Differential effects of two citrus flavanones on bone quality in senescent male rats in relation to their bioavailability and metabolism

The naringin/carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium hyaluronate/silk fibroin scaffold facilitates the healing of diabetic wounds by restoring the ROS-related dysfunction of vascularization and macrophage polarization

Chronic diabetic wounds remain a globally recognized clinical challenge, which occurs mainly due to the disturbances of wound microenvironmental induced by high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Impairments in angiogenesis and inflammation in the wound microenvironment ultimately impede the normal healing process. Therefore, targeting macrophage and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction is a promising therapeutic strategy. In our study, we fabricated artificial composite scaffolds composed of naringin/carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium hyaluronate/silk fibroin (NG/CMCS/HA/SF) to promote wound healing. The NG/CMCS/HA/SF scaffold demonstrated favorable anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and pro-angiogenic properties in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, effectively promoting the healing of diabetic wounds. The positive therapeutic effects observed indicate that the composite scaffolds have great potential in clinical wound healing applications.

Sweet orange peel waste as a feed additive in growth promoting and protective effect against Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus

Sweet orange Citrus sinensis peel is a phytobiotic agricultural waste with bioactive compounds that have potential functional properties as a growth promoter and immune stimulator. This study aims to evaluate the dietary effects of sweet orange peel (SOP) as a feed additive on growth enhancement of juvenile bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus and their disease resistance ability against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 (SOP0, control), 4 (SOP4), 8 (SOP8) and 12 g/kg (SOP12) SOP. After 90 d of the feeding experiment, improvement in weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio were observed in the fish fed with SOP4. While fish survival was not significantly affected, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices were significantly higher in fish fed with SOP12. Muscle protein was higher in fish fed with SOP4, SOP8, and SOP12 than in control but muscle lipids showed an opposite trend. A 14-d post-challenge test against A. hydrophila revealed no significant effect on the fish survival. Nevertheless, fish fed SOP4 encountered delayed bacterial infection compared to other treatments and fish fed with SOP0 and SOP4 performed numerically better survival. Infected fish showed skin depigmentation, haemorrhagic signs at the abdomen and anus, internal bleeding, and stomach and intestine enlargement. In conclusion, SOP4 could be recommended as a growth promoter while slightly delaying A. hydrophila infection in M. nemurus.

Mitigation of BMP-induced inflammation in craniofacial bone regeneration and improvement of bone parameters by dietary hesperidin

Based on anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties of hesperidin (HE), we hypothesized its systemic administration could be a cost-effective method of improving BMP-induced bone regeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10/group): a 5-mm critical-sized mandible defect + collagen scaffold or, scaffold + 1 µg of BMP2 with and without dietary HE at 100 mg/kg. HE was administered by oral gavage 4 weeks prior to surgeries until euthanasia at day 7 or 14 post-surgery. The healing tissue within the defect collected at day 7 was subjected to gene expression analysis. Mandibles harvested at day 14 were subjected to microcomputed tomography and histology. HE + BMP2-treated rats had a statistically significant decrease in expression of inflammatory genes compared to BMP2 alone. The high-dose BMP2 alone caused cystic-like regeneration with incomplete defect closure. HE + BMP2 showed virtually complete bone fusion. Collagen fibril birefringence pattern (red color) under polarized light indicated high organization in BMP2-induced newly formed bone (NFB) in HE-supplemented group (p < 0.05). Clear changes in osteocyte lacunae as well as a statistically significant increase in osteoclasts were found around NFB in HE-treated rats. A significant increase in trabecular volume and thickness, and trabecular and cortical density was found in femurs of HE-supplemented rats (p < 0.05). Our findings show, for the first time, that dietary HE has a remarkable modulatory role in the function of locally delivered high-dose BMP2 in bone regeneration possibly via control of inflammation, osteogenesis, changes in osteocyte and osteoclast function and collagen maturation in regenerated and native bone. In conclusion, HE had a significant skeletal bone sparing effect and the ability to provide a more effective BMP-induced craniofacial regeneration.

Pre-clinical Evidence-based Neuroprotective Potential of Naringin against Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology: A Comprehensive Review

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are a group of progressive, chronic, and disabling disorders that are highly prevalent and the incidence is on a constant rise globally. Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders is hallmarked by cognitive impairment, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, cholinergic dysfunction, mitochondrial toxicity, and neurodegeneration. Available therapeutic agents only provide symptomatic relief and their use are limited due to serious side effects. Recent research has recognized flavonoids as potential multi-target biomolecules that can reduce the pathogenesis of AD. Naringin, a natural citrus flavonoid has been traditionally used to treat various NDs including AD, and has gained special attention because exhibits a neuroprotective effect by affecting numerous signaling pathways with minimum adverse effects. Naringin reduces deposition of Aβ, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress burden, mitochondrial toxicity, the activity of glutamate receptors, and apoptosis of the neuronal cells. Additionally, it reduces the expression of phosphorylated-P38/P38 and the NF-κB signaling pathway, showing that a wide range of molecular targets is involved in naringin's neuroprotective action. The present study describes the possible pharmacological targets, signaling pathways, and molecular mechanisms of naringin involved in neuroprotection against AD-like pathology. Based on the above pre-clinical reports it can be concluded that naringin could be an alternative therapeutic agent for the management of AD-like manifestation. Thus, there is a strong recommendation to perform more preclinical and clinical studies to develop naringin as a novel molecule that could be a multi-target drug to counteract AD.

