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Kestler-Peleg M, Segev E, Kagan M. Exploring the Role of Discrepancy Stress and Muscle Dysmorphia in the Association Between Gender Role Discrepancy and Masculine Depression in Israeli Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02931-4. [PMID: 38918328 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Guided by the dynamic model of masculinity and men's psychopathology, the current study aimed to explore the mediating role of masculine discrepancy stress and each of the muscle dysmorphia dimensions (drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairments) in the association between masculine gender role discrepancy and masculine depression. For the present study, 936 Israeli men completed a structured self-report questionnaire. Masculine discrepancy stress and some of the muscle dysmorphia dimensions were found to partially mediate the association between masculine gender role discrepancy and masculine depression. The findings demonstrate how the internalization of social gender expectations and men's gender role discrepancy is reflected in the gap between perception of self and the typical man, which is eventually related to mental health outcomes. In turn, men attempt to mitigate the stress through what they perceive as masculine, reflecting muscle dysmorphia: drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairments, which in turn predict masculine depression. Therefore, mental and physical health professionals are advised to be aware of these mechanisms, in order to recognize the negative mental health outcomes arising from traditional societal gender role expectations and provide specific solutions for them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Einav Segev
- School of Social Work, Sapir Academic College, Sderot, Israel
| | - Maya Kagan
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
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2
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Ganson KT, Testa A, Rodgers RF, Jackson DB, Nagata JM. Relationships Between Violent Sexual Victimization and Muscle-Building Exercise among Adolescents from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2024; 94:158-164. [PMID: 37740408 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between violent sexual victimization and muscle-building exercise among adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 8408) were analyzed. Two indicators of non-dating-related sexual violence (lifetime, past 12 months), along with one indicator of adolescent sexual violence (past 12 months), were assessed. Days of muscle-building in the past week were reported. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the three violent sexual victimization variables and muscle-building exercise. RESULTS Among the sample (50.3% girls), lifetime violent sexual victimization (relative risk ratio [RRR] 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29 to 2.72), past 12-month violent sexual victimization (RRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.22), and past 12-month sexual dating violence (RRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.51) were associated greater relative risk of high engagement (ie, 6 to 7 days) in muscle-building exercise relative to no engagement. CONCLUSIONS A history of violent sexual victimization is associated with greater involvement in muscle-building exercise, particularly among adolescent girls. Engagement in muscle-building exercise in relation to violent sexual victimization may be a means of emotion regulation and occur due to body dissatisfaction resulting from experiencing violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Toronto, M5S 1V4, Canada
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, Houston, 78229, United States
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, Baltimore, 21205, United States
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, San Fanscisco, 94158, United States
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3
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Ganson KT, Nguyen L, Ali ARH, Nagata JM, Rodgers RF, Murray SB, Alaggia R. "Eat more protein, build more muscle": A grounded theory study of muscle-building behaviors among Canadian adolescents and young adults. Body Image 2023; 47:101635. [PMID: 37806066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Unique risk factors for the development of muscle dissatisfaction and engagement in muscle-building behaviors have been described by theoretical frameworks and supported by empirical research. What remains unknown are the unique processes, including catalysts and facilitators, which underpin engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Therefore, this study used a grounded theory methodology to elucidate the process of engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Thirty-three individual semi-structured interviews with Canadian adolescents and young adults ages 16-30 years were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed using initial and focused coding to identify themes that explained the grounded theory. The core theme underpinning the grounded theory was balancing aesthetic, health, and functional goals in relation to participants' engagement in muscle-building behaviors. Participants described experiences that encompassed several unique phases of muscle-building engagement, including the initiation phase, beginner phase, preservation phase, and intensification phase. Participants also described unique methods of gathering information on muscle-building behaviors, and their own analysis and decision-making processes driving their behaviors. Findings from this study extend prior theory and research by conceptualizing a novel process theory of engagement in muscle-building behaviors among adolescent and young adults, resulting in important implications for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Raza Hasan Ali
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramona Alaggia
