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Felig RN, Goldenberg JL. Selfie-Evaluation: A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Selfie Behaviors and Self-Evaluations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1227-1250. [PMID: 37021398 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The "selfie" phenomenon shaped the past two decades, yet there is inconsistent evidence concerning the relationship between selfie behaviors and self-evaluations. This meta-analysis investigates the relationship between selfie taking, editing, and posting behavior and general and appearance-specific self-evaluations. The results reveal that selfie taking and posting are related to positive appearance-specific self-evaluations. In contrast, selfie editing is related to negative self-evaluations both generally and specific to appearance. Gender and age did not moderate these relationships, but methodological factors did, suggesting these relationships depend on factors, such as how selfie behaviors are measured and study design. We interpret these findings through the lens of prominent social psychological theories and conclude with suggestions to guide future research.
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2
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Nimiya A, K.G V, Shetty SB, Pai K, N S R, K R, D'Souza M, D'Souza P. Sex difference in body image, exercise motivation and social comparison among Instagram users: a cross sectional study. F1000Res 2024; 12:1506. [PMID: 38962298 PMCID: PMC11220442 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.134799.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In the 21 st century, impact of social media, particularly Social Networking Sites (SNSs) has been linked to a wide range of human beliefs and expectations. Growing body of research has indicated that body image concerns along with exercise motivation and social comparison are on the rise among young adults. The present study aimed to examine the sex difference in body image, exercise motivation and social comparison among people who use Instagram in the age group 20-30. A total of 212 participants (men=106, women=106) aged 20-30 years, who are users of Instagram completed Body Self Image Questionnaire Short Form as a measure of Body image, Exercise Motivation Inventory - 2 as a measure of Exercise Motivation and Instagram as a Tool for Social Comparison as a measure of Social Comparison. Results showed that a significant difference in body image exist across gender with body image issues higher among females and significant difference in exercise motivation across gender with exercise motivation higher among males. No sex differences were seen in social comparison. It was concluded that body image concerns are higher among females and the drive for exercise is higher among males who used Instagram. It was found that body image concerns were higher among people who exercised regularly as well as among those who followed fitness related pages on Instagram as compared to those who did not. These results provide an insight into the sex differences between the variables and future directions can be aimed at conducting an in-depth analysis using body image, exercise motivation and social comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Nimiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vasudha K.G
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sharanya B Shetty
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keshava Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reshma N S
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Radhika K
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mariella D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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3
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Portingale J, Krug I, Butler D. Enfacement illusions: Filling a knowledge gap in eating disorder risk assessment, prevention, and intervention? Int J Eat Disord 2024. [PMID: 38837437 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Body image disturbance (BID) is central to eating disorders (EDs), yet the role of self-face perception has received limited empirical attention despite rising sociocultural pressures emphasizing facial appearance through technologies such as social media. Emerging evidence suggests impairments in self-face recognition accuracy and distorted perceptions of facial appearance among individuals with EDs. Enfacement illusions, involving the experimental induction of perceived ownership over another's face, offer a novel paradigm to comprehensively investigate the perceptual multisensory integration processes underlying self-face perception disturbances in ED populations. Such an approach may hold promise for elucidating core pathological mechanisms contributing to BID and ED psychopathology. We discuss how rigorous investigation of self-face perception through the enfacement illusion paradigm represents an innovative direction of research and/or clinical application that may advance etiological models of EDs and possibly inform interventions targeting the potentially multidimensional nature of body and facial image disturbances characterizing EDs. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Body image disturbance is central to eating disorders (EDs), yet, the role of face-related disturbances remains critically under-investigated. After summarizing findings on face-related disturbances in EDs we propose how enfacement illusions (i.e., the experimental induction of ownership over another's face) may elucidate self-face perception disturbances in EDs, and their underlying mechanisms. Enfacement illusions may also offer an intervention to potentially address multifaceted face and body image disturbances characterizing EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Portingale
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Butler
- Faculty of Psychology and Counselling, The Cairnmillar Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Rodgers RF, Nowicki GP. #Thisis40: Body image among adult women who post selfies. J Women Aging 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38824660 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2024.2347712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that using photo-based social media may increase body image concerns among young women. Consumption of versus contribution to social media may moderate this relationship, and the type of content contributed (e.g., self-images or "selfies") may further account for variations. A critical limitation of the extant scholarship is a lack of attention to understudied groups, such as older women. Using a cross-sectional sample of 238 midlife women (Mage = 50.92), this study investigated the relationship between social media behavior, perceived effects of social media use, and body image indices. Results indicated that our sample of midlife women contributed mainly photos of their current setting and family, contrasting with prior work among younger women. Results suggested that the type of content contributed may be more pertinent to body image than social media behavior generally, and highlighted complex relationships. Posting photos broadly was associated only with lower drive for youthfulness. However, selfie posting specifically was associated with greater facial satisfaction as well as greater positive (e.g., connectedness) and negative (e.g., appearance concerns) perceived effects of social media, but not drive for youthfulness. Results suggest that the type of content contributed to social media may be a particularly important factor for body image, and highlight complex relationships potentially influenced by unmeasured factors such as social media use motivations. Together, these findings contribute to a fuller understanding of social media and body image and call for further theoretically-driven work in this area to guide effective prevention resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Halioua B, Le Roux-Villet C, Baissac C, Ben Hayoun Y, Perez Cullell N, Saint Aroman M, Taieb C, Skayem C. Predictors of selfie-phobia in individuals with visible skin or hair diseases: A large-scale international study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38764330 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charbel Skayem
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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6
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Pitiruţ IB, Swami V, Poamă-Neagră T, Enea V. Appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns in young adult women. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:275-283. [PMID: 37867295 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysmorphic concerns refer to excessive preoccupations with one's physical characteristics. There is a need to better understand the factors associated with these experiences, especially in young adult women. Given emergent research suggesting a link between the use of Instagram, dysmorphic concerns, and appearance pressures, we tested a mediation model in which appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediated the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 300 young adult women from Romania with mean age of 22.19 years (SD = 2.07) and who possessed an Instagram account were asked to complete an online survey consisting of measures of dysmorphic concerns, Instagram addiction, and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. RESULTS Correlational analyses revealed that all three variables were positively and moderately inter-correlated. Mediation analysis supported the hypothesis that appearance-based rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between Instagram addiction and dysmorphic concerns. CONCLUSIONS Implications of this study are discussed in terms of the urgency of prevention and intervention strategies, especially given the link between dysmorphic concerns and more extreme manifestations of severity, such as body dysmorphic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Center for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi, Romania
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7
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Saylan E, Soyyiğit V. Body image among adolescents: what is its relationship with rejection sensitivity and self-efficacy? Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:479-492. [PMID: 37421237 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231188411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the significant development tasks of the adolescence period steps forth as the satisfaction and acceptance of one's own body. In the meantime, this period distinguishes by the adolescent's intensive need for approval and acceptance by their peers and adults. When adolescents are not accepted or rejected, they may encounter some difficulties. In this context, this study aimed at determining the relationship between body image, rejection sensitivity and self-efficacy among adolescents. The study was carried out based on the correlational design the study group consists of 749 adolescents. The measurement tools were administered to the students who were divided into groups according to grade level by the researchers. Based on the obtained data, a significant negative relationship was identified between body image and self-efficacy while a significant positive relationship was detected between body image and rejection sensitivity. Besides, it was found that body image among adolescents was predicted by rejection sensitivity and self-efficacy. Finally, it was determined that while the interaction effect of gender and self-efficacy on body image was significant, the interaction effect of gender and rejection sensitivity was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Saylan