Naringin-Dextrin Nanocomposite Abates Diethylnitrosamine/Acetylaminofluorene-Induced Lung Carcinogenesis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Cell Proliferation

Nanotechnology has proven advantageous in numerous scientific applications, one being to enhance the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. This present study aims to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive action of naringin-dextrin nanocomposites (Nar-Dx-NCs) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF)-induced lung carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. DEN was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (150 mg/kg/week) for two weeks, followed by the oral administration of 2AAF (20 mg/kg) four times a week for three weeks. Rats receiving DEN/2AAF were concurrently treated with naringin or Nar-Dx-NCs orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg every other day for 24 weeks. Naringin and Nar-Dx-NCs treatments prevented the formation of tumorigenic cells within the alveoli of rats exposed to DEN/2AAF. These findings were associated with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, upregulation of antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) activity, and enhanced glutathione and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression in the lungs. Naringin and Nar-Dx-NCs exerted anti-inflammatory actions manifested by a decrease in lung protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and mRNA expression of interleukin-6, interferon-γ, nuclear factor-κB, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, with a concurrent increase in interleukin-10 expression. The anti-inflammatory effect of Nar-Dx-NCs was more potent than naringin. Regarding the effect on apoptosis, both naringin and Nar-Dx-NCs significantly reduced Bcl-2 and increased Bax and P53 expressions. Moreover, naringin or Nar-Dx-NCs induced a significant decrease in the expression of the proliferator marker, Ki-67, and the effect of Nar-Dx-NCs was more marked. In conclusion, Nar-Dx-NCs improved naringin's preventive action against DEN/2AAF-induced lung cancer and exerted anticarcinogenic effects by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation and improving apoptotic signal induction and propagation.

The Development of Naringin for Use against Bone and Cartilage Disorders

Bone and cartilage disorders are the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability. There is no absolute cure for all bone and cartilage disorders. The exploration of natural compounds for the potential therapeutic use against bone and cartilage disorders is proving promising. Among these natural chemicals, naringin, a flavanone glycoside, is a potential candidate due to its multifaceted pharmacological activities in bone and cartilage tissues. Emerging studies indicate that naringin may promote osteogenic differentiation, inhibit osteoclast formation, and exhibit protective effects against osteoporosis in vivo and in vitro. Many signaling pathways, such as BMP-2, Wnt/β-catenin, and VEGF/VEGFR, participate in the biological actions of naringin in mediating the pathological development of osteoporosis. In addition, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptosis abilities of naringin also demonstrate its beneficial effects against bone and cartilage disorders, including intervertebral disc degeneration, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bone and cartilage tumors, and tibial dyschondroplasia. Naringin exhibits protective effects against bone and cartilage disorders. However, more efforts are still needed due to, at least in part, the uncertainty of drug targets. Further biological and pharmacological evaluations of naringin and its applications in bone tissue engineering, particularly its therapeutic effects against osteoporosis, might result in developing potential drug candidates.

Effects of naringin on oxidative stress, inflammation, some reproductive parameters, and apoptosis in acrylamide-induced testis toxicity in rat

Acrylamide (ACR) is used in many fields such as cosmetics, paper, and textile industries. It also occurs at very high temperatures in some foods. Gonadotoxic effects of ACR have been found in experimental animals. Many studies use flavonoids to prevent the reproductive side effects of ACR. Naringin (NA) is a flavonoid and it has been determined by studies that it has no toxic effect on tissues. In our study, we aimed to determine the protective effect of NA against the damage of ACR on testicular tissue and the reproductive system in rats. In our study, 50 Spraque Dawley male rats weighing 220-250 grams were used. Control: Only intragastric saline was administered for 10 days. ACR: Animals received ACR (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 10 days. NA50+ACR: Animals were given NA for 10 days and each NA was one hour after the administration of ACR. NA100+ACR: Animals received NA for 10 days and one hour after each NA was given ACR. NA100: Animals were given NA for 10 days. At the end of the applications, the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation under anesthesia. Serum FSH, LH, and Dihydrotestosterone levels were compared between the groups. In addition, oxidative stress, inflammation, expression of some reproductive enzymes, and apoptosis markers were determined in testicular tissues. When these parameters were compared between groups, ACR induced testicular dysfunction and tissue damage in rats. We determined that only the NA application did not cause tissue damage. and the administration of NA along with ACR significantly reduced ACR-induced testis toxicity.

Naringin Prevents Cognitive Dysfunction in Aging Rats by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB Pathway and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Objective

Naringin is a flavonoid derived from Chinese herbs. According to earlier studies, naringin may have the potential to alleviate aging-induced cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, this study attempted to explore the protective effect and underlying mechanism of naringin on aging rats with cognitive dysfunction.

Methods

After the construction of a model of aging rats with cognitive dysfunction through subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (D-gal; 150 mg/kg), intragastric administration of naringin (100 mg/kg) was performed for treatment. Behavioral tests, including Morris water maze test (MWM), novel object recognition test (NORT), and fear conditioning test, were used to measure the cognitive function; ELISA and biochemical tests were used to determine the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hippocampus of rats in each group, respectively; H&E staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampus; Western blot was used to examine the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway-related proteins and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins in the hippocampus.

Results

The model was successfully constructed by subcutaneous injection of D-gal (150 mg/kg). The behavioral test results showed that naringin could ameliorate the cognitive dysfunction and alleviate the histopathological damage of hippocampus. Moreover, naringin significantly improve the inflammatory response (the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 were decreased), oxidative stress response (MDA level was increased while GSH-Px activity was decreased), and ER stress (the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/-EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and transcription factor 6 (ATF6) expression was downregulated), and increased the levels of neurotrophic factors BDNF and NGF in D-gal rats. Besides, further mechanistic studies revealed the downregulation of naringin on TLR4/NF-κB pathway activity.

Conclusion

Naringin may inhibit inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and ER stress by downregulating TLR4/NF-κB pathway activity, thereby improving cognitive dysfunction and alleviating histopathological damage of hippocampus in aging rats. Briefly, naringin is an effective drug for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.

Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin Nanosuspension: In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Osteoporotic Studies

Naringenin (NRG) is a flavonoid and has been reported as an anti-osteoporotic agent. However, poor bioavailability may limit the anti-osteoporotic potential of the drug. The purpose of the study was to compare the anti-osteoporotic activity of naringenin nanosuspension (NRG-NS) with the NRG and standard therapeutic drug, raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX). Here, NRG-NS showed anti-osteoporotic activity in MG-63 cells by upregulating the osteocalcin levels. The in vivo anti-osteoporotic activity of NRG-NS was further investigated in an osteoporotic rat model to mimic the post-menopausal condition. The animals were randomized and separated into six groups. The animals were treated with RLX (p.o., 5.4 mg/kg), NRG (p.o., 20 mg/kg), NRG-NS (p.o., 20 mg/kg), and blank-NS for 60 days after completion of a 30-day post-surgery period and compared with control and ovariectomized (OVX) groups. After the treatment, body and uterine weights, biochemical estimation in serum (calcium, phosphorus, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin), bone parameters (length, diameter, dry weight, density, ash weight, bone mineral content) and bone microarchitecture by histopathology were determined. The results showed the protective effects of NRG-NS on osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The biochemical estimations confirmed the normalization of parameters viz., alkaline phosphatase, calcium concentrations, and bone density with a decrease in levels of acid phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus with NRG-NS as compared to plain NRG. The results indicated that the oral administration of NRG-NS could be a potential therapeutic formulation for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Systemic Dietary Hesperidin Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis, Bone Homeostasis and Periodontal Disease in Mice

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hesperidin (HE) on in vitro osteoclastogenesis and dietary supplementation on mouse periodontal disease and femoral bone phenotype. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with RANKL in the presence or absence of HE (1, 100 or 500 µM) for 5 days, and evaluated by TRAP, TUNEL and Western Blot (WB) analyses. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were given HE via oral gavage (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. A sterile silk ligature was placed between the first and second right maxillary molars for 10 days and microcomputed tomography (μCT), histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation were performed. Femoral bones subjected or not to dietary HE (500 mg/kg) for 6 and 12 weeks were evaluated using μCT. In vitro, HE 500 µM reduced formation of RANKL-stimulated TRAP-positive(+) multinucleated cells (500 µM) as well as c-Fos and NFATc1 protein expression (p < 0.05), markers of osteoclasts. In vivo, dietary HE 500 mg/kg increased the alveolar bone resorption in ligated teeth (p < 0.05) and resulted in a significant increase in TRAP+ cells (p < 0.05). Gingival inflammatory infiltrate was greater in the HE 500 mg/kg group even in the absence of ligature. In femurs, HE 500 mg/kg protected trabecular and cortical bone mass at 6 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, HE impaired in vitro osteoclastogenesis, but on the contrary, oral administration of a high concentration of dietary HE increased osteoclast numbers and promoted inflammation-induced alveolar bone loss. However, HE at 500 mg/kg can promote a bone-sparing effect on skeletal bone under physiological conditions.

Suppression of colorectal carcinogenesis by naringin

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the third most malignant cancer worldwide. Despite novel treatment options, the incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer continue to increase in most countries, especially in US, European and Asian countries. Colorectal carcinogenesis is multifactorial, including dietary and genetic factors, as well as lacking physical activity. Vegetables and fruits contain high amounts of secondary metabolites, which might reduce the risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. Flavonoids are important bioactive polyphenolic compounds. There are more than 4,000 different flavonoids, including flavanones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and catechins in a large variety of plant.

HYPOTHESIS

Among various other flavonoids, naringin in Citrus fruits has been a subject of intense scrutiny for its activity against many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that naringin is capable to inhibit the growth of transformed colonocytes and to induce programmed cell death in colon cancer cells.

RESULTS

We comprehensively review the inhibitory effects of naringin on colorectal cancers and address the underlying mechanistic pathways such as NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, apoptosis, NF-κB-COX-2-iNOS, and β-catenin pathways.

CONCLUSION

Naringin suppresses colorectal inflammation and carcinogenesis by various signaling pathways. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness in combating colorectal cancer.

Flavonoids: Classification, Function, and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Bone Remodelling

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds spotted in various fruits, vegetables, barks, tea plants, and stems and many more natural commodities. They have a multitude of applications through their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic properties, along with the ability to assist in the stimulation of bone formation. Bone, a rigid connective body tissue made up of cells embedded in a mineralised matrix is maintained by an assemblage of pathways assisting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. These have a significant impact on a plethora of bone diseases. The homeostasis between osteoblast and osteoclast formation decides the integrity and structure of the bone. The flavonoids discussed here are quercetin, kaempferol, icariin, myricetin, naringin, daidzein, luteolin, genistein, hesperidin, apigenin and several other flavonoids. The effects these flavonoids have on the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa β (NF-kβ), Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein 2/SMAD (BMP2/SMAD) signalling pathways, and apoptotic pathways lead to impacts on bone remodelling. In addition, these polyphenols regulate angiogenesis, decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines and play a crucial role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Considering these important effects of flavonoids, they may be regarded as a promising agent in treating bone-related ailments in the future.

Analysis of the molecular mechanisms by flavonoids with potential use for osteoporosis prevention or therapy

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis is the most common skeletal disorder worldwide. Flavonoids have the potential to alleviate bone alterations in osteoporotic patients with the advantage of being safer and less expensive than the conventional therapies.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective is to analyze the molecular mechanisms triggered in bone by different subclasses of flavonoids. In addition, this review provides an up-to-date overview on the cellular and molecular aspects of osteoporotic bones versus healthy bones, and a brief description of some epidemiological studies indicating that flavonoids could be useful for osteoporosis treatment.

