Myers
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, United States of America
| | - Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mohammad Zakaria Nassani
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda Nerini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures, and Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Félix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Neto
- Research Center in Business Sciences and Tourism of Consuelo Vieira da Costa Foundation (CICET-FCVC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Angela Noguiera Neves
- Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Siu-Kuen Ng
- Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Devi Nithiya
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Jiaqing O
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Salma Samir Omar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Emrah Özsoy
- Sakarya Business School, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | | | - Sabine Pahl
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare, Rome, Italy
| | - Yonguk Park
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
- Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Tatiana Pethö
- Department of Managerial Psychology, The University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Nadezhda Petrova
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Vita Poštuvan
- Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Department of Psychology FAMNIT, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Magdalena Razmus
- Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physio-Psychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mirjana Rupar
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Reza N Sahlan
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, United States of America
| | | | - Anđela Šalov
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Saphal Sapkota
- KOSHISH-National Mental Health Self-Help Organization, Kusunti, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jacob Owusu Sarfo
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Consumer Behavior, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veya Seekis
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kerim Selvi
- Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkiye
| | - Mehdi Sharifi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Anita Shrivastava
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Valdimar Sigurdsson
- Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vineta Silkane
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Valmiera, Latvia
| | - Ana Šimunić
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Alena Slezáčková
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Gill Ten Hoor
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Passagorn Tevichapong
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arun Tipandjan
- International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Constantinos Togas
- Faculty of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Fernando Tonini
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Telemark, Norway
| | - Pankaj Tripathi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Otilia Tudorel
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Anar Uyzbayeva
- Department of General Education Disciplines, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zahir Vally
- Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Art, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Luis Diego Vega
- Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Jose Vidal-Mollón
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of València, València, Spain
| | - Roosevelt Vilar
- Department of Psychology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hyxia Villegas
- Vice-rectory for Teaching, Research, and Extension, Universida Latina de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mona Vintilă
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mathew P White
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kah Yan Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Eric Kenson Yau
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuko Yamamiya
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victoria Wai Lan Yeung
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China; Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Magdalena Zawisza
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Zeeni
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Martina Zvaríková
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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He J, Cui T, Barnhart WR, Chen G. The Chinese version of the Functionality Appreciation Scale: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender and age. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:99. [PMID: 37340301 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functionality appreciation, as an important aspect of positive image, is associated with fewer body image disturbances, fewer disordered eating behaviors, and improved psychological well-being. However, it has been under-researched in Asian countries. The current work aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among four Chinese samples of different ages, and further examine measurement invariance and differences of the FAS across gender and age groups. METHODS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were conducted to examine the factorial structure of the FAS among four Chinese samples of different ages, including middle school adolescents (n = 894, Mage = 12.17 years), high school adolescents (n = 1347, Mage = 15.07 years), young adults (n = 473, Mage = 21.95 years), and older adults (n = 313, Mage = 67.90 years). The measurement invariance of the FAS across gender and age was examined. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity were evaluated. RESULTS The FAS had a unidimensional structure and was invariant across gender and age groups. The FAS presented sound psychometric properties in all age groups by gender, with good internal consistency reliability [e.g., high Cronbach's α values (.91 ~ .97)] and good construct validity (e.g., significant associations with body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating). Moreover, group comparisons showed minimal gender differences in functionality appreciation. However, significant age differences were found in functionality appreciation, with older ages generally associated with higher functionality appreciation. CONCLUSION Overall, findings suggest that the FAS is a sound instrument to be used in the Chinese context. Furthermore, functionality appreciation was found to be higher in older adults than adolescents or young adults, suggesting the potential important role of aging in functionality appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Gui Chen
- College of Educational Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China