- Department of Educational Sciences, Program of Guidance and Psychological Counselling, Faculty of Education, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Vesile Soyyiğit
- Department of Educational Sciences, Program of Guidance and Psychological Counselling, Fatih Faculty of Education, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Yin W, Lee YC. How different face mask types affect interpersonal distance perception and threat feeling in social interaction. Cogn Process 2024:10.1007/s10339-024-01179-z. [PMID: 38492094 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to the easing of the pandemic, public policies no longer mandated people to wear masks. People can choose to no wear or wear different types of masks based on personal preferences and safety perceptions during daily interaction. Available information about the influence of face mask type on interpersonal distance (IPD) by different aging populations is still lacking. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the face mask type (no wear, cloth, medical and N95 mask) and age group effect of avatars (children, adults and older adults) on IPD perception, threat feeling and physiological skin conductance response under active and passive approaching. One hundred participants with a range from 20 to 35 years old were recruited for this study. Twelve avatars (three age groups*four face mask conditions) were created and applied in a virtual reality environment. The results showed that age group, mask type and approach mode had significant effects on IPD and subjective threat feeling. A non-significant effect was found on skin conductance responses. Participants maintained a significantly longer IPD when facing the older adults, followed by adults and then children. In the passive approach condition, people tended to maintain a significantly greater comfort distance than during the active approach. For the mask type effect, people kept a significantly largest and shortest IPD when facing an avatar with no mask or the N95 mask, respectively. A non-significant IPD difference was found between the N95 and medical mask. Additionally, based on the subjective threat feeling, facing an avatar wearing a medical mask generated the lowest threat feeling compared to the others. The findings of this study indicated that wearing medical masks provided a benefit in bringing people closer for interaction during specific situations. Understanding that mask-wearing, especially medical one, brought to shortest IPD when compared to the unmasked condition can be utilized to enhance safety measures in crowded public spaces and health-care settings. This information could guide the development of physical distancing recommendations, taking into account both the type of mask and the age groups involved, to ensure the maintenance of appropriate distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yin
- School of Design, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
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9
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Ateq K, Alhajji M, Alhusseini N. The association between use of social media and the development of body dysmorphic disorder and attitudes toward cosmetic surgeries: a national survey. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1324092. [PMID: 38525343 PMCID: PMC10957761 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) causes distress due to one's negative appraisal of their body image. The development of BDD has been linked to the passive use of social media and photo-editing apps. People with BDD typically pursue cosmetic surgeries to remedy their perceived flaws. The dramatic increase in the use of photo-editing apps and their well-established effects on mental health is a public health concern. Purpose To study the association between use of social media and the development of BDD and acceptance toward cosmetic surgeries (ACSS) among Saudis. Methods An online, cross-sectional, validated survey conducted among Saudis 18 and older. Descriptive analyses were utilized for demographics and prevalence rates of main study variables. ANOVA was used to compare mean scores in BDD and ACSS among different demographic groups. Tukeys post-hoc test was done to identify the categories that were different when the ANOVA test showed a statistically significance. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 1,483 Saudi adults completed the questionnaire. Key results showed that BDD was found in 24.4 % of the sample. The percentage of participants with BDD who spent 4-7 h per day on Instagram and Snapchat (29%) was significantly higher than those who spent only less than an hour per day on these platforms (19%) (p < 0.001). Individuals with BDD had a significantly higher risk of accepting cosmetic surgery compared to those without BDD (p < 0.001). Conclusion A growing body of evidence suggests that social media may impact mental health in different ways. This study reveals that heavy use of these platforms is associated with negative appraisals about one's physical appearance, and it fosters one's tendency toward cosmetic surgery, especially among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Ateq
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Office, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alhajji
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Behavioral Insight Unit, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noara Alhusseini
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Rafiq A, Linden B. Social Media and Self-Concept Among Postsecondary Students: A Scoping Review. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:194-201. [PMID: 38315773 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The vast majority of college-aged students use social networking sites (SNS) to foster connectedness and enable networking. In addition, SNS allow individuals to control their online self-presentation. This may lead to incongruence between students' actual selves and their curated online selves, thereby damaging one's self-perception by increasing social comparison orientation. The goal of this article was to investigate the relationship between SNS use and self-concept that has not yet been explored in depth among the postsecondary population. Utilizing Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework, a scoping review of the published literature was conducted. A total of 41 articles were included in the review. Three overarching themes were extracted from the findings. The first theme found that consistent exposure to the thin ideal and fitspiration posts across various SNS were linked to increased body dissatisfaction. The second theme found that engaging in online academic or ability-based comparisons resulted in a worsened mental state among postsecondary students. The third theme found that one's SNS followers or the number of "likes" received have mixed effects on student self-concept. Through gaining an improved understanding of the SNS stressors that contribute to students' mental health from this review, postsecondary institutions can implement more targeted interventions to bolster student wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Rafiq
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brooke Linden
- Health Services and Policy Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Galeotti T, Marino C, Canale N, Scacchi L, Vieno A. Changing to Impress: Testing a Mediation Model from Instagram Self-presentation to Cosmetic Surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:764-773. [PMID: 37516709 PMCID: PMC10955015 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the relationship between false self-presentation on Instagram and consideration of cosmetic surgery through the mediating role of body image control in photos (BICP), photo manipulation, and body shame. We predicted that false self-presentation on Instagram was indirectly associated with cosmetic surgery intentions through the aforementioned constructs. METHODS A total of 504 young Italian adults (28.2% males, 18-30 years) completed an online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Self-presentation on Instagram Questionnaire, the Body Image Control in Photos Questionnaire-revised, the Photo Manipulation Scale, the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. The pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis. RESULTS The results show that false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with photo manipulation, both directly and indirectly, through BICP. Furthermore, photo manipulation was linked to body shame, but neither of them was associated with cosmetic surgery intentions. Finally, false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with the consideration of cosmetic surgery only through the mediation of BICP. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that self-presentation styles might affect Instagram photo behaviors and individuals' cosmetic surgery intentions, suggesting that surgeons should fully examine patients' motivations before providing them with services. Furthermore, intervention programs encouraging users to present a more authentic version of themselves online might reduce the risk of self-objectification and reduce the consideration of procedures aimed at modifying one's body for purely aesthetic reasons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Claudia Marino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Natale Canale
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Scacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Università della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
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12
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Fernández-Parrado M, López Sanz P. Cosmetic procedures to improve selfies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00050-1. [PMID: 38199283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fernández-Parrado
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Navarra, Spain; University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Pablo López Sanz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
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Ashley RR. #waistgangsociety: Black Women's Health Information-seeking Behaviors Concerning Body Modification Products Advertised on Instagram. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:3207-3222. [PMID: 36398680 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2022.2144281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this project is to determine the health information-seeking behaviors of Black women who use self-modification devices advertised on Instagram, and how they identify and negotiate risk factors related to these products. Forty-two interviews with Black women reveal that in seeking health risk information related to the devices, the women initially explored social media comments about the devices, replied with questions to the commenters, sent direct messages to people who indicated they bought the devices, and searched hashtags. They further clarified information beyond social media by searching Google, browsing websites like WebMD and Healthline, and reviewing accessible peer-reviewed sources. The health risk information was further confirmed with word-of-mouth firsthand experience or by testing the product on their own. Participants developed their own modification barometers to gauge what health impacts they were willing to accept in order to get the desired physical outcome. Advertisers or promoters can provide explicit and accurate details about the health risks of products, to provide transparency and valuable health information to consumers as they navigate their own modification barometers.