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Ganson KT, Hallward L, Rodgers RF, Testa A, Jackson DB, Nagata JM. Associations between violent victimization and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia: Findings from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors. Body Image 2023; 46:294-299. [PMID: 37392677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the associations between violent victimization and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD) among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Data from 2538 adolescents and young adults (16-30 years) from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors were analyzed. Violent victimization assessed included experiences of rape, sexual assault, emotional abuse, and physical abuse occurring in the past 12 months. A violent victimization sum score was also created. Symptoms of MD were assessed using the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Linear regression analyses were conducted, stratified by gender, to determine the associations between violent victimization and MDDI total score and subscale scores. Among women and men, experiencing sexual assault, physical abuse, and emotional abuse in the past 12 months were significantly associated with a higher MDDI total score. Additionally, as the number of forms of violent victimization experienced increased, the likelihood of a higher MDDI total score also increased, with the strongest association among women and men who reported experiencing three or more victimizations. Findings expand the limited prior research suggesting associations between violent victimization and MD by assessing these associations via multiple forms of victimization and amongst a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Laura Hallward
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Gasiorowska A, Folwarczny M, Tan LKL, Otterbring T. Delicate dining with a date and burger binging with buddies: impression management across social settings and consumers' preferences for masculine or feminine foods. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1127409. [PMID: 37396139 PMCID: PMC10311548 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1127409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumers often use their food choices as an impression management strategy to signal desirable aspects about themselves to others, especially in public places like restaurants and cafeterias, where the presence of others can promote certain consumption choices and preference patterns. In mating contexts, people prefer gender-typical traits and characteristics in a potential partner. Food options can also be classified according to their gender typicality, with certain alternatives perceived as feminine (e.g., salad, seafood) and with other options perceived as more masculine (e.g., steak, burger). Drawing on impression management theories from the drinking and dining domain and literature on sex differences in human mate preferences, we present a high-powered experiment investigating whether consumers' preferences for masculine or feminine foods depend on the social setting in which the food consumption takes place: dining with an attractive date (mating) or meeting and eating with friends (non-mating). Participants (N = 162, 46.9% females, 53.1% males; age M = 41.8 years, SD = 14.5) were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions (mating vs. non-mating) and were asked to indicate their food preferences for 15 dishes that differed markedly in perceived femininity/masculinity. Consistent with our theorizing, females (males) generally had a stronger preference for foods perceived as more feminine (masculine), thereby supporting the gender-typicality thesis at the aggregate level. Furthermore, females in the mating condition-but not females in the non-mating condition-reported significantly stronger preferences for more feminine food alternatives. However, in direct contrast to our theorizing, males preferred more masculine meals in the non-mating condition (i.e., when dining with friends), whereas this gender-typical tendency did not emerge in the mating condition (i.e., when dining with an attractive date). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and present a set of fruitful avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gasiorowska
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Folwarczny
- Department of Business Administration, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lynn K. L. Tan
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Something to Prove? Manhood Threats Increase Political Aggression Among Liberal Men. SEX ROLES 2023; 88:240-267. [PMID: 37006951 PMCID: PMC9999339 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Manhood is a precarious state that men seek to prove through the performance of masculine behaviors—including, at times, acts of aggression. Although correlational work has demonstrated a link between chronic masculine insecurity and political aggression (i.e., support for policies and candidates that communicate toughness and strength), experimental work on the topic is sparse. Existing studies also provide little insight into which men—liberal or conservative—are most likely to display increased political aggression after threats to their masculinity. The present work thus examines the effects of masculinity threat on liberal and conservative men’s tendency toward political aggression. We exposed liberal and conservative men to various masculinity threats, providing them with feminine feedback about their personality traits (Experiment 1), having them paint their nails (Experiment 2), and leading them to believe that they were physically weak (Experiment 3). Across experiments, and contrary to our initial expectations, threat increased liberal—but not conservative—men’s preference for a wide range of aggressive political policies and behaviors (e.g., the death penalty, bombing an enemy country). Integrative data analysis (IDA) reveals significant heterogeneity in the influence of different threats on liberal men’s political aggression, the most effective of which was intimations of physical weakness. A multiverse analysis suggests that these findings are robust across a range of reasonable data-treatment and modeling choices. Possible sources of liberal men’s heightened responsiveness to manhood threats are discussed.