METHODS

The PubMed database was searched in the range of years 2001- 2021 using the keywords osteoporosis, flavonoids, and their subclasses such as flavones, flavonols, flavanols, isoflavones, flavanones and anthocyanins, focusing the data on the molecular mechanisms triggered in bone.

RESULTS

Although flavonoids comprise many compounds that differ in structure, their effects on bone loss in postmenopausal women or in ovariectomized-induced osteoporotic animals are quite similar. Most of them increase bone mineral density and bone strength, which occur through enhancement of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclast apoptosis, decrease in osteoclastogenesis as well as increase in neovascularization on the site of the osteoporotic fracture.

CONCLUSION

Several molecules of signaling pathways are involved in the effect of flavonoids on osteoporotic bone. Whether all flavonoids have a common mechanism or they act as ligands of estrogen receptors remain to be established. More clinical trials are necessary to know better their safety, efficacy, delivery and bioavailability in humans, as well as comparative studies with conventional therapies.

A Systematic Review of the Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Naringin Against Human Malignancies

Background: Natural product-based cancer preventive and therapeutic entities, such as flavonoids and their derivatives, are shown to have a noticeable capability to suppress tumor formation and cancer cell growth. Naringin, a natural flavanone glycoside present in various plant species, has been indicated to modulate different signaling pathways and interact with numerous cell signaling molecules, which allows for an extensive variety of pharmacological actions, such as amelioration of inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic syndromes, bone disorders, and cancer. The purpose of this systematic review is to present a critical and comprehensive assessment of the antitumor ability of naringin and associated molecular targets in various cancers. Methods: Studies were identified through systematic searches of Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus as well as eligibility checks according to predefined selection criteria. Results: Eighty-seven studies were included in this systematic review. There was strong evidence for the association between treatment with naringin alone, or combined with other drugs and antitumor activity. Additionally, studies showed that naringin-metal complexes have greater anticancer effects compared to free naringin. It has been demonstrated that naringin employs multitargeted mechanisms to hamper cancer initiation, promotion, and progression through modulation of several dysregulated signaling cascades implicated in cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Conclusion: The results of our work show that naringin is a promising candidate for cancer prevention and treatment, and might offer substantial support for the clinical application of this phytocompound in the future. Nevertheless, further preclinical and clinical studies as well as drug delivery approaches are needed for designing novel formulations of naringin to realize the full potential of this flavonoid in cancer prevention and intervention.

Hesperidin Promotes Osteogenesis and Modulates Collagen Matrix Organization and Mineralization In Vitro and In Vivo

This study evaluated the direct effect of a phytochemical, hesperidin, on pre-osteoblast cell function as well as osteogenesis and collagen matrix quality, as there is little known about hesperidin's influence in mineralized tissue formation and regeneration. Hesperidin was added to a culture of MC3T3-E1 cells at various concentrations. Cell proliferation, viability, osteogenic gene expression and deposited collagen matrix analyses were performed. Treatment with hesperidin showed significant upregulation of osteogenic markers, particularly with lower doses. Mature and compact collagen fibrils in hesperidin-treated cultures were observed by picrosirius red staining (PSR), although a thinner matrix layer was present for the higher dose of hesperidin compared to osteogenic media alone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a better mineral-to-matrix ratio and matrix distribution in cultures exposed to hesperidin and confirmed less collagen deposited with the 100-µM dose of hesperidin. In vivo, hesperidin combined with a suboptimal dose of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (dose unable to promote healing of a rat mandible critical-sized bone defect) in a collagenous scaffold promoted a well-controlled (not ectopic) pattern of bone formation as compared to a large dose of BMP2 (previously defined as optimal in healing the critical-sized defect, although of ectopic nature). PSR staining of newly formed bone demonstrated that hesperidin can promote maturation of bone organic matrix. Our findings show, for the first time, that hesperidin has a modulatory role in mineralized tissue formation via not only osteoblast cell differentiation but also matrix organization and matrix-to-mineral ratio and could be a potential adjunct in regenerative bone therapies.

Re-appraising the potential of naringin for natural, novel orthopedic biotherapies

Naringin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in plants of the Citrus genus that has historically been used in traditional Chinese medical regimens for the treatment of osteoporosis. Naringin modulates signaling through numerous molecular pathways critical to musculoskeletal development, cellular differentiation, and inflammation. Administration of naringin increases in vitro expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) pathways, thereby promoting osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation from stem cell precursors for bone formation. Naringin also inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both modifying RANK/RANKL interactions and inducing apoptosis in osteoclasts in vitro. In addition, naringin acts on the estrogen receptor in bone to mimic the native bone-preserving effects of estrogen, with few systemic side effects on other estrogen-sensitive tissues. The efficacy of naringin therapy in reducing the osteolysis characteristic of common musculoskeletal pathologies such as osteoporosis, degenerative joint disease, and osteomyelitis, as well as inflammatory conditions affecting bone such as diabetes mellitus, has been extensively demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Naringin thus represents a naturally abundant, cost-efficient agent whose potential for use in novel musculoskeletal biotherapies warrants re-visiting and further exploration through human studies. Here, we review the cellular mechanisms of action that have been elucidated regarding the action of naringin on bone resident cells and the bone microenvironment, in vivo evidence of naringin’s osteostimulative and chondroprotective properties in the setting of osteolytic bone disease, and current limitations in the development of naringin-containing translational therapies for common musculoskeletal conditions.