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Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R, Rutkauskaite R. The Comparison of Disordered Eating, Body Image, Sociocultural and Coach-Related Pressures in Athletes across Age Groups and Groups of Different Weight Sensitivity in Sports. Nutrients 2023; 15:2724. [PMID: 37375628 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare disordered eating (DE), body image, and sociocultural and coach-related pressures between athletes of different age groups (adolescents and adults) and between athletes participating in weight-sensitive (WS) and less WS groups. A total of 1003 athletes participated in this study. The age range of the sample was 15 to 44 years, and the mean age was 18.9 ± 5.8 years (51.3% were female). Athletes who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study were provided with the study measures on DE, body image and sociocultural attitudes towards appearance. Vomiting, laxative misuse and excessive exercise were more prevalent in adolescent female athletes than adults, while dietary restraint was more common in adult male athletes than adolescents. Adolescent female athletes experienced higher sociocultural (family, peers) and sport-related (coach) pressures and a less positive body image compared with adult female athletes. Adult male athletes experienced higher overweight preoccupation, more DE and unhealthy eating habits, and engaged in more frequent self-weighing behaviour compared with adolescent males. When the effect of weight sensitivity in sports was tested, a higher prevalence of DE and overweight preoccupation, more frequent self-weighing, and higher body-image-related pressure from coaches were observed in female athletes participating in aesthetic weight-sensitive (WS) sports as compared with those participating in less WS sports. No differences in positive body image were observed in female WS and less WS sports. Special DE prevention and positive body image promotion programs are necessary for female competitive athletes and parents of adolescent female athletes, especially those participating in aesthetic ones. For adult male athletes, special programs aiming to promote healthy eating should be implemented to prevent DE and body image concerns. Special education about DE prevention is compulsory for coaches who train female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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26
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Sullivan-Myers C, Sherman KA, Beath AP, Cooper MJW, Duckworth TJ. Body image, self-compassion, and sexual distress in individuals living with endometriosis. J Psychosom Res 2023; 167:111197. [PMID: 36805454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extensive psychological burden is associated with the experience of living with endometriosis, including negative changes to body image and sexual functioning. Emerging evidence suggests that potential protective factors such as body appreciation and self-compassion may help mitigate these adverse impacts of endometriosis. This study aimed to investigate the association of body image, both positive (body appreciation) and negative (body image disturbance) dimensions, with sexual distress and the potential buffering effect of self-compassion on the body image-sexual distress link. METHODS Data were collected via an online cross-sectional survey (N = 471) assessing body image disturbance, body appreciation, self-compassion and sexual distress in individuals with endometriosis. A series of hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between key variables. RESULTS >80% of the sample reported clinically significant sexual distress and high levels of body image disturbance. Regression analyses indicated a moderate positive effect of body image disturbance with sexual distress, and a weaker inverse effect of self-compassion with sexual distress. Body appreciation was not associated with sexual distress, and no moderating effects of self-compassion were evident. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of sexual distress identified in this sample, along with the finding that body image disturbance was strongly associated with sexual distress, suggest that psychosocial interventions addressing body image may help ameliorate sexual distress in individuals with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sullivan-Myers
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K A Sherman
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - A P Beath
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J W Cooper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Sydney, Level 7 187 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T J Duckworth
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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27
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Alleva JM, Tylka TL, Martijn C, Waldén MI, Webb JB, Piran N. "I'll never sacrifice my well-being again:" The journey from negative to positive body image among women who perceive their body to deviate from societal norms. Body Image 2023; 45:153-171. [PMID: 36934560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
We conducted one-on-one interviews with 25 Canadian cisgender women who self-identified as having (a) a condition or characteristic causing their body to deviate from societal norms and (b) overcome a negative body image to develop a positive body image. Using coding reliability thematic analyses, we identified 12 themes (italicised) involving processes and experiences associated with shifts in body image. Women had moments that sparked and confirmed the importance of building positive body image (Enough is Enough). They experienced accepting Social Connections and Community and Accessed Critical Knowledge conducive to body positivity. They engaged in Joyful Movement, Adaptive Appearance Investment, and Joyful and Intuitive Eating. They identified how Changing Societal Norms, Becoming Older and Wiser, COVID-19 Pandemic, having Illnesses and Medical Conditions, Pregnancy and Motherhood, and Spirituality, Religion, and Nature affected their body image, values, and valued action. As women engaged in these processes and experiences, shifts occurred in their perceptions of their embodied selves in the world, represented by four "Bigger Lessons:" I Am More Than My Looks, I Am More Than My Body, I am More Than My Self, and I am Inherently Worthy of Love, Respect, and Joy. These findings can inform body image programmes and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Carolien Martijn
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Moon I Waldén
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer B Webb
- Department of Psychological Science and Health Psychology PhD Program, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States
| | - Niva Piran
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, OISE/University of Toronto, Canada
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28
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Withnell SJ, Bodell LP. Does suppressing weight improve body satisfaction? A longitudinal analysis in undergraduate men and women. Body Image 2023; 45:126-132. [PMID: 36870187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Young adults with high body dissatisfaction may engage in disordered eating to reduce their weight, believing that weight loss will improve body satisfaction. Yet, limited research has examined whether suppressing weight contributes to improved body satisfaction in nonclinical samples. Undergraduate students (N = 661; 81.2% female) completed three surveys over a six-month period. Longitudinal mixed-effect models investigated whether weight suppression was associated with change in body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction was higher on average among women, and greater weight suppression was associated with greater body dissatisfaction across genders. Among women, higher baseline weight suppression was related to higher body dissatisfaction across time; however, neither baseline weight suppression nor change in weight suppression were associated with change in body dissatisfaction. Among men, higher baseline weight suppression was related to increased body dissatisfaction over time. However, greater increases in weight suppression were associated with improvements in body dissatisfaction. Thus, the impact of weight suppression on body image outcomes may differ by gender. Findings suggest that when men become more weight suppressed, their body dissatisfaction decreases; however, changes in weight may not impact body dissatisfaction in women. Findings may inform educational programs challenging diet and weight loss myths, particularly for women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay P Bodell