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7
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Harris EA, Griffiths S. The differential effects of state and trait masculinity and femininity on body satisfaction among sexual minority men. Body Image 2023; 45:34-45. [PMID: 36764237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Masculine men are more likely to idealise being tall, muscular, and lean. Feminine men, on the other hand, are more likely to idealise leanness. At the trait level, masculinity and femininity have been linked with an unhealthy striving for these idealised traits and body dissatisfaction. However, it is unclear how feeling masculine or feminine in the moment might be associated with body satisfaction. Is feeling masculine and/or feminine associated with a boost in body satisfaction? In the first large-scale experience sampling study of masculinity and femininity (nobservations=25,133; Nparticipants=530), we find that state masculinity and femininity, but not trait, are associated with increased body satisfaction among sexual minority men. We also find a gender congruence effect whereby the positive associations between state masculinity/femininity on body satisfaction are more pronounced when these feelings align with trait levels of masculinity/femininity. Exploratory analyses revealed a moderating effect of eating disorder history. The associations between masculinity and femininity on body satisfaction were amplified for people who had been diagnosed with an eating disorder. This study presents the first evidence that the links between masculinity and femininity and body satisfaction can be delineated based on whether they are measured as traits or states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Harris
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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8
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Ganson KT, Jackson DB, Testa A, Nagata JM. Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence: A Prospective Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22944-NP22965. [PMID: 35119318 PMCID: PMC9679551 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211073097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that performance-enhancing substance (PES) use, including anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), is associated with interpersonal violence (e.g., fighting). This study aimed to determine whether legal PES use and AAS use are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) involvement cross-sectionally and over seven-year follow-up in a nationally representative prospective cohort study. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,288) were analyzed (2021). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between legal PES use and AAS use at Wave III (2001-2002; ages 18-26) and IPV victimization (five variables) and IPV perpetration (five variables) at Wave III and Wave IV (2008-2009; ages 24-32), adjusting for relevant demographic and confounding variables. Results from cross-sectional analyses showed that legal PES use and AAS use were associated with higher odds of both any IPV victimization and sexual IPV victimization, and both any IPV perpetration and physical IPV perpetration by pushing or shoving a partner. Results from prospective analyses showed that AAS use, but not legal PES use, was associated with higher odds of all five IPV victimization variables (any IPV victimization: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]1.04-2.84; two forms of physical abuse: 1: AOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.15-3.50; 2: AOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.06-4.21; incurring an injury from IPV victimization: AOR 4.90, 95% CI 1.71-14.01; and sexual IPV victimization AOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.05-5.65), as well as three IPV perpetration variables (any IPV perpetration: AOR 2.11, 95% CI 105-4.23; one form of physical abuse perpetration: AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.06-6.27; and sexual IPV perpetration: AOR 3.80, 95% CI 1.44-10.02). These results emphasize the adverse social and interpersonal risks associated with PES use. Continued research, health care, and public health prevention and intervention efforts to reduce the use of PES and occurrence of IPV are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social
Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family,
and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology &
Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Ganson KT, Jackson DB, Testa A, Murnane PM, Nagata JM. Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors among U.S. Men: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:758-764. [PMID: 34860634 PMCID: PMC9163206 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.2012114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Performance-enhancing substance (PES) use is common among young men and prior research has documented cross-sectional associations between anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use and sexual risk behaviors. However, this relationship remains understudied among a longitudinal cohort of young adult men, and research on prospective associations between legal PES (e.g., creatine) use and sexual risk behaviors is lacking. The current study addressed these oversights using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5,451). AAS use and legal PES use were assessed at Wave III (ages 18-26) and 10 indicators of sexual risk behavior were assessed at seven-year follow up (Wave IV; ages 24-32). Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted adjusting for demographic and behavioral confounders. Participants who reported AAS use and legal PES use had significantly higher number of one-time sexual partners and higher odds of multiple sex partners around the same time in the past 12 months. Participants who reported AAS use had higher odds of any STI in the past 12 months. These results extend prior research on the risk behaviors and adverse effects of PES use. Health care professionals should assess for PES use among young adult men and provide guidance on healthful sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pamela M. Murnane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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10