Effect of Hesperidin on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: The Role of Intestinal Microbiota on Hesperidin Bioavailability

Recently, hesperidin, a flavonone mainly present in citrus fruits, has emerged as a new potential therapeutic agent able to modulate several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors. Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate beneficial effects of hesperidin and its derived compounds on CVD risk factors. Thus, hesperidin has shown glucose-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties in diabetic models, dyslipidemia-, atherosclerosis-, and obesity-preventing effects in CVDs and obese models, and antihypertensive and antioxidant effects in hypertensive models. However, there is still controversy about whether hesperidin could contribute to ameliorate glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, adiposity, and blood pressure in humans, as evidenced by several clinical trials reporting no effects of treatments with this flavanone or with orange juice on these cardiovascular parameters. In this review, we focus on hesperidin's beneficial effects on CVD risk factors, paying special attention to the high interindividual variability in response to hesperidin-based acute and chronic interventions, which can be partly attributed to differences in gut microbiota. Based on the current evidence, we suggest that some of hesperidin's contradictory effects in human trials are partly due to the interindividual hesperidin variability in its bioavailability, which in turn is highly dependent on the α-rhamnosidase activity and gut microbiota composition.

Rutin nanosuspension for potential management of osteoporosis: effect of particle size reduction on oral bioavailability, in vitro and in vivo activity

Clinical significance of Rutin (RUT) is limited by poor dissolution rate and low oral bioavailability. The study was designed to improve the physicochemical and therapeutic potential of the drug by formulating nanosuspension (NS) for osteoporosis. Rutin nanosuspension (RUT-NS) was prepared after screening a range of stabilizers and their combinations at a different concentration by antisolvent precipitation technique. Effect of precipitation on crystallinity (differential scanning calorimetry DSC, X-ray diffraction studies XRD), morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) and chemical interaction (attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ATR-FTIR) were studied through biophysical techniques. An optimized nanosuspension exhibited a minimum particle size of 122.85 ± 5.02 nm with higher dissolution of RUT-NS (87. 63 ± 2.29%) as compared to pure drug (39.77 ± 2.8 6%). The enhanced intestine absorption and apparent permeability were achieved due to the improved particle size, surface area and dissolution. RUT-NS displayed greater (3 folds) AUC_0-24 h than pure drug. In vitro assays with RUT-NS depicted an increased cell proliferation, antioxidant (ROS) activity and osteocalcin production in MG-63 osteoblast cells. The augmented biochemical in vivo biomarkers and bone quality proved the protective effect of RUT-NS. The results supported RUT-NS as a potential therapy for maintaining bone health.

Taurine and hesperidin rescues carbon tetrachloride-triggered testicular and kidney damage in rats via modulating oxidative stress and inflammation

AIMS

This study assessed the prophylactic or therapeutic effects of taurine (TR) and/or hesperidin (HES) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced acute kidney and testicular injury in rats.

MAIN METHODS

Rats were randomly divided into nine experimental groups including control; corn oil; CCl₄; HES/CCl₄; TR/CCl₄; HES + TR/CCl₄; CCl₄/HES; CCl₄/TR; and CCl₄/HES + TR groups. CCl₄ was intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of 2 ml /kg b.w. HES and TR were orally gavaged twice weekly 100 mg/kg b.w. for four weeks. Kidney function, inflammatory response, sexual hormones, and oxidative stress indicators were assessed. Histomorphological and immune-histochemical studies of the inflammatory marker nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) in renal and testicular tissues were performed.

KEY FINDINGS

The results showed that the TR and/or HES treatment significantly suppressed CCl₄ induced rise of urea, uric acid, potassium, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. However, significant restoration of sodium, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone was apparent in CCl₄ exposed rats received HES and/or TR. Also, the HES and/or TR treatment significantly rescues CCl₄ induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, the HES and/or TR dosing significantly repaired the CCl₄ evoked altered renal and testicular architecture and suppressed NF-κB immunoexpression. Notably, alleviating CCl₄ induced renal and testicular damage was more effective in the prophylactic groups than the therapeutic groups. Also, most of the estimated parameters of the HES + TR group did not significantly vary from those of single TR or HES.

SIGNIFICANCE

In conclusion, HES or TR could efficiently guard against CCl₄ nephro-and reprotoxic effects, but both bioactive combinations afford only a limited synergistic outcome.

Citrus Peel Flavonoids as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents

Citrus fruit and in particular flavonoid compounds from citrus peel have been identified as agents with utility in the treatment of cancer. This review provides a background and overview regarding the compounds found within citrus peel with putative anticancer potential as well as the associated in vitro and in vivo studies. Historical studies have identified a number of cellular processes that can be modulated by citrus peel flavonoids including cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. More recently, molecular studies have started to elucidate the underlying cell signaling pathways that are responsible for the flavonoids' mechanism of action. These growing data support further research into the chemopreventative potential of citrus peel extracts, and purified flavonoids in particular. This critical review highlights new research in the field and synthesizes the pathways modulated by flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds into a generalized schema.

Single or combined protective and therapeutic impact of taurine and hesperidin on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in rat

Currently, hepatic injury due to environmental pollutants extremely threatens human health and elicits great concern. Hence, there is a high global interest to find natural novel formulation products with potent hepatoprotective activity to combat liver disease. Hence, we evaluated the protective or therapeutic effect of hesperidin (HSP) and taurine (TAU), individually and in combination, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute hepatic injury in rats. The pre- or posttreatment by HSP and/or TAU significantly depressed CCl₄-induced elevation of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, malondialdehyde, globulins (α1, α2, β, and γ), albumin/globulin ratio, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, nitric oxide, and myeloperoxidase levels. Also, the pre- or posttreatment by HSP and/or TAU significantly minimized CCl₄-induced reduction of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and albumin concentrations. Furthermore, the protective or therapeutic administration of HSP and/or TAU markedly restored the CCl₄-induced altered hepatic architecture, depleted glycogen, and DNA contents. Notably, alleviating CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity was more prominent in the protective groups than the therapeutic groups. More importantly, most of biochemical and histopathological parameters of HSP+TAU did not significantly differ from those of separate TAU or HSP neither before nor after CCl₄ exposure. Conclusively, HSP or TAU could be candidate protective agents against CCl₄ hepatotoxic impacts but the combination of both bioactive offers only a limited synergistic effect. Graphical abstract.

Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.

Phenolic composition and total antioxidant capacity of South African frozen concentrated orange juice as affected by varietal, seasonal and regional differences

BACKGROUND

There is epidemiological evidence that fruits and vegetables promote general health due to their phenolic composition. The phenolic composition of three commercially important citrus varieties ('Mandarin', 'Navel' orange and 'Valencia' orange), used for frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) production in South Africa, were evaluated based on variety, production season and geographical region (Western Cape (WC) and Eastern Cape (EC)).

RESULTS

FCOJ from the WC had significantly (P < 0.05) lower titratable acidity (TA) and higher total soluble solids (TSS):TA ratio compared to FCOJ produced in the EC. The 'Navel' FCOJ, irrespective of season and region, had the highest (P < 0.05) phenolic content (sum of quantified compounds, TP). Regional effects were clear for the 'Mandarin' variety, the EC 'Mandarin' FCOJ had the highest TP and WC 'Mandarin' had the lowest. Seasonal differences were less evident. Variation that could be ascribed to regional differences were also found for individual phenolic compounds.

CONCLUSION

Robust data regarding the phenolic profile of FCOJ produced in South Africa, suitable for inclusion in food composition databases, were collected. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nutritional Programming of Bone Structure in Male Offspring by Maternal Consumption of Citrus Flavanones

Maternal exposure to hesperidin (HSP) and naringin (NAR) during pregnancy and lactation transiently compromised bone mineral density (BMD) and bone structure at the proximal tibia in female CD-1 offspring. We examined whether maternal consumption of HSP + NAR during pregnancy and lactation compromises BMD, bone structure, and bone strength in male CD-1 offspring. Male CD-1 offspring, from mothers fed a control diet (CON, n = 10) or a 0.5% HSP + 0.25% NAR diet (HSP + NAR, n = 8) for 5 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation, were weaned and fed CON until 6 months of age. In vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) measured tibia BMD and structure at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Ex vivo µCT measured femur and lumbar vertebrae (LV) structure at age 6 months. Ex vivo BMD (femur, LV) and biomechanical strength (femur and tibia midpoint, femur neck) were assessed at age 6 months by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and strength testing, respectively. At all ages, HSP + NAR offspring had greater (p < 0.05) proximal tibia cortical structure compared to CON offspring. At age 4 months, proximal tibia trabecular structure was greater (p < 0.05) than CON offspring. At age 6 months, femur neck and LV trabecular structure were greater (p < 0.05) than CON offspring. Our results demonstrate that unlike our previous study of female offspring, maternal consumption of HSP + NAR resulted in greater bone structure at the proximal tibia in male CD-1 offspring that persisted to 6 months of age. Thus, maternal programming of offspring BMD and bone structure from consumption of HSP + NAR occurred as a sex-specific response.

Influence of Hesperidin on the Systemic and Intestinal Rat Immune Response

Polyphenols, widely found in edible plants, influence the immune system. Nevertheless, the immunomodulatory properties of hesperidin, the predominant flavanone in oranges, have not been deeply studied. To establish the effect of hesperidin on in vivo immune response, two different conditions of immune system stimulations in Lewis rats were applied. In the first experimental design, rats were intraperitoneally immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus Bordetella pertussis toxin and alum as the adjuvants, and orally given 100 or 200 mg/kg hesperidin. In the second experimental design, rats were orally sensitized with OVA together with cholera toxin and fed a diet containing 0.5% hesperidin. In the first approach, hesperidin administration changed mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte (MLNL) composition, increasing the TCRαβ+ cell percentage and decreasing that of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, hesperidin enhanced the interferon (IFN)-γ production in stimulated MLNL. In the second approach, hesperidin intake modified the lymphocyte composition in the intestinal epithelium (TCRγδ+ cells) and the lamina propria (TCRγδ+, CD45RA+, natural killer, natural killer T, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8+ cells). Nevertheless, hesperidin did not modify the level of serum anti-OVA antibodies in either study. In conclusion, hesperidin does possess immunoregulatory properties in the intestinal immune response, but this effect is not able to influence the synthesis of specific antibodies.

Maternal Consumption of Hesperidin and Naringin Flavanones Exerts Transient Effects to Tibia Bone Structure in Female CD-1 Offspring

Hesperidin (HSP) and naringin (NAR), flavanones rich in citrus fruits, support skeletal integrity in adult and aging rodent models. This study determined whether maternal consumption of HSP and NAR favorably programs bone development, resulting in higher bone mineral density (BMD) and greater structure and biomechanical strength (i.e., peak load) in female offspring. Female CD-1 mice were fed a control diet or a HSP + NAR diet five weeks before pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, female offspring were fed a control diet until six months of age. The structure and BMD of the proximal tibia were measured longitudinally using in vivo micro-computed tomography at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The trabecular bone structure at two and four months and the trabecular BMD at four months were compromised at the proximal tibia in mice exposed to HSP and NAR compared to the control diet (p < 0.001). At six months of age, these differences in trabecular structure and BMD at the proximal tibia had disappeared. At 6 months of age, the tibia midpoint peak load, BMD, structure, and the peak load of lumbar vertebrae and femurs were similar (p > 0.05) between the HSP + NAR and control groups. In conclusion, maternal consumption of HSP and NAR does not enhance bone development in female CD-1 offspring.

Therapeutic potential of naringin: an overview

CONTEXT

Naringin is a natural flavanone glycoside that is found in the Chinese herbal medicines and citrus fruits. Studies have demonstrated that naringin possesses numerous biological and pharmacological properties, but few reviews of these studies have been performed.