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Modica CA, DiLillo V, Swami V. Measurement invariance of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS) across Black, Hispanic, and White women in the United States. Body Image 2023; 44:69-77. [PMID: 36502544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS) assesses the degree to which women perceive diverse appearances and internal qualities as being beautiful. Although the instrument is increasingly used in diverse national and linguistic contexts, no previous study has examined measurement invariance of the BCBS across racial groups. To rectify this, we asked 395 Black, 406 Hispanic, and 423 White women from the United States to complete the BCBS. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a unidimensional model of BCBS scores had poor fit to the data in the total sample, but freely estimating error covariances between six pairs of items resulted in adequate fit. Additionally, full configural and scalar invariance was supported, but metric invariance was not, with further testing indicating that the item loading for one item differed across groups. Comparison of latent means indicated that all between-groups comparisons in BCBS scores were non-significant. However, medium-sized group differences in BCBS scores emerged once group differences in key demographics were controlled for. Overall, these results suggest that the BCBS largely achieves measurement invariance across Black, Hispanic, and White women in the United States, suggestive of similarity in how the construct of broad conceptualisation of beauty is understood and experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicki DiLillo
- Department of Psychology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH United States
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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30
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Modica CA, DiLillo V. A structural invariance analysis of the acceptance model of intuitive eating across black, hispanic, and white young-adult women. Body Image 2023; 44:157-169. [PMID: 36638751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, structural invariance of the acceptance model of intuitive eating was examined between a sample of Black (n = 420), Hispanic (n = 420), and White (n = 435) cisgender women between the ages of 18-30 years old residing in the United States. Mean age for the total sample (n = 1275) was 24.17 years old (SD = 3.65). Women were recruited via Qualtrics Sampling, and self-report measures were administered online. Multigroup analyses were employed within a structural equation modeling framework, and measurement invariance at the configural, metric, scalar, and strict/residual levels was investigated first. After uncovering and accounting for several error variances that were non-invariant, multigroup structural invariance analyses indicated that paths within the model were invariant across the three ethnicities of women. BMI was also incorporated into the model, which, likewise, showed invariance in its associations with specific constructs. With due cautions related to the impact of cultural ideals regarding appearance and the interplay of ethnicity and body-related experiences among women, these results provide preliminary evidence that the model may apply to Black, White, and Hispanic women in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Modica
- Department of Psychology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States.
| | - Vicki DiLillo
- Department of Psychology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States
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31
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Mernone L, Fiacco S, Ehlert U. Positive body perception and its link to sexual satisfaction in aging women - findings from the Women 40+ Healthy Aging Study. J Women Aging 2023; 35:152-167. [PMID: 34882510 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2021.2002647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on the relation between physical appearance and sexual satisfaction in aging women is scarce. This study uniquely links attractiveness, body perception, and sexual satisfaction in 124 healthy aging women. Two-thirds reported being highly sexually satisfied. BMI and fat mass correlated significantly with sexual satisfaction. Weight and shape concerns moderated this relationship, affecting sexual satisfaction beyond the effect of body size and composition. Given the "unattractive stereotype" of older women related to the enduring social beauty ideal of a youthful and thin body, positive body perceptions in light of age-associated bodily changes should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mernone
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serena Fiacco
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the German version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2): Cross-validation, measurement invariance, and population-based norms. Body Image 2023; 45:105-116. [PMID: 36867965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a representative sample of the German general population (N = 2509, 16-74 years), this work aimed to cross-validate the modified one-factor model recently reported for the German Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2). We also examined measurement invariance across gender, tested differential item functioning across age and BMI, systematically evaluated subgroup differences, and provided norms according to subgroups. Overall, the BAS-2 demonstrates good internal consistency. Cross-validation supported the generalizability of the modified one-factor model. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported full scalar invariance across gender; comparisons revealed higher scores among men compared to women with a small effect size. Age (only women) and BMI (both genders) significantly predicted latent BAS-2 scores. Of note, differential item functioning for age and BMI was observed. Concerning manifest group differences, we found a significant main effect of weight status: Individuals with obesity reported the lowest body appreciation levels, while individuals with underweight/ normal weight reported highest levels. Our findings suggest that the German BAS-2 has good psychometric properties and is suitable for examining body appreciation across gender among German women and men. Moreover, norm values enable future usage of the scale in health and clinical research by providing reference data for interpretation.