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Frederick DA, Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Convertino L, Pennesi JL, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among men: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:84-96. [PMID: 35247867 PMCID: PMC9812655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the tripartite influence model, body dissatisfaction is shaped by internalizing cultural appearance ideals stemming from appearance-related family, peer, and media pressures. This model was developed for women, but emerging evidence points to its relevance for men's body image. This study advanced this budding research by (a) integrating muscular-ideal internalization alongside lean-ideal internalization and body surveillance into the model, (b) examining two positive dimensions of body image as outcomes (body image quality of life and appearance evaluation), and (c) testing this model in national online sample of 5293 men. Structural equation modeling supported the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher lean-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and poorer body image outcomes. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance but more adaptive body image outcomes. We further examined whether model variables and paths differed based on men's body mass index (BMI). Men with higher BMIs evidenced a stronger path between body surveillance and body image outcomes. These findings highlight the usefulness of sociocultural models for understanding men's body image experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Ganson KT, Rodgers RF. Problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors: Overview, key gaps, and ideas for future research. Body Image 2022; 41:262-266. [PMID: 35325664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors, such as excessive weightlifting and muscle-building supplement and substance use (e.g., creatine, steroids), are common among young people, particularly boys and men. Theoretical models of eating disorders, and their constructs, are helpful in conceptualizing a number of risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors; however, these models lack a clear delineation of the factors that may specifically lead to the initiation and pursuit of these behaviors. This paper provides a brief overview of the theoretical models that have usefully framed research on problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors and the risk factors that been identified through this work. In addition, it identifies gaps related to understanding the factors leading to the initiation and continued or discontinued engagement in these behaviors, and it provides ideas for future research to help fill these gaps. Understanding the ways in which risk factors combine sequentially and interactively, to produce pathways to problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors is crucial for researchers to strengthen theoretical understandings of these behaviors, to inform intervention efforts, and guide policy and practice to decrease their rates among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
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12
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Frederick DA, Pila E, Malcarne VL, Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Best CR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brown TA, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic predictors of objectification theory and tripartite influence model constructs: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 40:182-199. [PMID: 34972020 PMCID: PMC9750803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined how demographic factors (gender, sexual orientation, racial group, age, body mass) were linked to measures of sociocultural appearance concerns derived from objectification theory and the tripartite influence model (McKinley & Hyde, 1996; Schaefer et al., 2015) among 11,620 adults. Men were less likely than women to report high body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, appearance-related media pressures, and family pressures; did not differ in peer pressures; and reported greater muscle/athletic internalization. Both men and women expressed greater desire for their bodies to look "very lean" than to look "very thin". Compared to gay men, heterosexual men reported lower body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, peer pressures, and media pressures. Black women reported lower thin-ideal internalization than White, Hispanic, and Asian women, whereas Asian women reported greater family pressures. Being younger and having higher BMIs were associated with greater sociocultural appearance concerns across most measures. The variation in prevalence of sociocultural appearance concerns across these demographic groups highlights the need for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Correspondence to: 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92860, USA. , (D.A. Frederick).
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy R. Best
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Cooper M, Reilly EE, Siegel JA, Coniglio K, Sadeh-Sharvit S, Pisetsky EM, Anderson LM. Eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine: an overview of risks and recommendations for treatment and early intervention. Eat Disord 2022; 30:54-76. [PMID: 32644868 PMCID: PMC7929530 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1790271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) are at significant risk for increases in symptomatology and diminished treatment access during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental precautions to limit coronavirus spread have affected food availability and access to healthy coping mechanisms, and have contributed to weight-stigmatizing social media messages that may be uniquely harmful to those experiencing EDs. Additionally, changes in socialization and routine, stress, and experiences of trauma that are being experienced globally may be particularly deleterious to ED risk and recovery. This paper presents a brief review of the pertinent literature related to the risk of EDs in the context of COVID-19 and offers suggestions for modifying intervention efforts to accommodate the unique challenges individuals with EDs and providers may be experiencing in light of the ongoing public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin E Reilly
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Siegel
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Kathryn Coniglio