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14
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Gurtala JC, Fardouly J. Does medium matter? Investigating the impact of viewing ideal image or short-form video content on young women's body image, mood, and self-objectification. Body Image 2023; 46:190-201. [PMID: 37354877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
There is a rising prevalence of short-form videos on social media, particularly since the advent of TikTok. Viewing appearance-ideal images has harmful effects on young women's body image. However, the impacts of viewing appearance-ideal short-form videos on body image are largely unknown. This study investigated the impact of viewing appearance-ideal short-form social media video content on young women's (Mage = 19.19, SD = 1.80) state appearance satisfaction, negative mood, self-objectification, and related constructs, compared to viewing appearance-ideal image content and appearance-neutral content. Young women (N = 211) were shown either: (1) appearance-ideal images, (2) appearance-ideal videos, (3) appearance-neutral images, or (4) appearance-neutral videos. Viewing appearance-ideal content regardless of the medium led to decreased appearance satisfaction, and increased negative mood, and self-objectification, and more state internalisation of appearance ideals compared to viewing appearance-neutral content. Further, if women perceived the appearance-ideal content they viewed to be unedited or unenhanced, they reported less appearance satisfaction after viewing video than image content. Thus, the impact of viewing ideal video and image content taken from social media may have similar effects on young women. However, when ideal content is low in perceived enhancement, viewing videos may be more harmful for appearance satisfaction than viewing images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade C Gurtala
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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15
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Lyu Z, Wang Y, Chen C, Zheng P. Selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration in adolescents: the mediating roles of physical appearance comparisons and facial appearance concern. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2273-2285. [PMID: 36404598 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2148699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selfie activity may contribute to the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in adolescents, although few empirical studies exist. Based on social comparison theory, this study examined the association between selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese adolescents and further tested the possible mediating roles of social comparison and facial appearance concern in this relationship. A sample of 537 adolescents (339 girls and 198 boys) were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on selfie behavior, upward physical appearance comparison, facial appearance concern and cosmetic surgery consideration. Linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted. The results showed that selfie behavior predicted higher level of adolescents' cosmetic surgery consideration. Moreover, this relationship was sequentially mediated through upward physical appearance comparison and facial appearance concern. These findings expand the existent literature by suggesting that selfie behavior may trigger upward social comparison in adolescents, which in turn increase their acceptance of cosmetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- School of Education Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Changming Chen
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- School of Education Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Ozimek P, Lainas S, Bierhoff HW, Rohmann E. How photo editing in social media shapes self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisons. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:99. [PMID: 37024985 PMCID: PMC10080933 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As photo editing behavior to enhance one?s appearance in photos becomes more and more prevalent on social network sites (SNSs), potential risks are increasingly discussed as well. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between photo editing behavior, self-objectification, physical appearance comparisons, self-perceived attractiveness, and self-esteem. METHODS 403 participants completed self-report questionnaires measuring the aformentioned constructs. A parallel-sequential multiple mediation model was conducted to examine the relationship between photo editing behavior and self-esteem considering multiple mediators. RESULTS The results indicate that photo editing behavior is negatively related to self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem mediated via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisons. CONCLUSIONS The postulated mediation model was justified by our data. Thus, SNS users should be aware of potential negative consequences when using photo editing applications or filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Ozimek
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Semina Lainas
- Department of Social Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Elke Rohmann
- Department of Social Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Lyu Z, Zheng P, Kou D. Social Comparison and Female Adolescents' Selfie Behaviors: Body Surveillance as the Mediator and Self-Esteem as the Moderator. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231162006. [PMID: 36877931 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231162006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine whether body surveillance mediated the relation between social comparison and selfie behaviors, and whether this mediating process was moderated by self-esteem. A sample of 339 female adolescents were recruited to participate in the present study and completed self-report measures of selfie behaviors, upward and downward appearance comparisons with peers, self-objectification and self-esteem. Results indicated that body surveillance mediated the association between upward physical appearance comparison and selfie behaviors. In addition, self-esteem moderated the relation between body surveillance and selfie behaviors. These findings add to the extant literature by suggesting that selfies may be some new ways of body surveillance and physical appearance comparison, which have some theoretical and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- School of Educational Science, 38043Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- School of Educational Science, 38043Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongquan Kou
- School of Educational Science, 38043Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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18
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Ganson KT, Hallward L, Rodgers RF, Testa A, Jackson DB, Nagata JM. Contemporary screen use and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:10. [PMID: 36790649 PMCID: PMC9930713 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Screen time has been previously linked to body dissatisfaction and eating disorder behaviors. However, less is known about whether use of common forms of screen technology is associated with symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD), which was the aim of this study. METHODS Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2538) were analyzed. Associations between hours of use of six contemporary forms of recreational screen time, as well as total screen time, and symptoms of MD were determined using multiple linear regression models, stratified by gender, and adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Among both men and women, greater total screen time and texting were associated with greater symptoms of MD; however, differences emerged across the screen time modalities by gender. Among women, video chatting was most strongly associated with symptoms of MD, while social media use was most strongly associated with symptoms of MD among men. CONCLUSION Findings add to the growing literature documenting the potentially harmful correlates of screen time by including MD symptomatology. Findings have important implications for health care, public health, and policymaking professionals. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada.