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33
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Functionality appreciation and its correlates: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2023; 45:65-72. [PMID: 36796304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Functionality appreciation is a component of positive body image that refers to respecting and honoring the body for what it is capable of doing. A growing number of studies have investigated the features, correlates, and outcomes of functionality appreciation, yet a synthesis of this literature is missing. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of research on functionality appreciation. Fifty-six studies were included (85 % cross-sectional). Random effects meta-analyses were performed on 21 cross-sectional correlates and on seven randomized trials of psychological interventions that assessed functionality appreciation as an outcome. Meta-analyses showed that functionality appreciation was consistently associated with fewer body image problems, lower levels of eating disorder symptoms, and better mental health and wellbeing. Functionality appreciation was unrelated to age and gender, but weakly (and negatively) related to body mass index. Preliminary evidence from prospective designs suggests that the appreciation of body functionality may promote adaptive eating patterns and prevent maladaptive eating and body image patterns over time. Psychological interventions designed to cultivate functionality appreciation in full or in part produced greater improvements in this construct than control conditions. Findings confirm that functionality appreciation is associated with numerous wellbeing constructs and could serve as a potentially useful target for intervention.
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34
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O'Neill EA, Trout K, Ramseyer Winter V. Relationships between experiencing anti-fat microaggressions, body appreciation, and perceived physical and mental health. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:107-118. [PMID: 35699369 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether body appreciation mediates the relationships between anti-fat microaggression experiences and perceived physical and mental health. Using a cross-sectional survey design, our study included 384 adult cisgender women in the United States. We found that anti-fat microaggression experiences had a negative association with body appreciation, and perceived physical and mental health. Body appreciation had a positive relationship to perceived physical and mental health. Our study further suggests that body appreciation is an important modifiable factor that mediates the relationships between anti-fat microaggression experiences and perceived mental and physical health. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A O'Neill
- Social Work Department, Washburn University, Topeka, KS, USA.,Center for Body Image Research and Policy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kate Trout
- School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Virginia Ramseyer Winter
- Center for Body Image Research and Policy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,School of Social Work, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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35
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Price AA, McCann KGY, Kunzler L, Leavitt CE, Holmes EK. Body Image and Sex: A Dyadic Examination of Body Esteem and Sexual Inhibition, Obsession, and Harmony. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36624975 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2164243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
How each individual within a relationship views their body may play a role in how they experience their sexual interactions. Previous research found associations between body image and sexual well-being at an individual level, but very little research has examined a dyadic association between body image and sexual and relational well-being. Using a nationally representative sample of 2,177 newlywed couples, this study used an Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) to estimate actor and partner associations between body esteem and relationship satisfaction, using sexual styles - inhibited, obsessed, or harmonious - as potential mediators. Findings showed both actor and partner effects. Body esteem was positively associated with own and partner's sexual harmony. Both men's and women's body esteem were negatively associated with women's sexual inhibition. A positive association between body esteem and own relationship satisfaction remained even when accounting for sexual mediators. Additional findings are discussed. These findings indicate that an individual's comfort with the body may be associated with sexual and relational well-being for both partners.