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Emily M Pisetsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Roche C, Trompeter N, Bussey K, Mond J, Cunningham ML, Murray SB, Lonergan A, Mitchison D. Gender compatibility and drive for muscularity among adolescent boys: Examining the indirect effect of emotion regulation difficulties. Body Image 2021; 39:213-220. [PMID: 34500425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The drive for muscularity continues to be a prominent concern among adolescent boys. However, it is unknown how gender compatibility (gender typicality and gender contentedness) relates to this pursuit. The present study sought to examine the link between gender compatibility and drive for muscularity among male adolescents, and whether this is partially accounted for by emotion regulation difficulties. Participants were 903 male adolescents, aged 11-19 years, who completed self-report measures as part of the EveryBODY study. Using path analysis, a proposed mediation model was assessed, testing an indirect pathway of gender compatibility and drive for muscularity through emotion regulation difficulties. Findings showed an indirect pathway between gender compatibility and drive for muscularity through emotion regulation difficulties. That is, boys who were more content with their male gender and believed they were typical of their gender reported fewer emotion regulation difficulties and, in turn, exhibited a lower drive for muscularity. Findings support theoretical perspectives integrating masculinity and muscularity in boys, in that those who feel less compatible with their masculinity could be susceptible to developing a greater drive for muscularity to regulate distress deriving from perceptions of not being sufficiently masculine. This study sets the groundwork for future longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Roche
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nora Trompeter
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kay Bussey
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | | | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Lonergan
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Ganson KT, Murray SB, Mitchison D, Hawkins MAW, Layman H, Tabler J, Nagata JM. Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Performance-Enhancing Substance Use among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:854-860. [PMID: 33726612 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with negative health outcomes, yet their associations with performance-enhancing substance (PES) use are unclear. This study aimed to determine whether ACEs predict greater use of legal and illegal PES in young adults. METHODS We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 14,322), Waves I (1994-1995) and III (2001-2002). ACEs included childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, two neglect indicators, and cumulative ACEs. Legal (e.g. creatine monohydrate) and illegal (e.g. non-prescription anabolic-androgenic steroids; AAS) PES use was assessed. RESULTS Sexual abuse had the greatest effect and predicted higher odds of legal PES use (men: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-2.59; women: AOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.63-8.59) and AAS use (men: AOR 8.89, 95% CI 5.37-14.72; women: AOR 5.73, 95% CI 2.31-14.18). Among men, a history of physical abuse (AOR 3.04, 95% CI 2.05-4.52), being left alone by a parent/guardian (AOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.50-3.60), and basic needs not being met (AOR 3.47, 95% CI 2.30-5.23) predicted higher odds of AAS use. Among women, basic needs not being met (AOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.43-6.04) predicted higher odds of AAS use. Among both men and women, greater number of cumulative ACEs predicted higher odds of both legal and illegal PES use. CONCLUSIONS ACEs predict greater PES use among young adults. Clinicians should monitor for PES use among those who have experienced ACEs and provide psychoeducation on the adverse effects associated with PES use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Misty A W Hawkins
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Harley Layman
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jennifer Tabler
- Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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DiMuccio SH, Knowles ED. Precarious Manhood Predicts Support for Aggressive Policies and Politicians. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:1169-1187. [PMID: 33048007 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220963577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Precarious manhood (PM) theory posits that males are expected to actively maintain their reputations as "real men." We propose that men's concern about failing to meet masculine standards leads them to embrace policies and politicians that signal strength and toughness-or what we term political aggression. Three correlational studies support this claim. In Study 1, men's fear of failing to meet masculine expectations predicted their support for aggressive policies (e.g., the death penalty), but not policies lacking aggressive features (e.g., affirmative action). Studies 2 and 3 utilized Google searches to assess the relationship between regional levels of PM and real-world electoral behavior. The use of search terms related to masculine anxieties correlated with Donald Trump's vote share in the 2016 general election (Study 2) and, confirming preregistered predictions, with Republican candidates' vote shares in 2018 congressional elections (Study 3). We close by discussing potential sources of variation in PM.
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17
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Swami V, Horne G, Furnham A. COVID-19-related stress and anxiety are associated with negative body image in adults from the United Kingdom. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020; 170:110426. [PMID: 33046945 PMCID: PMC7539826 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stress and anxiety caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic presents a serious threat to psychological well-being in populations worldwide and may also extend to body image outcomes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a preliminary study in which an online sample of adults from the United Kingdom (N = 506, age M = 34.25 years) were asked to complete measures of perceived stress, stressful life events, trait anxiety, COVID-19-related stress and anxiety, and negative body image (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness in women, body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction in men). The results of hierarchical regressions indicated that COVID-19-related stress and anxiety explained significant incremental variance in body image outcomes (Adj. ΔR 2 = .02 to .10), over-and-above demographics (age and body mass index) and perceived stress, trait anxiety, and stressful life events. These findings suggest that COVID-19-related stress and anxiety may shape body image outcomes under conditions of physical and social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - George Horne
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Abstract