OBJECTIVE

The present review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature describing the extraction of naringin, its pharmacology and its controlled release formulations. Current research progress and the therapeutic potential of naringin are also discussed.

METHODS

A literature survey for relevant information regarding the biological and pharmacological properties of naringin was conducted using Pubmed, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE, Springerlink and Google Scholar electronic databases from the year 2007-2015.

RESULTS

Naringin modulates signalling pathways and interacts with signalling molecules and thus has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities, as well as effects on bone regeneration, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, genetic damage and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Information was gathered that showed the extraction of naringin can be improved using several modifications. There has been some progress in the development of controlled release formulations of naringin.

CONCLUSION

Naringin is a promising candidate for further in vivo studies and clinical use. More detailed studies regarding its mechanism of action are required.

Effects of yuja peel extract and its flavanones on osteopenia in ovariectomized rats and osteoblast differentiation

SCOPE

Yuja (Citrus junos Tanaka) possesses various health benefits, but its effects on bone health are unknown. In this study, the preventative effects of yuja peel ethanol extract (YPEE) on osteopenia were determined in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and the mechanisms by which YPEE and its flavanones regulate osteoblastogenesis were examined in vitro.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The effects of YPEE on osteoblastogenesis were investigated in MC3T3-E1 cells. YPEE promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization, and the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes, such as ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and osteocalcin. YPEE and its flavanones promoted osteoblast differentiation via BMP-2-mediated p38 and the Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. YPEE supplementation significantly decreased body weight and increased uterine weight and bone mineral density in OVX rats. Based on a micro-CT analysis of femurs, YPEE significantly attenuated osteopenia and increased trabecular volume fraction, trabecular separation, and trabecular number (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Dietary YPEE has a protective effect on OVX-induced osteopenia. YPEE and its flavanones promote osteoblastogenesis via the activation of the BMP/p38/Smad/Runx2 pathways. These results extend our knowledge of the beneficial effects of YPEE and provide a basis for the development of novel therapies for osteoporosis.

Evaluation of the osteogenic potential of Hancornia speciosa latex in rat calvaria and its phytochemical profile

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hancornia speciosa Gomes, commonly known as Mangabeira, is a Brazilian native fruit tree belonging to the Apocynaceae family. In folk medicine, the latex obtained from Mangabeira's trunk has been used as an adjunct therapy for bone fractures. Few pharmacological studies on the Hancornia speciosa latex have been developed and despite its popular use for bone healing there is no data about its biological effect on bone.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed to investigate the osteogenic potential of Hancornia speciosa latex in rat calvaria, as well as its phytochemical profile.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A neutral gel composition containing 5% latex was topical applied to a critical size bone defect and over intact calvaria of rats. Areas of newly formed bone on the borders of the defect and of calvaria periosteum were quantified, as well as the percentage of BrdU-positive cells and total cells in the periosteum at different periods of time after latex application. The cytotoxicity of the latex aqueous phase was evaluated in rat calvarial cells in vitro by MTT assay and its phytochemical profile was investigated by ESI-MS/MS.

RESULTS

The area of newly formed bone on the borders of the calvaria defect was larger in rats that received latex at 15 and 30 days of healing. After 3 days of latex application over the intact calvaria, the periosteum area was increased and newly formed bone was observed after 5 and 11 days. There was also an increase in periosteum cell proliferation and population followed latex application on calvaria (p<0.05). The latex aqueous phase limited rat calvarial cell viability in vitro in concentrations larger than 0.6mg/mL. Chlorogenic acid and naringenin-7-O-glucoside were identified in the latex aqueous phase, along with catechin and procyanidin compounds.

CONCLUSION

There was a stimulus for periosteum cell proliferation and bone formation when Hancornia speciosa latex was topically applied on rat calvaria. In addition, chlorogenic acid and naringenin-7-O-glucoside present in Hancornia speciosa latex may contribute to its effects on bone formation.

Naringin ameliorates bone loss induced by sciatic neurectomy and increases Semaphorin 3A expression in denervated bone

Naringin maintains bone mass in various osteoporosis models, while its effect on bone in disuse osteoporosis has not been reported. The present study explores whether naringin can prevent disuse osteoporosis induced by unilateral sciatic neurectomy (USN) and whether the Semaphorin 3A-induced Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is involved in the osteoprotection of naringin. Naringin dose-dependently prevented the deterioration of bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular structure and biomechanical strength in femur due to USN. Naringin increased bone formation but inhibited resorption, as indicated by bone-turnover markers in blood and urine and the histological staining of Osteocalcin (OCN) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in femur. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) and active β-catenin protein decreased after USN and could be restored by naringin to the levels of the sham-operated rats. In addition, naringin in vitro promoted the differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibited osteoclastic differentiation. Our studies suggest that the down-regulation of Sema3A and the subsequent inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling may be some of the mechanisms involved in USN-induced osteoporosis. Naringin could increase the expression of Sema3A and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling to prevent disuse osteoporosis induced by denervation. Thus, naringin functions in bone maintenance and could be a promising therapeutic alternative in preventing disuse osteoporosis.

Natural Products from Chinese Medicines with Potential Benefits to Bone Health

Osteoporosis is a progressive, systemic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and microstructure, leading to reduced bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is often associated with reduced quality of life and other medical complications. The disease is common in the aging population, particularly among postmenopausal women and patients who receive long-term steroidal therapy. Given the rapid growth of the aging population, increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of bone loss, and financial burden to the healthcare system and individuals, demand for new therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for the management and promotion of bone health is pressing. With the advent of global interest in complementary and alternative medicine and natural products, Chinese medicine serves as a viable source to offer benefits for the improvement and maintenance of bone health. This review summarizes the scientific information obtained from recent literatures on the chemical ingredients of Chinese medicinal plants that have been reported to possess osteoprotective and related properties in cell-based and/or animal models. Some of these natural products (or their derivatives) may become promising leads for development into dietary supplements or therapeutic drugs.