| | - Laura Hallward
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Krupa-Kotara K, Grajek M, Rozmiarek M, Malchrowicz-Mośko E, Staśkiewicz W, León-Guereño P, Aguirre-Betolaza AM, Castañeda-Babarro A. The Role of Social Media in Internalizing Body Knowledge-A Cross-Sectional Study among Women with Different Food Preferences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2069. [PMID: 36767433 PMCID: PMC9915421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Virtual spaces, such as social media, give people a platform to exchange their opinions, experiences, and knowledge. Social media's ubiquitous usefulness has led to people relying, in whole or in part, on the information they learn online. As a result, a person's perception of his or her own body and their self-worth has started to be influenced by what other people think of them and by the information found on social media. Modern people's lifestyle, particularly their eating habits and exercise habits, exhibits a similar tendency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships occurring between factors related to the use and internalization of body image knowledge contained in social media and the factors shaping self-assessment and self-esteem in women following a vegetarian diet. An authority-validated questionnaire was used to determine the level of use and attitudes of respondents toward social media, e.g., SATAQ and BES. Associations about the potential negative impacts of the knowledge provided by social media on the development of body image and self-esteem were shown. It is interesting to observe that women who practice vegetarianism have less pressure on their appearance. This may be because vegetarianism is a lifestyle that is currently actively promoted online. Education is required on the connection between the use and internalization of social media knowledge and the development of healthy self-esteem and body evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Krupa-Kotara
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rozmiarek
- Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko
- Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Staśkiewicz
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Patxi León-Guereño
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48-007 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48-007 Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Wallner C, Huyghebaert T, Drysch M, Wagner JM, Sogorski A, Dadras M, von Glinski M, Schmidt SV, Reinkemeier F, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Digital Media Play a Key Role in Influencing Female Breast Perception. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:11-21. [PMID: 36493360 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The female breast is a symbol of femininity and plays a key role in the female body image. However, factors influencing the preferences for different breast shapes and sizes are still not elucidated. In particular, the role of the emerging social media in breast perception has not been analyzed yet. A representative cohort of 1,049 adults completed a web-based questionnaire containing hyperrealistic 3D models of the female breast in the United States. A machine-learning algorithm (Classification and Regression Tree [CART]) was implemented to identify the most influential factors. The study was able to identify the frequency of pornographic and social media consumption as the most influencing factor for altered breast preferences. Although digital media exposure did not alter satisfaction with the own breast among female participants, the tendency to undergo or history of conducted aesthetic surgery correlated with higher access frequency to digital media. Taken together, the overpowering impact of social media and pornographic consumption on the own body image was shown in preference alterations for different anatomical aspects of the breast in the whole population and distorted self-perception about the breast in female participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tom Huyghebaert
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marius Drysch
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Sogorski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mehran Dadras
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maxi von Glinski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonja Verena Schmidt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix Reinkemeier
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Klier K, Rommerskirchen T, Brixius K. #fitspiration: a comparison of the sport-related social media usage and its impact on body image in young adults. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:320. [PMID: 36575554 PMCID: PMC9793811 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-01027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following and posting sport-related content on social media is wide-spread among young people. To date, little is known about the interdependence between sport-related social media use and the thereby perceived personal body image. METHODS We conducted an online survey (N = 285) to examine how social media influences the sport-related body image. RESULTS In general, social media are frequently used for sport (n = 136, 47.7%). Resistance training correlated significantly with several motives of sport-related use of social media, and thus, represents the strong online presence of athletic sports. Less correlations could be found in team or other sports. Regarding the perception of body image, it was found that the group of rejecting (negative) body image significantly correlated with the emulation of social media mediated sport-related beauty and body ideals (r = 0.63, p = 0.001), as well as with increased body dissatisfaction when viewing sport-related posts on social media (r = 0.590, p = 0.001). Perceived social pressure and comparison were found to be mediators of the prevailing influence of social media usage. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal the importance of taking a closer look at socially shaped beauty and body ideals, especially in sport-related contents, striving for more educational campaigns such as Body Positivity and, above all, filtering information. Finally, future research is needed to gain deeper insight into young persons' usage behavior of social media and its impact on the individual's body image. Trial Registration The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich, Germany (01/24/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Klier
- grid.7752.70000 0000 8801 1556Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Tessa Rommerskirchen
- grid.7752.70000 0000 8801 1556Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Klara Brixius
- grid.27593.3a0000 0001 2244 5164Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany
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22
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The Mediating Role of Selfitis in the Associations between Self-Esteem, Problematic Social Media Use, Problematic Smartphone Use, Body-Self Appearance, and Psychological Distress among Young Ghanaian Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122500. [PMID: 36554024 PMCID: PMC9778429 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selfie-related activities have become pervasive to the point that they may affect the mental health of people who engage in them. To ascertain this mechanism, this study examined the mediating role of selfitis in the associations between self-esteem, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, body-self appearance, and psychological distress among young Ghanaian adults. A total of 651 participants completed a questionnaire with measures on self-esteem, body-self appearance, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, depression, anxiety, stress, coping skills, and selfitis. There were direct associations between all the variables except between self-esteem and selfitis. In addition, selfitis mediated the associations between problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, body-self appearance, and psychological distress except between self-esteem and psychological distress. These findings suggest that selfitis can serve as a pathway by which people who overly engage in problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, and have poor body-self appearance may experience psychological distress. Hence, there is a need for health communicators, school authorities, and opinion leaders to educate young adults on the consequences of the problematic use of technology, especially for selfitis behaviour. Future studies can examine the factors that predict selfitis behaviour among adults.
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23
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Ismail HH, Azizan M, Rashid RA, Asif M. Appropriating Shakespearean graphic novels for Malaysian classrooms to create correct gender representations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:874960. [PMID: 36571040 PMCID: PMC9769572 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Public awareness on gender education may not be easily translated in living classrooms, which prompts new alternatives. In this study, we explored Shakespearean graphic novels in exposing Malaysian school students to gender-related issues. The two-fold research entails tracing the female presence in eight selected images from digital graphic novels that define the gender and place social expectations across the globe; and secondly, gathering teachers' perception of these selected graphic novels. The chosen images were divided into two categories-those published as the cover pages of graphic novels and those that were contested for the Graphic Shakespeare Competition established in 2016. These stereotypical images of women are inconsistent with the objective of achieving inclusivity and correct gender representations. The data analysed based on a semi-structured interview on six ESL teachers suggest that as much as the graphic novels are seen as valuable in pedagogical contexts and in exposing the students to learning English and gender representations through literature, the material selection, and pedagogical approaches, including determining the classroom activities must be cautiously considered in terms of their cultural appropriateness to ensure students' readiness and effective outcomes. Discussing these pertinent issues, especially in addressing gender (mis)representations relevant to education, helps pave a new route within the UN SDG Goal 5 where gender nuances and phrases ought to be carefully constructed in a new narrative that shapes global perception towards women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanita Hanim Ismail
- Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlin Azizan
- Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Mazlin Azizan,
| | - Radzuwan Ab Rashid