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36
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Argyrides M, Koundourou C, Angelidou A, Anastasiades E. Body Image, Media Influences, and Situational Dysphoria in Individuals with Visible Physical Disabilities. Int J Psychol Res (Medellin) 2023; 16:78-88. [PMID: 37547865 PMCID: PMC10402647 DOI: 10.21500/20112084.6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Body image in individuals with visible physical disabilities appears to be an important area of research and investigation, which has received little attention over the years. The purpose of the current descriptive, cross-sectional study was to investigate relationships between the body image construct, possible media influences on body image satisfaction, self-esteem, and the novel variable of situational body image dysphoria in individuals with visible physical disabilities. One hundred fifty-four men and women responded to the measures of interest. Results indicated that appearance satisfaction, weight-related anxiety, pressures from the media, and the internalization of the thin ideal were significant predictors of situational body image dysphoria. Additionally, when controlling for type of disability, females face more difficulties concerning only some of the variables of interest. These findings have important implications for practice with regards to screening measures, the education of healthcare professionals, as well as intervention and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Argyrides
- Neapolis University Pafos, Chipre.Neapolis University PafosChipre
| | | | - Athina Angelidou
- Neapolis University Pafos, Chipre.Neapolis University PafosChipre
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37
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Validation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents and sexuality-related correlates. Body Image 2022; 43:193-204. [PMID: 36154978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction has received considerable scientific attention, while research about positive body image has been neglected, particularly among adolescents. The aims of the present study were to examine (1) the factor structure of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a large sample of cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents, (2) measurement invariance across language, gender and sexual orientation-based groups, (3) convergent validity with sexuality-related outcomes and (4) one-year temporal stability. Results of a confirmatory analysis among 2419 adolescents (Mage=14.6 years, SD=0.62; 52.6% girls) corroborated the proposed one-dimensional factor structure of the scale. The BAS-2 demonstrated adequate reliability and one-year temporal stability. The scale was partially invariant across gender and fully invariant across language and cisgender heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents. Boys (cis and trans) had higher levels of body appreciation than girls (cis and trans), while no significant differences were observed between heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents. The BAS-2 correlated positively with sexual satisfaction and sexual body-esteem as well as negatively with sexual distress. Our findings support the validity and reliability of the BAS-2 in French and English for measuring body appreciation in adolescents.
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38
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Mills JS, Minister C, Samson L. Enriching sociocultural perspectives on the effects of idealized body norms: Integrating shame, positive body image, and self-compassion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983534. [PMID: 36506975 PMCID: PMC9732395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image is an integral aspect of the psychology of the self. Idealized body images are ubiquitous in both traditional media forms (e.g., magazines, television) and social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram). The classic sociocultural model of body image (i.e., the Tripartite Influence Model) emphasizes pathways between idealized body norms, appearance comparisons, internalization of body ideals, and body dissatisfaction and its outcomes. We summarize the model and identify some issues to be addressed in future work, particularly in light of the immense popularity of social media. We review three topics that are not included in the sociocultural model but that provide a more complete picture of the influence of societal body norms on body image: (1) body shame, (2) positive body image, and (3) self-compassion. Research on the nature, assessment, and relevance of these constructs is reviewed in detail. In terms of clinical applications of these areas of research for individuals at risk of body dissatisfaction, we suggest assessing for and targeting body shame, cultivating facets of positive body image, and teaching strategies for developing self-compassion.
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39
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Huisman B, Verveen A, de Graaf NM, Steensma TD, Kreukels BPC. Body image and treatment desires at clinical entry in non-binary and genderqueer adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2022; 24:234-246. [PMID: 37114111 PMCID: PMC10128456 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2131675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Gender clinics are experiencing an increase in non-binary and/or genderqueer (NBGQ) individuals applying for gender affirming medical treatment (GAMT). GAMT is a well-established approach in reducing body dissatisfaction in binary transgender (BT) people, but knowledge on GAMT in NBGQ people is limited. Previous research shows that NBGQ individuals report different treatment needs compared to BT individuals. In attempting to address this difference, the current study examines the association between identifying as NBGQ, body dissatisfaction and their underlying motives for GAMT. The main research objectives were to describe the desires and motives for GAMT in NBGQ people and to examine how body dissatisfaction and gender identity relate to one's request for GAMT. Methods: Online self-report questionnaires were administered on 850 adults referred to a gender identity clinic (Mdn age = 23.9 years). Gender identity and desires for GAMT were surveyed at clinical entry. Body satisfaction was assessed with the Body Image Scale (BIS). Multiple linear regressions were used to examine whether BIS scores differed between NBGQ and BT individuals. Chi-square post hoc analyses were used to identify differences in treatment desires and motives between BT and NBGQ individuals. Logistic regressions were conducted to study the association between body image, gender identity and treatment desire. Results: Compared to BT persons (n = 729), NBGQ persons (n = 121) reported less body dissatisfaction, primarily with the genital area. NBGQ persons also preferred fewer GAMT interventions. If a procedure was not desired, NBGQ individuals more often motivated this on the basis of their gender identity, while BT individuals more often cited the risks of the procedure as their primary reason. The study confirms the need for more NBGQ specialized care, as they have a distinct experience of their gender incongruence, physical distress and express specific needs in GAMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodi Huisman