Lipidomic approach in young adult triathletes: effect of supplementation with a polyphenols-rich juice on neuroprostane and F2-dihomo-isoprostane markers

With adequate training, our juice rich in polyphenolic compounds has been able to influence the excretion values of oxidative stress biomarkers associated with the central nervous system.

Involvement of periostin-sclerostin-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the prevention of neurectomy-induced bone loss by naringin

Periostin has an essential role in mechanotransduction in bone. Naringin, a natural flavonoid, has been evidenced for its osteoprotective role in osteoporosis, while its mechanism is far from clear. Here we show that down-regulation of periostin, and up-regulation of its downstream sclerostin and inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling were implicated in neurectomy-induced bone loss. Naringin could up-regulate periostin and prevent neurectomy-induced deterioration of BMD, trabecular microstructure and bone mechanical characteristics. In conclusion, naringin could prevent progress of disuse osteoporosis in rats, which may be mediated by increased periostin expression and subsequently inhibition of sclerostin and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Anti-genotoxic effect of naringin against bleomycin-induced genomic damage in human lymphocytes in vitro

Naringin is a flavonoid found in grapefruit and other citrus fruits that shows antioxidant activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-genotoxic and protective effects of naringin on the chemotherapeutic/radiomimetic agent bleomycin (BLM) in human blood lymphocyte cultures in vitro using micronucleus test and chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay. We tested the three doses of naringin (1, 2, 3 µg/mL) and a single dose of BLM (20 µg/mL). BLM significantly increased the total CAs and micronucleus frequency at a concentration of 20 µg/mL. Naringin did not show any toxicity in doses of 1, 2, and 3 µg/mL. Combined treatments of BLM and naringin (2 and 3 µg/mL) significantly reduced micronucleus formation. Naringin dose-dependently decreased the total chromosome aberrations frequency induced by BLM. These results indicate that naringin could prevent BLM (20 µg/mL)-induced genotoxicity.

Pharmacokinetics of flavanone glycosides after ingestion of single doses of fresh-squeezed orange juice versus commercially processed orange juice in healthy humans

Orange juice is a rich source of flavonoids considered beneficial to cardiovascular health in humans. The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacokinetics of the main flavanone glycosides, hesperidin and narirutin, in humans after the consumption of two styles of orange juice, fresh-squeezed (FOJ) and commercially processed (POJ), differing in their amounts of soluble and insoluble forms of these compounds. Healthy human subjects consumed 11.5 mL/kg body weight of FOJ, and after an interval of 30 days, consumed the same quantity of POJ. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the Tmax of the pharmacokinetic curves for the metabolites of hesperidin and narirutin following the consumption of the two styles of juices, and corrected for differences in doses in the POJ and FOJ, there were also no significant differences in the AUC and Cmax values and percent absorption of these compounds.

Reprint of: Musculoskeletal system in the old age and the demand for healthy ageing biomarkers

Population ageing has emerged as a major demographic trend worldwide due to improved health and longevity. This global ageing phenomenon will have a major impact on health-care systems worldwide due to increased morbidity and greater needs for hospitalization/institutionalization. As the ageing population increases worldwide, there is an increasing awareness not only of increased longevity but also of the importance of "healthy ageing" and "quality of life". Yet, the age related chronic inflammation is believed to be pathogenic with regards to its contribution to frailty and degenerative disorders. In particular, the frailty syndrome is increasingly being considered as a key risk indicator of adverse health outcomes. In addition, elderly may be also prone to be resistant to anabolic stimuli which is likely a key factor in the loss of skeletal muscle mass with ageing. Vital to understand these key biological processes is the development of biological markers, through system biology approaches, aiding at strategies for tailored therapeutic and personalized nutritional program. Overall aim is to prevent or attenuate decline of key physiological functions required to live an active, independent life. This review focus on core indicators of health and functions in older adults, where nutrition and tailored personalized programs could exhibit preventive roles, and where the aid of metabolomics technologies are increasingly displaying potential in revealing key molecular mechanisms/targets linked to specific ageing and/or healthy ageing processes.

Hesperidin prevents androgen deficiency-induced bone loss in male mice

The purpose of this study was to examine whether hesperidin inhibits bone loss in androgen-deficient male mice. Male ddY mice aged 7 weeks underwent either a sham operation or orchidectomy (ORX) and were divided into five groups: a sham-operated group fed a control diet (Sham) based on AIN-93G formulation with corn oil instead of soy bean oil, an ORX group fed the control diet (ORX), a group fed the control diet containing 0.5% hesperidin (ORX + H), a group fed the control diet containing 0.7% α-glucosylhesperidin (ORX + αG), and a group fed the control diet containing 0.013% simvastatin (ORX + St). Four weeks after intervention, ORX mice showed a striking decrease in seminal vesicle weight, which was not affected by the administration of hesperidin, α-glucosylhesperidin, or simvastatin. Femoral BMD was significantly reduced by ORX, and bone loss was inhibited by the administration of hesperidin, α-glucosylhesperidin or simvastatin. Histomorphometric analysis showed that the bone volume and trabecular thickness were significantly lower, and the osteoclast number was higher in the distal femoral cancellous bone in the ORX group than in the Sham group, and these were normalized in the ORX + H, ORX + αG and ORX + St groups. These results indicate that hesperidin inhibited bone resorption and hyperlipidemia, in ORX mice, and the preventive effect was stronger than that observed in ovariectomized mice in our previous study.