- Centre of English Language Studies, Faculty of Languages and Communication, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Deanship of Preparatory Year, Science and Arts College, Northern Border University, Turaif, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Hermans AM, Boerman SC, Veldhuis J. Follow, filter, filler? Social media usage and cosmetic procedure intention, acceptance, and normalization among young adults. Body Image 2022; 43:440-449. [PMID: 36345082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, young people spend much of their lives online where they encounter abundant appearance-focused content. In light of the important role that social media platforms like Instagram play in young people's attitudes towards the cosmetic surgery industry, this study investigates passive and active social media usage in relation to young adults' perceptions of cosmetic procedures. In a cross-sectional survey study among 470 Instagram users aged 18-25 years (Mage = 21.00, SDage = 2.26), young adults indicated a low cosmetic procedure intention themselves, but overestimated the prevalence of cosmetic procedures undertaken by others. Considering passive social media use, young adults who follow influencers who had undergone cosmetic procedures reported higher intentions to have cosmetic procedures themselves, and following influencers who had not undergone procedures was related to lower intentions. In terms of active social media usage, frequency of Instagram posting was generally insignificant in relation to acceptance of and intention to undergo cosmetic procedures. Yet, those who used filters to edit pictures more frequently reported increased cosmetic procedure acceptance and intention. Overall, this paper offers a nuanced perspective on the relation between young adults' perceptions of cosmetic procedures and their social media behaviors, highlighting the importance of specific appearance-oriented social media usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mette Hermans
- Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie C Boerman
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Veldhuis
- Department of Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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McGovern O, Collins R, Dunne S. The associations between photo-editing and body concerns among females: A systematic review. Body Image 2022; 43:504-517. [PMID: 36371869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research has raised concerns about the growing prevalence of photo-editing behaviour and how this may negatively interact with body-related concerns among females. This review aimed to systematically examine the current evidence relating to the associations between photo-editing behaviour and female body concerns, including body image, body dissatisfaction and body modification. Six databases were searched for studies investigating associations between photo-editing and body concerns in female social media users. Empirical studies published in English were included if they quantitatively measured the association between photo-editing and at least one of the body-related outcomes, and included female participants. A narrative synthesis of the 22 studies meeting these specific criteria was completed. This review revealed mixed findings in relation to the associations between photo-editing and body concerns. The findings indicate there may be a more complex relationship between both concepts that is influenced by alternative factors. The findings also revealed considerable heterogeneity in measurement approaches for both photo-editing behaviour and body-related outcomes. Future research should focus on developing a gold-standard approach to the measurement of various body-related concerns and conducting in-depth analyses in order to further understand the complex relationship between photo-editing and female social media users' body concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla McGovern
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Collins
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Simon Dunne
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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26
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Choukas-Bradley S, Roberts SR, Maheux AJ, Nesi J. The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:681-701. [PMID: 35841501 PMCID: PMC9287711 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this theoretical review paper, we provide a developmental-sociocultural framework for the role of social media (SM) in adolescent girls' body image concerns, and in turn, depressive symptoms and disordered eating. We propose that the features of SM (e.g., idealized images of peers, quantifiable feedback) intersect with adolescent developmental factors (e.g., salience of peer relationships) and sociocultural gender socialization processes (e.g., societal over-emphasis on girls' and women's physical appearance) to create the "perfect storm" for exacerbating girls' body image concerns. We argue that, ultimately, body image concerns may be a key mechanism underlying associations between adolescent girls' SM use and mental health. In the context of proposing this framework, we provide empirical evidence for how SM may increase adolescent girls' body image concerns through heightening their focus on (1) other people's physical appearance (e.g., through exposure to idealized images of peers, celebrities, and SM influencers; quantifiable indicators of approval); and (2) their own appearance (e.g., through appearance-related SM consciousness; exposure to idealized self-images; encouraging over-valuing of appearance; and peer approval of photos/videos). Our framework highlights new avenues for future research on adolescent girls' SM use and mental health, which recognize the central role of body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street (Main office, 3rd floor), Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Savannah R Roberts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Anne J Maheux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Suite 204, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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27
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Luse A, Burkman J, Stewart E. The Impact of Self-Perceived Facial Attractiveness on Webcam Use. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08874417.2022.2143454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Luse
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jim Burkman
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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28
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Almutairi MF, Alhassan OM, AbdElneam AI, Alsenaid A. An Analysis of Aesthetic Concerns Identified by Video Conferencing. Cureus 2022; 14:e31036. [PMID: 36475135 PMCID: PMC9718923 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a significant increase in the demand for aesthetic procedures nationwide. We believe that one of the factors contributing to this increase was the use of video conferencing apps. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the aesthetic concerns that were identified by video conferencing. Methodology In Saudi Arabia, an observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April, 2022. An online survey was used to assess the aesthetic concerns raised by video conferencing. The survey addressed multiple aspects, including demographic data, information on video call utilization, the attentional focus of the participants during video calls, and new appearance concerns identified on video calls. Results The survey successfully captured 432 adult participants. More than 85% of participants disliked at least one character of their appearance during video conferencing. The skin color type (based on the Fitzpatrick scale), time spent on video calls, and visual focus during the virtual meeting were significantly correlated with self-perception of new disliked features. Conclusion Video conferencing showed a significant statistical correlation with identified disliked facial/body features in both genders. People with skin color type III were less likely to perceive a disliked feature through video conferencing applications. The likelihood of having a disliked feature was significantly higher among individuals who spent up to one hour per day using video calls. Additionally, those who mainly paid attention to their face or body during virtual meetings were more likely to have disliked features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour F Almutairi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, SAU
| | - Omar M Alhassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud Hospital, Unaizah, SAU
| | - Ahmed I AbdElneam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, SAU
| | - Adel Alsenaid
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, SAU
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Kowal M, Sorokowski P, Pisanski K, Valentova JV, Varella MA, Frederick DA, Al-Shawaf L, García FE, Giammusso I, Gjoneska B, Kozma L, Otterbring T, Papadatou-Pastou M, Pfuhl G, Stöckli S, Studzinska A, Toplu-Demirtaş E, Touloumakos AK, Bakos BE, Batres C, Bonneterre S, Czamanski-Cohen J, Dacanay JC, Deschrijver E, Fisher ML, Grano C, Grigoryev D, Kačmár P, Kozlov MV, Manunta E, Massar K, McFall JP, Mebarak M, Miccoli MR, Milfont TL, Prokop P, Aavik T, Arriaga P, Baiocco R, Čeněk J, Çetinkaya H, Duyar I, Guemaz F, Ishii T, Kamburidis JA, Khun-Inkeeree H, Lidborg LH, Manor H, Nussinson R, Omar-Fauzee MSB, Pazhoohi F, Ponnet K, Santos AC, Senyk O, Spasovski O, Vintila M, Wang AH, Yoo G, Zerhouni O, Amin R, Aquino S, Boğa M, Boussena M, Can AR, Can S, Castro R, Chirumbolo A, Çoker O, Cornec C, Dural S, Eder SJ, Moharrampour NG, Grassini S, Hristova E, Ikizer G, Kervyn N, Koyuncu M, Kunisato Y, Lins S, Mandzyk T, Mari S, Mattiassi AD, Memisoglu-Sanli A, Morelli M, Novaes FC, Parise M, Banai IP, Perun M, Plohl N, Sahli FZ, Šakan D, Smojver-Azic S, Solak Ç, Söylemez S, Toyama A, Wlodarczyk A, Yamada Y, Abad-Villaverde B, Afhami R, Akello G, Alami NH, Alma L, Argyrides M, Atamtürk D, Burduli N, Cardona S, Carneiro J, Castañeda A, Chałatkiewicz I, Chopik WJ, Chubinidze D, Conroy-Beam D, Contreras-Garduño J, da Silva DR, Don YB, Donato S, Dubrov D, Duračková M, Dutt S, Ebimgbo SO, Estevan I, Etchezahar E, Fedor P, Fekih-Romdhane F, Frackowiak T, Galasinska K, Gargula Ł, Gelbart B, Yepes TG, Hamdaoui B, Hromatko I, Itibi SN, Jaforte L, Janssen SM, Jovic M, Kertechian KS, Khan F, Kobylarek A, Koso-Drljevic M, Krasnodębska A, Križanić V, Landa-Blanco M, Mailhos A, Marot T, Dorcic TM, Martinez-Banfi M, Yusof MR, Mayorga-Lascano M, Mikuličiūtė V, Mišetić K, Musil B, Najmussaqib A, Muthu KN, Natividade JC, Ndukaihe IL, Nyhus EK, Oberzaucher E, Omar SS, Ostaszewski F, Pacquing MCT, Pagani AF, Park JH, Pirtskhalava E, Reips UD, Reyes MES, Röer JP, Şahin A, Samekin A, Sargautytė R, Semenovskikh T, Siepelmeyer H, Singh S, Sołtys A, Sorokowska A, Soto-López R, Sultanova L, Tamayo-Agudelo W, Tan CS, Topanova GT, Bulut MT, Trémolière B, Tulyakul S, Türkan BN, Urbanek A, Volkodav T, Walter KV, Yaakob MFM, Zumárraga-Espinosa M. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Self-Consciousness, Self-Objectification, and Social Anxiety as Predictors of Photo Editing Behavior among Emerging Adults. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6609752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the impact of self-consciousness, self-objectification, and social anxiety on photo editing behavior among emerging adults. Correlational research strategy was used for the present quantitative research, and convenient sampling strategy was used to collect data of 444 university students (135 males and 309 females) with the age range of 18-25 years. The self-consciousness scale, objectified body consciousness scale, photo manipulation scale, and social anxiety scale were used as assessment tools for this study. For data analysis,
-test for independent samples, correlation, and regression analysis were implied. The results revealed that women had higher self-consciousness and social anxiety in contrast to men. Moreover, self-objectification and evaluation anxiety were positively correlated with photo editing behavior. Lastly, overall self-objectification and body shame, one of the three aspects of self-objectification resulted as significant predictors of photo manipulation behavior among emerging adults. This study contributes to the indigenous literature of clinical and social psychology.