The global pandemic as a result of the SARS-CoV2 virus has seen over 16 m people infected and over 650,000 deaths, with men at double the risk of both developing the severe form of the disease and mortality. There are both biological (sex) and socio-cultural (gender) factors, compounded by socio-economic factors and ethnicity, that impact on the aftermath of what has occurred over the short time that this novel coronavirus has been circulating the world. The potential life-long morbidity as a result of the infection and as a consequence of highly invasive critical care treatment needs to be factored into the rehabilitation of survivors. There are also many men whose lives will have been severely affected both physically and emotionally by the pandemic without ever contracting the disease, with the widespread disruption to normal existence and its impact on their social world and the economy. The implications of the closure of many healthcare services over the initial lockdown will also have both a shorter- and longer-term impact on other diseases due to missed early diagnosis and disrupted treatment regimes. Getting effective public health messages out to the population is critical and this current pandemic is demonstrating that there needs to be a more focused view on men's health behavior. Without effective public support for preventative action, the more likely the disease will continue its path unabated. This review explores the wider ramifications of the disease both for those men who have survived the disease and those that have been affected by the wider social effects of the pandemic. The pandemic should be a wake-up call for all involved in the planning and delivery of health and social care for the greater attention to the central role of sex and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan White
- School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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19
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Cunningham ML, Rodgers RF, Lavender JM, Nagata JM, Frederick D, Szabo M, Murray SB. 'Big boys don't cry': Examining the indirect pathway of masculinity discrepancy stress and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology through dimensions of emotion dysregulation. Body Image 2020; 34:209-214. [PMID: 32653831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevailing conceptualizations of muscle dysmorphia (MD) have highlighted the role of adherence to stereotypical ideals of masculinity. In addition, the endorsement of masculine norms has been associated with dysfunctional emotional regulation, itself a correlate of body image psychopathology. Building on this, the present study sought to investigate the indirect relationship between masculinity discrepancy stress (i.e., distress related to one's perceived discrepancy in masculinity) and MD symptomatology via different facets of emotion dysregulation among adult men. A sample of 391 university and community men aged 18-50 years completed an online survey measuring the aforementioned constructs. A test of parallel indirect pathways revealed that emotion dysregulation, as a unitary construct, accounted for a substantial proportion (29.3 %) of the total association between masculinity discrepancy stress and MD symptomatology. Further, a significant unique indirect pathway was found through the specific emotion dysregulation facet of lack of access to adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Together, these findings suggest that emotion dysregulation is a particularly important construct to consider in understanding the relationship between perceived discrepancies in masculinity and MD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Cunningham ML, Nagata JM, Frederick D, Rodgers RF, Lavender JM, Szabo M, Murray SB. Who's the 'bigger' man? Parsing the relationships between masculinity and men's muscularity dissatisfaction. Body Image 2020; 34:94-100. [PMID: 32659680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Muscularity dissatisfaction is documented to be a pervasive phenomenon among men. While previous studies have examined theoretically relevant predictors of muscularity dissatisfaction, such as adherence to traditional masculine norms, to the best of our knowledge we are not aware of empirical research that has assessed how perceived discrepancies in one's level of masculinity may also be associated with these concerns. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether perceived deficits in masculinity bear predictive utility over and above adherence to traditional masculine norms in the context of muscularity dissatisfaction. An online survey that included measures assessing the aforementioned constructs was completed by 390 university and community adult men. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that while adherence to masculine norms was associated with increased muscularity dissatisfaction, masculine role discrepancy (and attendant stress) were particularly strong predictors of muscularity dissatisfaction. Our findings make a novel contribution to the male body image literature by demonstrating the relative importance of perceived discrepancies in masculinity, and related stress, in the context of muscularity dissatisfaction. Pending replication in relevant clinical samples using prospective designs, this study provides preliminary evidence that masculine role discrepancies may be promising targets to help allay muscularity concerns among men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - David Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, USA
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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21
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Frederick DA, Daniels EA, Bates ME, Tylka TL. Exposure to thin-ideal media affect most, but not all, women: Results from the Perceived Effects of Media Exposure Scale and open-ended responses. Body Image 2017; 23:188-205. [PMID: 29132044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Findings conflict as to whether thin-ideal media affect women's body satisfaction. Meta-analyses of experimental studies reveal small or null effects, but many women endorse appearance-related media pressure in surveys. Using a novel approach, two samples of women (Ns=656, 770) were exposed to bikini models, fashion models, or control conditions and reported the effects of the images their body image. Many women reported the fashion/bikini models made them feel worse about their stomachs (57%, 64%), weight (50%, 56%), waist (50%, 56%), overall appearance (50%, 56%), muscle tone (46%, 52%), legs (45%, 48%), thighs (40%, 49%), buttocks (40%, 43%), and hips (40%, 46%). In contrast, few women (1-6%) reported negative effects of control images. In open-ended responses, approximately one-third of women explicitly described negative media effects on their body image. Findings revealed that many women perceive negative effects of thin-ideal media in the immediate aftermath of exposures in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, USA.
| | | | - Morgan E Bates
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, USA
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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