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Verveen
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nastasja M. de Graaf
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas D. Steensma
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P. C. Kreukels
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Patterson M, McDonough MH, Hewson J, Culos-Reed SN, Bennett E. Social Support and Body Image in Group Physical Activity Programs for Older Women. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:335-343. [PMID: 35894880 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Physical declines with aging may negatively impact women's body image. Group physical activity can be a source of social support that may improve body image. We examined how social support experienced in group physical activity programs impacts older women's body image. Guided by interpretive description, we interviewed 14 women age 65 years and older who participated in group physical activity classes. Although women experienced both positive and negative body image, body image was generally positively impacted by physical activity. Four themes described social support processes that affected body image in the physical activity context: fitting in and being inspired through identifying with others; what is discussed and not discussed; providing comfort, understanding, and acceptance; and skilled and empathetic interactions with instructors. Understanding how social support in group physical activity can promote positive body image throughout aging can inform practical guidelines for facilitating and improving support in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Hewson
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,Canada
| | - S Nicole Culos-Reed
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB,Canada
| | - Erica Bennett
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,Canada
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41
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Nelson SL, Harriger JA, Miller-Perrin C, Rouse SV. The effects of body-positive Instagram posts on body image in adult women. Body Image 2022; 42:338-346. [PMID: 35926363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
While recent studies have examined the effects of viewing body-positive social media content on body appreciation and satisfaction in young adult women, research has yet to include older adult women. The current study assessed the effects of viewing body-positive Instagram content on body image in 205 adult women (18-76 years old) who were randomly assigned to view either body-positive, thin-ideal, or appearance-neutral Instagram content. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to body-positive Instagram content resulted in greater levels of body appreciation and body satisfaction compared to exposure to thin-ideal and neutral Instagram content, while no significant differences were found between any of the conditions on self-objectification. Finally, age was only a significant moderator for one variable (self objectification) and condition (thin ideal), indicating that exposure to body-positive social media content may improve levels of body appreciation and satisfaction in adult women, regardless of age.
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42
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Linardon J, McClure Z, Tylka TL, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Body appreciation and its psychological correlates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2022; 42:287-296. [PMID: 35878528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Body appreciation, defined as accepting, holding favourable attitudes towards, and respecting the body, is the most widely studied facet of positive body image. Despite more than 15 years of research investigating associations between body appreciation and psychological wellbeing constructs, a synthesis of this literature has yet to be performed. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of research on body appreciation and its psychological correlates. Two-hundred-forty papers were included, of which only eight investigated prospective associations. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on 35 cross-sectional correlates of body appreciation. Prospective associations were reviewed qualitatively. Meta-analyses showed that body appreciation was inversely associated with numerous indices of eating (eating pathology, restraint) and body image disturbances (appearance-ideal internalization, body surveillance, sociocultural pressures), and general psychopathology (depression, anxiety). Body appreciation was positively associated with several adaptive wellbeing constructs (self-esteem, self-compassion, sexual satisfaction). Crucially, pooled associations were still evident after controlling for the influence of negative body image. Qualitative synthesis showed that body appreciation may also promote better wellbeing over time. Findings confirm that body appreciation is consistently associated with better psychological wellbeing. Body appreciation shows promise as a viable intervention target in mental health promotion initiatives and eating disorder prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong VIC 3220; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Zoe McClure
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong VIC 3220
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong VIC 3220; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Lee M. Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2. Body Image 2022; 42:11-24. [PMID: 35617824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a Korean context is still unexplored, even though awareness of the importance of a positive body image has increased in South Korea. The current study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the BAS-2, specifically to (1) translate and culturally adapt the BAS-2 to Korea, (2) confirm its unidimensional construct, and (3) identify its associations with body image and psychological outcomes across sex with a Korean sample. Data from 839 Korean adult men (n = 415) and women (n = 424) were randomly split into two subsamples. Using the exploratory factor analysis to confirmatory factor analysis strategy, the current study showed support for one factor structure of a Korean translation of the BAS-2. Scalar measurement invariance was found between men and women. Further analyses revealed construct validity through associations with measures of muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction (for men), internalization (for women), and appearance evaluation, as well as incremental validity through hierarchical regression analyses predicting life satisfaction and self-esteem. The Korean BAS-2 presented good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Korean BAS-2 is a reliable and valid measure, allowing for cross-cultural comparisons of body appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design, Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do 27478, South Korea.