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Harriger JA, Evans JA, Thompson JK, Tylka TL. The dangers of the rabbit hole: Reflections on social media as a portal into a distorted world of edited bodies and eating disorder risk and the role of algorithms. Body Image 2022; 41:292-297. [PMID: 35378338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between social media usage and body image has been well-established in the literature; however, social media companies' use of algorithms may intensify this association, as algorithms provide viewers with personalized content that is often more extreme, less monitored, and designed to keep users engaged for longer periods of time. This article details the recent media coverage of algorithms, revelations by former social media employees regarding the problematic usage of algorithms, and revelations that social media companies are aware of the harm posed by their implementation of algorithms, particularly for young, vulnerable users. We provide recommendations for influencers, educators, researchers, clinicians, parents, and users, and conclude that it is ultimately the responsibility of the social media corporations to protect and enhance the well-being of their users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Evans
- Social Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Tiggemann M. Digital modification and body image on social media: Disclaimer labels, captions, hashtags, and comments. Body Image 2022; 41:172-180. [PMID: 35259655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Social media have become a major part of contemporary life. They are also a potent source of idealized and unrealistic imagery. Contributing to the lack of realism is the ability to digitally modify photos by applying a filter or editing software. One strategy suggested to counteract the negative consequences of idealized imagery on body image is the addition of a disclaimer label informing the viewer when an image has been digitally altered. The present paper brings together and presents an overview of the existing research on the consequences for body image of digital manipulation and the addition of disclaimers in a variety of types to images on social media. It concludes that disclaimers are an ineffective means of protecting body satisfaction against exposure to idealized social media images. Based on the overview, nine avenues for future research are identified.
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Sharp G, Gerrard Y. The body image "problem" on social media: Novel directions for the field. Body Image 2022; 41:267-271. [PMID: 35339001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Social media is a highly popular and interactive environment which has many benefits, but research has shown that its use is also associated with body image concerns. Leaked internal survey findings in September 2021 from Instagram provide some support for negative impacts on body image of teenage girls especially. In this short communication, we discuss the complexities of moderating social media platforms which aim to protect users from potentially harmful body image focused content. Several strategies have been employed and we specifically examine the moderation of pro-eating disorder hashtags (e.g., #thinspiration) and hiding of "Like" counts on Instagram in particular. We find that both are quick technical "fixes" that do not effectively address these long-standing and complex issues on social media. We provide suggestions for novel avenues of research, including that body image researchers are excellently positioned to propose specific suggestions for content moderation strategies that may actually be effective. Social media companies know that they have a major problem on their hands, as the leaked findings demonstrate, and so they may be more receptive than they have ever been to novel research findings from our community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Ysabel Gerrard
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TU, UK.
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34
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McCrory A, Best P, Maddock A. 'It's just one big vicious circle': young people's experiences of highly visual social media and their mental health. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2022; 37:167-184. [PMID: 35543267 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly visual social media (HVSM) platforms, such as Snapchat, Instagram and TikTok, are increasingly popular among young people. It is unclear what motivates young people to engage with these specific highly visual platforms and what impact the inherent features of HVSM have on young people's mental health. Nine semi-structured focus group sessions were conducted with males and females aged 14 and 15 years (n = 47) across five secondary schools in Northern Ireland. Thematic analyses were conducted, and a conceptual model was developed to illustrate the findings. This study found that features such as likes/comments on visuals and scrolling through a feed were associated with the role of 'viewer', instigating longer-lasting feelings of jealousy, inferiority and pressure to be accepted. To combat these negative emotions, young people turn to the role of 'contributor' by using filters, selecting highlights to post to their feed and adjusting their personas, resulting in temporary feelings of higher self-esteem, greater acceptance and popularity. As users of HVSM are constantly switching between the role of viewer and contributor, the emotions they experience are also constantly switching between instant inadequacy and instant gratification. HVSM appears to trigger an unrelenting process of emotional highs and lows for its adolescent users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna McCrory
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queens University Belfast, 6 College Park Avenue, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK
| | - Paul Best
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queens University Belfast, 6 College Park Avenue, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK
| | - Alan Maddock
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queens University Belfast, 6 College Park Avenue, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK
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35
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36
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Unveiling the Association between Body Image Dissatisfaction and Dental Anxiety. SURGERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/surgeries3020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased demands for invasive and non-invasive treatments related to body image disturbances are seen worldwide. These demands may be related to body image dissatisfaction. No study to date investigated the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and dental anxiety (namely, anticipatory dental anxiety and treatment dental anxiety) among a non-clinical population. The current study aims to unveil such relationships. Methods: Dentally anxious people may choose to ‘cope’ with their anxiety via unnecessary invasive procedures related to their body image dissatisfaction. In the current study, 553 individuals completed an online survey assessing their dental anxiety, dental neglect, and body image via self-report questionnaires. Results: Body image dissatisfaction was significantly correlated with dental anxiety. In contrast to previous studies, dental neglect was negatively associated with dental anxiety. Additionally, no link was found between body image dissatisfaction and dental neglect. Conclusions: The current study highlights the importance of addressing these factors prior to invasive procedures.
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37
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Wu Y, Alleva JM, Broers NJ, Mulkens S. Attitudes towards cosmetic surgery among women in China and the Netherlands. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267451. [PMID: 35446909 PMCID: PMC9022849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, an increasing number of people, predominantly women, are choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery—despite the associated health risks. This study aimed to promote a better cross-cultural understanding of the correlates and predictors of favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery among women in China (an Eastern country where cosmetic surgery is increasing most rapidly) and the Netherlands (a Western country). Questionnaire data were obtained from 763 adult women; 245 were Chinese women in China (Mage = 29.71), 265 were Chinese women in the Netherlands (Mage = 25.81), and 253 were Dutch women (Mage = 29.22). Facial appearance concerns and materialistic belief were significant predictors of favorable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery for all three cultural groups. Body appreciation was a significant positive predictor among Chinese women in both China and the Netherlands, whereas age and beauty-ideal internalization were significant positive predictors only among Chinese women in China. The findings and their implications are discussed with respect to the characteristics of Chinese culture that could explain the identified differences between Chinese and Dutch women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica M. Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jarman HK, McLean SA, Griffiths S, Teague SJ, Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Austen E, Harris E, Steward T, Shatte A, Khanh-Dao Le L, Anwar T, Mihalopoulos C, Parker AG, Yager Z, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Critical measurement issues in the assessment of social media influence on body image. Body Image 2022; 40:225-236. [PMID: 35032949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress towards understanding how social media impacts body image hinges on the use of appropriate measurement tools and methodologies. This review provides an overview of common (qualitative, self-report survey, lab-based experiments) and emerging (momentary assessment, computational) methodological approaches to the exploration of the impact of social media on body image. The potential of these methodologies is detailed, with examples illustrating current use as well as opportunities for expansion. A key theme from our review is that each methodology has provided insights for the body image research field, yet is insufficient in isolation to fully capture the nuance and complexity of social media experiences. Thus, in consideration of gaps in methodology, we emphasise the need for big picture thinking that leverages and combines the strengths of each of these methodologies to yield a more comprehensive, nuanced, and robust picture of the positive and negative impacts of social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Jarman
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia.