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44
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Biefeld SD, Brown CS. Fat, sexy, and human? Perceptions of plus-size sexualized women and dehumanization. Body Image 2022; 42:84-97. [PMID: 35671637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that sexualized women are dehumanized and viewing sexualized images negatively impacts viewers' body image; however, plus-size women are mostly absent from this research. The current studies investigate how sexualization impacts dehumanization of plus-size women and participants' body image. In Study 1 (N = 277, Mage = 19.52, SD =1.77) men and women viewed images of plus-size and thin sexualized and non-sexualized women and rated the women on traits linked to dehumanization. Results indicated that sexualized thin targets were perceived as less human than plus-size sexualized and non-sexualized targets. Plus-size sexualized targets were also perceived as less human than plus-size non-sexualized targets. In Study 2 (N = 500, Mage = 18.98, SD = 1.51) we investigated the impact of viewing sexualized images on participants' feelings about their own body. Results indicated that sexualization, but not body size, impacted women's objectified body consciousness. Men's body esteem was impacted by the body size of the image. Perceived race of the image also impacted feelings of body control for both men and women. Taken together these results highlight that sexualization, at any body size, impacts women's views about themselves and sexualized women, at any body size, are dehumanized.
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45
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Barinas JL, McDermott RC, Williams SG, Fruh SM, Hauff C, Hudson GM, Graves RJ, Melnyk BM. Positive and negative psychosocial factors related to healthy and unhealthy weight control among nursing students. J Prof Nurs 2022; 42:290-300. [PMID: 36150873 PMCID: PMC9783016 DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nursing students are educated on the importance of exercising regularly and maintaining a well-balanced diet, many do not practice healthy weight management behaviors, and some even use unhealthy weight loss methods. Yet, little research has examined both positive and negative psychosocial variables related to weight control among nursing students. PURPOSE The present study aimed to identify the most salient psychosocial variables related to healthy and unhealthy weight control among nursing students. METHOD Using survey data from 241 nursing students, structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the relative contributions of eight interrelated psychosocial variables, including constructs from a strengths perspective (health-specific hope, health self-efficacy, social support, and body satisfaction) and from a deficit perspective (depression, anxiety, weight perception, and barriers to physical activity). RESULTS Results showed that the degree to which individuals perceive themselves to be overweight was related to both healthy and unhealthy weight control. Aside from weight perception, health self-efficacy produced the strongest association with healthy weight control, and anxiety produced the strongest association with unhealthy weight control. The structural model explained 23 % of the variance in healthy weight control and 29 % of the variance in unhealthy weight control. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the need for tailored, integrated weight management interventions for nursing students that equip them with effective anxiety management skills and build self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Barinas
- Department of Psychology, University Commons 1000, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36608, United States of America.
| | - Ryon C McDermott
- Department of Counseling and Instructional Sciences, University Commons 3800, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States of America
| | - Susan G Williams
- College of Nursing, 5721 USA Drive North, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States of America
| | - Sharon M Fruh
- College of Nursing, 5721 USA Drive North, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn Hauff
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, Suite 1016, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M Hudson
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, Suite 1016, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J Graves
- College of Nursing, 5721 USA Drive North, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States of America
| | - Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk
- College of Nursing, 1585 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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46
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Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Litster J, Del Casale R, Stenling A. Is a female physical empowerment campaign effective in improving positive body image, motivation for physical activity, and physical activity behavior in young female adults? A two-study experimental test of "This Girl Can". Body Image 2022; 42:150-159. [PMID: 35717703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This Girl Can is a campaign designed to empower women to increase physical activity. The campaign uses images/videos of women of diverse body weights/shapes, ages and ethnicities being physically active, emphasizing body functionality. First, we examined the effects of multi-session (N = 3) exposures to This Girl Can on body functionality, body appreciation and self-compassion (Study 1). Second, we explored if autonomous motivation for physical activity mediated effects of This Girl Can on physical activity (Study 2). Women (Study 1: N = 186, M (SD) age = 27.55 (14.01); Study 2: N = 153, M (SD) age = 28.31 (11.70)) were randomized to This Girl Can, or control videos/images depicting idealized women of thin/athletic body types being physically active (Study 1), or control videos highlighting physical activity benefits (Study 2). Outcomes were measured at baseline, post-test and 1-week follow-up. Study 1 results showed significant group by time interactions for body functionality (decreasing in the control group), body appreciation and self-compassion (both increased only in the experimental conditions). In Study 2, path analysis revealed no statistically significant mediation effect (ab = 13.18, 95 % CI [-107.92, 152.59]) of autonomous motivation. Future interventions designed to promote positive body image and self-compassion should incorporate media focusing on diverse women engaging in self-chosen physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Bentley WA6845, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - J Litster
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Bentley WA6845, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - R Del Casale
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Bentley WA6845, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - A Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