| | - Siân A McLean
- The Bouverie Centre, School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha J Teague
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Austen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Harris
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Shatte
- School of Engineering, Information Technology & Physical Sciences, Federation University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Long Khanh-Dao Le
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Tarique Anwar
- Department of Computing Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Alexandra G Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Orygen and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zali Yager
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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Manning TM, Mulgrew KE. Broad conceptualisations of beauty do not moderate women's responses to body positive content on instagram. Body Image 2022; 40:12-18. [PMID: 34798474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Body positive content on Instagram may act as an antidote to the frequent depictions of thin and digitally modified images of women. Body positivity challenges narrow ideals by promoting diverse appearances and encouraging body appreciation. We examined the effects of congruent body positive messaging (unedited images of a diverse range of women presented with and without body acceptance captions) on state body image. This was the first study to investigate the moderating role of trait broad conceptualisation of beauty; a core component of body positive content and theories. Women 18-30 years (N = 233) were randomly assigned to view Instagram images of diverse women (e.g., varied body sizes, shapes, skin colour), either presented with or without body positive captions, or cityscape images. Pre- and post-test measures were taken of state body appreciation, appearance satisfaction, and positive mood, in addition to social comparison measures. Body appreciation and positive mood increased in all conditions. Appearance satisfaction only increased in the body positive conditions, with a larger effect size in the caption condition. Holding broad conceptualisations of beauty did not moderate findings. Captions did not change direction or amount of social comparison. Findings suggest that congruent body positive content may increase appearance satisfaction in viewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylah M Manning
- University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Australia
| | - Kate E Mulgrew
- University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Australia.
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40
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McComb SE, Mills JS. The effect of physical appearance perfectionism and social comparison to thin-, slim-thick-, and fit-ideal Instagram imagery on young women's body image. Body Image 2022; 40:165-175. [PMID: 34968854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Body image research to date has examined the impact of thin- and fit-ideal media on women's body image, however cultural trends in Western media have recently shifted towards a curvier body type called slim-thick, which is characterized by a large butt and thighs and small waist and flat stomach. We experimentally examined the impact of forced social comparison to slim-thick-, thin-, and fit-ideal imagery on women's body image relative to a control condition, and whether physical appearance perfectionism moderated these findings. Participants were 402 female undergraduate students. Results revealed that comparison to body-ideal imagery resulted in greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction and less overall body satisfaction, relative to the control condition. Those exposed to slim-thick imagery experienced more weight and appearance dissatisfaction and less body satisfaction than those in the thin-ideal condition. Physical appearance perfectionism moderated these results, such that women who reported moderate or high levels of physical appearance perfectionism experienced greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction and lower body satisfaction in the slim-thick condition, than in the thin-ideal, fit-ideal, or control conditions. It was concluded that drive to achieve body ideals is shifting to a slim-thick body, which maybe more detrimental to women's body image than thin-ideal imagery.
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Damodar S, Lokemoen C, Gurusamy V, Takhi M, Bishev D, Parrill A, Deviney M, Person U, Korie I, Branch R. #Trending: A Systematic Review of Social Media Use’s Influence on Adolescent Anxiety and Depression. ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2210676612666220225122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
With new technological advancements, adolescents can obtain
devices that give them virtually unlimited access to social media (SM) which may impact
adolescent mental health.
Objectives:
This literature review aims to evaluate the influence of social media use on
adolescent anxiety and depression.
Methods:
A literature search of PubMed from June 2010 through June 2020 was completed
for the following MeSH terms: social media, adolescent, anxiety, depression, and mental
health. English language articles that discussed adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, anxiety
and/or depression and SM were included. Extracted data included the SM platform, impact
on anxiety and depression, interventions, temporal and dose-response relationships, and
observed versus self-reported usage.
Results:
The majority of articles positively associated depression (82.6%) and anxiety
(78.3%) with SM use. depression corresponded with cyber-bullying (42.1%), negative
social perspective (21.0%), diminished self-esteem (15.8%), and sleep disturbance (10.5%).
Anxiety corresponded with a negative social perspective (44.4%), diminished self-esteem
(33.3%), sleep disturbance (16.7%), and cyber-bullying (16.7%). Many studies suggested
the use of interventions to reduce depression (72.7%) and anxiety (72.7%), such as screen
time restrictions (n=6) and social support (n=4), but lacked evaluation of their
implementation.
Conclusion:
Current literature suggests a positive association between adolescent SM use
with anxiety and depression. Our study highlights the need for further investigation of
temporal and dose-response associations between SM use and adolescent mental health, and
the potential benefits of SM-driven interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Damodar
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Cidney Lokemoen
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Vikram Gurusamy
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Manpreet Takhi
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Daniel Bishev
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Allison Parrill
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Melissa Deviney
- American University of the Caribbean School and Medicine, 1 University Drive, Cupecoy, Sint
Maarten
| | - Ulziibat Person
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201
Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, New York, 11554, United States
| | - Ijendu Korie
- Henry Mayo Newhall
Hospital, 23845 McBean Pkwy, Valencia, California, 91355, United States
| | - Romain Branch
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center, 2201
Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, New York, 11554, United States
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Size and Perception of Facial Features with Selfie Photographs, and Their Implication in Rhinoplasty and Facial Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:859-867. [PMID: 35139046 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients increasingly use photographs taken with a front-facing smartphone camera-"selfies"-to discuss their goals with a plastic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in size and perception of facial features when taking a selfie compared to the gold standard of clinical photography. METHODS Thirty volunteers took three series of photographs. A 12-inch and 18-inch series were taken with a front-facing smartphone camera, and the 5-foot clinical photography series was taken with a digital single-lens reflex camera. Afterward, subjects filled out the FACE-Q inventory, once when viewing their 12-inch selfies and once when viewing their clinical photographs. Measurements were taken of the nose, lip, chin, and facial width. RESULTS Nasal length was, on average, 6.4 percent longer in 12-inch selfies compared to clinical photography, and 4.3 percent longer in 18-inch selfies compared to clinical photography. The alar base width did not change significantly in either set of selfies compared to clinical photography. The alar base to facial width ratio represents the size of the nose in relation to the face. This ratio decreased 10.8 percent when comparing 12-inch selfies to clinical photography (p < 0.0001) and decreased 7.8 percent when comparing 18-inch selfies to clinical photography (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study quantifies the change in facial feature size/perception seen in previous camera-to-subject distance studies. With the increasing popularity of front-facing smartphone photographs, these data allow for a more precise conversation between the surgeon and the patient. In addition, the authors' findings provide data for manufacturers to improve the societal impact of smartphone cameras. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic, III.
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43
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Predictors of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Instagram Images-Based Activities, Appearance Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction Among Women. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:502-512. [PMID: 34477907 PMCID: PMC8831337 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to test a model in which Instagram images-based activities related to self, friends, and celebrities were associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery via Instagram appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction. We predicted that Instagram use for images-related activities involving celebrities and self (but not friends) was associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery both directly and indirectly. METHODS The study participants were 305 Italian women (mean age, 23 years). They completed a questionnaire containing the Instagram Image Activity Scale, the Instagram Appearance Comparison Scale, the Body Shape Questionnaire-14, the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. A path analysis was performed in which the Instagram images-based activities were posited as predictors of the Instagram appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery, respectively. RESULTS We found that only image-based activities related to celebrities and self were significantly related to acceptance of cosmetic surgery, whereas friends' Instagram-related activities were not significantly related to this criterion variable. Moreover, the indirect effect of both Instagram self- and celebrities-images activities on acceptance of cosmetic surgery through Instagram appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction was significant. Friends' Instagram images-related activities were not associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings provide information about the role that activities carried out on Instagram, appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction, play on the acceptance of surgery for aesthetic reasons among women. The study highlighted the importance for surgeons to consider some psychological aspects and the influence of sociocultural factors on the interest for cosmetic surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Photo manipulation as a predictor of facial dissatisfaction and cosmetic procedure attitudes. Body Image 2021; 39:194-201. [PMID: 34481294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photo manipulation (editing photos prior to sharing them) has become increasingly popular on social media. While intended to enhance a photo's quality, this behaviour has been linked to heightened body image concerns. The present study investigated whether social media photo manipulation predicts facial dissatisfaction, attitudes towards cosmetic procedures, and intentions to undergo facial cosmetic procedures in young women, and the moderating role of self-discrepancy therein. Australian women (N = 227, 17-25 years) completed an online cross-sectional questionnaire. Social media photo manipulation was associated with greater facial dissatisfaction, cosmetic procedure attitudes/intentions, and appearance-based self-discrepancy. Photo manipulation was a significant predictor of cosmetic procedure attitudes and intentions, but not of facial dissatisfaction. Appearance-based self-discrepancy significantly moderated the relationship between photo manipulation and facial dissatisfaction, whereby the relationship between photo manipulation and facial dissatisfaction was stronger for those with lower self-discrepancy. Results highlight a key role for photo manipulation and appearance-based self-discrepancies in relation to facial dissatisfaction for young women. They also provide insight into predictors of cosmetic procedure intentions and attitudes. This signals a pressing need to develop effective intervention and prevention programs to help young women limit their appearance-based photo manipulation behaviours for use on social media.
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Rodgers RF, Lowy AS, Kodama E, Bujold H. #Beautyunedited: Is labeling unedited selfies helpful for body image and mood among young women? Body Image 2021; 39:156-165. [PMID: 34455355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that social media content that has not been digitally altered may help support positive body image. However, the effects of adding labels to such images has received little research attention. This study compared the effects of selfies that were: edited, unedited, and unedited + labeled. A sample of 350 young women, mean age (SD) = 21.87 (2.28) years, were randomly allocated to one of three conditions and completed pre and post exposure measures of state body image and mood, as well as trait risk and protective factors. Findings revealed that participants allocated to the unedited + labeled condition reported greater increases in state appearance satisfaction as compared to those who viewed the edited selfies. In addition, participants with higher levels of social media literacy benefited most from the unedited + labeled selfies. Findings suggest that selfies bearing a label indicating that they have not been edited may be more helpful for body image among young women as comapred to edited selfies. Thus, labels could represent useful social marketing tools on social media and contribute to efforts to increase the realism of social media imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
| | - Alice S Lowy
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Elisa Kodama
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Helen Bujold
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
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de Valle MK, Gallego-García M, Williamson P, Wade TD. Social media, body image, and the question of causation: Meta-analyses of experimental and longitudinal evidence. Body Image 2021; 39:276-292. [PMID: 34695681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents four meta-analyses that can inform causality in the relationship between social media and body image; 24 experimental samples comparing the effect of appearance-ideal social media images to non-appearance-related conditions (n = 3816); 21 experimental samples examining the effect of contextual features (e.g., comments and captions) accompanying appearance-ideal social media images (n = 3482); 14 experimental samples investigating the effect of appearance-ideal images versus other appearance images on social media (n = 2641); and 10 longitudinal samples on social media use and body image (n = 5177). Social media appearance-ideal images had a moderate negative effect on body image (Hedges' g = -0.61, p < .01), were more damaging in higher- than lower-risk contexts (Hedges' g = -0.12, p < .01), and were moderately more impactful than other social media appearance images (Hedges' g = -0.68, p = .05). These effects were smaller but significant with outliers removed. Social media use had a very small, negative correlation with body image longitudinally (Fisher's Z = -0.08, p < .001). No significant moderators emerged. Clinicians should consider approaches to managing social media use, particularly exposure to appearance-ideal imagery, in case conceptualisation and psychoeducation for clients at risk of, or experiencing, body image disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine K de Valle
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - María Gallego-García
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades, Dos Hermanas, Sevilla 41704, Spain
| | - Paul Williamson
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Tracey D Wade
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Piccoli V, Carnaghi A, Grassi M, Bianchi M. The relationship between Instagram activity and female body concerns: The serial mediating role of appearance‐related comparisons and internalization of beauty norms. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Carnaghi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Michele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Mauro Bianchi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
- HEI‐Lab Lusófona University Lisbon Portugal
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Body Image Esteem and Photo Manipulation Among Social Media Users. ACTA INFORMATICA PRAGENSIA 2021. [DOI: 10.18267/j.aip.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Pikoos TD, Buzwell S, Sharp G, Rossell SL. The Zoom Effect: Exploring the Impact of Video Calling on Appearance Dissatisfaction and Interest in Aesthetic Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP2066-NP2075. [PMID: 34146086 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of videoconferencing platforms has skyrocketed during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, concerns have been expressed regarding the potential for video calls to promote appearance dissatisfaction because individuals are exposed to an image of themselves on camera for extended periods. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to characterize current video usage behaviors and their relation to appearance dissatisfaction and interest in aesthetic procedures in the general population. METHODS An online survey was completed by 335 adults currently living in Australia. Multiple aspects of video usage were assessed, including engagement in video-manipulation techniques to enhance appearance and the focus of visual attention (ie, on self or others) while on video calls. The Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire was administered to determine if video-use behaviors were associated with greater body image disturbance. RESULTS Over one-third of participants had identified new appearance concerns while on video. Dysmorphic concern was associated with self-focused attention, greater engagement in video-manipulation behaviors, and increasing appearance concerns due to their time on video calls. Individuals who identified new video-based appearance concerns reported greater interest in obtaining future beauty treatments (eg, waxing) and aesthetic procedures (eg, nonsurgical procedures such as antiwrinkle injections). CONCLUSIONS This is one of first empirical studies to report the potential consequences of video-call usage for increasing appearance dissatisfaction and dysmorphic concern, and to demonstrate a link between the use of video calls and interest in cosmetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni D Pikoos
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone Buzwell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Outcomes of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the SoMe Social Media Literacy Program for Improving Body Image-Related Outcomes in Adolescent Boys and Girls. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113825. [PMID: 34836084 PMCID: PMC8674763 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the negative effect of social media use among youth on body image and eating concerns has been established, few classroom-based resources that can decrease these effects through targeting social media literacy skills have been developed. This study aimed to test the efficacy of SoMe, a social media literacy body image, dieting, and wellbeing program for adolescents, through a cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants (n = 892; Mage = 12.77, SD = 0.74; range 11–15; 49.5% male) were randomized by school (n = 8) to receive either weekly SoMe (n = 483) or control sessions (lessons as usual; n = 409) over 4 weeks in their classroom. Participants completed surveys at four timepoints (baseline, 1-week post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month follow-up) assessing body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, strategies to increase muscles (primary outcomes), self-esteem and depressive symptoms (secondary outcomes), and internalization of appearance ideals and appearance comparison (exploratory outcomes). Modest positive intervention effects were found in dietary restraint and depressive symptoms at 6-month follow-up in girls but few positive effects emerged for boys. The findings provide only preliminary support for a social media literacy intervention, but suggest the usefulness of both identifying those who benefit most from a universally delivered intervention and the need to refine the intervention to maximize intervention effects.
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