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47
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Makarawung DJS, de Vries CEE, List EB, Monpellier VM, Mou D, Klassen AF, Pusic AL, van Veen RN, Mink van der Molen AB. Patient-Level Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life and Satisfaction with Body After Bariatric Surgery: a Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Study. Obes Surg 2022; 32:3079-3087. [PMID: 35859022 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-022-06214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) is a key outcome of success after bariatric surgery. Not all patients report improved HRQL scores postoperatively, which may be due to patient-level factors. It is unknown which factors influence HRQL after surgery. Our objective was to assess patient-level factors associated with HRQL after surgery. METHODS This international cross-sectional study included 730 patients who had bariatric surgery. Participants completed BODY-Q scales pertaining to HRQL and satisfaction with body, and demographic characteristics were obtained. The sample was divided into three groups based on time since surgery: 0 - 1 year, 1 - 3 years and more than 3 years. Uni- and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to identify variables associated with the BODY-Q scales per group. RESULTS The 0 - 1 year postoperative group included 377 patients (50.9%), the 1 - 3 years postoperative group 218 (29.4%) and the more than 3 years postoperative group 135 patients (18.2%). Lower current body-mass index (BMI), more weight loss (%TWL), being employed, having no comorbidities, higher age and shorter time since surgery were significantly associated with improved HRQL outcomes postoperatively. None of these factors influenced all BODY-Q scales. The effect of current BMI increased with longer time since surgery. CONCLUSION Factors including current BMI, %TWL, employment status, presence of comorbidities, age and time since surgery were associated with HRQL postoperatively. This information may be used to optimize patient-tailored care, improve patient education and underline the importance of long-term follow-up with special attention to weight regain to ensure lasting improvement in HRQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J S Makarawung
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - Claire E E de Vries
- Department of Surgery, OLVG West, Jan Tooropstraat 164, 1061 AE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Emile B List
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Valerie M Monpellier
- Dutch Obesity Clinic (Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek), Amersfoortseweg 43, 3712 BA, Huis Ter Heide, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Mou
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anne F Klassen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Andrea L Pusic
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruben N van Veen
- Department of Surgery, OLVG West, Jan Tooropstraat 164, 1061 AE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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Lee M, Lee HH. The Interaction Effects of Age and Body Size on Body Appreciation and Health- Related Behaviors. Int J Psychol Res (Medellin) 2022; 15:34-43. [PMID: 37274519 PMCID: PMC10233953 DOI: 10.21500/20112084.5490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the associations among age, body size, body (dis)satisfaction, and weight management behavior have been well documented, there is little research on how the combination of age and body size is related to body appreciation and health-related behavioral intentions. The purpose of this study is to identify the associations of age, body size, and their interactions with body appreciation and health-related behavioral intentions among Korean women. A cross-sectional research design was adopted with a convenience sampling method. Using an online survey questionnaire, complete data on body appreciation, health-related behavioral intentions, body size, height, weight, and age were collected from 531 Korean adult women aged 20-77 years. Using average scores for each variable, a series of hierarchical regression analyses were performed to identify the relative contributions of predictor variables on each criterion variable. The significant interaction terms were further examined using the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Overall, older Korean women were found to be more likely to have a positive body image and lower levels of behavioral intentions towards striving for a healthy body than younger women. This study confirmed the relative contribution of subjective body size in explaining women's body-related perceptions and behaviors, as compared to their actual BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design. Konkuk University Glocal Campus, 268 Chungwon-daero. Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea, 27478.Dept. of Fashion DesignKonkuk University Glocal CampusChungcheongbuk-doSouth Korea
| | - Hyun-Hwa Lee
- Dept. of Fashion Design & Textiles. Inha University, 100 Inharo, Michuhol-gu. Incheon, South Korea, 22212.Dept. of Fashion Design & TextilesInha UniversityIncheonSouth Korea
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49
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Linardon J. Reciprocal associations between intuitive eating and positive body image components: A multi-wave, cross-lagged study. Appetite 2022; 178:106184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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50
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Psychometric properties of a Farsi translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Iranian adolescents. Body Image 2022; 41:163-171. [PMID: 35255273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) measures an individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing (i.e., functionality appreciation). However, few studies have assessed the psychometric properties of the FAS in non-English speaking populations and in younger age groups. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Farsi translation of the FAS in Iranian adolescent girls and boys. A sample of 828 Iranian adolescents completed the FAS alongside the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Participants were randomly split into a first split-half for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) or a second split-half for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA broadly supported a 1-dimensional model of FAS scores, although one item had low item-factor loadings. The CFA indicated that both the 6- and 7-item models had adequate fit. In further analyses, we found that the 7-item unidimensional model was invariant across gender and that higher FAS scores were significantly associated with higher self-esteem and lower depressive symptoms, indicative of convergent validity. These results provide evidence that the Farsi translation of the FAS is reliable and valid for use in Iranian adolescent girls and boys.
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